| multilocus microsatellite typing for cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii. | fifteen randomly selected microsatellites (simple sequence repeats; ssrs), from the h99 cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype a) genome, were sequenced, characterized and applied to sequence 87 clinical and environmental c. neoformans var. grubii isolates from 12 different countries based on multilocus microsatellite typing (mlmt). among the 15 ssr loci, three (designated cng1, cng2 and cng3) were polymorphic, while the remaining 12 ssr loci showed no variations. the specific pcr primers ... | 2008 | 18608927 |
| isolation of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii from trunk hollows of living trees in buenos aires city, argentina. | the aim of this work was to describe the distribution of the members of the cryptococcus species complex (cryptococcus neoformans and c. gattii) in hollows of trees from seven parks in buenos aires city, to determine the serotypes and genotypes of these environmental isolates and to compare them with the ones reported in the 2001 survey. four hundred and eighty nine samples were collected by swabbing all trees which had hollows or fissures in the seven parks studied. each tree was sampled once d ... | 2009 | 18654914 |
| identification of genomic differences between cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii by representational difference analysis (rda). | cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are basidiomycetous yeasts that cause cryptococcosis in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals, respectively. in this study, representational difference analysis (rda) was applied to isolate sequences representing genomic differences between c. neoformans var. grubii and c. gattii. rda is a pcr based subtractive enrichment procedure for isolating the differences between two nearly identical genomes. we have approximately 200 clones seque ... | 2009 | 18668420 |
| genotype and mating type analysis of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii isolates from china that mainly originated from non-hiv-infected patients. | cryptococcosis has been reported to be mostly associated with non-hiv-related patients in china. however, little is known about the molecular characteristics of clinical isolates from the cryptococcus neoformans species complex in this country. in this study, 115 clinical isolates were included. molecular type vni was the most representative (n=103), followed by vgi (n=8), vniii (n=2), vniv (n=1), and vgii (n=1). with the exception of a serotype d mating type a isolate, all possessed the matalph ... | 2008 | 18671745 |
| [in vitro determination of virulence factors activity associated with several cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates]. | different phenotypic characteristics associated with virulence of the cryptococcus neoformans species complex have shown an important role in their pathogenicity. in this study we have determined the role of phenotypically and genotypically factors of some virulence factors from clinical isolates in the two species of the complex; 35 c. neoformans and 19 cryptococcus gattii. growth at 37 degrees c, macroscopic and microscopic morphology, switching phenomenon, activity of 23 extracellular enzymes ... | 2008 | 18785782 |
| laccase activity in cryptococcus gattii strains isolated from goats. | cryptococcosis is a life-threatening infection in humans and animals caused by encapsulated yeasts of the genus cryptococcus. cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are the main agents of this mycosis. until 2002 c. gattii was classified as a variety of c. neoformans but now is accepted as an independent species. the laccase (phenoloxydase) enzyme produced by these yeasts is considered one of the main pathogenic factors for its ability to induce melanin from dihydroxyphenolic compounds. ... | 2008 | 18785783 |
| regional pattern of the molecular types of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii in brazil. | the molecular types of 443 brazilian isolates of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii were analyzed to determine their geographic distribution within brazil and their underlying host conditions. the following data, imported from previous epidemiological studies as well as two culture collections, were analyzed for: place of isolation, source (clinical or environmental), host risk factors, species, serotype, mating type, and molecular type. molecular typing by pcr-fingerprinting using ... | 2008 | 18797758 |
| late presentation of cryptococcus gattii meningitis in a traveller to vancouver island: a case report. | since 1999, cryptococcus gattii has been identified as a primary pathogen on vancouver island in british columbia, and it has resulted in infection of both people and animals living in that area. a previously healthy 45-year-old female resident of alberta developed c gattii infection 11 months after travelling to an endemic region of vancouver island. a case of an immunocompetent patient, with an atypically long incubation time, who presented with subacute meningitis secondary to disseminated pu ... | 2007 | 18923724 |
| antifungal susceptibilities among different serotypes of cryptococcus gattii and cryptococcus neoformans. | we measured antifungal activity against 128 cryptococcal isolates (86 of c. neoformans and 42 of c. gattii) to determine if differences in serotype susceptibility exist. contrary to previous results, we found no serotype susceptibility differences. isavuconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole demonstrated excellent potency against each isolate and serotype, including isolates with reduced fluconazole susceptibilities. | 2009 | 18955539 |
| tourism and specific risk areas for cryptococcus gattii, vancouver island, canada. | we compared travel histories of case-patients with cryptococcus gattii infection during 1999-2006 to travel destinations of the general public on vancouver island, british columbia, canada. findings validated and refined estimates of risk on the basis of place of residence and showed no spatial progression of risk areas on this island over time. | 2008 | 18976570 |
| [first isolation of cryptococcus gattii from the environment in the state of espírito santo]. | the presence of cryptococcus gattii was investigated in different regions of the state of espírito santo. the largest number (73) of samples was collected from trees located in public places in vitória; 47 came from preserved areas or areas with only minor human impact, surrounding this city, at altitudes from 0 to 900m above sea level; 48 came from trees native of the northern and southern regions of the state. the samples were collected from tree hollows and trunks by of swabs and yielded two ... | 2008 | 19009184 |
| simultaneous identification of molecular and mating types within the cryptococcus species complex by pcr-rflp analysis. | the cryptococcus species complex consists of two species, cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii, which cause systemic infections in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. both species have a bipolar mating system, with mating type (mat) alpha being predominant in clinical and environmental isolates. the strains of the cryptococcus species complex have been divided into eight major molecular types, which show differences in epidemiology, biology and pathogenicity. in this ... | 2008 | 19018017 |
| cerebral infection caused by cryptococcus gattii: a case report and antifungal susceptibility testing. | we report a clinical case of cerebral infection caused by cryptococcus gattii in a 10 year-old boy. clinical and laboratory exams did not demonstrate any apparent immunosuppressed state (hiv antibody and the tuberculin skin tests, both negative, were performed; blood cells count and immunoglobulin levels were within normality). treatment was begun with amphotericin b-deoxycholate but renal toxicity signs led to its substitution by fluconazole. the infection proceeded even after treatment with fl ... | 2008 | 19071894 |
| isolation and purification of antigenic components of cryptococcus. | the encapsulated fungal pathogens cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are significant agents of life-threatening infections, particularly in persons with suppressed cell-mediated immunity. this chapter provides detailed methodology for the purification of two of the major antigen fractions of c. neoformans: glucuronoxylomannan (gxm) and mannoprotein (mp). gxm is the primary component of the polysaccharide capsule, which is the major cryptococcal virulence factor. in contrast, mps hav ... | 2009 | 19089377 |
| role of complement in protection against cryptococcus gattii infection. | previous studies have shown that the alternative pathway of complement activation plays an important role in protection against infection with cryptococcus neoformans. cryptococcus gattii does not activate the alternative pathway as well as c. neoformans in vitro. the role of complement in c. gattii infection in vivo has not been reported. in this study, we used mice deficient in complement components to investigate the role of complement in protection against a c. gattii isolate from an ongoing ... | 2009 | 19114546 |
| cryptococcus gattii with bimorphic colony types in a dog in western oregon: additional evidence for expansion of the vancouver island outbreak. | cryptococcus gattii was isolated from a 1.5-year-old dog with systemic cryptococcosis in oregon. the dog had no link to vancouver island or british columbia, canada. samples from a nasal swab and from a granulomatous mass within the cranial cavity were pooled for culture. colonies on sabouraud dextrose agar were mucoid and exhibited bimorphic morphology, melanin-pigmented and unpigmented. pigmented colonies were encapsulated budding spherical yeast, whereas unpigmented colonies were of unencapsu ... | 2009 | 19139515 |
| primary endemic cryptococcosis gattii by molecular type vgii in the state of pará, brazil. | in order to study the infectious agents causing human disseminated cryptococcosis in the state of pará, north brazil, 56 isolates of cryptococcusspp. (54 isolated from cerebral spinal fluid and two from blood cultures) from 43 cases diagnosed between 2003-2007 were analysed. the species were determined through morphological and physiological tests and genotypes were determined by ura5-rflp and pcr-fingerprinting (wild-type phage m13). the following species and genotypes were identified: cryptoco ... | 2008 | 19148422 |
| phylogeny and phenotypic characterization of pathogenic cryptococcus species and closely related saprobic taxa in the tremellales. | the basidiomycetous yeasts cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are closely related sibling species that cause respiratory and neurological disease in humans and animals. within these two recognized species, phylogenetic analysis reveals at least six cryptic species defined as molecular types (vni/ii/b, vniv, vgi, vgii, vgiii, and vgiv) that comprise the pathogenic cryptococcus species complex. these pathogenic species are clustered in the filobasidiella clade within the order tremell ... | 2009 | 19151324 |
| cryptococcus neoformans serotype a and cryptococcus gattii serotype b isolates differ in their susceptibilities to fluconazole and voriconazole. | this study presents antifungal susceptibility data for environmental isolates of cryptococcus neoformans serotype a (n=32) and cryptococcus gattii serotype b (n=18) to fluconazole and voriconazole employing disc diffusion and etest methods. the disc diffusion test was performed on mueller-hinton agar as recommended by the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi). for comparison, the disc diffusion test and etest were also performed on rpmi-1640 agar supplemented with 2% glucose. the pl ... | 2009 | 19195846 |
| molecular evidence that the range of the vancouver island outbreak of cryptococcus gattii infection has expanded into the pacific northwest in the united states. | cryptococcus neoformans frequently causes fungal meningitis in immunocompromised patients, whereas the related species c. gattii is restricted to tropical and subtropical regions,where it usually infects immunocompetent individuals.an outbreak of c. gattii infection that began in 1999 on vancouver island has resulted in endemic c. gattii infection and caused numerous human and veterinary infections; the outbreak's range has spread to mainland british columbia. the outbreak-related isolates have ... | 2009 | 19220140 |
| susceptibility profile of clinical isolates of non-cryptococcus neoformans/non-cryptococcus gattii cryptococcus species and literature review. | the in vitro susceptibility profile of 24 clinical isolates of non-cryptococcus neoformans/non-cryptococcus gattii cryptococcus species was analysed. in addition, the susceptibility results of 98 other strains from seven different reports were reviewed. the latter included studies which used antifungal susceptibility testing reference procedures or commercial methods which exhibited high correlation rates with the reference procedures. a total of 122 isolates were analysed (57 cryptococcus albid ... | 2010 | 19235546 |
| virulence in cryptococcus species. | cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are the cause of life-threatening meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals respectively. the increasing incidence of cryptococcal infection as a result of the aids epidemic, the recent emergence of a hypervirulent cryptococcal strain in canada and the fact that mortality from cryptococcal disease remains high have stimulated intensive research into this organism. here we outline recent advances in our understanding o ... | 2009 | 19245939 |
| nasal cryptococcosis in two dogs in new zealand. | two young, large-breed female dogs were presented with an acute onset of sneezing and nasal discharge. one patient had concurrent epistaxis and facial deformity. | 2009 | 19252544 |
| cryptococcosis in domestic animals in western australia: a retrospective study from 1995-2006. | a retrospective study of cryptococcosis in domestic animals residing in western australia was conducted over an 11-year-period (from 1995 to 2006) by searching the data base of murdoch university veterinary teaching hospital and the largest private clinical pathology laboratory in perth. cryptococcosis was identified in 155 animals: 72 cats, 57 dogs, 20 horses, three alpacas, two ferrets and a sheep. there was no seasonal trend apparent from the dates of diagnosis. taking into account the common ... | 2009 | 19306217 |
| enzymatic characterisation of clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans, cryptococcus gattii and other environmental cryptococcus spp. | this study compared the enzymatic activity of clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans, cryptococcus gattii, environmental isolates of c. neoformans and non-neoformans cryptococcus. most of the cryptococcal isolates investigated in this study exhibited proteinase and phospholipase activities. laccase activity was detected from all the c. neoformans and c. gattii isolates, but not from the non-neoformans cryptococcus isolates. there was no significant difference in the proteinase, phospholipa ... | 2010 | 19389064 |
| prevalence of clinical isolates of cryptococcus gattii serotype c among patients with aids in sub-saharan africa. | cryptococcus gattii is a group of exogenous, neurotropic yeasts that possess the capsular serotype b or c. isolates of serotype c are extremely rare and, until recently, were known to infect only immunocompetent individuals. we genotyped 176 isolates of cryptococcus from patients in sub-saharan africa who had aids; 22 (13.7%) of 161 isolates from botswana and 2 (13.3%) of 15 isolates from malawi were c. gattii serotype c strains. all of these serotype c strains belong to the rare vgiv genotype, ... | 2005 | 16088839 |
| selection of optimal host strain for molecular pathogenesis studies on cryptococcus gattii. | encapsulated yeast, cryptococcus gattii (cg) is a primary and emerging fungal pathogen in north america. it has a predilection for invading the central nervous system of both healthy and immunocompromised humans and animals. recently, we initiated molecular pathogenesis studies in cg strain nih444 (atcc 32609). in this report, we compared the biology and pathogenic potential of nih444 to those of wm276, an australian environmental isolate that is being used for the whole genome-sequencing projec ... | 2005 | 16205969 |
| comparative gene genealogies indicate that two clonal lineages of cryptococcus gattii in british columbia resemble strains from other geographical areas. | cryptococcus gattii has recently emerged as a pathogen of humans and animals in the temperate climate of vancouver island, british columbia (b.c.). the majority (approximately 95%) of the isolates from the island belong to the vgii molecular type, and the remainder belong to the vgi molecular type. the goals of this study were to compare patterns of molecular variation among c. gattii isolates from b.c. with those from different areas of the world and to investigate the population structure usin ... | 2005 | 16215170 |
| same-sex mating and the origin of the vancouver island cryptococcus gattii outbreak. | genealogy can illuminate the evolutionary path of important human pathogens. in some microbes, strict clonal reproduction predominates, as with the worldwide dissemination of mycobacterium leprae, the cause of leprosy. in other pathogens, sexual reproduction yields clones with novel attributes, for example, enabling the efficient, oral transmission of the parasite toxoplasma gondii. however, the roles of clonal or sexual propagation in the origins of many other microbial pathogen outbreaks remai ... | 2005 | 16222245 |
| [isolation of cryptococcus gattii serotype b from detritus of eucalyptus trees in colombia]. | cryptococcus gattii serotype b has been associated with several species of trees in tropical and subtropical regions. serotype b has been found to be the second most frequently isolated from patients in colombia, but it has not been isolated from the environment. therefore, a study was designed to sample plant material from a forest in the province of cundinamarca, with the aim of establishing the presence and distribution of the c. neoformans complex, specially serotype b. in addition, isolates ... | 2005 | 16276686 |
| cryptococcus gattii in aids patients, southern california. | cryptococcus isolates from aids patients in southern california were characterized by molecular analyses. pheromone mfalpha1 and mfa1 gene fragments were polymerase chain reaction-amplified with fluorescently labeled primers and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (ce) on dna analyzer. ce-fragment-length analyses (ce-flas) and ce-single-strand conformation polymorphisms (ce-sscps) were used to determine cryptococcus gattii (cg), c. neoformans (cn) varieties neoformans (cnvn) and grubii (cnvg), ... | 2005 | 16318719 |
| cryptococcus gattii: in vitro susceptibility to the new antifungal albaconazole versus fluconazole and voriconazole. | minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) and minimal fungicidal activity of albaconazole, voriconazole and fluconazole against 55 strains of cryptococcus gattii, clinically or environmentally isolated in spain and some latin american countries, were assessed. by means of the microbroth method (national committee for clinical laboratory standards; document m27-a2), the geometric mean value for fluconazole was 5.01 microg/ml; however, mic for 12.7% of isolates ranged from 16 to 32 microg/ml, sugges ... | 2005 | 16320494 |
| follow-up study of dogs and cats with asymptomatic cryptococcus gattii infection or nasal colonization. | the pathogenesis of cryptococcus spp. infection following nasal colonization is unclear. this article reports follow-up data on a cohort of seven cats and five dogs identified in a previous study as sub-clinically infected with cryptococcus spp. or colonized by c. gattii. two cats progressed to clinical disease within four to six months of initial detection of antigenemia and nasal cavity colonization. the ten other animals remained asymptomatic but many were repeatedly positive on cryptococcal ... | 2005 | 16396253 |
| evaluation of risk factors for cryptococcus gattii infection in dogs and cats. | to determine risk factors associated with cryptococcus gattii infection in dogs and cats residing on vancouver island in british columbia, canada. | 2006 | 16448359 |
| cutaneous cryptococccosis due to cryptococcus gattii in immunocompetent hosts: case report and review. | cutaneous cryptococcosis caused by c. gattii, in immunocompent patients is a rare manifestation of disease, and may be one of the first manifestations of disseminated cryptococcosis. we report a case of disseminated cryptococcosis caused by cryptococcus gattii presenting as cutaneous lesions in an immunocompetent patient. previously to our report, only five cases of cutaneous involvement by cryptococcus gattii in immunocompetent patients have been reported in the literature. risk factors for c. ... | 2006 | 16552487 |
| physical map-assisted whole-genome shotgun sequence assemblies. | we describe a targeted approach to improve the contiguity of whole-genome shotgun sequence (wgs) assemblies at run-time, using information from bacterial artificial chromosome (bac)-based physical maps. clone sizes and overlaps derived from clone fingerprints are used for the calculation of length constraints between any two bac neighbors sharing 40% of their size. these constraints are used to promote the linkage and guide the arrangement of sequence contigs within a sequence scaffold at the la ... | 2006 | 16741162 |
| transcription factor ste12alpha has distinct roles in morphogenesis, virulence, and ecological fitness of the primary pathogenic yeast cryptococcus gattii. | cryptococcus gattii is a primary pathogenic yeast, increasingly important in public health, but factors responsible for its host predilection and geographical distribution remain largely unknown. we have characterized c. gattii ste12alpha to probe its role in biology and pathogenesis because this transcription factor has been linked to virulence in many human and plant pathogenic fungi. a full-length ste12alpha gene was cloned by colony hybridization and sequenced using primer walk and 3' rapid ... | 2006 | 16835451 |
| an efficient method for homologous gene reconstitution in cryptococcus gattii using ura5 auxotrophic marker. | cryptococcus gattii (cg) is an emerging pathogen of both healthy and immunocompromised patients worldwide. understanding the molecular genetic basis of virulence and physiology of this pathogen will be critical for defining its pathogenic mechanisms. the purine biosynthetic gene, ura5 encoding orate phosphorybosyltransferase (oprtase), has been successfully used as a selectable marker for gene disruption by transformation and homologous recombination in cg. here, we report the characterization o ... | 2006 | 17146584 |
| first contemporary case of human infection with cryptococcus gattii in puget sound: evidence for spread of the vancouver island outbreak. | we report a case of cryptococcosis due to c. gattii which appears to have been acquired in the puget sound region, washington state. genotyping confirmed identity to the predominant vancouver island genotype. this is the first documented case of human disease by the major vancouver island emergence strain acquired within the united states. | 2007 | 17596366 |
| cryptococcus gattii fungemia: report of a case with lung and brain lesions mimicking radiological features of malignancy. | a 64-year-old apparently immunocompetent white man developed lung and brain lesions of disseminated cryptococcosis. the radiologic features mimicked those of lung cancer metastatic to the central nervous system. c. gattii was recovered from cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, brain biopsy, and blood. the same fungus was recovered from pulmonary and brain specimens at autopsy. serum and cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen tests were diagnostic in our case and should be included in the ... | 2007 | 17823759 |
| communicating the risks of a new, emerging pathogen: the case of cryptococcus gattii. | the news media are an important channel for communicating public health messages, providing important information about geographic extent, symptoms, and precautionary measures. this function may be particularly important in the case of new and emerging infectious diseases, which are unfamiliar to both the public and health professionals. we conducted a content analysis of the coverage in six canadian newspapers of two emerging infectious pathogens in british columbia (bc), west nile virus and cr ... | 2008 | 18419655 |
| cryptococcus gattii: an emerging cause of pulmonary nodules. | since the fall of 1999, a new endemic focus of cryptococcus gattii serotype b infection has emerged on vancouver island (victoria, british columbia), with infections occurring in both animals and humans. in the human cases, symptoms have manifested as pulmonary nodules, meningitis or both. this organism has added a new nonmalignant cause of pulmonary nodules to the literature, resulting in a change in the management of these nodules by health care professionals. | 2008 | 18437258 |
| [cryptococcus gattii meningitis: observation in a spanish patient]. | | 2008 | 18588823 |
| association between fertility and molecular sub-type of global isolates of cryptococcus gattii molecular type vgii. | the basidiomycetous yeast cryptococcus gattii, is a primary pathogen which causes disease in apparently healthy humans and a wide range of animals. recently, an outbreak of cryptococcosis caused by a previously uncommon genotype of c. gattii, vgii, emerged on vancouver island, british columbia, canada. two pathogenic sub-types of vgii (designated vgiia and vgiib) were identified among these isolates. all of the isolates proved to be mating type alpha and had exceptionally high sporulation capaci ... | 2008 | 18651305 |
| cryptococcus gattii infections on vancouver island, british columbia, canada: emergence of a tropical fungus in a temperate environment. | cryptococcus gattii causes disease among immunocompetent individuals in the tropics and subtropics. we document the appearance of c. gattii infections on vancouver island (vi), a temperate region, and discuss reasons for this emergence. | 2008 | 18802986 |
| evaluation of the neo-sensitabs diffusion method for determining the antifungal susceptibilities of cryptococcus gattii isolates, using three different agar media. | the neo-sensitabs diffusion method was evaluated for determining the antifungal susceptibilities of 30 cryptococcus gattii isolates to amphotericin b (amb), fluconazole (flc), itraconazole (itc) and voriconazole (vrc). three different culture media, müeller-hinton (mh), rpmi 1640 (rpmi) and antibiotic medium 3 (am3), all supplemented with 2% of glucose and 0.5 microg/ml of methylene blue, were tested. the tests were repeated three times on different days at three incubation times (48, 72 and 96 ... | 2008 | 19071889 |
| cryptococcus gattii: emergence in western north america: exploitation of a novel ecological niche. | the relatively uncommon fungal pathogen cryptococcus gattii recently emerged as a significant cause of cryptococcal disease in human and animals in the pacific northwest of north america. although genetic studies indicated its possible presence in the pacific northwest for more than 30 years, c. gattii as an etiological agent was largely unknown in this region prior to 1999. the recent emergence may have been encouraged by changing conditions of climate or land use and/or host susceptibility, an ... | 2009 | 19266091 |
| promiscuous mitochondria in cryptococcus gattii. | cryptococcus gattii is a primary pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast comprising four genotypic groups. here we present data on two mitochondrial loci (mtlrrna and atp6). two of the genotypic groups, namely amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp)5/vgiii and aflp6/vgii, formed monophyletic lineages. the aflp4/vgi genotypic group, however, possessed five different mitochondrial genotypes that did not form a monophyletic lineage. the majority of these isolates contained mitochondrial genomes that ... | 2009 | 19281475 |
| new its genotype of cryptococcus gattii isolated from an aids patient in brazil. | based on combinations of nine variable nucleotides at nine different base positions in the its1-5.8s-its2 region, cryptococcus gattii strains were classified into six genotypes. a new genotype of c. gattii, designated as its type 8, was isolated from an aids patient in brazil. the its type 8 strain is closely related to the its type 4 strain, which has been frequently isolated in brazil and the usa, but which shows its-signatured nucleotide difference at each nucleotide position. the its type 8 ... | 2009 | 19291095 |
| environmental isolation of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii from living trees in guindy national park, chennai, south india. | we report for the first time the environmental isolation of cryptococcus neoformans from decaying wood and bark debris of living trees in guindy national park, chennai, south india. of the 40 trees screened, four isolates of cryptococcus species were recovered of which two were cryptococcus gattii, one was c. neoformans and one was untypable. the isolation of c. neoformans from eucalyptus globulus and c. gattii from cassia marginata in this study constitutes the first record of the natural occur ... | 2010 | 19389069 |
| cryptococcus gattii meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent person 13 months after exposure. | a 53-year old immunocompetent swiss female is described who developed severe meningoencephalitis due to infection with cryptococcus gattii 13 months following exposure on vancouver island, canada. diagnosis was based on cerebrospinal fluid (csf) examination, i.e., positive india-ink staining, positive latex particle agglutination, and positive culture. species identification was performed by growth on l-canavanine-glycine-bromthymol blue medium and by sequencing of the intergenic and internal tr ... | 2009 | 19390780 |
| divergence, hybridization, and recombination in the mitochondrial genome of the human pathogenic yeast cryptococcus gattii. | the inheritance of mitochondrial genes and genomes are uniparental in most sexual eukaryotes. this pattern of inheritance makes mitochondrial genomes in natural populations effectively clonal. here, we examined the mitochondrial population genetics of the emerging human pathogenic fungus cryptococcus gattii. the dna sequences for five mitochondrial dna fragments were obtained from each of 50 isolates belonging to two evolutionary divergent lineages, vgi and vgii. our analyses revealed a greater ... | 2009 | 19457185 |
| consensus multi-locus sequence typing scheme for cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii. | this communication describes the consensus multi-locus typing scheme established by the cryptococcal working group i (genotyping of cryptococcus neoformans and c. gattii) of the international society for human and animal mycology (isham) using seven unlinked genetic loci for global strain genotyping. these genetic loci include the housekeeping genes cap59,gpd1, lac1, plb1, sod1, ura5 and the igs1 region. allele and sequence type information are accessible at http://www.mlst.net/ . | 2009 | 19462334 |
| molecular typing and antifungal susceptibility of clinical and environmental cryptococcus neoformans species complex isolates in goiania, brazil. | a total of 124 cryptococcus isolates, including 84 clinical strains obtained from cerebrospinal fluid from aids patients and 40 environmental isolates from pigeon excreta and from eucalyptus trees, were studied. the varieties, serotypes, phospholipase activity and molecular profile of these isolates were determined. cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii serotype a was identified in 120 isolates and cryptococcus gattii serotype b in four isolates. the clinical isolates showed higher phospholipase a ... | 2010 | 19500261 |
| cryptococcus gattii: an emerging cause of fungal disease in north america. | during the latter half of the twentieth century, fungal pathogens such as cryptococcus neoformans were increasingly recognized as a significant threat to the health of immune compromised populations throughout the world. until recently, the closely related species c. gattii was considered to be a low-level endemic pathogen that was confined to tropical regions such as australia. since 1999, c. gattii has emerged in the pacific northwest region of north america and has been responsible for a larg ... | 2009 | 19503836 |
| first reported case of cryptococcus gattii in the southeastern usa: implications for travel-associated acquisition of an emerging pathogen. | in 2007, the first confirmed case of cryptococcus gattii was reported in the state of north carolina, usa. an otherwise healthy hiv negative male patient presented with a large upper thigh cryptococcoma in february, which was surgically removed and the patient was started on long-term high-dose fluconazole treatment. in may of 2007, the patient presented to the duke university hospital emergency room with seizures. magnetic resonance imaging revealed two large cns lesions found to be cryptococco ... | 2009 | 19516904 |
| genetic diversity of the cryptococcus species complex suggests that cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties. | the cryptococcus species complex contains two sibling taxa, cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii. both species are basidiomycetous yeasts and major pathogens of humans and other mammals. genotyping methods have identified major haploid molecular types of c. neoformans (vni, vnii, vnb and vniv) and of c. gattii (vgi, vgii, vgiii and vgiv). to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among these haploid genotypes, we selected 73 strains from 2000 globally collected isolates investigat ... | 2009 | 19517012 |
| inteins in pathogenic fungi: a phylogenetic tool and perspectives for therapeutic applications. | inteins or 'internal proteins' are coding sequences that are transcribed and translated with flanking sequences (exteins). after translation, the inteins are excised by an autocatalytic process and the host protein assumes its normal conformation and develops its expected function. these parasitic genetic elements have been found in important, conserved proteins in all three domains of life. most of the eukaryotic inteins are present in the fungi kingdom and the prp8 intein is one of the most wi ... | 2009 | 19547879 |
| astemizole and an analogue promote fungicidal activity of fluconazole against cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and cryptococcus gattii. | cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of fungal meningitis, a life-threatening infection that occurs predominately in immuocompromised patients. current drug therapies are limited to amphotericin b, flucytosine and the azoles since the echinocandins have no demonstrated activity against yeast like pathogens. fluconazole, a drug belonging to the azole class and often the only available antifungal in the developing world, is fungistatic and therefore not effective in clearing cryptococcal i ... | 2010 | 19572230 |
| dexamethasone in cryptococcus gattii central nervous system infection. | clinical outcomes were reviewed for 4 patients with cryptococcus gattii central nervous system infection who received dexamethasone for the treatment of persisting mental status abnormalities and focal lesions on brain scan despite culture-negative cerebrospinal fluid and the management of intracranial pressure. favorable clinical responses were observed in 3 patients. although corticosteroids are not recommended for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis, these observations suggest that dexam ... | 2009 | 19589083 |
| spores as infectious propagules of cryptococcus neoformans. | cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are closely related pathogenic fungi that cause pneumonia and meningitis in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts and are a significant global infectious disease risk. both species are found in the environment and are acquired via inhalation, leading to an initial pulmonary infection. the infectious propagule is unknown but is hypothesized to be small desiccated yeast cells or spores produced by sexual reproduction (opposite- or same-sex ... | 2009 | 19620339 |
| epidemiology of cryptococcosis in malaysia. | this study describes the isolation of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii from patients with chronic meningitis who were admitted to 16 malaysian hospitals, from 2003 to 2004. of the 96 cryptococcal cases reported over the 2-year period, 74 (77.1%) patients were male and 45 (46.9%) patients were between 30 and 39 years old. cryptococcosis was uncommon in children. a total of 57 (59.4%) and 23 (24.0%) patients were malay and chinese respectively. human immunodeficiency virus infection ... | 2010 | 19627508 |
| cryptococcus gattii isolates from the british columbia cryptococcosis outbreak induce less protective inflammation in a murine model of infection than cryptococcus neoformans. | the fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans causes approximately one million cases of cryptococcosis per year in people with aids. in contrast, the related species c. gattii is responsible for a much smaller number of cases, but these often occur in immunocompetent people. in fact, c. gattii has emerged in the last decade as the frequent cause of cryptococcosis in otherwise healthy people in british columbia. we analyzed the immune responses elicited by three c. gattii strains and one c. neoform ... | 2009 | 19635827 |
| the fatal fungal outbreak on vancouver island is characterized by enhanced intracellular parasitism driven by mitochondrial regulation. | in 1999, the population of vancouver island, canada, began to experience an outbreak of a fatal fungal disease caused by a highly virulent lineage of cryptococcus gattii. this organism has recently spread to the canadian mainland and pacific northwest, but the molecular cause of the outbreak remains unknown. here we show that the vancouver island outbreak (vio) isolates have dramatically increased their ability to replicate within macrophages of the mammalian immune system in comparison with oth ... | 2009 | 19651610 |
| the trehalose synthesis pathway is an integral part of the virulence composite for cryptococcus gattii. | the trehalose pathway is essential for stress tolerance and virulence in fungi. we investigated the importance of this pathway for virulence of the pathogenic yeast cryptococcus gattii using the highly virulent vancouver island, canada, outbreak strain r265. three genes putatively involved in trehalose biosynthesis, tps1 (trehalose-6-phosphate [t6p] synthase) and tps2 (t6p phosphatase), and degradation, nth1 (neutral trehalose), were deleted in this strain, creating the r265tps1 delta, r265tps2 ... | 2009 | 19651856 |
| real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii in human samples. | we report a taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocol for diagnosing cryptococcosis. specificity was tested with 33 fungal strains. the 7 clinical samples found positive by culture also tested positive by real-time pcr. no false negatives were found among the 94 clinical samples that were negative by culture for cryptococcus spp. the sensitivity threshold was about 10 plasmid copies per assay. | 2009 | 19679239 |
| differentiation of cryptococcus neoformans varieties and cryptococcus gattii using cap59-based loop-mediated isothermal dna amplification. | members of the cryptococcus species complex (c. neoformans and c. gattii) are opportunistic pathogens responsible for frequently fatal cases of meningoencephalitis. these yeasts have been classified into five serotypes. serotypes a and d are assigned to c. neoformans var. grubii and c. neoformans var. neoformans, respectively, serotype ad strains are hybrids and serotype b and c strains are considered to belong to the related but distinct species c. gattii. previous studies have identified 'sero ... | 2010 | 19694768 |
| first isolation of cryptococcus gattii molecular type vgii and cryptococcus neoformans molecular type vni from environmental sources in the city of belém, pará, brazil. | cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are important agents of meningoencephalitis in humans in the city of belém. this clinical data suggests that the region may be a highly endemic area for the pathogenic cryptococcus species within the state of pará (pa), northern brazil. preliminary analysis of 11 environmental samples from the city of belém showed two positive locations, including a hollow of a kassod tree (senna siamea) colonized simultaneously by c. gattii molecular type vgii and ... | 2009 | 19722095 |
| spread of cryptococcus gattii into pacific northwest region of the united states. | cryptococcus gattii has emerged as a human and animal pathogen in the pacific northwest. first recognized on vancouver island, british columbia, canada, it now involves mainland british columbia, and washington and oregon in the united states. in canada, the incidence of disease has been one of the highest worldwide. in the united states, lack of cryptococcal species identification and case surveillance limit our knowledge of c. gattii epidemiology. infections in the pacific northwest are caused ... | 2009 | 19757550 |
| identification of cryptococcus gattii by use of l-canavanine glycine bromothymol blue medium and dna sequencing. | cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are closely related pathogenic fungi. cryptococcus neoformans is ecologically widespread and affects primarily immunocompromised patients, while c. gattii is traditionally found in tropical climates and has been reported to cause disease in immunocompetent patients. l-canavanine glycine bromothymol blue (cgb) agar can be used to differentiate c. neoformans and c. gattii, but there are few reports of its performance in routine clinical practice. gro ... | 2009 | 19794048 |
| activated dormant cryptococcus gattii infection in a dutch tourist who visited vancouver island (canada): a molecular epidemiological approach. | an ongoing outbreak of cryptococcus gattii-caused infections, which emerged on vancouver island and the pacific northwest, has affected more than 200 of the islands' residents, of whom eight died. while c. gattii infections are rarely described in travelers, we report a case of cryptococcosis caused by c. gattii in a patient treated with high dose corticosteroids for systemic lupus erythematosus induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia. she acquired the disease during a visit to vancouver island one ... | 2010 | 19824880 |
| müeller-hinton methylene blue media as an alternative to rpmi 1640 for determining the susceptibility of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii to posaconazole with etest. | mueller-hinton modified agar (mh-gmb) was compared with rpmi + 2% glucose-agar to determine the mics of 80 isolates of cryptococcus neoformans and c. gattii to posaconazole with etest. mh-gmb minimised trailing and agreement between both media was 94%. agreement of m27-a2 microbroth reference method was 98% with rpmi and 94% with mb-gmb. | 2010 | 19863724 |
| genotyping of mexican cryptococcus neoformans and c. gattii isolates by pcr-fingerprinting. | cryptococcosis in méxico is caused by both species of the cryptococcus species complex i.e., cryptococcus neoformans and c. gattii. the current study was aimed to determine genetic variability of 72 mexican clinical isolates using pcr-fingerprinting with the primer m13. pcr fingerprinting revealed 55 vni, five vnii, three vniii, one vniv, two vgi, two vgii, two vgiii and two vgiv isolates among those studied. the results show that most cryptococcosis cases in méxico are aids related and are caus ... | 2009 | 19888804 |
| histopathology, serology and cultures in the diagnosis of cryptococcosis. | cryptococcosis is one of the most common opportunistic fungal infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). we report 13 cases of cryptococcal infection based on histopathology, serology and cultures. epidemiological analysis, histochemical techniques of hematoxilin and eosin (he) and grocot's silver (gms), as well special histochemical techniques such as mayer's mucicarmine (mm) and fontana-masson (fm), cryptococcal antigen test (crag) and isolation on fungal media: sab ... | 2009 | 19893977 |
| genotype and mating type distribution within clinical cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii isolates from patients with cryptococcal meningitis in uberaba, minas gerais, brazil. | we molecularly characterized 81 cryptococcal isolates recovered from cerebrospinal fluid samples of 77 patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2007 as having cryptococcal meningitis in uberaba minas gerais, brazil. fifty-seven (74%) were male with a mean age 35.6 years. seventy-two (88.9%) of the isolates were from 68 aids patients and cryp-tococcosis was the first aids-defining condition in 38 (55.9%) patients. cryptococcosis and aids were simultaneously diagnosed in 25 (65.8%) of these 38 patients ... | 2010 | 19905964 |
| cryptococcal meningitis with an antecedent cutaneous cryptococcal lesion. | cutaneous cryptococcosis, caused by an encapsulated yeast, cryptococcus neoformans, is generally associated with concomitant systemic infection. here we report a case of primary cutaneous cryptococcosis with spread to central nervous system in an hiv seronegative young boy. in the present case, a 17-year-old boy who was suffering from a non-healing ulcer on his right great toe for 5 months, presented with the signs and symptoms of meningitis. cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii was isolated from ... | 2009 | 19930999 |
| a rare case of pulmonary cryptococcal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. | in a recent outbreak in british columbia (bc), canada, cryptococcus gattii, a rare species of cryptococcus, was noted to affect primarily immunocompetent hosts and cause limited pulmonary or cns disease. we herein report a rare case of a pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor caused by a cryptococcus infection, presumed to be of the gattii species, in a 20-year-old immunocompetent college student from vancouver, bc who presented with a large lung mass. the diagnosis was first made on the f ... | 2010 | 19937947 |
| correlation of genotype and in vitro susceptibilities of cryptococcus gattii strains from the pacific northwest of the united states. | cryptococcus gattii emerged in north america in 1999 as a human and veterinary pathogen on vancouver island, british columbia. the emergent subtype, vgiia, and the closely related subtype vgiib can now be found in the united states in washington, oregon, and california. we performed multilocus sequence typing and antifungal susceptibility testing on 43 isolates of c. gattii from human patients in oregon, washington, california, and idaho. in contrast to vancouver island, vgiia was the most frequ ... | 2010 | 20007380 |
| projecting global occurrence of cryptococcus gattii. | cryptococcus gattii and c. neoformans cause pulmonary and systemic cryptococcosis. recently, c. gattii was recognized as a distinct pathogen of humans and animals. we analyzed information from 400 publications (1948-2008) to examine whether the fungus occurs globally. known distribution of c. gattii is possibly limited because specialized reagents for differentiation from c. neoformans are not readily available and not always used, and environmental surveys are patchy. however, autochthonous rep ... | 2010 | 20031037 |
| clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america. | cryptococcosis is a global invasive mycosis associated with significant morbidity and mortality. these guidelines for its management have been built on the previous infectious diseases society of america guidelines from 2000 and include new sections. there is a discussion of the management of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in 3 risk groups: (1) human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals, (2) organ transplant recipients, and (3) non-hiv-infected and nontransplant hosts. there are s ... | 2010 | 20047480 |
| galactoxylomannans from cryptococcus neoformans varieties neoformans and grubii are structurally and antigenically variable. | prior studies have established that the cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide component galactoxylomannan (galxm) manifests serotype-related structural differences that translate into antigenic differences. we analyzed galxm from acapsular serotype a and d strains by carbohydrate analysis and static and dynamic light scattering to determine mass, effective diameter, polydispersity, and diffusion coefficients. multiangle laser light scattering showed that galxm from c. neoformans var. g ... | 2010 | 20061411 |
| c-type lectin langerin is a beta-glucan receptor on human langerhans cells that recognizes opportunistic and pathogenic fungi. | langerhans cells (lcs) lining the stratified epithelia and mucosal tissues are the first antigen presenting cells to encounter invading pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria and fungi. fungal infections form a health threat especially in immuno-compromised individuals. lcs express c-type lectin langerin that has specificity for mannose, fucose and glcnac structures. little is known about the role of human langerin in fungal infections. our data show that langerin interacts with both mannan and be ... | 2010 | 20097424 |
| epidemiology of cryptococcus gattii, british columbia, canada, 1999-2007. | british columbia, canada, has the largest reported population of cryptococcus gattii-infected persons worldwide. to assess the impact of illness, we retrospectively analyzed demographic and clinical features of reported cases, hospitalizations, and deaths during 1999-2007. a total of 218 cases were reported (average annual incidence 5.8 per million persons). most persons who sought treatment had respiratory illness (76.6%) or lung cryptococcoma (75.4%). persons without hiv/aids hospitalized with ... | 2010 | 20113555 |
| cryptococcus gattii outbreak expands into the northwestern united states with fatal consequences. | in the past decade, the primary fungal pathogen cryptococcus gattii has evolved and adapted to the temperate climate of the pacific northwest region of north america. this pathogen is now endemic and an increasingly common cause of life-threatening pulmonary and central nervous system infections that are difficult to manage and, in some cases, fatal to humans and other mammals throughout the region. a series of recent reports provide evidence that evolutionary, climatic, and anthropogenic factor ... | 2009 | 20150950 |
| extracellular dnase activity of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii. | extracellular dnase activity was studied in 73 strains of cryptococcus neoformans and 12 strains of cryptococcus gattii. dnase activity was measured by dnase agar clearance with and without methyl green. all strains tested showed extracellular dnase activity and no significant difference was found betweenc. neoformans and c. gattii strains. dnase production was higher in strains from clinical origin (average radius of 6.2 mm) than among environmental strains (average radius of 2.9 mm). the extra ... | 2010 | 20167522 |
| clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of cryptococcus gattii cases: lessons learned from british columbia. | the environmental fungus cryptococcus gattii emerged on vancouver island, british columbia (bc), in 1999. by the end of 2006, it led to 176 cases and eight deaths - one of the highest burdens of c gattii disease worldwide. the present paper describes three cases, and the bc experience in the diagnosis and management of this infection. all three cases presented with pulmonary findings, including cryptococcomas and infiltrates. one also presented with brain cryptococcomas. cases were diagnosed by ... | 2009 | 20190892 |
| [first description of phenotypic profile and in vitro drug susceptibility of cryptococcus spp yeast isolated from hiv-positive and hiv-negative patients in state of mato grosso]. | thirty-seven isolates from 10 hiv-negative and 26 hiv-positive patients in mato grosso were evaluated. direct examination, culturing and chemotyping of species were performed. ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, fluconazole and amphotericin b were evaluated. thirty-seven yeasts of cryptococcus spp were identified, of which 26 were from hiv-positive patients (25 cryptococcus neoformans and one cryptococcus gattii) and 10 from hiv-negative patients (five cryptococcus neoformans and five cryp ... | 2009 | 20209351 |
| [systemic mycosis: factors associated with death among patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, cuiabá, state of mato grosso, brazil, 2005-2008]. | between 2005 and 2008, the prevalence of systemic mycosis among 1,300 hiv/aids patients in cuiabá, mato grosso, was 4.6%. the fungus species isolated were cryptococcus neoformans in 50%, cryptococcus gattii in 1.6%, cryptococcus spp in 6.6%, histoplasma capsulatum in 38.3% and paracoccidioides brasiliensis in 3.3%. death was recorded in the cases of 32 patients (53.3%), and cryptococcosis was the main cause. the cd4+ t lymphocyte count was low and similar among patients who survived or died due ... | 2009 | 20209358 |
| morphological and genomic characterization of filobasidiella depauperata: a homothallic sibling species of the pathogenic cryptococcus species complex. | the fungal species cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii cause respiratory and neurological disease in animals and humans following inhalation of basidiospores or desiccated yeast cells from the environment. sexual reproduction in c. neoformans and c. gattii is controlled by a bipolar system in which a single mating type locus (mat) specifies compatibility. these two species are dimorphic, growing as yeast in the asexual stage, and producing hyphae, basidia, and basidiospores during th ... | 2010 | 20224779 |
| cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii genes preferentially expressed during rat macrophage infection. | cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are encapsulated yeast agents of cryptococcosis and facultative intracellular pathogens. the interaction of these yeasts with macrophages is essential for containing the infection. however, cryptococcus spp. overcome this initial host defense barrier using a unique pathogenic strategy involving intracellular replication and cytoplasmic accumulation of polysaccharide-containing vesicles. here, we employed representational difference analysis (rda) t ... | 2010 | 20302549 |
| genotypic characterization of environmental isolates of cryptococcus gattii from puerto rico. | cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are found in distinct environments with some overlap around different parts of the world. however, no systematic surveys of these two pathogens have been reported from puerto rico, a tropical island uniquely situated between mainland usa and countries in south america. we carried out an exhaustive environmental survey in southwestern puerto rico for pathogenic cryptococcus species. twenty-two presumptive isolates of c. gattii from cacti and tree de ... | 2010 | 20306144 |
| global vgiia isolates are of comparable virulence to the major fatal cryptococcus gattii vancouver island outbreak genotype. | the ongoing cryptococcosis outbreak on vancouver island, bc, canada, is caused by two vgii sub-genotypes of the primary pathogen, cryptococcus gattii: vgiia isolates predominate, whereas vgiib isolates are rare. although higher virulence of the vgiia genotype has been proposed, an unresolved key question is whether vgiia isolates from other regions are also more virulent than vgiib isolates. we report the relationship between genotype and virulence for a global collection of c. gattii vgiia and ... | 2011 | 20331682 |
| heteroresistance of cryptococcus gattii to fluconazole. | we analyzed 71 clinical and environmental cryptococcus gattii strains that had been isolated before or after the advent of azole antifungals to determine their level of heteroresistance to fluconazole (lhf). all strains of c. gattii manifested heteroresistance, with lhfs that ranged between 4 microg/ml and 32 microg/ml. a considerably higher proportion of the c. gattii strains (86%) than cryptococcus neoformans strains (46%) exhibited lhfs that were > or =16 microg/ml. no significant correlation ... | 2010 | 20385871 |
| the search for the natural habitat of cryptococcus gattii. | | 2010 | 20414730 |
| emergence and pathogenicity of highly virulent cryptococcus gattii genotypes in the northwest united states. | cryptococcus gattii causes life-threatening disease in otherwise healthy hosts and to a lesser extent in immunocompromised hosts. the highest incidence for this disease is on vancouver island, canada, where an outbreak is expanding into neighboring regions including mainland british columbia and the united states. this outbreak is caused predominantly by c. gattii molecular type vgii, specifically vgiia/major. in addition, a novel genotype, vgiic, has emerged in oregon and is now a major source ... | 2010 | 20421942 |
| in-hospital mortality of hiv-infected cryptococcal meningitis patients with c. gattii and c. neoformans infection in gaborone, botswana. | the clinical presentations and outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis (cm) may be associated with the cryptococcal species causing the infections. to evaluate clinical differences between cm caused by c. neoformans and cryptococcus gattii, we examined outcomes in hiv-infected adults with cm admitted to princess marina hospital in gaborone, botswana. among hiv-infected adults with cm, we found that 29 of 96 (30%) patients were infected with c. gattii, but species type was not associated with in-hosp ... | 2010 | 20438294 |
| ecological niche modeling of cryptococcus gattii in british columbia, canada. | cryptococcus gattii emerged on vancouver island, british columbia (bc), canada, in 1999, causing human and animal illness. environmental sampling for c.gattii in southwestern bc has isolated the fungal organism from native vegetation, soil, air, and water. | 2010 | 20439176 |
| variability of phenotypic traits in cryptococcus varieties and species and the resulting implications for pathogenesis. | variability of phenotypic characteristics in cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and var. neoformans as well as cryptococcus gattii can have diverse effects on the virulence of these fungi and are thus important for pathogenesis. this article summarizes the diverse phenotypic changes that these fungi can manifest. we divide changes into those that affect the entire fungal population and are predominantly induced by environmental signals, and those that involve subpopulations of the fungal popula ... | 2010 | 20441549 |
| cutaneous cryptococcosis due to cryptococcus gattii in a patient on chronic corticotherapy. | cryptococcus gattii causes a form of endemic mycosis that most commonly affects the lungs and central nervous system of immunocompetent patients living in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. case report. a 66-year-old man who had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease without hiv infection and had been on systemic corticotherapy for several years developed extensive ulceration of the left forearm that was associated with ipsilateral supraclavicular adenomegaly, consequent to infection wi ... | 2010 | 20464157 |
| isolation of cryptococcus gattii molecular type vgiii, from corymbia ficifolia detritus in colombia. | an environmental sampling survey was carried out in different areas of bogotá, colombia, to obtain isolates of members of the cryptococcus neoformans/c. gattii species complex from corymbia ficifolia trees. during a 6-month period in 2007, 128 samples consisting of bark, soil around trunk bases, detritus, seeds and flowers were collected from 91 trees and processed according to standard procedures. the molecular type was determined using ura5 restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analy ... | 2010 | 20465517 |