| treatment of severe plasmodium falciparum malaria with quinidine gluconate: discontinuation of parenteral quinine from cdc drug service. | cdc has recently reviewed data on the reported incidence in the united states of plasmodium falciparum malaria and has evaluated information on the effective management of severe life-threatening infections. as a result of this review, cdc has concluded that the drug of choice in the united states for treatment of complicated p. falciparum infections is parenteral quinidine gluconate. therefore, effective immediately, parenteral quinine dihydrochloride will no longer be available from the cdc dr ... | 1991 | 1848916 |
| cyclic amp level in red blood cells of plasmodium berghei-infected mastomys natalensis. | the present report describes the changes in cyclic amp level which occur upon parasitization of red cells by plasmodium berghei. parasitized erythrocytes were separated from the non-parasitized population by percoll density-gradient centrifugation. an increase in the cyclic amp content of both non-parasitized and parasitized erythrocytes of infected animals compared with that of uninfected animals was observed. the patterns of physiological response to isoproterenol in normal, parasitized and no ... | 1991 | 1849086 |
| cloning of the plasmodium vivax duffy receptor. | plasmodium vivax and plasmodium knowlesi merozoites invade only duffy blood group-positive human erythrocytes. soluble p. vivax and p. knowlesi merozoite proteins of 135 kda bind specifically to duffy blood group determinants. the gene encoding a member of the duffy receptor gene family of p. knowlesi has been cloned. we report here the molecular cloning of the presumptive duffy receptor gene of p. vivax, using the p. knowlesi gene as a probe. there is a single gene in p. vivax which codes for a ... | 1991 | 1849231 |
| treatment with quinidine gluconate of persons with severe plasmodium falciparum infection: discontinuation of parenteral quinine from cdc drug service. | cdc has recently reviewed data on the reported incidence in the united states of plasmodium falciparum malaria and has evaluated available information on the effective management of severe life-threatening infections. as a result of this review, cdc has concluded that the therapeutic drug of choice in the united states for persons with complicated p. falciparum infection is parenteral quinidine gluconate, and that stocking of parenteral quinine dihydrochloride for emergency distribution is no lo ... | 1991 | 1850497 |
| plasmodium falciparum: evidence for a dna methylation pattern. | the methylation status of the adenine and cytosine residues in the genome of plasmodium falciparum was studied using restriction enzymes exhibiting differential activity dependent on the methylation state of these residues in their recognition site. the gene coding for the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase was studied for that purpose. no methylated adenine residues were observed in this gene in four strains tested. however, partial methylation of cytosine residues was observed ... | 1991 | 1851101 |
| localization and stage specific phosphorylation of plasmodium falciparum phosphoproteins during the intraerythrocytic cycle. | fifty-nine plasmodium falciparum specific phosphoproteins with molecular weights between 15,000 and 192,000 were analyzed by sds-page and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. 40 phosphoproteins were identified by [gamma-32p]atp labeling of cell lysates, 19 by [32p]orthophosphate labeling of parasitic cultures in vivo. changes in the phosphorylation pattern during the infectious erythrocytic cycle were determined for all proteins. in parallel, cell fractionation studies were done to follow up pos ... | 1991 | 1852167 |
| the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen of plasmodium falciparum associates with spectrin in the erythrocyte membrane. | the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum synthesises a protein, resa, which associates with the membrane of newly invaded erythrocytes. using spent supernatants from p. falciparum growing in culture as a source of soluble resa we have developed an assay to examine the characteristics of resa binding to the erythrocyte membrane in vitro. resa associated with the triton x-100 insoluble proteins on the inner face of the host erythrocyte membrane but did not bind to the outer surface of intact ery ... | 1991 | 1852169 |
| an exported protein of plasmodium falciparum is synthesized as an integral membrane protein. | exp-1 is an antigen of plasmodium falciparum which is transported from the parasite cell to the membrane of the parasitophorous vacuole and to membranous compartments in the erythrocyte. to investigate how this protein is transported, we studied the synthesis and membrane translocation of exp-1 in a cell-free system. the protein was translocated into canine pancreatic microsomes. its n-terminal half was thus protected from proteinase k digestion, suggesting that exp-1 is an integral membrane pro ... | 1991 | 1852170 |
| direct sequencing of enzymatically amplified dna of alleles of the merozoite surface antigen msa-1 gene from the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. | | 1991 | 1852173 |
| the structure of the calmodulin gene of plasmodium falciparum. | the calmodulin gene and its flanking sequences from the malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum, have been analysed. the structure of this gene is unique amongst other known calmodulin genes. it exists as a single copy on chromosome 14 and has a single intron. the nucleotide sequence of this 4-kb region suggests the existence of three transcriptional units, each separated by a highly a+t-rich sequence. sequences controlling gene expression might be expected to occur in these intergenic regions. ... | 1991 | 1852174 |
| a stage specific gene expressed at the onset of gametocytogenesis in plasmodium falciparum. | the gene encoding the gametocyte specific cytoplasmic protein pfg27/25 of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum has been cloned. the gene encodes a highly hydrophilic non-repetitive protein which does not share obvious homologies with other polypeptides. the stage specificity of pfg27/25 is controlled at the stage of the production of stable mrna, which is detectable only in the sexual stages of the parasite, and contains long additional sequences outside the pfg27/25 coding region. a ... | 1991 | 1852178 |
| cerebral malaria in children. comparative study between heparin, dexamethasone and placebo. | from january 1987 up to april 1990, sixty two patients diagnosed as cerebral malaria were admitted to the department of child health, medical school sam ratulangi university, gunung wenang general hospital were included in this study. they were treated with quinine dihydrochloride intravenously continued orally for a total of 7 days combined with fansidar by nasogastric tube for 2 days. all patients were also receiving intravenous fluid drips and other symptomatic treatment. they were divided in ... | 1991 | 1852471 |
| longitudinal study of seroreactivities to pf155/resa and its repetitive sequences in small children from a holoendemic area of liberia. | the seroreactivities to pf155/resa antigen and to three oligopeptides (eenv)2, eenvehda and k(ddehveeptva)2, which constitute repeat subunits of the resa molecule, were investigated between 1980 and 1986 in two cohorts of children (n = 114) with and without monthly chemosuppression (pulsed reduction of parasite load) against malaria from six months to five years of age during development of protective immunity. serum samples were collected first at half-yearly and then yearly intervals. positive ... | 1991 | 1852476 |
| human malaria infectiousness measured by age-specific sporozoite rates in anopheles gambiae in tanzania. | in an area of holoendemic malaria in northern tanzania, anopheles gambiae s.l. females were age-graded by polovodova's method and dissected for sporozoites. age-specific sporozoite rates implied that mosquitoes acquired new infections at all ages. the extrinsic period lasted just over 3 gonotrophic cycles (9-11 days). very high sporozoite rates in the oldest females implied the absence or rarity of genetic refractoriness to infection. a method is described for estimating the proportion of bloodm ... | 1991 | 1852484 |
| alterations in erythrocyte membrane phospholipid organization due to the intracellular growth of the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum. | the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the erythrocyte membrane during the intracellular development of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum was studied. infected cells of high parasitaemia were treated with phospholipase a2 or sphingomyelinase c, followed by isolation of the host red cell membrane using the affigel (731) bead method. additionally, phosphatidylserine on the surface of infected cells was probed using a phosphatidylserine-sensitive prothrombinase assay. tropho ... | 1991 | 1852485 |
| [the prophylaxis of malaria]. | | 1991 | 1853050 |
| possible congenital hemolytic anemia in prehistoric coastal inhabitants of israel. | the spread of thalassemia among prehistoric populations of the mediterranean basin has been linked to the increased risk to early agriculturalists posed by the plasmodium falciparum parasite. the diagnosis of the disease in human skeletal remains, however, has usually been based on a single pathological criterion, porotic hyperostosis. this paper reports on what we believe to be the earliest case of thalassemia yet identified in the prehistoric record. our diagnosis of the disease in an individu ... | 1991 | 1853944 |
| phagocytosis of liposomes by macrophages: intracellular fate of liposomal malaria antigen. | liposomes containing a synthetic recombinant protein were phagocytosed by macrophages, and the internalized protein was recycled to the cell surfaces where it was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. the transit time of the liposome-encapsulated protein from initial phagocytosis of liposomes to appearance of protein on the surfaces of macrophages was determined by pulse-chase experiments. the macrophages were pulsed with liposomes containing protein and chased with empty liposomes, and ... | 1991 | 1854787 |
| role of host cellular response in differential susceptibility of nonimmunized balb/c mice to plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii sporozoites. | we found balb/c mice to be on the order of 2,000 times more susceptible to plasmodium yoelii than plasmodium berghei sporozoites, as measured by the ability of these sporozoites to differentiate into microscopically detectable hepatic schizonts in the livers of immunologically naive mice. one of the factors that determine the relative insusceptibility of mice to p. berghei sporozoites is the innate cellular inflammatory response that the mice mount after injection with sporozoites. the cellular ... | 1991 | 1855974 |
| antibody response of humans to the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium vivax. | we studied the interaction of sera from residents of an area in northern peru where vivax malaria is endemic with four recombinant dna-derived circumsporozoite (cs) proteins of plasmodium vivax. the antigens used in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay included one escherichia coli-produced and three saccharomyces cerevisiae-produced recombinant proteins. three of the proteins (ns1(81)v20, vivax-1, and vivax-2) contain the entire central repeat region of the p. vivax cs protein, and one protein ... | 1991 | 1855998 |
| stabilization of drug resistance (chloroquine and amodiaquine) of plasmodium falciparum in semiimmune populations in the congo. | | 1991 | 1856500 |
| inhibition of the growth of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei by the dna polymerase inhibitor hpmpa. | the acyclic adenosine analogue (s)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [hpmpa] belongs to a class of nucleoside analogues originally described as having potent activity against a broad spectrum of dna viruses. we examined the effects of this class of drugs on the growth of cultured plasmodium falciparum. strong inhibition was observed by hpmpa (id50 = 47 nm) at concentrations more than 1000-fold less than the cytotoxic dose for human cells. 3-deaza-hpmpa was even more strongly inhibit ... | 1991 | 1857384 |
| isolation and characterization of rhoptries of plasmodium falciparum. | rhoptries have been isolated from plasmodium falciparum schizont-infected erythrocytes by isopycnic density centrifugation. gradient fractions were analyzed by immunoblotting with antibodies against two polypeptides of 140 and 110 kda, known to be components of the rhoptry. the proteins were present primarily in fractions with a density of 1.16 g ml-1. electron microscopy of these fractions indicated they were enriched in rhoptries. for the most part, the isolated organelle retained in situ morp ... | 1991 | 1857385 |
| preliminary report on the use of desferrioxamine in the treatment of plasmodium falciparum malaria. | the administration of 0.5 g (im) of desferrioxamine every 12 hr for 3 days with 25 mg/kg (total dose for three days) of chloroquine abated the parasitemia of plasmodium falciparum infected individuals more rapidly than chloroquine alone. two patients with in vitro evidence of total or partial resistance to chloroquine also were successfully treated with the combination of drugs, and were free of parasitized red cells by day 7. further clinical trials and development of desferrioxamine in the tre ... | 1991 | 1858775 |
| malaria in travelers in rhode island: a review of 26 cases. | we reviewed our experience with malaria in two community hospitals in rhode island from 1986 to 1990. | 1991 | 1858826 |
| activation of the host response in human plasmodium falciparum malaria: relation of parasitemia to tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, thrombin-antithrombin iii, and protein c levels. | hemostatic alterations and elevated tumor necrosis factor/cachectin (tnf alpha) serum levels may contribute to the pathogenesis of organ complications in human plasmodium falciparum malaria. therefore, we examined whether altered protein c (pc) and thrombin-antithrombin iii (tat) plasma levels correlated with tnf alpha serum concentrations, parasitemia, and the clinical course of human p. falciparum malaria. | 1991 | 1858827 |
| immune response to plasmodium berghei sporozoite antigens. i. evaluation of murine t cell repertoire following immunization with irradiated sporozoites. | | 1991 | 1858962 |
| comparative susceptibility of anopheline mosquitoes to plasmodium falciparum in rondonia, brazil. | five anopheline species, anopheles deaneorum, an. albitarsis, an. triannulatus, an. oswaldoi, and an. mediopunctatus were compared to an. darlingi for susceptibility to infection by p. falciparum in costa marques, rondonia, brazil. laboratory reared f1 an. darlingi and anopheline test species were allowed to feed at the same time on falciparum malaria patients who had gametocytes in their blood, and who had not yet been treated with quinine. mosquitoes were dissected and examined for oocysts on ... | 1991 | 1858963 |
| infection of anopheles darlingi fed on patients with plasmodium falciparum before and after treatment with quinine or quinine plus tetracycline. | anopheles darlingi fed on eight falciparum malaria patients with gametocytes before and after treatment with quinine sulfate or quinine sulfate plus tetracycline became infected. quinine and quinine plus tetracycline had no apparent sporontocidal or gametocytocidal effect on late stage immature and mature gametocytes. plasmodium falciparum gametocytes are persistent and infected mosquitoes for up to 21 days after patients were treated with quinine plus tetracycline. sporogonic development was si ... | 1991 | 1858964 |
| cellular proliferative responses in squirrel monkeys immunized with recombinant and synthetic plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite peptides. | the role of circulating peripheral blood momonuclear cells (pbmc) in mediating protective immunity was examined during an immunization trial in saimiri monkeys. three engineered constructs representing different but overlapping regions of the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of plasmodium vivax were used to immunize the saimiri monkeys. monkeys were randomly placed into three immunization groups: rpvcs2, rpvcs3, and lcv3 (representing three different but overlapping portions of the p. vivax cs prot ... | 1991 | 1858966 |
| resistance to antimalarials by plasmodium falciparum in arso pir, irian jaya, indonesia. | between 1987 and 1990, susceptibility of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and to fansidar was measured in vivo in 151 volunteers using the standard 7-day test. all volunteers lived in arso pir, irian jaya. a 25 mg/kg dose of chloroquine base was administered over a three-day period to 92 volunteers positive for p. falciparum rings (greater than 10 rings/200 white blood cells). fifty volunteers (54%) showed results consistent with resistance. twenty-nine were classified rii, and 21 riii. in n ... | 1991 | 1858967 |
| plasmodium falciparum polypeptides interacting with human red cell membranes show high affinity binding to band-3. | p. falciparum proteins were labelled with [35s]methionine and harvested at various asexual stages. a number of parasite proteins bound to uninfected red cell membranes (ghosts). some of these proteins differentially partitioned when ghosts were extracted with detergent. several of these proteins bound very strongly to immobilised whole ghost proteins or immobilised purified band-3 in a stage-specific manner, but not to a sham-coupled matrix or to immobilised band-3 extract from cells rendered re ... | 1991 | 1859852 |
| rosetting of plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells with uninfected red blood cells enhances microvascular obstruction under flow conditions. | the occurrence of rosetting of plasmodium falciparum-infected human red blood cells (irbc) with uninfected red blood cells (rbc) and its potential pathophysiologic consequences were investigated under flow conditions using the perfused rat mesocecum vasculature. perfusion experiments were performed using two knobby (k+) lines of p falciparum, ie, rosetting positive (k+r+) and rosetting negative (k+r-). the infusion of k+r+ irbc resulted in higher peripheral resistance (pru) than k+r- irbc (p les ... | 1991 | 1859893 |
| pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mefloquine in thai patients with acute falciparum malaria. | a double-blind randomized comparative study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single oral dose of 750 mg or 1250 mg of mefloquine was carried out on 20 thai male patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. in the 750-mg group, one patient exhibited an rii response, while the others responded to the treatment with a mean fever clearance time of 50.2 +/- 28.2 hours and a mean parasite clearance time of 70.2 +/- 17.3 hours. the main adverse effects were dizziness, nausea, ... | 1991 | 1860148 |
| reversed siderophores act as antimalarial agents. | we describe here a family of biomimetic iron carriers that display high binding efficiency for ferric ions and favorable permeation properties across erythrocytic membranes. these carriers inhibit in vitro growth of plasmodium falciparum by scavenging intracellular iron. the chemical features were realized by reproducing the iron-binding cavities of natural iron carriers (siderophores) and by systematic substitutions of their hydrophilic envelopes for more hydrophobic ones. in contrast to natura ... | 1991 | 1862083 |
| [malaria. quid novi?]. | | 1991 | 1863604 |
| a continuum model of contraction waves and protoplasm streaming in strands of physarum plasmodium. | we present a mathematical model for continuously distributed mechanochemical autooscillations (autowaves) in a protoplasmic strand of physarum polycephalum. the model is based on a hypothesis of local positive feedback between deformation and contraction of the contractile apparatus. this feedback is mediated through a cell regulatory system whose kinetics involves coupling to mechanical strain. mathematical analysis and computer simulations have demonstrated that the solutions of the model agre ... | 1991 | 1863716 |
| newly documented antimicrobial activity of quinolones. | the improved antimicrobial activity of newer fluoroquinolones and novel applications recently found for the drugs already marketed are reviewed. several new compounds are more active against gram-positive bacteria than the presently marketed fluoroquinolones. win 57273, the most potent compound in vitro on a weight basis, is 16 to 128 times more active than ciprofloxacin against various staphylococci, streptococci, enterococcus spp., corynebacterium spp., listeria monocytogenes and bacillus spp. ... | 1991 | 1864284 |
| determination of genetic variation within plasmodium falciparum by using enzymatically amplified dna from filter paper disks impregnated with whole blood. | a new method which allows the enzymatic amplification of dna extracted from whole blood dried on filter paper disks is presented. the method was used to study heterogeneity within an erythrocyte-binding antigen (eba-175) of plasmodium falciparum. blood specimens from malaria-infected patients in southeast asia and africa were spotted onto filter paper, dried, and transported for processing. p. falciparum dna was extracted by boiling the filter paper disks in the presence of chelex-100 ion-chelat ... | 1991 | 1864936 |
| detection of antigens and antibodies in the urine of humans with plasmodium falciparum malaria. | humans infected with plasmodium falciparum frequently have elevated levels of proteins in their urine, but it is unclear if any of these proteins are parasite antigens or antimalarial antibodies. to resolve this question, urine samples from malaria patients and controls living in thailand and ghana were evaluated. urine samples from 85% of the patients had elevated protein levels and contained proteins with mrs ranging from less than 29,000 to greater than 224,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl ... | 1991 | 1864942 |
| infection of aotus vociferans monkeys with different strains of plasmodium falciparum. | twenty-one splenectomized aotus vociferans monkeys were infected with the different strains/clones of plasmodium falciparum. maximum parasitemia ranged from 1,302 to 1,460,000 parasites per mm3. only the santa lucia strain was shown to produce gametocytes for extended periods. gametocytes produced during the primary episode of parasitemia were highly infective to anopheles freeborni mosquitoes. gametocytes produced during recrudescence were not infective to mosquitoes feeding directly on the ani ... | 1991 | 1865263 |
| common west african hla antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria. | a large case-control study of malaria in west african children shows that a human leucocyte class i antigen (hla-bw53) and an hla class ii haplotype (drb1*1302-dqb1*0501), common in west africans but rare in other racial groups, are independently associated with protection from severe malaria. in this population they account for as great a reduction in disease incidence as the sickle-cell haemoglobin variant. these data support the hypothesis that the extraordinary polymorphism of major histocom ... | 1991 | 1865923 |
| cytoadherence of knobby and knobless plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. | cytoadherence of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to melanoma cells was analysed using strains or isolates of parasites expressing or not expressing knobs (k+ or k- phenotype) on the erythrocyte surface. both k+ and k- parasites had the capacity to cytoadhere to melanoma cells. using a panel of melanoma cell lines with different surface expression of the cytoadherence receptors cd36, thrombospondin and icam-1 indicated that cd36 was the major receptor for parasites of both k+ and k- p ... | 1991 | 1866180 |
| structure and possible function of plasmodium falciparum proteins exported to the erythrocyte membrane. | on infecting the red blood cell, the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum induces alterations in the erythrocyte membrane. the parasite appears to synthesize proteins that are exported across the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and through a system of membraneous structures within the cytoplasm of the host cell to the surface membrane of the erythrocyte. there, these proteins are either released or remain associated with the membrane. in this review we describe the structure and discuss the p ... | 1991 | 1866416 |
| pyrimethamin-resistant plasmodium falciparum lack cross-resistance to methotrexate and 2,4-diamino-5-(substituted benzyl) pyrimidines. | methotrexate resistance induced in cultured plasmodium falciparum depends on an altered dihydrofolate reductase with decreased affinity for methotrexate as well as for pyrimethamine. in contrast, pyrimethamine-resistant field isolates of p. falciparum lack cross-resistance to methotrexate and 2,4-diamino-5-(substituted benzyl) pyrimidines. the structure of the latter class was optimized by the use of trimethoprim as a lead and the substitution of methoxy groups at the benzyl ring by 3-(4'-aminop ... | 1991 | 1866423 |
| lymphoproliferative responses to plasmodium falciparum antigens in children with and without the sickle cell trait. | blood mononuclear cells (bmnc) were isolated from sickle cell trait (hbas) healthy donors and normal haemoglobin (hbaa) healthy donors resident in a p. falciparum endemic area of eastern sudan. blood samples were collected during the malaria season. bmnc were tested for their proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin (pha), purified protein derivative of tuberculin (ppd) and to soluble p. falciparum antigens (spag). higher responses to spag and ppd were observed in the hbas children compare ... | 1991 | 1866602 |
| significance of circumsporozoite-specific antibody in the natural transmission of plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, and plasmodium malariae in an aboriginal (orang asli) population of central peninsula malaysia. | two hundred and seventy-five orang asli volunteers living in nine villages in the pos legap valley of perak state, peninsular malaysia, participated in a prospective study designed to characterize the epidemiological, parasitological, and entomological characteristics of plasmodium falciparum, p. vivax, and p. malariae malaria transmission. prevalence rates for the three plasmodial species at initiation of the study ranged from 56% in the 0-4-year-old age group to 0% in individuals over the age ... | 1991 | 1867348 |
| age-dependent acquired protection against plasmodium falciparum in people having two years exposure to hyperendemic malaria. | an epidemiologic study of susceptibility to frequent and high-grade parasitemia by plasmodium falciparum revealed that age-dependent acquired protection developed within a two-year period of exposure to hyperendemic infection pressure. the study was conducted in a single village in northeastern irian jaya, indonesia, where half the residents were native to the province and the other half were transmigrants from areas of java, where there is little or no malaria transmission. five separate measur ... | 1991 | 1867349 |
| clustering of malaria infections within an endemic population: risk of malaria associated with the type of housing construction. | the occurrence of malaria infections due to plasmodium vivax and p. falciparum was monitored in a population of 3,023 people living in six contiguous villages in kataragama, an area of endemic malaria in southern sri lanka, over a period of 17 months. the annual incidence of malaria in this population during the study period was 25.8%. malaria attacks were clustered, occurring more frequently than expected in certain individuals and housing groups and less frequently than expected in others. in ... | 1991 | 1867350 |
| malaria and leishmania parasites share the knob-associated histidine-rich protein gene sequences. | 1. the main coding region of the knob-associated histidine-rich protein (kahrp) gene of plasmodium falciparum hydridized with genomic dna of leishmania donovani. 2. a total of five ecori fragments of various sizes (7.5, 5.5, 3.2, 0.75 and 0.56 kb) were recognized by this probe, under lower stringent conditions. however, under a higher stringency of washing, two of the smallest fragments were washed away. 3. out of these ecori fragments, the 5.5 kb band showed a maximum homology with the probe wh ... | 1991 | 1868683 |
| lack of correlation between red cell invasion by merozoites and anti-heat shock protein-70 antibody levels in malaria patients' sera. | a total of 172 sera samples were collected from individuals who were living in piyawli-jaitwarpur village in ghaziabad district (u.p.), india. they had suffered from falciparum malaria attack, and were cured with antimalarial drugs 1-2 weeks prior to sample collection. these samples were divided into nine groups according to their age. the pooled sera from each group were tested for the presence of anti-schizont and anti-heat shock protein (hsp)-70 antibodies, as well as for parasite growth inhi ... | 1991 | 1869355 |
| relationships between clinical protection and antibodies to plasmodium falciparum resa (ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen) peptides. | a longitudinal study involving 76 individuals living in dafinso and vallée du kou (near bobo-dioulasso, burkina faso, west africa) was performed in june 1987 (beginning of the transmission period), august-september 1987 (during) and january 1988 (after). the serological antibody (ab) responses against synthetic peptides representing repeat amino acid sequences of the p. falciparum ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (resa): (eenv)5, (eenvehda)4, (ddehveeptva)2 were evaluated by elisa. the ... | 1991 | 1869365 |
| ciprofloxacin treatment of drug-resistant falciparum malaria. | a randomized, open study of high-dose ciprofloxacin (750 mg every 12 h) in uncomplicated falciparum malaria was conducted in thailand. no patient completed the planned 1-week treatment course. because of rising parasitemia (threefold higher at 36 h than on admission) and deterioration of clinical status, three individuals required quinine treatment 36 h after commencing ciprofloxacin; a fourth was given quinine at 54 h. the study was terminated early for safety reasons after only four ciprofloxa ... | 1991 | 1869847 |
| pentoxifylline prevents murine cerebral malaria. | pentoxifylline, a widely used methylxanthine, was tested for its capacity to prevent cerebral malaria (cm) in plasmodium berghei anka-infected cba/ca mice. nine of 12 control mice developed neurologic signs and died from cm approximately 2 weeks after infection. all 12 mice treated with daily intraperitoneal pentoxifylline (1 mg) for 10 days after infection did not develop cm. all surviving mice developed high parasitemia and severe anemia and died 2 weeks later without neurologic signs. in pent ... | 1991 | 1869848 |
| mefloquine-resistant malaria induced by inappropriate quinine regimens? | | 1991 | 1869860 |
| [detection of plasmodium falciparum using the plasmid pf rep 20 probe (preliminary report)]. | a cloned repetitive dna sequence (rep 20) labeled with 32p was evaluated as diagnostic probe for p. falciparum in 39 blood samples from hainan and yunan provinces. its specificity and sensitivity were studied and compared with total genomic dna probe isolated from p. f. hainan fcc1/hn isolate. the ppf rep 20 probe recognized the dna of p. f. hainan, yunnan and anhui isolates, but did not hybridize with the dna of p. vivax, p. cynomolgi, p. knowlesi and p. yoelii. the genomic probe hybridized wit ... | 1991 | 1873891 |
| second meiotic division of plasmodium vivax. | during the formation of sporozoites, the nuclei formed after mitotic division in sporoblast enter sporozoite buds. the spindle appears in the nucleus of the sporozoite bud, while its nuclear membrane disappears. the spindle is an evidence of the second meiosis of the life cycle of plasmodium. | 1991 | 1874014 |
| recent studies on antimalarial efficacy of piperaquine and hydroxypiperaquine. | piperaquine and hydroxypiperaquine seem to be successful candidates of antimalarial drugs in china. their antimalarial efficacy, experimental resistance, combination, mode of antimalarial action and clinical trials are described briefly. | 1991 | 1874015 |
| pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. | plasmodium knowlesi infected rhesus monkeys were employed for investigating brain tissue damage in experimentally induced cerebral malaria. light microscopic studies revealed parasitic infiltration of virtually all the regions of cns. electron microscopic observations confirmed the light microscopic findings. these studies further revealed the presence of macrophages in the blood vessels of infected monkeys. in conclusion, the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria seems to be an outcome of a typical ... | 1991 | 1874541 |
| dextran sulfate induced suppression of plasmodium berghei parasitaemia. | effect of dextran sulfate (ds, mr 500,000) on parasitaemia in mice (balb/c) infected with erythrocytic stage of p. berghei was investigated. intraperitoneal injection of ds caused marked suppression of patent parasitaemia and also enhanced the survival time of the infected animals. | 1991 | 1874546 |
| effect of liver extract on growth of plasmodium vivax in vitro. | | 1991 | 1874547 |
| a case of chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria in saudi arabia. | | 1991 | 1875086 |
| species composition of the anopheles gambiae complex (diptera: culicidae) at two sites in western kenya. | at two sites in the kisumu area of western kenya, the species composition of the anopheles gambiae complex was determined by analysis of ovarian polytene chromosomes. of 1,915 females, 26.1% were an. arabiensis patton and 73.9% were an. gambiae giles; one arabiensis x gambiae hybrid was identified. no major differences in the proportions of an. arabiensis and an. gambiae were observed between sites or between years. the ratio of an. arabiensis/an. gambiae was 6.7:1 (n = 231) in cow-baited traps, ... | 1991 | 1875359 |
| drug interaction between cyclosporine a and quinine in a renal transplant patient with malaria. | we report a previously undocumented drug interaction between cyclosporine a and quinine. a 39 year old asian with a recent renal transplant was diagnosed to have a mild cerebral falciparum malaria. he was treated with seven days of oral quinine (600 mg, 8 hourly), followed by a stat dose of pyrimethamine (75 mg)--sulfadoxime (1200mg) because of a strong suspicion of chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria. using a polyclonal radioimmunoassay method, we measured morning trough cyclosporine a lev ... | 1991 | 1876897 |
| eosinophil-rich, granulomatous inflammatory response to plasmodium berghei hepatic schizonts in nonimmunized rats is age-related. | inflammatory responses to plasmodium hepatic schizonts within the livers of non-immunized animals have long been assumed to be initiated only after the parasites have matured and begun to burst. however, recent reports of inflammatory responses around hepatic schizonts suggested a re-examination of this issue. we injected norway-brown rats of various ages intravenously with plasmodium berghei sporozoites and studied subsequent liver histopathology. we found that the ability of these rats to moun ... | 1991 | 1877714 |
| hypnozoites of plasmodium simiovale. | hypnozoites of plasmodium simiovale were detected in liver biopsies from a rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) inoculated eight days previously with sporozoites from heavily infected anopheline mosquitoes. the tissue forms, 6 mu in diameter, were found within the cytoplasm of hepatic parenchymal cells by immunofluorescence and restained with giemsa. this is the first report of latent, pre-erythrocytic stages from an ovale-type relapsing malaria. | 1991 | 1877716 |
| anopheline ecology and malaria infection during the irrigation development of an area of the mahaweli project, sri lanka. | a study on adult anopheline ecology and malaria vector incrimination was carried out from 1986 to 1989 during irrigation development in an area of the mahaweli project in eastern sri lanka. eleven potential vector species were collected resting indoors or by using human or bovid bait, and from light trap catches. overall, anopheles vagus (donitz), an. annularis (van der wulp), and an. subpictus (grassi) were the most prevalent, and an. culicifacies (giles) and an. barbirostris (van der wulp) wer ... | 1991 | 1877717 |
| strain specificity in the liver-stage development of plasmodium falciparum in primary cultures of new world monkey hepatocytes. | primary cultures of aotus and saimiri monkey hepatocytes were infected with sporozoites of the plasmodium falciparum nf 54 strain from mosquitoes fed on gametocyte cultures, and with sporozoites of the p. falciparum santa lucia strain from mosquitoes fed on an infected aotus monkey. after 4-8 days, one exoerythrocytic (ee) parasite per 30,000 sporozoites was detected in one of three experiments performed with the p. falciparum nf54 strain. however, numerous ee parasites were detected in aotus an ... | 1991 | 1877718 |
| standard and reduced doses of mefloquine for treatment of plasmodium falciparum in tanzania: whole blood concentrations in relation to adverse reactions, in vivo response, and in vitro susceptibility. | fifty-three asymptomatic tanzanian school children with 400-31,000 asexual plasmodium falciparum parasites/microliter of blood were given standard, one-half, one-quarter, or one-eighth of the recommended mefloquine treatment dose of 25 mg base/kg body weight. mefloquine and main metabolite concentrations were determined in 100 microliters of capillary blood using a high performance liquid chromatographic method. in the standard, one-half, and one-quarter dose groups, all children cleared the par ... | 1991 | 1877721 |
| tnf inhibits malaria hepatic stages in vitro via synthesis of il-6. | we examined the capacity of murine recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rmtnf) to induce an inhibitory effect at the hepatic stage on malaria induced by plasmodium yoelii sporozoites. when injected three times, 1.0 micrograms of rmtnf was found to protect 78% of mice against a sporozoite challenge. in contrast, whatever the dose and the schedule of administration, no inhibition was observed when purified hepatocyte cultures were infected with p. yoelii. the addition of non-parenchymal hepatic cell ... | 1991 | 1878339 |
| [ten-year longitudinal observation on malaria epidemiology in shandong province]. | this paper reports the results of 10-year longitudinal observation on malaria epidemiology at 11 malaria surveillance stations in areas with different epidemiological types in shandong province, by the blood examination of patients with fever, the observation of mosquito density and the malaria ifat etc. it was shown that the method, through analysing the epidemic trend of malaria, could evaluate fairly the reliability of the comprehensive measures with particular emphasis on controlling the sou ... | 1991 | 1878956 |
| killing of plasmodium falciparum in vitro by nitric oxide derivatives. | we have investigated the in vitro susceptibility of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum to killing by nitric oxide and related molecules. a saturated solution of nitric oxide did not inhibit parasite growth, but two oxidation products of nitric oxide (nitrite and nitrate ions) were toxic to the parasite in millimolar concentrations. nitrosothiol derivatives of cysteine and glutathione were found to be about a thousand times more active (50% growth inhibitory concentration, approxima ... | 1991 | 1879941 |
| splenic infarctions in mixed infection with kala azar and falciparum malaria. | | 1991 | 1880108 |
| interaction of sickle haemoglobin with malaria. | | 1991 | 1880113 |
| the putative mitochondrial genome of plasmodium falciparum. | intraerythrocytic stages of mammalian malarial parasites employ glycolysis for energy production but some aspects of mitochondrial function appear crucial to their survival since inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis and electron transport have antimalarial effects. investigations of the putative mitochondrial genome of plasmodium falciparum have detected organellar rrnas and trnas encoded by a 35 kb circular dna. some features of the organization and sequence of the rrna genes are remin ... | 1991 | 1880762 |
| multiple display of foreign peptides on a filamentous bacteriophage. peptides from plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein as antigens. | we describe here two systems for encoding foreign amino acid sequences in the exposed n-terminal segment of the major coat protein of bacteriophage fd. small peptides can be encoded directly; larger peptides are encoded in hybrid bacteriophage particles, in which the capsid is formed from a mixture of wild-type and modified coat proteins. in both cases, the peptides are present in multiple copies per phage particle. peptides that represent the circumsporozoite protein, the major surface antigen ... | 1991 | 1880799 |
| can ethnopharmacology contribute to the development of antimalarial agents? | the resistance of plasmodium falciparum, the cause of tertian malaria, to synthetic antimalarials, together with the resistance of the vector mosquitoes to insecticides, has resulted in a resurgence in the use of quinine and a search for new antimalarial agents. in recent years, artemisinin, isolated from artemisia annua which is used in chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria, has proved to be effective in the treatment of cerebral malaria due to chloroquine-resistant strains ... | 1991 | 1881153 |
| proteins 2, malaria 0. | | 1991 | 1882224 |
| birds of a fever. | | 1991 | 1882225 |
| chronotherapy of malaria: identification of drug-sensitive stage of parasite and timing of drug delivery for improved therapy. | the cyclic nature of malarial fever in conjunction with the pharmacokinetic characteristics of antimalarial drugs, call for the conception of a chrono-therapeutic approach for the treatment of the disease. an experimental murine malarial model was devised using the highly synchronous species plasmodium vinckei petteri to test this rationale. sub-curative doses of chloroquine were injected sub-cutaneously to mice either during the prepatent period or during patent infection. inspection of the eff ... | 1991 | 1883151 |
| status of hepatic heme and heme oxygenase during plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infection in mice. | plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infection in albino mice caused a significant increase in hepatic heme level, the increase being concomitant with a rise in parasitemia. this elevated heme was found to be associated with all the subcellular fractions except the cytosol, where its content remained unaltered. activity of heme oxygenase, the key enzyme responsible for catabolism of heme, also increased progressively with rise in parasitemia. treatment of normal mice with cobalt chloride [60 mg (kg bod ... | 1991 | 1884769 |
| wide distribution of the variant form of the human malaria parasite plasmodium vivax. | we have found polymorphism in the repetitive and nonrepetitive regions of the sporozoite vaccine antigen, the circumsporozoite (cs) protein, in plasmodium vivax malaria parasites from two geographically distant malaria endemic regions of the world. like the recently described variant repeat sequence of p. vivax from thailand, the cs protein repeat sequence of the variant p. vivax parasites from papua new guinea and brazil is anga(g/d)(n/d)qpg, which differs from the previously identified cs repe ... | 1991 | 1885563 |
| optimization of a rapid nonisotopic dna probe assay for plasmodium falciparum in the gambia. | an enzyme-linked synthetic dna probe which hybridizes to repetitive dna of plasmodium falciparum was used in conjunction with a microtiter-based lysis and filtration blood processing procedure. an assay protocol was developed that is more sensitive and robust than previous protocols, which use stored blood and phenol extraction. in comparison with thick smear examination, 33% positive, 60% negative, and 7% conflicting scores were recorded from 390 analyzed clinical samples, and the sensitivity t ... | 1991 | 1885747 |
| severe hyponatraemia in malaria. | we report a case of severe hyponatraemia and hypoglycaemia in a patient with complicated falciparum malaria. the use of large volumes of intravenous dextrose as a diluent for quinine may lead to fluid overload and exacerbate hyponatraemia. | 1991 | 1885920 |
| travel medicine--prevention based on epidemiological data. | in travel medicine efforts should be concentrated on preventive measures that are necessary, and travellers should be spared the side effects, costs and stress of superfluous measures. excess mortality abroad is mainly due to traffic and swimming accidents, indicating the need for appropriate control strategies. the morbidity in travellers to developing countries is high, and is primarily due to traveller's diarrhoea. as prophylaxis is ineffective or unrealistic, and as travellers often need fas ... | 1991 | 1887461 |
| anopheles vestitipennis, the probable vector of plasmodium vivax in the lacandon forest of chiapas, méxico. | baseline studies to evaluate the role of different anopheline mosquitoes as probable vectors of malaria in the lacandon rainforest region in chiapas (méxico) were carried out in 3 rural villages between june and november 1988. anopheles vestitipennis was the most abundant species in all the villages, followed by an. albimanus, an. punctimacula and an. darlingi. human bait collections showed that an. vestitipennis and an. albimanus tended to bite man either indoors or outdoors, while an. punctima ... | 1991 | 1887463 |
| feeding behaviour and sporozoite ejection by infected anopheles stephensi. | anopheles stephensi mosquitoes infected with plasmodium falciparum sporozoites were allowed to feed individually through fresh whole thickness mouse skin. more sporozoites were ejected into the skin in clusters than into the blood. deposition of sporozoites in the blood was an infrequent occurrence and always coincided with ejection of these stages into the skin--perhaps a spill-over effect. the number of probes before feeding (median 4.5) was not correlated with the sporozoite inoculum (median ... | 1991 | 1887464 |
| permethrin-impregnated curtains in malaria control. | the impact of permethrin-impregnated curtains on the incidence of malaria episodes, parasitaemia and splenomegaly was assessed during a 22 month period in 2 groups of children aged 0.5-6 years. one group lived in houses where permethrin-impregnated curtains had been installed, the other group lived in houses without curtains. a significant reduction of incidence of malaria episodes, mean parasite density, parasite prevalence and splenomegaly was consistently observed in the intervention group to ... | 1991 | 1887465 |
| comparison of two simple methods for determining malaria parasite density. | two simple methods for determining malaria parasite density which require only the examination of a thick blood film were compared with a more accurate method which involves determination of the red blood cell count and measurement of the level of infection in red blood cells by examination of a thin blood film. in one method, the number of parasites present per white blood cell is counted and this figure multiplied by 8000 (an average white blood cell count per microliter) to give the parasite ... | 1991 | 1887466 |
| the metabolic response to rapid intravenous glucose injection in acute falciparum malaria. | because hypoglycaemia is common in severe malaria, intravenous glucose is often given empirically to patients on admission to hospital. to investigate the metabolic response to rapid glucose injection in acute malaria, 50 ml of 50% w/v (25 g) dextrose was given over 5 min to 10 adult patients (7 males, 3 females; mean age 30 years) with acute falciparum malaria. five patients with severe infections were studied between doses of intravenous quinine; 5 cases were uncomplicated and previously untre ... | 1991 | 1887467 |
| the changing pattern of plasmodium falciparum susceptibility to chloroquine but not to mefloquine in a mesoendemic area of somalia. | the response of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and mefloquine was investigated in a mesoendemic area of somalia from 1986 to 1989. serial in vivo field tests for chloroquine sensitivity were performed and the sensitivity in vitro to chloroquine and mefloquine was evaluated using the standard who in vitro microtest. chloroquine treatment in vivo (25 mg base/kg body weight) resulted in parasite clearance in all patients within 7 d (s/ri) in 1986, while 17%, 19% and 30% rii/riii responses wer ... | 1991 | 1887468 |
| reversal of chloroquine resistance with cyproheptadine in 'wild' strains of plasmodium falciparum. | | 1991 | 1887469 |
| in vivo-in vitro test for chloroquine potentiation by cyproheptadine against plasmodium falciparum. | | 1991 | 1887470 |
| absence of antimalarial activity or interaction with mefloquine enantiomers in vitro of the main human metabolite of mefloquine. | | 1991 | 1887471 |
| comparative effectiveness of artemisinin suppositories and oral quinine in children with acute falciparum malaria. | | 1991 | 1887472 |
| high antibody responses in rabbits immunized with influenza virus iscoms containing a repeated sequence of the plasmodium falciparum antigen pf155/resa. | immunostimulating complexes (iscoms) are spherical structures where immunogens are presented as multimers in a matrix of the adjuvant quil a. iscoms have been shown to enhance the immunogenicity of several antigens important to both human and veterinary vaccine development. we have coupled a fusion protein, designated zz-m2, comprising eight copies of the c-terminal repeat subunit eenv of the plasmodium falciparum blood-stage antigen pf155/resa and two igg-binding domains of staphylococcal prote ... | 1991 | 1887676 |
| [a titrographic method for determining the glycolysis flow rate with plasmodium berghei-infected red blood cells]. | a procedure is described for the elucidation of the glycolytic flux rate of red blood cells infected with the malarial parasite plasmodium berghei. it is based on the titration of the protons originating from the glycolytic lactate accumulation. compared with traditional methods of biochemical measurements of glucose consumption or accumulation of lactate the proposed procedure shows the following advantages: continuously measurement is possible; constancy of the ph-value during the measurement; ... | 1991 | 1888075 |
| the chemotherapy of rodent malaria. xlvi. reversal of mefloquine resistance in rodent plasmodium. | multiple drug resistance in plasmodium falciparum is already showing evidence of extending to mefloquine, which at present is one of the few alternative antimalarials for the prevention or treatment of infection with such parasites. neither verapamil nor cyproheptadine, which reverse chloroquine (cq) resistance in p. falciparum and in rodent malaria parasites, reverse resistance to mefloquine (mef) in the mef-resistant ns/1100 line of p. yoelii ssp. ns. on the other hand, such resistance is clea ... | 1991 | 1888220 |
| mefloquine pharmacokinetics and resistance in children with acute falciparum malaria. | the pharmacokinetic properties of mefloquine hydrochloride (15 mg base kg -1) were studied in 12 karen children (five girls, seven boys) aged between 5 and 10 years presenting with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. the drug was well tolerated. mean (s.d.) peak blood drug concentrations of 2031 (831) ng ml-1 were reached in a median of 8 (range 6-24) h. mean (s.d.) estimates for oral clearance and mean residence time were 0.52 (0.27) ml min -1 kg -1 and 15.3 (4.7) days, respectively. these values ... | 1991 | 1888626 |
| [the intensive medical treatment of severe malaria tropica]. | | 1991 | 1889358 |