| extant primates and development of primatology in china: publications, student training, and funding. | china supports the richest non-human primate diversity in the northern hemisphere, providing an excellent opportunity for chinese primatologists to take a leading role in advancing the study of primatology. primatology in china began to flourish after 1979. to date, chinese primatologists have published more than 1000 papers in journals indexed by the chinese science citation database and the web of science core collection, and universities and academic institutions have trained 107 phd students ... | 2018 | 29551760 |
| yawning elicited by intravenous ethanol in rhesus monkeys with experience self-administering cocaine and ethanol: involvement of dopamine d3 receptors. | characterization of the effects of long-term alcohol consumption on the brain would be aided by the development of behavioral assays that are relatively easy to implement in animal models of alcohol use disorders. assessing unconditioned behaviors, such as drug-elicited yawning in models that permit long-term alcohol ingestion, may be a valuable complement to more invasive and costly procedures. the present studies investigated previous unexpected findings of ethanol-induced yawning in nonhuman ... | 2018 | 29550583 |
| trophoblast differentiation, invasion and hormone secretion in a three-dimensional in vitro implantation model with rhesus monkey embryos. | the initiation of primate embryo invasion into the endometrium and the formation of the placenta from trophoblasts, fetal mesenchyme, and vascular components are essential for the establishment of a successful pregnancy. the mechanisms which direct morphogenesis of the chorionic villi, and the interactions between trophectoderm-derived trophoblasts and the fetal mesenchyme to direct these processes during placentation are not well understood due to a dearth of systems to examine and manipulate r ... | 2018 | 29548332 |
| abstraction promotes creative problem-solving in rhesus monkeys. | abstraction allows us to discern regularities beyond the specific instances we encounter. it also promotes creative problem-solving by enabling us to consider unconventional problem solutions. however, the mechanisms by which this occurs are not well understood. because it is often difficult to isolate human high-level cognitive processes, we utilized a nonhuman primate model, in which rhesus monkeys appear to use similar processes to consider an unconventional solution to the difficult reverse- ... | 2018 | 29547710 |
| modulation of sensory prediction error in purkinje cells during visual feedback manipulations. | it is hypothesized that the cerebellum implements a forward internal model that transforms motor commands into predictions about upcoming movements. the predictions are compared with sensory feedback to generate sensory prediction errors critical to controlling movements. the simple spike firing of cerebellar purkinje cells both lead and lag movement consistent with representations of motor predictions and sensory feedback. this study tests whether this leading and lagging modulation provides th ... | 2018 | 29545572 |
| evaluation of antibody-dependent enhancement of sars-cov infection in rhesus macaques immunized with an inactivated sars-cov vaccine. | | 2018 | 29541941 |
| synthesis and evaluation of pyridyloxypyridyl indole carboxamides as potential pet imaging agents for 5-ht2c receptors. | nine pyridyloxypyridyl indole carboxamides were synthesized and displayed high affinities for 5-ht2c receptors and high selectivity over 5-ht2a and 5-ht2b. among them, 6-methyl-n-[6-[(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy]-3-pyridinyl]1h-indole-3-carboxamide (8) exhibits the highest 5-ht2c binding affinity (ki = 1.3 nm) and high selectivity over 5-ht2a (∼1000 times) and 5-ht2b (∼140 times). [11c]8 was synthesized by palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction between pinacolboranate 16 and [11c]ch3i with an averag ... | 2018 | 29541358 |
| cell based therapy enhances activation of ventral premotor cortex to improve recovery following primary motor cortex injury. | stroke results in enduring damage to the brain which is accompanied by innate neurorestorative processes, such as reorganization of surviving circuits. nevertheless, patients are often left with permanent residual impairments. cell based therapy is an emerging therapeutic that may function to enhance the innate neurorestorative capacity of the brain. we previously evaluated human umbilical tissue-derived cells (hutc) in our non-human primate model of cortical injury limited to the hand area of p ... | 2018 | 29540323 |
| entorhinal cortex receptive fields are modulated by spatial attention, even without movement. | grid cells in the entorhinal cortex allow for the precise decoding of position in space. along with potentially playing an important role in navigation, grid cells have recently been hypothesized to make a general contribution to mental operations. a prerequisite for this hypothesis is that grid cell activity does not critically depend on physical movement. here, we show that movement of covert attention, without any physical movement, also elicits spatial receptive fields with a triangular tili ... | 2018 | 29537964 |
| response properties of saccade-related neurons of the post-arcuate premotor cortex. | we studied the phasic saccade-related discharges of single neurons (s neurons) of the premotor cortex of female rhesus monkeys, mostly in the caudal bank of the arcuate sulcus. as described in previous work from our laboratory (neromyliotis e, moschovakis ak. front behav neurosci 11: 1-21, 2017), some of these cells emitted phasic discharges for coordinated movements of the eyes and hand as well as for movements of either effector executed in isolation (motor equivalence, meq). other cells (s) d ... | 2018 | 29537912 |
| effect of age on electrical nerve conduction in the somatosensory pathway and its correlation with somatometry and plasma concentrations of musculoskeletal enzymes in male rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) held in captivity. | somatosensory evoked potentials (seps) make it possible to obtain functional data on the activity of somatosensory pathway. | 2018 | 29533456 |
| covert shift of attention modulates the value encoding in the orbitofrontal cortex. | during value-based decision making, we often evaluate the value of each option sequentially by shifting our attention, even when the options are presented simultaneously. the orbitofrontal cortex (ofc) has been suggested to encode value during value-based decision making. yet it is not known how its activity is modulated by attention shifts. we investigated this question by employing a passive viewing task that allowed us to disentangle effects of attention, value, choice and eye movement. we fo ... | 2018 | 29533184 |
| learning by neural reassociation. | behavior is driven by coordinated activity across a population of neurons. learning requires the brain to change the neural population activity produced to achieve a given behavioral goal. how does population activity reorganize during learning? we studied intracortical population activity in the primary motor cortex of rhesus macaques during short-term learning in a brain-computer interface (bci) task. in a bci, the mapping between neural activity and behavior is exactly known, enabling us to r ... | 2018 | 29531364 |
| eeg beta desynchronization during hand goal-directed action observation in newborn monkeys and its relation to the emergence of hand motor skills. | previous developmental research suggests that motor experience supports the development of action perception across the lifespan. however, it is still unknown when the neural mechanisms underlying action-perception coupling emerge in infancy. the goal of this study was to examine the neural correlates of action perception during the emergence of grasping abilities in newborn rhesus macaques. neural activity, recorded via electroencephalogram (eeg), while monkeys observed grasping actions, mimed ... | 2018 | 29524845 |
| characterization of the rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) scrub typhus model: susceptibility to intradermal challenge with the human pathogen orientia tsutsugamushi karp. | scrub typhus is an important endemic disease in tropical asia caused by orientia tsutsugamushi for which no effective broadly protective vaccine is available. the successful evaluation of vaccine candidates requires well-characterized animal models and a better understanding of the immune response against o. tsutsugamushi. while many animal species have been used to study host immunity and vaccine responses in scrub typhus, only limited data exists in non-human primate (nhp) models. | 2018 | 29522521 |
| donor-derived regulatory dendritic cell infusion maintains donor-reactive cd4+ctla4hi t cells in non-human primate renal allograft recipients treated with cd28 co-stimulation blockade. | donor-derived regulatory dendritic cell (dcreg) infusion before transplantation, significantly prolongs renal allograft survival in non-human primates. this is associated with enhanced expression of the immunoregulatory molecules cytotoxic t-lymphocyte-associated antigen (ag) 4 (ctla4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (pd1) by host donor-reactive t cells. in rodents and humans, cd28 co-stimulatory pathway blockade with the fusion protein ctla4:ig (ctla4ig) is associated with reduced different ... | 2018 | 29520267 |
| post-irradiation treatment with a superoxide dismutase mimic, mntnhex-2-pyp5+, mitigates radiation injury in the lungs of non-human primates after whole-thorax exposure to ionizing radiation. | radiation injury to the lung is the result of acute and chronic free radical formation, and there are currently few effective means of mitigating such injury. studies in rodents indicate that superoxide dismutase mimetics may be effective in this regard; however, studies in humans or large animals are lacking. we hypothesized that post-exposure treatment with the lipophilic mitochondrial superoxide dismutase mimetic, mntnhex-2-pyp5+ (hexyl), would reduce radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosi ... | 2018 | 29518913 |
| concurrent gut transcriptome and microbiota profiling following chronic ethanol consumption in nonhuman primates. | alcohol use disorder (aud) results in increased intestinal permeability, nutrient malabsorption, and increased risk of colorectal cancer (crc). our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these morbidities remains limited because studies to date have relied almost exclusively on short-term heavy/binge drinking rodent models and colonic biopsies/fecal samples collected from aud subjects with alcoholic liver disease (ald). consequently, the dose- and site-dependent impact of chronic alcohol con ... | 2018 | 29517944 |
| quantitative assessment of cervical softening during pregnancy in the rhesus macaque with shear wave elasticity imaging. | abnormal parturition, e.g. pre- or post-term birth, is associated with maternal and neonatal morbidity and increased economic burden. this could potentially be prevented by accurate detection of abnormal softening of the uterine cervix. shear wave elasticity imaging (swei) techniques that quantify tissue softness, such as shear wave speed (sws) measurement, are promising for evaluation of the cervix. still, interpretation of results can be complicated by biological variability (i.e. spatial vari ... | 2018 | 29517492 |
| single-exposure visual memory judgments are reflected in inferotemporal cortex. | our visual memory percepts of whether we have encountered specific objects or scenes before are hypothesized to manifest as decrements in neural responses in inferotemporal cortex (it) with stimulus repetition. to evaluate this proposal, we recorded it neural responses as two monkeys performed a single-exposure visual memory task designed to measure the rates of forgetting with time. we found that a weighted linear read-out of it was a better predictor of the monkeys' forgetting rates and reacti ... | 2018 | 29517485 |
| caloric restriction engages hepatic rna processing mechanisms in rhesus monkeys. | caloric restriction (cr) extends lifespan and delays the onset of age-related disorders in diverse species. metabolic regulatory pathways have been implicated in the mechanisms of cr, but the molecular details have not been elucidated. here, we show that cr engages rna processing of genes associated with a highly integrated reprogramming of hepatic metabolism. we conducted molecular profiling of liver biopsies collected from adult male rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) at baseline and after 2 year ... | 2018 | 29514073 |
| human hippocampal neurogenesis drops sharply in children to undetectable levels in adults. | new neurons continue to be generated in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the adult mammalian hippocampus. this process has been linked to learning and memory, stress and exercise, and is thought to be altered in neurological disease. in humans, some studies have suggested that hundreds of new neurons are added to the adult dentate gyrus every day, whereas other studies find many fewer putative new neurons. despite these discrepancies, it is generally believed that the adult human hip ... | 2018 | 29513649 |
| saccade-synchronized rapid attention shifts in macaque visual cortical area mt. | while making saccadic eye-movements to scan a visual scene, humans and monkeys are able to keep track of relevant visual stimuli by maintaining spatial attention on them. this ability requires a shift of attentional modulation from the neuronal population representing the relevant stimulus pre-saccadically to the one representing it post-saccadically. for optimal performance, this trans-saccadic attention shift should be rapid and saccade-synchronized. whether this is so is not known. we trained ... | 2018 | 29511189 |
| effects of sex and prenatal androgen manipulations on onuf's nucleus of rhesus macaques. | the role of gonadal steroids in sexual differentiation of the central nervous system (cns) is well established in rodents, but no study to date has manipulated androgens prenatally and examined their effects on any cns structure in a primate. onuf's nucleus is a column of motoneurons in the sacral spinal cord that innervates the striated perineal muscles. this cell group is larger in males than in females of many species, due to androgens acting during a sensitive perinatal period. here, we exam ... | 2018 | 29510099 |
| changes in gene expression following long-term in vitro exposure of macaca mulatta trophoblast stem cells to biologically relevant levels of endocrine disruptors. | trophoblast stem cells (tscs) are crucial for embryo implantation and placentation. environmental toxicants that compromise tsc function could impact fetal viability, pregnancy, and progeny health. understanding the effects of low, chronic edc exposures on tscs and pregnancy is a priority in developmental toxicology. differences in early implantation between primates and other mammals make a nonhuman primate model ideal. we examined effects of chronic low-level exposure to atrazine, tributyltin, ... | 2018 | 29505797 |
| correction: rhesus macaques form preferences for brand logos through sex and social status based advertising. | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193055.]. | 2018 | 29505616 |
| comparing cognition by integrating concept learning, proactive interference, and list memory. | this article describes an approach for training a variety of species to learn the abstract concept of same/different, which in turn forms the basis for testing proactive interference and list memory. the stimulus set for concept-learning training was progressively doubled from 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 . . . to 1,024 different pictures with novel-stimulus transfer following learning. all species fully learned the same/different abstract concept: capuchin and rhesus monkeys learned more readily than pig ... | 2018 | 29492785 |
| mlh1-rhemac hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome in rhesus macaques. | over the past two decades, 33 cases of colonic adenocarcinomas have been diagnosed in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) at the nonhuman primate colony of the keeling center for comparative medicine and research at the university of texas md anderson cancer center. the distinctive feature in these cases, based on pet/computed tomography (ct) imaging, was the presence of two or three tumor lesions in different locations, including proximal to the ileocecal juncture, proximal to the hepatic flexure, ... | 2018 | 29490919 |
| normalization of cell associated antiretroviral drug concentrations with a novel rpp30 droplet digital pcr assay. | quantification of antiretroviral (arv) drug concentrations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and tissue isolated mononuclear cells (timcs) from lymph node (lnmc) and rectum (rmc) is an important measure of bio-distribution. normalization of drug concentrations is critical to represent tissue drug concentrations and to analyze both intra-individual and inter-individual variability in drug distribution. however, a molecular method to normalize intracellular drug concentrations in pbmcs ... | 2018 | 29483619 |
| restorative effects of human neural stem cell grafts on the primate spinal cord. | we grafted human spinal cord-derived neural progenitor cells (npcs) into sites of cervical spinal cord injury in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). under three-drug immunosuppression, grafts survived at least 9 months postinjury and expressed both neuronal and glial markers. monkey axons regenerated into grafts and formed synapses. hundreds of thousands of human axons extended out from grafts through monkey white matter and synapsed in distal gray matter. grafts gradually matured over 9 months and ... | 2018 | 29480894 |
| primate social attention: species differences and effects of individual experience in humans, great apes, and macaques. | when viewing social scenes, humans and nonhuman primates focus on particular features, such as the models' eyes, mouth, and action targets. previous studies reported that such viewing patterns vary significantly across individuals in humans, and also across closely-related primate species. however, the nature of these individual and species differences remains unclear, particularly among nonhuman primates. in large samples of human and nonhuman primates, we examined species differences and the e ... | 2018 | 29474416 |
| fluoxetine administration in juvenile monkeys: implications for pharmacotherapy in children. | fluoxetine therapy has been approved for children with major depressive disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder for over 14 years and has expanded to other childhood behavior disorders. as use increases, more detail on fluoxetine effects during juvenile brain development can help maintain safe and effective use of this therapy. here, a narrative review is provided of previously published findings from a large nonhuman primate project. fluoxetine was administered to juvenile male rhesus monkey ... | 2018 | 29473029 |
| molecular characteristics of rhesus macaque interleukin-22: cloning, in vitro expression and biological activities. | interleukin-22 (il-22) is a potential therapeutic agent for diseases driven by epithelial injury. to characterize the il-22 expressed by rhesus macaques, animals that are irreplaceable for human disease research, rhesus macaque il-22 (rhil-22) was cloned and expressed, and its biological activity and in vivo distribution were examined. it was found that the rhil-22 gene consists of five introns and six exons, including a short non-coding exon starting 22 bp downstream of a putative tata box. the ... | 2018 | 29465767 |
| the effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan on attention and central serotonin neurochemistry in the rhesus macaque. | psychiatric disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, are often associated with impaired serotonergic function. however, serotonergic interventions yield inconsistent effects on behavioral impairments. to better understand serotonin's role in these pathologies, we investigated the role of serotonin in a behavior frequently impaired in depression and anxiety, attention. in this study, we used a quantitative, repeated, within-subject, design to test how l-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-htp), the imm ... | 2018 | 29463909 |
| rhesus macaques form preferences for brand logos through sex and social status based advertising. | like humans, monkeys value information about sex and status, inviting the hypothesis that our susceptibility to these factors in advertising arises from shared, ancestral biological mechanisms that prioritize social information. to test this idea, we asked whether rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) show choice behavior that is similar to humans in response to sex and social status in advertising. our results show that monkeys form preferences for brand logos repeatedly paired with images of macaqu ... | 2018 | 29462189 |
| pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula in a rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta). | an 8-y-old female rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) presented for swelling of the left lower limb distal to the inguinal region and associated with the femoral artery. physical and ultrasound examinations suggested an arteriovenous fistula combined with a pseudoaneurysm. after review of possible treatment options, we determined that open surgical repair was the best course of action. the pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula were surgically resected, and the macaque recovered without complicati ... | 2018 | 29460724 |
| post-encoding control of working memory enhances processing of relevant information in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). | working memory is a system by which a limited amount of information can be kept available for processing after the cessation of sensory input. because working memory resources are limited, it is adaptive to focus processing on the most relevant information. we used a retro-cue paradigm to determine the extent to which monkey working memory possesses control mechanisms that focus processing on the most relevant representations. monkeys saw a sample array of images, and shortly after the array dis ... | 2018 | 29459237 |
| rhesus macaque personality, dominance, behavior, and health. | previous studies of nonhuman primates have found relationships between health and individual differences in personality, behavior, and social status. however, despite knowing these factors are intercorrelated, many studies focus only on a single measure, for example, rank. consequently, it is difficult to determine the degree to which these individual differences are independently associated with health. the present study sought to untangle the associations between health and these individual di ... | 2018 | 29457637 |
| heterogenic transplantation of bone marrow-derived rhesus macaque mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in mouse. | liver fibrosis is a disease that causes high morbidity and has become a major health problem. liver fibrosis can lead to the end stage of liver diseases (livercirrhosisand hepatocellularcarcinoma). currently, liver transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage liver disease. however, the shortage of organ donors, high cost of medical surgery, immunological rejection and transplantation complications severely hamper liver transplantation therapy. mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) have ... | 2018 | 29456886 |
| characterization of a partial-body irradiation model with oral cavity shielding in nonhuman primates. | purpose: characterization of a novel partial-body irradiation (pbi) shielding strategy in nonhuman primates (nhp; rhesus macaques), aimed at protecting the oral cavity, with respect to various gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome (gi-ars) syndrome parameters as well as buccal ulceration development.materials and methods: nhps were irradiated using a cobalt-60 gamma source, in a single uniform dose, ranging from 9-13 gy and delivered at 0.60-0.80 gy min-1. animals were either partially shiel ... | 2020 | 29447591 |
| oral curcumin supplementation improves fine motor function in the middle-aged rhesus monkey. | aged individuals experience decreased fine motor function of the hand and digits, which could result, in part, from the chronic, systemic state of inflammation that occurs with aging. recent research for treating age-related inflammation has focused on the effects of nutraceuticals that have anti-inflammatory properties. one particular dietary polyphenol, curcumin, the principal curcuminoid of the spice turmeric, has been shown to have significant anti-inflammatory effects and there is mounting ... | 2018 | 29447046 |
| a nonhuman primate pet study: measurement of brain pde4 occupancy by roflumilast using (r)-[11c]rolipram. | phosphodiesterase 4 (pde4) inhibition in the brain has been reported to improve cognitive function in animal models. therefore, pde4 inhibitors are one of key targets potential for drug development. investigation of brain pde4 occupancy would help to understand the effects of pde4 inhibition to cognitive functions. roflumilast is a selective phosphodiesterase type 4 (pde4) inhibitor used clinically for severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the effects to the brain have not been well ... | 2018 | 29441434 |
| flow visualization through particle image velocimetry in realistic model of rhesus monkey's upper airway. | studies concerning inhalation toxicology and respiratory drug-delivery systems require biological testing involving experiments performed on animals. particle image velocimetry (piv) is an effective in vitro technique that reveals detailed inhalation flow patterns, thereby assisting analyses of inhalation exposure to various substances. a realistic model of a rhesus-monkey upper airway was developed to investigate flow patterns in its oral and nasal cavities through piv experiments performed und ... | 2018 | 29438809 |
| gonadotropin regulation of retinoic acid activity in the testis. | initiation of spermatogenesis in primates is triggered at puberty by an increase in gonadotropins; i.e., follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh). prior to puberty, testis of the monkey contains only undifferentiated germ cells. however, sermatogonial differentiation and spermatogenesis may be initiated prior to puberty after stimulation with exogenous lh and fsh. retinoic acid (ra) signaling is considered to be a major component that drives spermatogonial differentiation. ... | 2018 | 29436793 |
| microexon gene transcriptional profiles and evolution provide insights into blood processing by the schistosoma japonicum esophagus. | adult schistosomes have a well-developed alimentary tract comprising an oral sucker around the mouth, a short esophagus and a blind ending gut. the esophagus is not simply a muscular tube for conducting blood from the mouth to gut but is divided into compartments, surrounded by anterior and posterior glands, where processing of ingested blood is initiated. self-cure of rhesus macaques from a schistosoma japonicum infection appears to operate by blocking the secretory functions of these glands so ... | 2018 | 29432451 |
| closed-loop continuous hand control via chronic recording of regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces. | loss of the upper limb imposes a devastating interruption to everyday life. full restoration of natural arm control requires the ability to simultaneously control multiple degrees of freedom of the prosthetic arm and maintain that control over an extended period of time. current clinically available myoelectric prostheses do not provide simultaneous control or consistency for transradial amputees. to address this issue, we have implemented a standard kalman filter for continuous hand control usi ... | 2018 | 29432117 |
| correlates of economic decisions in the dorsal and subgenual anterior cingulate cortices. | the anterior cingulate cortex can be divided into distinct ventral (subgenual, sgacc) and dorsal (dacc), portions. the role of dacc in value-based decision-making is hotly debated, while the role of sgacc is poorly understood. we recorded neuronal activity in both regions in rhesus macaques performing a token-gambling task. we find that both encode many of the same variables; including integrated offered values of gambles, primary as well as secondary reward outcomes, number of current tokens an ... | 2018 | 29431892 |
| uncoupling the widespread occurrence of anti-nmdar1 autoantibodies from neuropsychiatric disease in a novel autoimmune model. | autoantibodies of the igg class against n-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor subunit-nr1 (nmdar1-ab) were considered pathognomonic for anti-nmdar encephalitis. this view has been challenged by the age-dependent seroprevalence (up to >20%) of functional nmdar1-ab of all immunoglobulin classes found in >5000 individuals, healthy or affected by different diseases. these findings question a merely encephalitogenic role of nmdar1-ab. here, we show that nmdar1-ab belong to the normal autoimmune repertoire of ... | 2019 | 29426955 |
| posterior ciliary artery occlusion. | to compare the severity of ischemic damage following posterior ciliary artery (pca) occlusion in old, atherosclerotic, hypertensive monkeys to that in young monkeys. | 2018 | 29423458 |
| study of retina and choroid biological parameters of rhesus monkeys eyes on scleral collagen cross-linking by riboflavin and ultraviolet a. | to evaluate ocular fundus biological changes after scleral collagen cross-linking (cxl) with riboflavin/ ultraviolet a (uva) on rhesus monkeys in vivo by analyzing retina and choroid biological parameters. six 3-year-old male rhesus monkeys (12 eyes) were observed in this study, with scleral cxl procedures applied on superior temporal equatorial sclera on random eyes of all rhesus. optical coherence tomography (oct) and optical coherence tomography angiography (octa) examination were performed b ... | 2018 | 29420622 |
| trauma rates and patterns in specific pathogen free (spf) rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) groups. | there are some predictable patterns of trauma in captive rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) social groups. several factors have been documented to contribute to these patterns, including group formation of unrelated animals, and the establishment of dominance ranks. here, we report on how socially induced trauma in groups of rhesus monkeys is influenced by the breeding season, numbers of matrilines per group and matriline size. we analyzed 3 years of data collected from veterinary admittance logs f ... | 2018 | 29419883 |
| development and evaluation of mini-explorer: a long axial field-of-view pet scanner for nonhuman primate imaging. | we describe a long axial field-of-view (fov) pet scanner for high-sensitivity and total-body imaging of nonhuman primates and present the physical performance and first phantom and animal imaging results. methods: the mini-explorer pet scanner was built using the components of a clinical scanner reconfigured with a detector ring diameter of 43.5 cm and an axial length of 45.7 cm. national electrical manufacturers association (nema) nu-2 and nu-4 phantoms were used to measure sensitivity and coun ... | 2018 | 29419483 |
| efficacy of intracellular immune checkpoint-silenced dc vaccine. | dc-based tumor vaccines have had limited clinical success thus far. socs1, a key inhibitor of inflammatory cytokine signaling, is an immune checkpoint regulator that limits dc immunopotency. | 2018 | 29415891 |
| a new vaccine for tuberculosis in rhesus macaques. | | 2018 | 29414932 |
| femtosecond laser-assisted small incision endokeratophakia using a xenogeneic lenticule in rhesus monkeys. | to evaluate the feasibility and safety of xenogeneic endokeratophakia in rhesus monkeys and to explore the effects of a concave lenticule on refractive power. | 2018 | 29408829 |
| quantitative proteomic analysis of hepatic tissue of t2dm rhesus macaque. | type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2dm) is a metabolic disorder that severely affects human health, but the pathogenesis of the disease remains unknown. the high-fat/high-sucrose diets combined with streptozotocin- (stz-) induced nonhuman primate animal model of diabetes are a valuable research source of t2dm. here, we present a study of a stz rhesus macaque model of t2dm that utilizes quantitative itraq-based proteomic method. we compared the protein profiles in the liver of stz-treated macaques as wel ... | 2017 | 29404372 |
| optimized administration of hetil-15 expands lymphocytes and minimizes toxicity in rhesus macaques. | the common γ-chain cytokine interleukin-15 (il-15) plays a significant role in regulating innate and adaptive lymphocyte homeostasis and can stimulate anti-tumor activity of leukocytes. we have previously shown that the circulating il-15 in the plasma is the heterodimeric form (hetil-15), produced upon co-expression of il-15 and il-15 receptor alpha (il-15rα) polypeptides in the same cell, heterodimerization of the two chains and secretion. we investigated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic ... | 2018 | 29402721 |
| comparison of direct and indirect methods of measuring arterial blood pressure in healthy male rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). | blood pressure is a critical parameter for evaluating cardiovascular health, assessing effects of drugs and procedures, monitoring physiologic status during anesthesia, and making clinical decisions. the placement of an arterial catheter is the most direct and accurate method for measuring blood pressure; however, this approach is invasive and of limited use during brief sedated examinations. the objective of this study was to determine which method of indirect blood pressure monitoring was most ... | 2018 | 29402354 |
| chronic hyperandrogenemia and western-style diet beginning at puberty reduces fertility and increases metabolic dysfunction during pregnancy in young adult, female macaques. | what are the impacts of elevated testosterone (t) and an obesogenic western-style diet (wsd), either independently or together, on fertility and metabolic adaptations of pregnancy in primates? | 2018 | 29401269 |
| working memory enhances cortical representations via spatially specific coordination of spike times. | the online maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory (wm) is essential for guiding behavior based on our goals. understanding how wm alters sensory processing in pursuit of different behavioral objectives is therefore crucial to establish the neural basis of our goal-directed behavior. here we show that, in the middle temporal (mt) area of rhesus monkeys, the power of the local field potentials in the αβ band (8-25 hz) increases, reflecting the remembered location and the ani ... | 2018 | 29398360 |
| α-motor neurons are spared from aging while their synaptic inputs degenerate in monkeys and mice. | motor function deteriorates with advancing age, increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes. while it is well established that skeletal muscles and neuromuscular junctions (nmjs) degenerate with increasing age, the effect of aging on α-motor neurons and their innervating synaptic inputs remains largely unknown. in this study, we examined the soma of α-motor neurons and innervating synaptic inputs in the spinal cord of aged rhesus monkeys and mice, two species with vastly different lifespans. ... | 2018 | 29397579 |
| modeling task-specific neuronal ensembles improves decoding of grasp. | dexterous movement involves the activation and coordination of networks of neuronal populations across multiple cortical regions. attempts to model firing of individual neurons commonly treat the firing rate as directly modulating with motor behavior. however, motor behavior may additionally be associated with modulations in the activity and functional connectivity of neurons in a broader ensemble. accounting for variations in neural ensemble connectivity may provide additional information about ... | 2018 | 29393065 |
| neurons in primate entorhinal cortex represent gaze position in multiple spatial reference frames. | primates rely predominantly on vision to gather information from the environment and neurons representing visual space and gaze position are found in many brain areas. within the medial temporal lobe, a brain region critical for memory, neurons in the entorhinal cortex of macaque monkeys exhibit spatial selectivity for gaze position. specifically, the firing rate of single neurons reflects fixation location within a visual image (killian et al., 2012). in the rodents, entorhinal cells such as gr ... | 2018 | 29386260 |
| monkeys choose, but do not learn, through exclusion. | human children will select a novel object from among a group of known objects when presented with a novel object name. this disambiguation by exclusion may facilitate new name-object mappings and may play a role in the rapid word learning shown by young children. animals including dogs, apes, monkeys, and birds make similar exclusion choices. however, evidence regarding whether children and nonhuman animals learn new associations through choice by exclusion is mixed. in the present study we diss ... | 2018 | 32864425 |
| dynamic evolution of regulatory element ensembles in primate cd4+ t cells. | how evolutionary changes at enhancers affect the transcription of target genes remains an important open question. previous comparative studies of gene expression have largely measured the abundance of messenger rna, which is affected by post-transcriptional regulatory processes, hence limiting inferences about the mechanisms underlying expression differences. here, we directly measured nascent transcription in primate species, allowing us to separate transcription from post-transcriptional regu ... | 2018 | 29379187 |
| lutein is differentially deposited across brain regions following formula or breast feeding of infant rhesus macaques. | lutein, a yellow xanthophyll, selectively accumulates in primate retina and brain. lutein may play a critical role in neural and retinal development, but few studies have investigated the impact of dietary source on its bioaccumulation in infants. | 2018 | 29378053 |
| population coding of grasp and laterality-related information in the macaque fronto-parietal network. | preparing and executing grasping movements demands the coordination of sensory information across multiple scales. the position of an object, required hand shape, and which of our hands to extend must all be coordinated in parallel. the network formed by the macaque anterior intraparietal area (aip) and hand area (f5) of the ventral premotor cortex is essential in the generation of grasping movements. yet, the role of this circuit in hand selection is unclear. we recorded from 1342 single- and m ... | 2018 | 29374242 |
| characterization of the gut microbiota in six geographical populations of chinese rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta), implying an adaptation to high-altitude environment. | knowledge about the impact of different geographical environments on rhesus macaque gut microbiota is limited. in this study, we compared the characteristics of gut microbiota in six different chinese rhesus macaque populations, including hainan, nanning, guizhou, xichang, jianchuan and tibet. through the composition analysis of operational taxonomic units (otus), we found that there were significant differences in the abundance of core overlapping otus in the six chinese groups. specifically, t ... | 2018 | 29372281 |
| social network community structure and the contact-mediated sharing of commensal e. coli among captive rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). | in group-living animals, heterogeneity in individuals' social connections may mediate the sharing of microbial infectious agents. in this regard, the genetic relatedness of individuals' commensal gut bacterium escherichia coli may be ideal to assess the potential for pathogen transmission through animal social networks. here we use microbial phylogenetics and population genetics approaches, as well as host social network reconstruction, to assess evidence for the contact-mediated sharing of e. c ... | 2018 | 29372120 |
| assessing the true intraocular pressure in the non-human primate. | for glaucoma patients, high intraocular pressure (iop) is a risk factor for progressive neuropathy. similarly, animal models used to study the disease are based on an experimental elevation of iop. thus, accurate iop measurements are important in characterizing experimental models and resulting effects. | 2018 | 29370024 |
| rna gene profile variation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from rhesus macaques immunized with hib conjugate vaccine, hib capsular polysaccharide and tt carrier protein. | the haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccine has been widely used in children to prevent invasive hib disease because of its strong immunogenicity and antibody response induction relative to the capsular polysaccharide (cps) antigen. the data from vaccine studies suggest that the conjugate vaccine contains carrier proteins that enhance and/or regulate the antigen's immunogenicity, but the mechanism of this enhancement remains unclear. | 2018 | 29368591 |
| the adenosine receptor antagonist, 7-methylxanthine, alters emmetropizing responses in infant macaques. | previous studies suggest that the adenosine receptor antagonist, 7-methylxanthine (7-mx), retards myopia progression. our aim was to determine whether 7-mx alters the compensating refractive changes produced by defocus in rhesus monkeys. | 2018 | 29368006 |
| yc-1 inhibits vegf and inflammatory mediators expression on experimental central retinal vein occlusion in rhesus monkey. | to investigate the therapeutic potential of yc-1 for experimental central retinal vein occlusion (crvo) of rhesus monkey. | 2018 | 29364731 |
| toll-like receptors and radiation protection. | exposure to ionizing radiation (ir) causes severe injuries to the human body, and normal tissue toxicity also limits the further application of cancer radiotherapy. however, current clinically used radioprotective agents are difficult to produce satisfactory effects. toll-like receptor (tlr) is a kind of pattern recognition receptor (prr) that has been extensively studied for radioprotection in recent years. several tlr family members are closely related to radioprotection. in cultured cells, tl ... | 2018 | 29364499 |
| what does scalp electroencephalogram coherence tell us about long-range cortical networks? | long-range interactions between cortical areas are undoubtedly a key to the computational power of the brain. for healthy human subjects, the premier method for measuring brain activity on fast timescales is electroencephalography (eeg), and coherence between eeg signals is often used to assay functional connectivity between different brain regions. however, the nature of the underlying brain activity that is reflected in eeg coherence is currently the realm of speculation, because seldom have e ... | 2018 | 29363843 |
| the value of glycated albumin for the prediction of graft outcome in the non-human primate porcine islet transplantation model. | the development of a precise and easy-to-use tool for monitoring islet graft function is important in clarifying the causes of graft loss, identifying appropriate therapy, and ensuring graft survival in the nonhuman primate (nhp) model of porcine islet transplantation (pitx). glycated albumin (ga) is an indicator of intermediate-term changes in blood glucose control and is useful in clinical diabetes management. the validity of ga for monitoring graft function in nhp recipients of pitx was evalu ... | 2018 | 29359356 |
| neural correlate of auditory spatial attention allocation in the superior colliculus. | this study is the physiological complement to previous behavioral work that demonstrated that rhesus monkeys are able to allocate attention about the surrounding space based on brief, broadband auditory cues. single-unit recordings were taken from the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (isc) while the subjects oriented to visual and auditory targets in the context of a cuing task with their heads unrestrained. the results show a correlation between behavioral manifestations of attent ... | 2018 | 29357462 |
| candidate molecular pathways of white matter vulnerability in the brain of normal aging rhesus monkeys. | mammalian aging is associated with decline in cognitive functions. studies searching for a cause of cognitive aging initially focused on neuronal loss but quantitative investigations of rat, monkey, and human brain using stereology demonstrated that in normal aging, unlike in neurodegenerative disease, neurons are not lost. instead, electron microscopic and mri studies in normal aging monkeys revealed age-related damage to myelin sheaths, loss of axons, and reduction in white matter volume which ... | 2018 | 29357021 |
| herv-w group evolutionary history in non-human primates: characterization of erv-w orthologs in catarrhini and related erv groups in platyrrhini. | the genomes of all vertebrates harbor remnants of ancient retroviral infections, having affected the germ line cells during the last 100 million years. these sequences, named endogenous retroviruses (ervs), have been transmitted to the offspring in a mendelian way, being relatively stable components of the host genome even long after their exogenous counterparts went extinct. among human ervs (hervs), the herv-w group is of particular interest for our physiology and pathology. a herv-w provirus ... | 2018 | 29351742 |
| whole thorax irradiation of non-human primates induces persistent nuclear damage and gene expression changes in peripheral blood cells. | we investigated the cytogenetic and gene expression responses of peripheral blood cells of non-human primates (nhp, macaca mulatta) that were whole-thorax irradiated with a single dose of 10 gy. in this model, partial irradiation of nhps in the thoracic region (whole thorax lung irradiation, wtli) allows the study of late radiation-induced lung injury, while avoiding acute radiation syndromes related to hematopoietic and gastrointestinal injury. a transient drop in circulating lymphocytes and pl ... | 2018 | 29351567 |
| simplified estimation of binding parameters based on image-derived reference tissue models for dopamine transporter bindings in non-human primates using [18f]fe-pe2i and pet. | the aim of this study on dopamine transporter binding by [18f]fe-pe2i and pet was to describe an image-derived approach using reference tissue models: the logan dvr approach and simplified reference tissue model (srtm), the features of which were simple to operate and precise in the measurements. using the approach, the authors sought to obtain binding images and parameters. [18f]fe-pe2i and dynamic pet as well as an mri was performed on three rhesus monkeys, and metabolite corrected arterial pl ... | 2017 | 29348979 |
| multimodal encoding of novelty, reward, and learning in the primate nucleus basalis of meynert. | associative learning is crucial for daily function, involving a complex network of brain regions. one region, the nucleus basalis of meynert (nbm), is a highly interconnected, largely cholinergic structure implicated in multiple aspects of learning. we show that single neurons in the nbm of nonhuman primates (nhps; n = 2 males; macaca mulatta) encode learning a new association through spike rate modulation. however, the power of low-frequency local field potential (lfp) oscillations decreases in ... | 2018 | 29348191 |
| monocyte subsets exhibit transcriptional plasticity and a shared response to interferon in siv-infected rhesus macaques. | the progression to aids is influenced by changes in the biology of heterogeneous monocyte subsets. classical (cd14++cd16-), intermediate (cd14++cd16+), and nonclassical (cd14+cd16++) monocytes may represent progressive stages of monocyte maturation or disparate myeloid lineages with different turnover rates and function. to investigate the relationship between monocyte subsets and the response to siv infection, we performed microarray analysis of monocyte subsets in rhesus macaques at three time ... | 2018 | 29345061 |
| morphine-mediated brain region-specific astrocytosis involves the er stress-autophagy axis. | a recent study from our lab has revealed a link between morphine-mediated autophagy and synaptic impairment. the current study was aimed at investigating whether morphine-mediated activation of astrocytes involved the er stress/autophagy axis. our in vitro findings demonstrated upregulation of gfap indicating astrocyte activation with a concomitant increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines in morphine-exposed human astrocytes. using both pharmacological and gene-silencing approache ... | 2018 | 29344928 |
| decoder calibration with ultra small current sample set for intracortical brain-machine interface. | intracortical brain-machine interfaces (ibmis) aim to restore efficient communication and movement ability for paralyzed patients. however, frequent recalibration is required for consistency and reliability, and every recalibration will require relatively large most current sample set. the aim in this study is to develop an effective decoder calibration method that can achieve good performance while minimizing recalibration time. | 2018 | 29343650 |
| global spectral clustering in dynamic networks. | community detection is challenging when the network structure is estimated with uncertainty. dynamic networks present additional challenges but also add information across time periods. we propose a global community detection method, persistent communities by eigenvector smoothing (pisces), that combines information across a series of networks, longitudinally, to strengthen the inference for each period. our method is derived from evolutionary spectral clustering and degree correction methods. d ... | 2018 | 29339482 |
| hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, hif1a and hif2a, increase in aging mucosal tissues. | hypoxia (i.e. oxygen deprivation) activates the hypoxia-signalling pathway, primarily via hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (hif) for numerous target genes, which mediate angiogenesis, metabolism and coagulation, among other processes to try to replenish tissues with blood and oxygen. hypoxia signalling dysregulation also commonly occurs during chronic inflammation. we sampled gingival tissues from rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta; 3-25 years old) and total rna was isolated for microarray an ... | 2018 | 29338076 |
| the monkey is not always a god: attitudinal differences toward crop-raiding macaques and why it matters for conflict mitigation. | attitudinal differences toward wildlife have important implications for conflict management and when the species in question have strong cultural and religious associations, conflict mitigation becomes a challenging endeavor. we investigated farmers' attitudes toward two different crop-raiding macaque species, the rhesus macaque in northern india, and the bonnet macaque in southern india. apart from regional differences in attitudes, we also assessed temporal changes in attitude toward the rhesu ... | 2018 | 29332163 |
| development of a pet radioligand for potassium channels to image cns demyelination. | central nervous system (cns) demyelination represents the pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis (ms) and contributes to other neurological conditions. quantitative and specific imaging of demyelination would thus provide critical clinical insight. here, we investigated the possibility of targeting axonal potassium channels to image demyelination by positron emission tomography (pet). these channels, which normally reside beneath the myelin sheath, become exposed upon demyelination and are ... | 2018 | 29330383 |
| application of receptor theory to the design and use of fixed-proportion mu-opioid agonist and antagonist mixtures in rhesus monkeys. | receptor theory predicts that fixed-proportion mixtures of a competitive, reversible agonist (e.g., fentanyl) and antagonist (e.g., naltrexone) at a common receptor [e.g., mu-opioid receptors (mors)] will result in antagonist proportion-dependent decreases in apparent efficacy of the agonist/antagonist mixtures and downward shifts in mixture dose-effect functions. the present study tested this hypothesis by evaluating behavioral effects of fixed-proportion fentanyl/naltrexone mixtures in a warm- ... | 2018 | 29330156 |
| nonhuman primate (rhesus macaque) models of severe pressure-targeted hemorrhagic and polytraumatic hemorrhagic shock. | we endeavored to develop clinically translatable nonhuman primate (nhp) models of severe polytraumatic hemorrhagic shock. | 2018 | 29329171 |
| synthetic adeno-associated viral vector efficiently targets mouse and nonhuman primate retina in vivo. | gene therapy is a promising approach in the treatment of inherited and common complex disorders of the retina. preclinical and clinical studies have validated the use of adeno-associated viral vectors (aav) as a safe and efficient delivery vehicle for gene transfer. retinal pigment epithelium and rods-and to a lesser extent, cone photoreceptors-can be efficiently targeted with aav. other retinal cell types however are more challenging targets. the aim of this study was to characterize the transd ... | 2018 | 29325457 |
| correction: minimally invasive monitoring of cd4 t cells at multiple mucosal tissues after intranasal vaccination in rhesus macaques. | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188807.]. | 2018 | 29324856 |
| macrocyclic θ-defensins suppress tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α) shedding by inhibition of tnf-α-converting enzyme. | theta-defensins (θ-defensins) are macrocyclic peptides expressed exclusively in granulocytes and selected epithelia of old world monkeys. they contribute to anti-pathogen host defense responses by directly killing a diverse range of microbes. of note, θ-defensins also modulate microbe-induced inflammation by affecting the production of soluble tumor necrosis factor (stnf) and other proinflammatory cytokines. here, we report that natural rhesus macaque θ-defensin (rtd) isoforms regulate stnf cell ... | 2018 | 29317500 |
| simians in the shape school: a comparative study of executive attention. | executive functions (ef) have been studied extensively in children and adults. however, ef tasks for young children can be difficult to administer and interpret. espy (1997, developmental neuropsychology, 13, 495-499) designed the shape school task to measure inhibition and switching in preschool-aged children. shape school presents cartoon-like characters that children must flexibly name by their color, their shape, or both, depending on cues that indicate the appropriate rule. shape school has ... | 2018 | 29313237 |
| dopamine is signaled by mid-frequency oscillations and boosts output layers visual information in visual cortex. | neural oscillations are ubiquitously observed in cortical activity, and are widely believed to be crucial for mediating transmission of information across the cortex. yet, the neural phenomena contributing to each oscillation band, and their effect on information coding and transmission, are largely unknown. here, we investigated whether individual frequency bands specifically reflect changes in the concentrations of dopamine, an important neuromodulator, and how dopamine affects oscillatory inf ... | 2018 | 29307559 |
| regulation of the maturation of human monocytes into immunosuppressive macrophages. | human monocytes differentiate into either proinflammatory or immunosuppressive macrophages in response to distinct stimuli. results show that the toll-like receptor 2/1 agonist pam3 replicates the ability of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (m-csf) to induce the preferential generation of immunosuppressive macrophages in vitro, an activity confirmed by in vivo studies of rhesus macaques. by comparing the gene expression pattern of monocytes treated with m-csf vs pam3, the pathways regulating ... | 2017 | 29296902 |
| anti-müllerian hormone is a survival factor and promotes the growth of rhesus macaque preantral follicles during matrix-free culture. | anti-müllerian hormone (amh) plays a key role during ovarian follicular development, with local actions associated with a dynamic secretion profile by growing follicles. while results for amh effects on antral follicle growth and function are consistent among studies in various species, any effects on preantral follicle development remain controversial. therefore, experiments were conducted to investigate the direct actions and role of amh during follicle development at the preantral stage. maca ... | 2018 | 29293939 |
| assessment of stress responses in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) to daily routine procedures in system neuroscience based on salivary cortisol concentrations. | non-human primates participating in neurophysiological research are exposed to potentially stressful experimental procedures, such as dietary control protocols, surgical implants and their maintenance, or social separation during training and experimental session. here, we investigated the effect of controlled access to fluid, surgical implants, implant-related cleaning of skin margins, and behavioral training sessions on salivary cortisol levels of adult male rhesus macaques participating in ne ... | 2018 | 29293564 |
| testing complex animal cognition: concept learning, proactive interference, and list memory. | this article describes an approach for assessing and comparing complex cognition in rhesus monkeys and pigeons by training them in a sequence of synergistic tasks, each yielding a whole function for enhanced comparisons. these species were trained in similar same/different tasks with expanding training sets (8, 16, 32, 64, 128 … 1024 pictures) followed by novel-stimulus transfer eventually resulting in full abstract-concept learning. concept-learning functions revealed better rhesus transfer thr ... | 2018 | 29293262 |