| phosphorylation of photosystem ii components, cp43 apoprotein, d1, d2, and 10 to 11 kilodalton protein in chloroplast thylakoids of higher plants. | phosphorylated thylakoid proteins of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) and pea (pisum sativum l.) were solubilized, fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and analyzed by gel electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis to identify the phosphoproteins. it was found that in addition to intense phosphorylation of light-harvesting chlorophyll complex ii, four photosystem ii components, cp43 apoprotein, d1, d2, and a 10 to 11 kilodalton protein, are substantially phosphorylated i ... | 1987 | 16665752 |
| exoamylase activity in vacuoles isolated from pea and wheat leaf protoplasts. | vacuoles isolated from pea (pisum sativum), and wheat (triticum aestivum) leaf protoplasts contained considerable activities of electrophoretically highly mobile exoamylases. vacuoles from spinach (spinacia oleracea) leaf and photoautotrophic chenopodium rubrum suspension culture cell protoplasts were devoid of amylolytic activity. endoamylase activity was in all cases associated primarily with the chloroplast. | 1986 | 16665144 |
| betaine aldehyde oxidation by spinach chloroplasts. | chenopods synthesize betaine by a two-step oxidation of choline: choline --> betaine aldehyde --> betaine. both oxidation reactions are carried out by isolated spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts in darkness and are promoted by light. the mechanism of betaine aldehyde oxidation was investigated with subcellular fractions from spinach leaf protoplasts. the chloroplast stromal fraction contained a specific pyridine nucleotide-dependent betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (about 150 to 250 nanom ... | 1986 | 16665106 |
| isolation and characterization of a new minor chlorophyll a/b-protein complex (cp24) from spinach. | we have identified a new minor chlorophyll a/b-protein complex in the thylakoid membranes of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), which migrates as a green band below cpii on mildly denaturing polyacrylamide gels. this complex, designated cp24, was isolated from octyl glucoside/sodium dodecyl sulfate solubilized spinach grana membrane fractions by preparative gel electrophoresis and has been characterized as to its spectral properties and polypeptide composition. cp24 has a room temperature absorptio ... | 1986 | 16664638 |
| distinction between cytosol and chloroplast fructose-bisphosphate aldolases from pea, wheat, and corn leaves. | a reinvestigation of cytosol and chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (fbp) aldolases from pea (pisum sativum l.), wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and corn leaves (zea mays l.) revealed that the two isoenzymes can be separated by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (deae)-cellulose although the separation was often less clear-cut than for the two aldolases from spinach leaves. definite distinction was achieved by immunoprecipitation of the two isoenzymes with antisera raised against the respective ... | 1986 | 16664617 |
| characterization and compartmentation, in green leaves, of hexokinases with different specificities for glucose, fructose, and mannose and for nucleoside triphosphates. | when green leaves of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) were surveyed for the presence of hexokinases which utilize glucose, fructose and-or mannose as a substrate, four kinases could be distinguished by their order of elution during chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (deae)-cellulose: (i) a hexokinase i with a specificity for fructose, glucose, and mannose, (ii) a fructokinase i with a specificity for fructose, (iii) a hexokinase ii with a specificity for glucose, fructose and mannose, and (iv) a ... | 1990 | 24196745 |
| evidence for a ferredoxin-dependent choline monooxygenase from spinach chloroplast stroma. | chenopods synthesize betaine in the chloroplast via a two-step oxidation of choline: choline --> betaine aldehyde --> betaine. our previous experiments with intact chloroplasts, and in vivo(18)o(2) labeling studies, led us to propose that the first step is mediated by a monooxygenase which uses photosynthetically generated reducing power (c lerma, ad hanson, d rhodes [1988] plant physiol 88: 695-702). here, we report the detection of such an activity in vitro. in the presence of o(2) and reduced ... | 1989 | 16666757 |
| the association of d-ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase with phosphoribulokinase. | when ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase was purified from spinach leaves (spinacia oleracea) using precipitation with polyethylene glycol and mgcl(2) followed by deae cellulose chromatography, 75% of phosphoribulokinase and 7% of phosphoriboisomerase activities copurified with ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. this enzyme preparation showed ribose-5-phosphate and ribulose-5-phosphate dependent carboxylase and oxygenase activities which were nearly equivalent to its ... | 1989 | 16666540 |
| effect of photosynthesis and carbohydrate status on respiratory rates and the involvement of the alternative pathway in leaf respiration. | in spinach (spinacia oleracea hybrid 102 [new world seeds]) and wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv gabo) leaves, o(2) uptake rates in the dark were faster after the plants had been allowed to photosynthesize for a period of several hours. alternative path activity also increased following a period of photosynthesis in these leaves. no such effects were observed with isolated mitochondria. in spinach and wheat leaves, the level of fructose plus glucose decreased during a period of darkness. in pea (p ... | 1983 | 16663051 |
| positional specificity and fatty acid selectivity of purified sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferases from chloroplasts. | soluble acyl-coa:sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferases (ec 2.3.1.15) which are localized in chloroplasts were purified from leaves of pisum sativum and spinacia oleracea and obtained free from interfering activities. the purification raised the specific activities by factors of about 1,000 for pea and 200 for spinach preparations. in pea chloroplasts, acyltransferase activity occurs in two soluble forms with apparent isoelectric points of 6.3 and 6.6. for both forms, the same molecular weight ... | 1981 | 16661974 |
| quaternary structure of higher plant glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases. | 1. nad(p)+-induced changes in the aggregational state of prepurified nadp-linked glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ec 1.2.1.13) were used to isolate the enzyme from spinacia oleracea, pisum sativaum and hordeum vulgare. each of the three plant species contains two separate isoenzymes. isoenzyme 1 (fast moving during conventional electrophoresis) precipitates with the ammonium sulfate fraction 55--70% saturation. it shows two separate subunits in dodecylsulfate gels, which are probably ar ... | 1979 | 35350 |
| leaf cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase : a potential target site in low temperature stress. | leaf cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (fbpase), partially purified from both spinach (spinacia oleracea, var hipack) and peas (pisum sativum, var progress no. 9), is reversibly inactivated by exposure to low temperature. thus, even though assays were conducted at 22 degrees c, samples incubated at 0 to 12 degrees c had greatly reduced activity relative to controls maintained at 22 degrees c. following incubation at 22 degrees c prior to assay, the inactivated samples regained their initial ... | 1983 | 16662972 |
| effect of basf 13-338, a substituted pyridazinone, on lipid metabolism in leaf tissue of spinach, pea, linseed, and wheat. | a substituted pyridazinone (basf 13-338) inhibited photosynthesis in spinach (spinacia oleracea, hybrid 102 arthur yates ltd.) leaf discs and reduced the incorporation of [1-(14)c]acetate into trienoic acids of diacylgalactosylglycerol while causing radioactivity to accumulate in diacylgalac-tosylglycerol dienoic acids. although basf 13-338 inhibited photosynthesis in isolated spinach chloroplasts, it did not prevent dienoate desaturation. in discs, the labeling of fatty acids was affected by th ... | 1982 | 16662484 |
| stimulation of ammonia and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent o(2) evolution in isolated chloroplasts by dicarboxylates and the role of the chloroplast in photorespiratory nitrogen recycling. | intact chloroplasts isolated from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves showed a light-dependent o(2) evolution (5.5 +/- 0.75 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour) when supplied with ammonia and 2-oxoglutarate. this (ammonia, 2-oxoglutarate)-dependent o(2) evolution was stimulated 2- to 4-fold by the dicarboxylates, malate, succinate, fumarate, glutarate, and l-tartarate. evolution of o(2) in the presence of malate was dependent on the presence of both 2-oxoglutarate and nh(4)cl; malate ... | 1982 | 16662255 |
| photosynthesis by isolated pea chloroplasts: some effects of adenylates and inorganic pyrophosphate. | when added singly to chloroplasts isolated from young pea (pisum sativum) leaves, both inorganic pyrophosphate (ppi) and small quantities (0.2 mm) of adp inhibit photosynthesis, but when added together they cause a marked stimulation. atp (at 0.2 mm) is less inhibitory (or not inhibitory) when added alone, but like adp, stimulates when added in the presence of ppi. this behavior is in marked contrast to that of spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts which are normally stimulated rather than in ... | 1977 | 16659866 |
| stimulation of carbon dioxide fixation in isolated pea chloroplasts by catalytic amounts of adenine nucleotides. | carbon dioxide-dependent o(2) evolution by isolated pea (pisum sativum var. massey gem) chloroplasts was increased two to 12 times by the addition of atp. o(2) evolution was also stimulated by adp and to a lesser extent by amp. the atp effects were not due to broken chloroplasts present in the preparations nor was atp acting as a phosphate source. we concluded that the adenine nucleotides were acting catalytically. the concentration of atp required for half-maximum rate of o(2) evolution was 16 ... | 1976 | 16659638 |
| experiments on enzymatic acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate with enzyme preparations from pea and spinach leaves. | optimal reaction conditions were investigated for acylation of sn-[u-(14)c]glycerol 3-phosphate in cell-free systems from leaves of pisum sativum l. and spinacia oleracea l. with palmitoyl-coa as acyl donor the major product formed was monoacyl glycerol phosphate. in pea seedlings enzymatic activity was found to be dependent on the age of shoots going through a maximum 12 days after planting. in such plants the highest enzymatic activity is found in leaves and not in the shoot apex. also in leav ... | 1976 | 24424994 |
| isolation of intact plastids from a range of plant tissues. | a technique for the isolation of intact plastids from spinach (spinacia oleracea) and pea (pisum sativum) leaves, pea roots and castor bean (ricinus communis) endosperm is described. this technique involves brief centrifugation of whole homogenates on density gradients. intact plastids were located in the gradient by assaying for triose phosphate isomerase activity. contamination of the plastic peak with mitochondria and microbodies was estimated by measurement of cytochrome oxidase and catalase ... | 1974 | 16658807 |
| uptake of perfluoroalkyl substances and halogenated flame retardants by crop plants grown in biosolids-amended soils. | the bioaccumulation behavior of perfluoroalkyl substances (pfass) and halogenated flame retardants (hfrs) was examined in three horticultural crops and earthworms. two species, spinach (spinacia oleracea) and tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.), were grown in field soil amended with a single application of biosolids (at agronomic rate for nitrogen), to represent the scenario using commercial biosolids as fertilizer, and the third crop, corn (zea mays) was grown in spiked soil (~50mg pfos/kg soil, ~ ... | 2017 | 27792944 |
| inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport in isolated spinach chloroplasts by two 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl derivatives. | buthidazole (3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone) and tebuthiuron (n-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-n,n'-dimethylurea) are two new promising herbicides for selective weed control in corn (zea mays l.) and sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.), respectively. the effects of these two compounds on various photochemical reactions of isolated spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts were studied at concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.5, 5, an ... | 1980 | 16661181 |
| a survey for isoenzymes of glucosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in c3-, c 4-and crassulacean-acid-metabolism plants, and green algae. | two isoenzymes each of glucosephosphate isomerase (ec 5.3.1.9), phosphoglucomutase (ec 2.7.5.1), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.49) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.43) were separated by (nh4)2so4 gradient solubilization and deae-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography from green leaves of the c3-plants spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.) and wheat (triticum aestivum l.), of the crassulacean-acid-metabolism plants crassula lycopodioides lam., b ... | 1979 | 24317570 |
| localization of the c4 and c 3 pathways of photosynthesis in the leaves of pennisetum purpureum and other c4 species. insignificance of phenol oxidase. | mesophyll protoplasts and bundle-sheath cells of pennisetum purpureum schum., a c4 plant with low phenol-oxidase activity, were enzymatically separated according to methods recently developed with sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.), maize (zea mays l.), and sorghum (sorghum bicolor l.). the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and nadp-malic dehydrogenase of the c4 pathway were found to be localized in the mesophyll protoplasts while ribulose-1,5-diphosphate (rudp) carboxylase, phosphoribulokinase ... | 1974 | 24442563 |
| dietary intake of pollutant aerosols via vegetables influenced by atmospheric deposition and wastewater irrigation. | pot culture experiments were conducted to study dietary intake of heavy metals via vegetables, spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), radish (raphanus sativus l.) and tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill) grown under the influence of atmospheric deposition and wastewater irrigation. the results indicated substantial accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables, which contribute significantly to dietary intake of total heavy metals ranging from 1.34 to 110.40 μg g⁻¹ through leaves (spinach), 1.04 to 105.8 ... | 2012 | 22019253 |
| diffusion limitations in root uptake of cadmium and zinc, but not nickel, and resulting bias in the michaelis constant. | it has long been recognized that diffusive boundary layers affect the determination of active transport parameters, but this has been largely overlooked in plant physiological research. we studied the short-term uptake of cadmium (cd), zinc (zn), and nickel (ni) by spinach (spinacia oleracea) and tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) in solutions with or without metal complexes. at same free ion concentration, the presence of complexes, which enhance the diffusion flux, increased the uptake of cd and ... | 2012 | 22864584 |
| translocation of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase precursor into isolated chloroplasts. | a cdna encoding 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (dahp) synthase (ec 4.1.2.15) from potato (solanum tuberosum l.) presumably specifies a chloroplast transit sequence near its 5'-end. in order to show the function of this transit sequence, we constructed a plasmid that contains the entire coding region of the cdna downstream from a t7 promoter. using this plasmid as template, dahp synthase mrna was synthesized in vitro with t7 rna polymerase. the resulting mrna served as template for t ... | 2002 | 12430029 |
| chloroplast dna evolution in potato (solanum tuberosum l.). | a deletion specific to chloroplast (ct) dna of potato (solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum) was determined by comparative sequence analysis. the deletion was 241 bp in size, and was not flanked by direct repeats. five small, open reading frames were found in the corresponding regions of ctdnas from wild potato (s. tuberosum ssp. andigena) and tomato (lycopersicon esculentum). comparison of the sequences of 1.35-kbp haeiii ctdna fragments from potato, tomato, and tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) revealed ... | 1991 | 24221153 |
| activation of the potato tuber adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase by thioredoxin. | the potato tuber (solanum tuberosum l.) adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase (adp-glcppase) catalyzes the first committed step in starch biosynthesis. the main type of regulation of this enzyme is allosteric, and its activity is controlled by the ratio of activator, 3-phosphoglycerate to inhibitor, p(i). it was reported (fu, y., ballicora, m. a., leykam, j. f., and preiss, j. (1998) j. biol. chem. 273, 25045-25052) that the enzyme was activated by reduction of the cys(12) disulfide linkage present in t ... | 2000 | 10625679 |
| air-borne heavy metal contamination to dietary vegetables: a case study from india. | contamination of edible parts of three dietary vegetables, spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), radish (raphanus sativus l.), and tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) by air-borne cadmium (cd), chromium (cr), copper (cu), nickel (ni), and lead (pb) was determined using pot culture experiments at three sites in the city of varanasi, india. the data revealed that although cr and cu in vegetables remained below their safe limits, about 68% of the total samples contained cd, ni, and pb above their resp ... | 2009 | 19771380 |
| selenium as a sulphydrylic group inductor in plants. | we investigated the effect of selenium form and dose on the total glutathione and non-protein -sh group contents in the edible spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) and ground tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) plants. our experiments were carried out in a hydroponic culture. selenium was added to the culture medium in its selenite (na2seo3 x 5h2o) and selenate (na2seo4) forms. regardless of the selenium form, we observed an increase in the non-protein thiol content. the non-protein -sh group conte ... | 2004 | 15213812 |
| physiological relevance of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in the regulation of spinach leaf pyrophosphate:fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase. | a major problem in defining the physiological role of pyrophosphate:fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase (pfp, ec 2.7.1.90) is the 1,000-fold discrepancy between the apparent affinity of pfp for its activator, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (fru-2,6-p2), determined under optimum conditions in vitro and the estimated concentration of this signal metabolite in vivo. the aim of this study was to investigate the combined influence of metabolic intermediates and inorganic phosphate (pi) on the activa ... | 2001 | 11523651 |
| pre-incubation in soil improves the nitrogen fertiliser value of hair waste. | global generation of human hair waste and its disposal at landfills could contribute to the leaching of nitrates into ground water. high concentrations of nitrogen (n) and other elements suggest that the waste could be a source of plant nutrients and differences in ethnic hair types could affect nutrient release and fertiliser value. the objective of this study was to determine the effects of hair type, as an n source, and pre-incubation time on dry-matter yield, nutrient uptake by spinach (spin ... | 2018 | 29372330 |
| effect of harvest time on the levels of phytochemicals, free radical scavenging activity, α-amylase inhibition, and bile acid binding capacity of spinach (spinacia oleracea). | spinach is a green leafy vegetable, rich in health-promoting compounds. the present study analyzed the levels of phytochemicals and health-promoting properties of spinach harvested at 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 days after planting. | 2017 | 29282747 |
| gender-specific expression of gibberellic acid insensitive is critical for unisexual organ initiation in dioecious spinacia oleracea. | while unisexual flowers have evolved repeatedly throughout angiosperm families, the actual identification of sex-determining genes has been elusive, and their regulation within populations remains largely undefined. here, we tested the mechanism of the feminization pathway in cultivated spinach (spinacia oleracea), and investigated how this pathway may regulate alternative sexual development. we tested the effect of gibberellic acid (ga) on sex determination through exogenous applications of ga ... | 2018 | 29226967 |
| molecular insights into the non-recombining nature of the spinach male-determining region. | spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) is a dioecious plant with male heterogametic sex determination and homomorphic sex chromosomes (xy). the dioecism is utilized for producing commercial hybrid seeds, and hence understanding the molecular-genetic basis of the species' sex determining locus is an important issue for spinach breeding. in this study, seven dominant dna markers were shown to completely co-segregate with the male-determining gene in segregating spinach populations comprising > 1500 plants ... | 2017 | 29222702 |
| overexpression of socyp85a1, a spinach cytochrome p450 gene in transgenic tobacco enhances root development and drought stress tolerance. | brassinosteroids (brs) play an essential role in plant growth, development, and responses to diverse abiotic stresses. however, previous studies mainly analyzed how exogenous brs influenced plant physiological reactions to drought stress, therefore, genetic evidences for the endogenous brs-mediated regulation of plant responses still remain elusive. in this study, a key brs biosynthetic gene, socyp85a1 was cloned from spinacia oleracea, which has a complete open reading frame of 1,392 bp encodin ... | 2017 | 29209339 |
| genetic diversity and association mapping of mineral element concentrations in spinach leaves. | spinach is a useful source of dietary vitamins and mineral elements. breeding new spinach cultivars with high nutritional value is one of the main goals in spinach breeding programs worldwide, and identification of single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) markers for mineral element concentrations is necessary to support spinach molecular breeding. the purpose of this study was to conduct a genome-wide association study (gwas) and to identify snp markers associated with mineral elements in the usda- ... | 2017 | 29202697 |
| tailoring natural abenquines to inhibit the photosynthetic electron transport through interaction with the d1 protein in photosystem ii. | abenquines are natural n-acetylaminobenzoquinones bearing amino acid residues, which act as weak inhibitors of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. aiming to exploit the abenquine scaffold as a model for the synthesis of new herbicides targeting photosynthesis, 14 new analogues were prepared by replacing the amino acid residue with benzylamines and the acetyl with different acyl groups. the synthesis was accomplished in three steps with a 68-95% overall yield from readily available 2,5-d ... | 2017 | 29191002 |
| genetic diversity and population structure analysis of spinach by single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified through genotyping-by-sequencing. | spinach (spinacia oleracea l., 2n = 2x = 12) is an economically important vegetable crop worldwide and one of the healthiest vegetables due to its high concentrations of nutrients and minerals. the objective of this research was to conduct genetic diversity and population structure analysis of a collection of world-wide spinach genotypes using single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) markers. genotyping by sequencing (gbs) was used to discover snps in spinach genotypes. three sets of spinach genot ... | 2017 | 29190770 |
| high-resolution and non-destructive evaluation of the spatial distribution of nitrate and its dynamics in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves by near-infrared hyperspectral imaging. | nitrate is an important component of the nitrogen cycle and is therefore present in all plants. however, excessive nitrogen fertilization results in a high nitrate content in vegetables, which is unhealthy for humans. understanding the spatial distribution of nitrate in leaves is beneficial for improving nitrogen assimilation efficiency and reducing its content in vegetables. in this study, near-infrared (nir) hyperspectral imaging was used for the non-destructive and effective evaluation of nit ... | 2017 | 29170678 |
| in-situ examination of graphene and graphene oxide impact on the depuration of phenanthrene and fluoranthene adsorbed onto spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaf surfaces. | to further assess the human being's exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) through the dietary pathway, understanding the partitioning of these chemicals co-existed with nanomaterials in edible vegetable systems deserves specific consideration. in this study, the fiber-optic fluorimetry was applied to in situ examine the effects of graphene (gns) and graphene oxide (go) nanosheets on the quantification and depuration of three-ringed phenanthrene (phe) and four-ringed fluoranthene (f ... | 2017 | 29137885 |
| exogenous salicylic acid improves freezing tolerance of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves. | salicylic acid (sa)-treatment has been reported to improve plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses. however, its effect on freezing tolerance has not been well investigated. we investigated the effect of exogenous sa on freezing tolerance of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves. we also explored if nitric oxide (no) and/or hydrogen peroxide (h2o2)-mediation was involved in this response, since these are known as primary signaling molecules involved in many physiological processes. a micro-c ... | 2017 | 29061524 |
| halogenated 1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxanilides affecting photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem ii. | series of seventeen new multihalogenated 1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxanilides was prepared and characterized. all the compounds were tested for their activity related to the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. 1-hydroxy-n-phenylnaphthalene-2-carboxamides substituted in the anilide part by 3,5-dichloro-, 4-bromo-3-chloro-, 2,5-dibromo- and 3,4,5-trichloro atoms were the most potent pet inhibitors (ic50 = 5.2, 6.7, 7.6 and 8.0 µm, ... | 2017 | 29023407 |
| characterization of a begomovirus-betasatellite complex, producing defective molecules in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), a new host for begomovirus and betasatellite complex in pakistan. | spinach is a vegetable crop which is widely grown over a large area especially in punjab province of pakistan. leaf curling and enations on spinach plant collected shown to be associated with the begomovirus pedilanthus leaf curl virus (pelcv) and shahdadpur strain of cotton leaf curl multan betasatellite (clcumbsha). defective molecules of half and quarter size derived from monopartite begomoviruses are usually generated by the deletion of virion-sense sequences. characterization of defective m ... | 2017 | 29018315 |
| light quality affects chloroplast electron transport rates estimated from chl fluorescence measurements. | chl fluorescence has been used widely to calculate photosynthetic electron transport rates. portable photosynthesis instruments allow for combined measurements of gas exchange and chl fluorescence. we analyzed the influence of spectral quality of actinic light on chl fluorescence and the calculated electron transport rate, and compared this with photosynthetic rates measured by gas exchange in the absence of photorespiration. in blue actinic light, the electron transport rate calculated from chl ... | 2017 | 29016964 |
| improvement of yield and quality of two spinacia oleracea l. varieties by using different fertilizing approaches. | the effects of different fertilizers [the control with no fertilizer (c), inorganic fertilization (i), combined inorganic and organic fertilizer (iohumax1) and (iohumax2)] on yield and nutrients contents of two spinach varieties ("balady and virofly") were investigated. significant effects of variety were observed on vegetative growth and nutrients contents. while virofly had significantly higher leaf area (236.96 cm2), stem diameter (7.43 mm) and fresh weight of vegetative and radical parts (15 ... | 2017 | 28878507 |
| comparison of coagulation, ozone and ferrate treatment processes for color, cod and toxicity removal from complex textile wastewater. | in this study, the comparative performance of coagulation, ozone, coagulation + ozone + coagulation and potassium ferrate processes to remove chemical oxygen demand (cod), color, and toxicity from a highly polluted textile wastewater were evaluated. experimental results showed that ferrate alone had no effect on cod, color and toxicity removal. whereas, in combination with feso4, it has shown the highest removal efficiency of 96.5%, 83% and 75% for respective parameters at the optimal dose of 40 ... | 2017 | 28876242 |
| amelioration of abnormalities associated with the metabolic syndrome by spinacia oleracea (spinach) consumption and aerobic exercise in rats. | the present study evaluates the protective effects of an antioxidant-rich extract of spinacea oleracea (naoe) in abnormalities associated with the metabolic syndrome (mets) in rats. hptlc of naoe revealed the presence of 13 total antioxidants, 14 flavonoids, and 10 phenolic acids. rats administered with fructose (20% w/v) in drinking water for 45 days to induce abnormalities of mets received naoe (200 and 400 mg/kg, po), the standard drug gemfibrozil (60 mg/kg, po), aerobic exercise (ae), and a ... | 2017 | 28798859 |
| real-time monitoring of superoxide anion radical generation in response to wounding: electrochemical study. | the growth and development of plants is deleteriously affected by various biotic and abiotic stress factors. wounding in plants is caused by exposure to environmental stress, mechanical stress, and via herbivory. typically, oxidative burst in response to wounding is associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species, such as the superoxide anion radical (o2•-), hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) and singlet oxygen; however, few experimental studies have provided direct evidence of their detection in ... | 2017 | 28761775 |
| purification of peroxisomes and mitochondria from spinach leaf by percoll gradient centrifugation. | a procedure was developed to purify simultaneously peroxisomes and mitochondria from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaf under isoosmotic and low viscosity conditions. this method involved differential centrifugation and density gradient centrifugation on four layers of percoll. chlorophyll-free preparations of highly intact and active organelles were obtained and cross-contamination was negligible. both organelles were stable for several hours, even if they remained in percoll. purified mitocho ... | 1984 | 16663685 |
| photosynthesis-inhibiting activity of 1-[(2-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl]- and 1-[(2-nitrophenyl)carbamoyl]naphthalen-2-yl alkylcarbamates. | eight 1-[(2-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl]naphthalen-2-yl alkylcarbamates and eight 1-[(2-nitrophenyl)carbamoyl]naphthalen-2-yl alkylcarbamates were tested for their activity related to the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. the pet-inhibiting activity of the compounds was relatively low; the corresponding ic50 values ranged from 0.05 to 0.664 mmol/l; and the highest activity within the series of compounds was observed for 1-[(2-chlorop ... | 2017 | 28714937 |
| β-carotene at physiologically attainable concentration induces apoptosis and down-regulates cell survival and antioxidant markers in human breast cancer (mcf-7) cells. | although β-carotene is known for its anti-carcinogenic and antioxidant properties, a few recent epidemiological and experimental evidence show that at higher concentration it acts as pro-oxidant and induces cancer. since the global burden of breast cancer exceeds all other types of cancer, and its incidence rates is also in increasing trend, the present study attempted to evaluate the anti-cancer molecular mechanism of β-carotene (at 1 µm concentration) isolated from spinacia oleracea in human b ... | 2017 | 28550445 |
| arsenic accumulation and physiological attributes of spinach in the presence of amendments: an implication to reduce health risk. | the current study examined the effect of calcium (ca) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta) on arsenic (as) uptake and toxicity to spinach (spinacia oleracea) as well as assessed the potential human health risks. spinach seedlings were exposed to three levels of as (25, 125, and 250 μm) alone or together with three levels of edta (25, 125, and 250 μm) and ca (1, 5, and 10 mm). the effect of edta and ca was assessed in terms of as contents in roots and shoots, hydrogen peroxide production, c ... | 2017 | 28537029 |
| light-induced formation of dimeric lhcii. | it emerges from numerous experiments that lhcii, the major photosynthetic antenna complex of plants, can appear not only in the trimeric or monomeric states but also as a dimer. we address the problem whether the dimeric form of the complex is just a simple intermediate element of the trimer-monomer transformation or if it can also be a physiologically relevant molecular organization form? dimers of lhcii were analyzed with application of native electrophoresis, time-resolved fluorescence spectr ... | 2017 | 28425025 |
| a novel composite hydrogel initiated by spinacia oleracea l. extract on hela cells for localized photodynamic therapy. | in this study, the poly (ethylene glycol) double acrylates (pegda) was first initiated by spinacia oleracea l. extract (sole) to in situ form a polymer hydrogel shell on hela cells with near infra-red irradiation. the sole was also a natural photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of tumor. the use of sole is simple, eco-friendly, low cost, and convenient. more importantly, the pegda/sole composite hydrogel shell on hela cells not merely prevents sole from diffusing to normal tissue for reducin ... | 2017 | 28415436 |
| virgin olive oil enriched with lutein-zeaxanthin from spinacia oleracea. | the aim of this work consists of developing a technological process for elaborating a virgin olive oil enriched in lutein-zeaxanthin extracted from spinach, studying different parameters like temperature, time of extraction and different ratios (spinach-oil). it was observed that the amount of carotenoids extracted increased up to a maximum after 24 hours and decreased as the maceration time progressed up to 60 hours, resulting of biological degradation. it was also observed that as more spinach ... | 2017 | 28413190 |
| newly developed ssr markers reveal genetic diversity and geographical clustering in spinach (spinacia oleracea). | spinach is a popular leafy green vegetable due to its nutritional composition. it contains high concentrations of vitamins a, e, c, and k, and folic acid. development of genetic markers for spinach is important for diversity and breeding studies. in this work, next generation sequencing (ngs) technology was used to develop genomic simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers. after cleaning and contig assembly, the sequence encompassed 2.5% of the 980 mb spinach genome. the contigs were mined for ssrs. ... | 2017 | 28386640 |
| construction of a high-density genetic map and the x/y sex-determining gene mapping in spinach based on large-scale markers developed by specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (slaf-seq). | cultivated spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) is one of the most widely cultivated types of leafy vegetable in the world, and it has a high nutritional value. spinach is also an ideal plant for investigating the mechanism of sex determination because it is a dioecious species with separate male and female plants. some reports on the sex labeling and localization of spinach in the study of molecular markers have surfaced. however, there have only been two reports completed on the genetic map of spina ... | 2017 | 28376721 |
| anticancer activity of biologically synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles on mouse myoblast cancer cells and their toxicity against embryonic zebrafish. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer activity of bioinspired silver nanoparticles (agnps) and gold nanoparticles (aunps) against mouse myoblast cancer cells (c2c12). both agnps and aunps were biologically synthesized using spinacia oleracea linn., aqueous leaves extract. uv-vis. spectrophotometer, high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (hr-tem), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (fe-sem) and x-ray diffraction (xrd) studies supported the successful synthesis of ... | 2017 | 28183660 |
| effects of waste water irrigation on soil properties and soil fauna of spinach fields in a west african urban vegetable production system. | the usage of inadequately processed industrial waste water (ww) can lead to strong soil alkalinity and soil salinization of agricultural fields with negative consequences on soil properties and biota. gypsum as a soil amendment to saline-sodic soils is widely used in agricultural fields to improve their soil physical, chemical and hence biological properties. this study aimed at analysing the effects of intensive ww irrigation on the structure and composition of soil-dwelling arthropods on spina ... | 2017 | 28104342 |
| review of neuro-nutrition used as anti-alzheimer plant, spinach, spinacia oleracea. | neuro-nutrition is the nutrition needed to achieve health brain and neurocognitive function. diets rich in antioxidants, vitamins, flavonoids, and polyphenolic compounds will help suppress the onset of alzheimer's disease. spinacia oleracea (family: amaranthaceae) commonly known as spinach or buai leng (in thai), one of the traditional medicinal plants with high in those mention nutrients. the micronutrients in spinach include a range of vitamins and minerals, which can prevent deficiency diseas ... | 2017 | 28082792 |
| corrigendum: increased permeability of the aquaporin sopip2;1 by mercury and mutations in loop a. | [this corrects the article on p. 1249 in vol. 7, pmid: 27625657.]. | 2016 | 28003817 |
| addition of calcium compounds to reduce soluble oxalate in a high oxalate food system. | spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) is often used as a base vegetable to make green juices that are promoted as healthy dietary alternatives. spinach is known to contain significant amounts of oxalates, which are toxic and, if consumed regularly, can lead to the development of kidney stones. this research investigates adding 50-500mg increments of calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate and calcium sulphate to 100g of raw homogenates of spinach to determine whether calcium would combine ... | 2017 | 27979238 |
| seasonal induced changes in spinach rhizosphere microbial community structure with varying salinity and drought. | salinity is a common problem under irrigated agriculture, especially in low rainfall and high evaporative demand areas of southwestern united states and other semi-arid regions around the world. however, studies on salinity effects on soil microbial communities are relatively few while the effects of irrigation-induced salinity on soil chemical and physical properties and plant growth are well documented. in this study, we examined the effects of salinity, temperature, and temporal variability o ... | 2017 | 27916300 |
| nutraceutical inherent of spinacia oleracea linn. methanolic leaf extract ameliorates isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis in male albino wistar rats via mitigating inflammation. | cardiovascular diseases (cvds) remain the principal cause of death in both developed and developing countries. the present study was intended to appraise the nutraceutical inherent of hplc standardized spinacia oleracea methanolic leaf extract (sole) in isoproterenol (iso) induced male albino wistar rats via activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathway that drives myocardial necrosis. biochemical analysis of iso injected rats showed significant alterations in the activities of homocysteine, ... | 2017 | 27914824 |
| remediation of cu metal-induced accelerated fenton reaction by potato peels bio-sorbent. | this article has allied exposure to ecological particulate matter (epm) and its remediation using potato peel surface (ppc) bio-sorbent on two important edible crops spinacia oleracea and luffa acutangula. fenton reaction acceleration was one of the major stress oxidation reactions as a consequence of iron and copper toxicity, which involve in the formation of hydroxyl radical (oh) through epm. results showed that the oxidative stress encouraged by cu in both species that recruits the degradatio ... | 2016 | 27853966 |
| rapid sex identification method of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) in the vegetative stage using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | a lamp-mediated, simple and rapid method for sex identification in spinach was developed. nutrient compositional analysis showed a higher iron content in male than female plants. spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) is a dioecious plant with its sex determined by the xy system. male and female floral organs differ morphologically, but plants do not differ in the vegetative stage before flowering. pcr with y chromosome markers has been used to determine the sex of dioecious plants before flowering. in ... | 2017 | 27838842 |
| nitroaromatic detection and infrared communication from wild-type plants using plant nanobionics. | plant nanobionics aims to embed non-native functions to plants by interfacing them with specifically designed nanoparticles. here, we demonstrate that living spinach plants (spinacia oleracea) can be engineered to serve as self-powered pre-concentrators and autosamplers of analytes in ambient groundwater and as infrared communication platforms that can send information to a smartphone. the plants employ a pair of near-infrared fluorescent nanosensors-single-walled carbon nanotubes (swcnts) conju ... | 2017 | 27798623 |
| effect of light and auxin transport inhibitors on endoreduplication in hypocotyl and cotyledon. | enhancement of endoreduplication in dark-grown hypocotyl is a common feature in dicotyledonous polysomatic plants, and tiba-mediated inhibition of the endoreduplication is partially due to abnormal actin organization. many higher plant species use endoreduplication during cell differentiation. however, the mechanisms underlying this process have remained elusive. in this study, we examined endoreduplication in hypocotyls and cotyledons in response to light in some dicotyledonous plant species. e ... | 2016 | 27637202 |
| effects of different sewage sludge applications on heavy metal accumulation, growth and yield of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.). | in this study, we present the response of spinach to different amendment rates of sewage sludge (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g kg-1) in a greenhouse pot experiment, where plant growth, biomass and heavy metal uptake were measured. the results showed that sewage sludge application increased soil electric conductivity (ec), organic matter, chromium and zinc concentrations and decreased soil ph. all heavy metal concentrations of the sewage sludge were below the permissible limits for land application ... | 2017 | 27593943 |
| utilization of biochar and activated carbon to reduce cd, pb and zn phytoavailability and phytotoxicity for plants. | in the present study, the content of risk elements and content of free amino acids were studied in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) and mustard (sinapis alba l.) subsequently grown on uncontaminated and contaminated soils (5 mg cd/kg, 1000 mg pb/kg and 400 mg zn/kg) with the addition of activated carbon (from coconut shells) or biochar (derived from local wood residues planted for phytoextaction) in different seasons (spring, summer and autumn). the results showed that activated carbon and biochar ... | 2016 | 27544477 |
| influence of cold stress on contents of soluble sugars, vitamin c and free amino acids including gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) in spinach (spinacia oleracea). | the contents of soluble sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose and raffinose), vitamin c and free amino acids (34 compounds, essential and non-essential) were quantified in open-field and greenhouse-grown spinaches in response to cold stress using liquid chromatography. in general, greenhouse cultivation produced nutritionally high value spinach in a shorter growing period, where the soluble sugars, vitamin c and total amino acids concentrations, including essential were in larger amounts c ... | 2017 | 27542466 |
| hydrogen sulfide-mediated polyamines and sugar changes are involved in hydrogen sulfide-induced drought tolerance in spinacia oleracea seedlings. | hydrogen sulfide (h2s) is a newly appreciated participant in physiological and biochemical regulation in plants. however, whether h2s is involved in the regulation of plant responses to drought stress remains unclear. here, the role of h2s in the regulation of drought stress response in spinacia oleracea seedlings is reported. first, drought stress dramatically decreased the relative water content (rwc) of leaves, photosynthesis, and the efficiency of psii. moreover, drought caused the accumulat ... | 2016 | 27540388 |
| changes in rubisco, cysteine-rich proteins and antioxidant system of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) due to sulphur deficiency, cadmium stress and their combination. | sulphur (s) deficiency, cadmium (cd) toxicity and their combinations are of wide occurrence throughout agricultural lands. we assessed the impact of short-term (2 days) and long-term (4 days) applications of cadmium (40 μg/g soil) on spinach plants grown on sulphur-sufficient (300 μm so42-) and sulphur-deficient (30 μm so42-) soils. compared with the control (+s and -cd), oxidative stress was increased by s deficiency (-s and -cd), cadmium (+s and +cd) and their combination stress (-s and +cd) i ... | 2017 | 27503461 |
| genetic diversity and association analysis of leafminer (liriomyza langei) resistance in spinach (spinacia oleracea). | leafminer (liriomyza langei) is a major insect pest of many important agricultural crops, including spinach (spinacia oleracea). use of genetic resistance is an efficient, economic, and environment-friendly method to control this pest. the objective of this research was to conduct association analysis and identify single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) markers associated with leafminer resistance in spinach germplasm. a total of 300 usda spinach germplasm accessions were used for the association a ... | 2016 | 27490441 |
| impact of irrigation using water containing cuo and zno nanoparticles on spinach oleracea grown in soil media. | wastewater reuse is an important adaptation option for mitigating water stress in rapidly growing urban centers. reuse potential of nanoparticles (nps) contaminated wastewater for irrigation of spinacia oleracea grown in soil media were assessed in this study. irrigation of plant were done with water containing cuo and zno nps as single compound and in binary mixture (10, 100, 1000 mg/l) till 11 weeks. at 1000 mg/l, reduction in root length: 16 %, 12 % and 18 %, shoot length: 22 %, 16 % and 27 % ... | 2016 | 27370820 |
| organic chelants-mediated enhanced lead (pb) uptake and accumulation is associated with higher activity of enzymatic antioxidants in spinach (spinacea oleracea l.). | the spinach was tested in the present studies for its phytoextraction potential. furthermore, the study assessed whether organic chelants could reduce oxidative stress, and thus enhance growth of spinach plants under 2.42 and 4.83mm pb regimes. different organic chelates viz. ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid, (edta), citric acid (ca), oxalic acid (oa), tartaric acid (ta) and malic acid (ma) were applied separately in addition to control (without chelating agents) under different pb regimes. the ... | 2016 | 27318732 |
| effects of high voltage nanosecond pulsed plasma and micro dbd plasma on seed germination, growth development and physiological activities in spinach. | in this study, we analyzed seed germination, seedling growth, and physiological aspects after treatment with high voltage nanosecond pulsed plasma and micro dbd plasma in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), a green leafy vegetable known to have low germination rate. both germination and dry weight of seedlings increased after high voltage pulse shots were applied to spinach seeds. however seeds treated with many shots (10 shots) showed a decrease in germination rate and seedling growth. seeds treate ... | 2016 | 26944552 |
| de novo transcriptome sequencing and gene expression profiling of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves under heat stress. | spinach (spinacia oleracea) has cold tolerant but heat sensitive characteristics. the spinach variety 'island,' is suitable for summer periods. there is lack molecular information available for spinach in response to heat stress. in this study, high throughput de novo transcriptome sequencing and gene expression analyses were carried out at different spinach variety 'island' leaves (grown at 24 °c (control), exposed to 35 °c for 30 min (s1), and 5 h (s2)). a total of 133,200,898 clean reads were ... | 2016 | 26857466 |
| reversible, partial inactivation of plant betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase by betaine aldehyde: mechanism and possible physiological implications. | in plants, the last step in the biosynthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine (gb) is the nad(+)-dependent oxidation of betaine aldehyde (bal) catalysed by some aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh) 10 enzymes that exhibit betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (badh) activity. given the irreversibility of the reaction, the short-term regulation of these enzymes is of great physiological relevance to avoid adverse decreases in the nad(+):nadh ratio. in the present study, we report that the spinacia olerace ... | 2016 | 26792760 |
| de novo and comparative transcriptome analysis of cultivated and wild spinach. | spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) is an economically important green leafy vegetable crop. in this study, we performed deep transcriptome sequencing for nine spinach accessions: three from cultivated s. oleracea, three from wild s. turkestanica and three from wild s. tetrandra. a total of approximately 100 million high-quality reads were generated, which were de novo assembled into 72,151 unigenes with a total length of 46.5 mb. by comparing sequences of these unigenes against different protein dat ... | 2015 | 26635144 |
| effects of phosphorus on chemical forms of cd in plants of four spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) cultivars differing in cd accumulation. | in order to clarify how cadmium (cd) chemical forms in planta relate to the genotype difference in cd accumulation of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), two low-cd and two high-cd cultivars were compared under a hydroponic experiment with two concentrations of cd (8.98 or 44.71 μmol cd l(-1)). the concentrations of phosphorus in the hydroponic system were also adjusted to two levels (0.5 and 1.0 mmol l(-1)) to investigate the influence of phosphorus on the forms and accumulation of cd in the tested ... | 2016 | 26585453 |
| effects of freezing on isolated plant mitochondria. | mitochondria isolated from spinach leaves (spinacia oleracea l.) and potato tubers (solanum tuberosum l.) were partly injured when subjected to freezing for 2 to 4 h at-25°c in salt solutions in the absence of cryoprotectants. damage was manifested by the inactivation of respiratory properties and increase in the permeability of the mitochondrial membranes. decrease in respiratory control indicated that the control mechanism of the electron transport chain was influenced by freezing. oxidative p ... | 1981 | 24302422 |
| effects of the herbicide 2,4-db and fungicide captan on reactions of mitochondria and chloroplasts. | the effects of the herbicide 4(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-db) and fungicide n-(trichloromethyltio)-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide (captan) on electron transport processes of mitochondria and chloroplasts have been investigated. chloroplasts, isolated from spinach leaves (spinacia oleracea l.), were treated with pesticide prior to the addition of electron acceptor and adp. white potato (solanum tuberosum l.) mitochondria were either incubated with pesticide before the addition of subs ... | 1976 | 1267487 |
| colloidal-bound polyphosphates and organic phosphates are bioavailable: a nutrient solution study. | colloidal forms of fe(iii) minerals can be stabilized in solution by coatings of organic or poly-phosphate (p), which reduce the zeta-potential. this opens up a route toward the development of nanoforms of p fertilizers. however, it is unclear if such p forms are bioavailable. to address this question, spinach (spinacia oleracea) was grown in nutrient solutions, at equal total p, using three different forms of p (orthophosphate = pi; hexametaphosphate = hmp; myo-inositol hexaphosphate = ihp), fr ... | 2017 | 28731339 |
| analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of a medicinal plant, dianthus superbus var. longicalyncinus, from a comparative genomics perspective. | dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus is an economically important traditional chinese medicinal plant that is also used for ornamental purposes. in this study, d. superbus was compared to its closely related family of caryophyllaceae chloroplast (cp) genomes such as lychnis chalcedonica and spinacia oleracea. d. superbus had the longest large single copy (lsc) region (82,805 bp), with some variations in the inverted repeat region a (ira)/lsc regions. the irs underwent both expansion and constri ... | 2015 | 26513163 |
| spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) modulates its proteome differentially in response to salinity, cadmium and their combination stress. | cadmium (cd) contamination and salinity are common stressors in agricultural soils all over the globe. sensitivity and modulation of plant proteome lead to proper signal execution and adaptation to abiotic stress via molecular responses, which strengthen plant defence system. a comparative proteomic study, employing 2de-maldi tof/tof ms, of spinacia oleracea plants exposed to cadmium (50 μg cdcl2 g(-1) soil), salinity (10 mg nacl g(-1) soil) and their combination (nacl + cd) was conducted to und ... | 2015 | 26497449 |
| evaluation of lanthanide salts as alternative stains to uranyl acetate. | uranyl acetate (uac) has been generally used not only as a superb staining reagent for ultrathin sections of plastic-embedded biological materials, but also as high-contrast negative stains for biological macromolecules such as particles of protein or virus. however, the use and purchase of radioactive uac have been restricted. in this study, we determine the performance of ytterbium triacetate, lutetium triacetate, samarium triacetate and gadolinium triacetate as new staining reagents for biolo ... | 2015 | 26374081 |
| biodegradable pla (polylactic acid) hinged trays keep quality of fresh-cut and cooked spinach. | this work examines the effects of packaging using two different polymeric trays with hinged lids, polyethylene terephthalate (pet) and polylactic acid (pla), on fresh-cut and cooked spinach (spinacia oleracea). samples were stored in a cold room for 16 days at 4 °c. chemical (total pigments, total polyphenols, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity), physical (water activity), technological (colour evaluation), sensorial (aroma, visual appearance and water accumulation) and microbial (total aerobic ... | 2015 | 26345011 |
| analysis of electron donors in photosystems in oxygenic photosynthesis by photo-cidnp mas nmr. | both photosystem i and photosystem ii are considerably similar in molecular architecture but they operate at very different electrochemical potentials. the origin of the different redox properties of these rcs is not yet clear. in recent years, insight was gained into the electronic structure of photosynthetic cofactors through the application of photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-cidnp) with magic-angle spinning nmr (mas nmr). non-boltzmann populated nuclear spin states ... | 2015 | 26282679 |
| redox regulation of the antimycin a sensitive pathway of cyclic electron flow around photosystem i in higher plant thylakoids. | the chloroplast must regulate supply of reducing equivalents and atp to meet rapid changes in downstream metabolic demands. cyclic electron flow around photosystem i (cef) is proposed to balance the atp/nadph budget by using reducing equivalents to drive plastoquinone reduction, leading to the generation of proton motive force and subsequent atp synthesis. while high rates of cef have been observed in vivo, isolated thylakoids show only very slow rates, suggesting that the activity of a key comp ... | 2016 | 26235611 |
| the use of contact mode atomic force microscopy in aqueous medium for structural analysis of spinach photosynthetic complexes. | to investigate the dynamics of photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes in vascular plants at high resolution in an aqueous environment, membrane-protruding oxygen-evolving complexes (oecs) associated with photosystem ii (psii) on spinach (spinacia oleracea) grana membranes were examined using contact mode atomic force microscopy. this study represents, to our knowledge, the first use of atomic force microscopy to distinguish the putative large extrinsic loop of photosystem ii cp47 reaction cent ... | 2015 | 26220954 |
| effect of spinach aqueous extract on wound healing in experimental model diabetic rats with streptozotocin. | chronic ulcer is still a serious issue for diabetic patients. diabetes is a prevalent cause of ulcer regeneration delay and (or) disruption. since spinacia oleracea extract contains compounds with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, this may be effective in accelerating the healing process of ulcers, especially diabetic ulcers. hence, this study examined the effect of spinacia oleracea aqueous extract on ulcer regeneration in an experimental animal model. | 2016 | 26201288 |
| phosphorus amendment competitively prevents chromium uptake and mitigates its toxicity in spinacea oleracea l. | in this study, we assessed the role of phosphorus in preventing chromium uptake by plants. two-factor complete randomized pot experiment (5x5 pattern) was conducted hydroponically with spinacea oleracea l. (spinach), for 28 days in green house. five concentrations of cr (2.0, 3.5, 5.0, 6.5 and 8.0 mm), each amended with five concentrations of phosphorus (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mm) were supplied. with the phosphorus amendment in the growth medium, accumulation of chromium decreased up to 55% in ... | 2015 | 26155680 |
| solution nmr and molecular dynamics reveal a persistent alpha helix within the dynamic region of psbq from photosystem ii of higher plants. | the extrinsic proteins of photosystem ii of higher plants and green algae psbo, psbp, psbq, and psbr are essential for stable oxygen production in the oxygen evolving center. in the available x-ray crystallographic structure of higher plant psbq residues s14-y33 are missing. building on the backbone nmr assignment of psbq, which includes this "missing link", we report the extended resonance assignment including side chain atoms. based on nuclear overhauser effect spectra a high resolution soluti ... | 2015 | 26138376 |
| toxicity and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in spinach (spinacia oleracea) grown in a controlled environment. | the impact of heavy metal toxicity on the shoot and root lengths, total protein, fiber characteristics, moisture content and nutrient composition of spinach (spinacia oleracea) was evaluated. plants were grown in pots containing soil and treated with different concentrations (mg/kg) of lead (pb; 300, 400 and 500), cadmium (cd; 0.5, 1 and 1.5) and zinc (zn; 250, 500, and 700) as well as mixtures of cd and pb (0.5/300, 1/400, 1.5/500), cd and zn (0.5/250, 1/500, 1.5/700), and pb and zn (300/250, 4 ... | 2015 | 26133131 |
| resonance assignment of psbp: an extrinsic protein from photosystem ii of spinacia oleracea. | psbp (23 kda) is an extrinsic eukaryotic protein of photosystem ii found in the thylakoid membrane of higher plants and green algae. it has been proven to be indispensable for proper functioning of the oxygen evolving complex. by interaction with other extrinsic proteins (psbq, psbo and psbr), it modulates the concentration of two cofactors of the water splitting reaction, ca(2+) and cl(-). the crystallographic structure of psbp from spinacia oleracea lacks the n-terminal part as well as two inn ... | 2015 | 25903141 |
| employing response surface methodology for the optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of lutein and β-carotene from spinach. | the extraction of lutein and β-carotene from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves is important to the dietary supplement industry. a box-behnken design and response surface methodology (rsm) were used to investigate the effect of process variables on the ultrasound-assisted extraction (uae) of lutein and β-carotene from spinach. three independent variables, extraction temperature (°c), extraction power (%) and extraction time (min) were studied. thin-layer chromatography (tlc) followed by uv vi ... | 2015 | 25875040 |
| constitutive high-level sos1 expression and absence of hkt1;1 expression in the salt-accumulating halophyte salicornia dolichostachya. | we investigated the effects of salinity on ion accumulation and expression of candidate salt tolerance genes in the highly tolerant salt accumulating halophyte salicornia dolichostachya and the taxonomically related glycophytic spinacia oleracea. s. dolichostachya, in comparison with s. oleracea, constitutively expressed sos1 at a high level, but did not detectably express hkt1;1. these findings suggest that the constitutive high level of shoot salt accumulation in s. dolichostachya is accomplis ... | 2015 | 25804817 |
| bioavailability and bioaccumulation characterization of essential and heavy metals contents in r. acetosa, s. oleracea and u. dioica from copper polluted and referent areas. | bioavailability of metals occurring in soil is the basic source of its accumulation in vegetables and herbs. the impact of soil pollution (due to urban and mining areas) on the food chain presents a challenge for many investigations. availability of metals in a potentially polluted soil and their possible transfer and bioaccumulation in sorrel (rumex acetosa), spinach (spinacia oleracea) and common nettle (urtica dioica), were examined. | 2015 | 25650334 |
| the effect of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on the ecdysteroid content in the leaves of spinacia oleracea l. | the aim of this study was to show whether/how the application of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide can affect the content of ecdysteroids in spinach leaves. brassinosteroids and ecdysteroids, structurally related phytosterols, show effect on a range of processes in plants. brassinosteroids increase biomass yield in some species, photosynthesis and resistance to stress, and ecdysteroids show effect on proteins responsible for binding of co2 or water cleavage. the mutual interaction of these sterols in ... | 2015 | 25578736 |