| genogroup iv and vi canine noroviruses interact with histo-blood group antigens. | human noroviruses (hunv) are a significant cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. hunv attaches to cell surface carbohydrate structures known as histo-blood group antigens (hbgas) prior to internalization, and hbga polymorphism among human populations is closely linked to susceptibility to hunv. noroviruses are divided into 6 genogroups, with human strains grouped into genogroups i (gi), ii, and iv. canine norovirus (cnv) is a recently discovered pathogen in dogs, with strains class ... | 2014 | 25008923 |
| nlrp6 regulates intestinal antiviral innate immunity. | the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (nlrp) 6 maintains gut microbiota homeostasis and regulates antibacterial immunity. we now report a role for nlrp6 in the control of enteric virus infection. nlrp6(-/-) and control mice systemically challenged with encephalomyocarditis virus had similar mortality; however, the gastrointestinal tract of nlrp6(-/-) mice exhibited increased viral loads. nlrp6(-/-) mice orally infected with encephalomyocarditis virus had increased mortality ... | 2015 | 26494172 |
| rapid, simple and efficient method for detection of viral genomes on raspberries. | in recent years, foodborne viruses, especially human noroviruses (nov) and hepatitis a virus (hav), have been increasingly reported as the causes of foodborne disease outbreaks. soft red fruits, especially raspberries, have a high incidence among the types of food concerned. due to low infectious doses and low concentrations of enteric viruses in food samples, it is necessary to have an efficient and rapid detection method to implement prevention measures. a standard method for virus detection a ... | 2015 | 26318917 |
| removal of surrogate bacteriophages and enteric viruses from seeded environmental waters using a semi-technical ultrafiltration unit. | experiments to determine the removal of viruses in different types of water (surface water from two reservoirs for drinking water treatment, treated groundwater and groundwater contaminated with either 5 or 30 % of wastewater) by ultrafiltration were performed with a semi-technical ultrafiltration unit. concentrations of human adenoviruses (hadvs), murine norovirus (mnv), and the bacteriophages ms2, φx174 and prd1 were measured in the feed water and the filtrate, and log removal values were calc ... | 2015 | 25786890 |
| recovery of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus from plasmids encoding emcv ires in stable cell lines expressing t7 polymerase. | reverse genetics systems constitute one of the most important and powerful tools to study the molecular biology of viruses. we developed a new strategy for the recovery of murine norovirus from a single plasmid in which a bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase (t7pol) promoter for transcription and an emcv ires for efficient translation were engineered immediately upstream of the viral genome. infectious noroviruses were recovered following transfection of the newly designed plasmid into nonpermissive ... | 2015 | 25698463 |
| effect of temperature and relative humidity on the survival of foodborne viruses during food storage. | millions of people suffer from foodborne diseases throughout the world every year, and the importance of food safety has grown worldwide in recent years. the aim of this study was to investigate the survival of hepatitis a virus (hav) and viral surrogates of human norovirus (hunov) (bacteriophage ms2 and murine norovirus [mnv]) in food over time. hav, mnv, and ms2 were inoculated onto either the digestive gland of oysters or the surface of fresh peppers, and their survival on these food matrices ... | 2015 | 25576612 |
| evaluating efficacy of field-generated electrochemical oxidants on disinfection of fomites using bacteriophage ms2 and mouse norovirus mnv-1 as pathogenic virus surrogates. | surface disinfection, as part of environmental hygiene practices, is an efficient barrier to gastroenteritis transmission. however, surface disinfectants may be difficult to obtain in remote, resource-limited, or disaster relief settings. electrochemical oxidants (eco) are chlorine-based disinfectants that can be generated using battery power to electrolyze brine (nacl) solutions. electrolysis generates a mixed-oxidant solution that contains both chlorine (hocl, ocl(-)) and reactive oxygen speci ... | 2014 | 24562764 |
| virus inactivation on hard surfaces or in suspension by chemical disinfectants: systematic review and meta-analysis of norovirus surrogates. | norovirus (nov) infections are the leading cause of foodborne illness in the united states. effective disinfection is important for controlling outbreaks caused by this highly infectious virus but can be difficult to achieve because nov is very resistant to many common disinfection protocols. the inability of human nov to replicate in tissue culture complicates nov research, generally necessitating genome copy quantification, the use of surrogate viruses, or the use of other substitutes such as ... | 2013 | 23726196 |
| survival and inactivation of human norovirus surrogates in blueberry juice by high-pressure homogenization. | human noroviruses (hnov) have been implicated in gastrointestinal outbreaks associated with fresh produce, juices, and ready-to-eat foods. in order to determine the risk of hnov transmission by contaminated blueberry juice, survival characteristics of cultivable hnov surrogates (murine norovirus, mnv-1; feline calicivirus, fcv-f9; and bacteriophage ms2) in blueberry juice (ph = 2.77) after 0, 1, 2, 7, 14, and 21 days at refrigeration temperatures (4°c) were studied. high-pressure homogenization ... | 2012 | 23113725 |
| inactivation of human norovirus surrogates by benzalkonium chloride, potassium peroxymonosulfate, tannic acid, and gallic acid. | novel methods to effectively disinfect contact surfaces and prevent human norovirus transmission are essential. the effect of benzalkonium chloride (bac), potassium peroxymonosulfate (kpms), tannic acid (ta), and gallic acid (ga) on enteric virus surrogates, murine norovirus (mnv-1), feline calicivirus (fcv-f9), and bacteriophage ms2 was studied. viruses at high (∼7 log₁₀ pfu/ml) or low (∼5 log₁₀ pfu/ml) titers were mixed with equal volumes of bac (0.2, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml), kpms (5, 10, and 20 mg/ ... | 2012 | 22897744 |
| tlr-7 activation enhances il-22-mediated colonization resistance against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. | antibiotic administration can disrupt the intestinal microbiota and down-regulate innate immune defenses, compromising colonization resistance against orally acquired bacterial pathogens. vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vre), a major cause of antibiotic-resistant infections in hospitalized patients, thrives in the intestine when colonization resistance is compromised, achieving extremely high densities that can lead to bloodstream invasion and sepsis. viral infections, by mechanisms t ... | 2016 | 26912904 |
| elimination of representative contaminant candidate list viruses, coxsackievirus, echovirus, hepatitis a virus, and norovirus, from water by coagulation processes. | we examined the removal of representative contaminant candidate list (ccl) viruses (coxsackievirus [cv] b5, echovirus type [ev] 11, and hepatitis a virus [hav] ib), recombinant norovirus virus-like particles (rnv-vlps), and murine norovirus (mnv) type 1 by coagulation. water samples were subjected to coagulation with polyaluminum chloride (pacl, basicity 1.5) followed by either settling or settling and filtration. together with our previously published results, the removal ratio order, as evalua ... | 2017 | 28011355 |
| epa method 1615. measurement of enterovirus and norovirus occurrence in water by culture and rt-qpcr. part iii. virus detection by rt-qpcr. | epa method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. this method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the unregulated contaminant monitoring rule. herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (rna) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcripti ... | 2016 | 26862985 |
| propidium monoazide reverse transcriptase pcr and rt-qpcr for detecting infectious enterovirus and norovirus. | presently there is no established cell line or small animal model that allows for the detection of infectious human norovirus. current methods based on rt-pcr and rt-qpcr detect both infectious and non-infectious virus and thus the conclusions that may be drawn regarding the public health significance of positive findings are limited. in this study, pma rt-pcr and rt-qpcr assays were evaluated for selective detection of infectious poliovirus, murine norovirus (mnv-1), and norwalk virus. viruses ... | 2015 | 25796356 |
| concentration of enteric viruses in large volumes of water using a cartridge-type mixed cellulose ester membrane. | a viral adsorption-elution method using a flat/disk-type electronegative membrane (diameter of 47-90 mm) has been widely utilized to concentrate viruses in relatively small volumes of water (up to 10 l) due to limited filtration area. in the present study, we aimed to develop a virus concentration method that is based on the same principle and yet allows concentration of large volumes of water using a cartridge-type electronegative membrane. we modified two electronegative membrane-based methods ... | 2015 | 25326201 |
| virucidal activity of formulation i of the world health organization's alcohol-based handrubs: impact of changes in key ingredient levels and test parameters. | a recently modified world health organization (who) formulation i was examined as 80% and 97% solutions against poliovirus type 1, adenovirus type 5 and murine norovirus according to the new european norm pren 14476:2011. in a previous study the unmodified who formulation i had failed to demonstrate a sufficient activity against poliovirus type 1 according to the european norm en 14476-2007 whereas a sufficient activity was seen with adeno- and norovirus. | 2013 | 24330802 |
| evaluation of commercial kits for the extraction and purification of viral nucleic acids from environmental and fecal samples. | the extraction and purification of nucleic acids is a critical step in the molecular detection of enteric viruses from environmental or fecal samples. in the present study, the performance of three commercially available kits was assessed: the mo bio powerviral environmental dna/rna isolation kit, the qiagen qiaamp viral rna mini kit, and the zymo zr virus dna/rna extraction kit. viral particles of adenovirus 2 (adv), murine norovirus (mnv), and poliovirus type 1 (pv1) were spiked in molecular g ... | 2013 | 23578704 |
| neutral red assay for murine norovirus replication and detection in a mouse. | neutral red (nr) is a dye that must be actively imported into the cell, and, therefore, the dye has been used for decades to selectively stain living cells. in addition, nr can also be incorporated into virus particles, although the mechanism behind this is poorly understood. once encapsulated into the virion, nr, a light sensitive dye, can be photoactivated to inactivate the virus. the proposed mechanism explaining this observation is that activation of nr allows the dye to cross-link viral gen ... | 2013 | 27446977 |
| development and evaluation of epa method 1615 for detection of enterovirus and norovirus in water. | the u.s. epa developed a sample concentration and preparation assay in conjunction with the total culturable virus assay for concentrating and measuring culturable viruses in source and drinking waters as part of the information collection rule (icr) promulgated in 1996. in an effort to improve upon this method, the u.s. epa recently developed method 1615: measurement of enterovirus and norovirus occurrence in water by culture and rt-qpcr. method 1615 uses a culturable virus assay with reduced e ... | 2013 | 23087037 |
| inactivation of viruses and bacteriophages as models for swine hepatitis e virus in food matrices. | hepatitis e virus has been recognised as a food-borne virus hazard in pork products, due to its zoonotic properties. this risk can be reduced by adequate treatment of the food to inactivate food-borne viruses. we used a spectrum of viruses and bacteriophages to evaluate the effect of three food treatments: high pressure processing (hpp), lactic acid (la) and intense light pulse (ilp) treatments. on swine liver at 400 mpa for 10 min, hpp gave log10 reductions of ≥4.2, ≥5.0 and 3.4 for feline cali ... | 2017 | 27783334 |
| antimicrobial effects of vinegar against norovirus and escherichia coli in the traditional korean vinegared green laver (enteromorpha intestinalis) salad during refrigerated storage. | in korea, edible seaweeds are potentially regarded as high-risk foods with respect to enteric norovirus (nov) and non-pathogenic generic escherichia coli. this study investigated the antimicrobial effects of 5%, 10%, and 15% vinegar (6% acetic acid) on the survival of murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1), a human nov surrogate, and e. coli, a fecal indicator in experimentally contaminated raw fresh green lavers (enteromorpha intestinalis) during a 7-d storage period at 4°c. both mnv-1 titers and e. coli c ... | 2016 | 27665528 |
| development of lactobacillus paracasei harboring nucleic acid-hydrolyzing 3d8 scfv as a preventive probiotic against murine norovirus infection. | the protein 3d8 single-chain variable fragment (3d8 scfv) has potential anti-viral activity due to its ability to penetrate into cells and hydrolyze nucleic acids. probiotic lactobacillus paracasei engineered to secrete 3d8 scfv for oral administration was used to test the anti-viral effects of 3d8 scfv against gastrointestinal virus infections. we found that injection of 3d8 scfv into the intestinal lumen resulted in the penetration of 3d8 scfv into the intestinal villi and lamina propria. 3d8 ... | 2015 | 25487889 |
| structure-based design and functional studies of novel noroviral 3c protease chimaeras offer insights into substrate specificity. | the norovirus ns6 protease is a key target for anti-viral drug development. noroviruses encode a 2200 amino acid polyprotein which is cleaved by this critical protease at five defined boundary substrates into six mature non-structural (ns) proteins. studies of the human norovirus (hnv) ns6 protease, in the context of a full orf1 polyprotein, have been severely hampered because hnvs are not culturable. thus, investigations into the hnv ns6 protease have been largely restricted to in vitro assays ... | 2014 | 25275273 |
| effectiveness of calcium hypochlorite on viral and bacterial contamination of alfalfa seeds. | alfalfa sprouts have been involved in numerous foodborne outbreaks, which has increased the awareness for seed and sprout safety. this study compared the effectiveness of calcium hypochlorite (ca(ocl)2) on the inactivation of bacteria and viruses on alfalfa seeds and in the presence of a simulated organic load. alfalfa seeds were inoculated with human norovirus (hunov) genogroup ii (gii), murine norovirus (mnv), tulane virus (tv), escherichia coli o104:h4, and salmonella enterica serovar agona. ... | 2014 | 25055022 |
| efficacies of sodium hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium sanitizers for reduction of norovirus and selected bacteria during ware-washing operations. | cross-contamination of ready-to-eat (rte) foods with pathogens on contaminated tableware and food preparation utensils is an important factor associated with foodborne illnesses. to prevent this, restaurants and food service establishments are required to achieve a minimum microbial reduction of 5 logs from these surfaces. this study evaluated the sanitization efficacies of ware-washing protocols (manual and mechanical) used in restaurants to clean tableware items. ceramic plates, drinking glass ... | 2012 | 23227163 |
| hand hygiene regimens for the reduction of risk in food service environments. | pathogenic strains of escherichia coli and human norovirus are the main etiologic agents of foodborne illness resulting from inadequate hand hygiene practices by food service workers. this study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial and antiviral efficacy of various hand hygiene product regimens under different soil conditions representative of those in food service settings and assess the impact of product formulation on this efficacy. on hands contaminated with chicken broth containing e ... | 2012 | 22980014 |
| cdna cloning of korean human norovirus and nucleotidylylation of vpg by norovirus rna-dependent rna polymerase. | norovirus, a member of the caliciviridae family, is a major causative agent of gastroenteritis worldwide. the cdna of the entire genome of human norovirus (hunv) was cloned using the rna extracted from the stool sample of a korean patient. the rna genome consists of 7,559 nucleotides, carries 3 open reading frames (orfs), 5 and 3 noncoding regions, and a poly(a) tail at the 3 end. phylogenic analysis of the nucleotide sequence indicated that it belongs to gii.4, the most dominant genogroup. to a ... | 2012 | 22923111 |
| using limes and synthetic psoralens to enhance solar disinfection of water (sodis): a laboratory evaluation with norovirus, escherichia coli, and ms2. | we investigated the use of psoralens and limes to enhance solar disinfection of water (sodis) using an uv lamp and natural sunlight experiments. sodis conditions were replicated using sunlight, 2 l polyethylene terephthalate (pet) bottles, and tap water with escherichia coli, ms2 bacteriophage, and murine norovirus (mnv). psoralens and lime acidity both interact synergistically with uv radiation to accelerate inactivation of microbes. escherichia coli was ablated > 6.1 logs by sodis + lime slurr ... | 2012 | 22492137 |
| inherent structural disorder and dimerisation of murine norovirus ns1-2 protein. | human noroviruses are highly infectious viruses that cause the majority of acute, non-bacterial epidemic gastroenteritis cases worldwide. the first open reading frame of the norovirus rna genome encodes for a polyprotein that is cleaved by the viral protease into six non-structural proteins. the first non-structural protein, ns1-2, lacks any significant sequence similarity to other viral or cellular proteins and limited information is available about the function and biophysical characteristics ... | 2012 | 22347381 |
| antiviral potential of selected starter cultures, bacteriocins and d,l-lactic acid. | the antiviral potential of selected bacteria species [lactic acid bacteria (lab) and micrococcaceae] was examined. by this, the effect of their cell-free supernatants as well as of certain species-related metabolites (sakacin a, nisin, and lactic acid) was investigated on different viruses after exposure at 24 °c for 3 days. viruses were incubated with supernatants and metabolites in a dilution ratio of 1:10. data for antiviral effects towards murine norovirus s99 (mnv), influenza a virus a/wsn/ ... | 2014 | 24297091 |
| blueberry proanthocyanidins against human norovirus surrogates in model foods and under simulated gastric conditions. | blueberry proanthocyanidins (b-pac) are known to decrease titers of human norovirus surrogates in vitro. the application of b-pac as therapeutic or preventive options against foodborne viral illness needs to be determined using model foods and simulated gastric conditions in vitro. the objective of this study was to evaluate the antiviral effect of b-pac in model foods (apple juice (aj) and 2% reduced fat milk) and simulated gastrointestinal fluids against cultivable human norovirus surrogates ( ... | 2017 | 28040178 |
| inhibition of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus by edible herbal extracts. | human noroviruses (hunovs) cause foodborne and waterborne viral gastroenteritis worldwide. because hunov culture systems have not been developed thus far, no available medicines or vaccines preventing infection with hunovs exist. some herbal extracts were considered as phytomedicines because of their bioactive components. in this study, the inhibitory effects of 29 edible herbal extracts against the norovirus surrogates murine norovirus (mnv) and feline calicivirus (fcv) were examined. fcv was s ... | 2017 | 27807684 |
| curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation of norovirus surrogates. | photodynamic inactivation (pdi) is extensively used to inactivate different type of pathogens through the use of photosensitizers (ps). curcumin has been identified as an excellent natural photosensitizer with some potential applications in the food industry. the aim of this study was to assess the antiviral activity of photoactivated curcumin on norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (fcv), and murine norovirus (mnv). initially, different concentrations of curcumin (13.5-1358 µm) were individ ... | 2016 | 27496054 |
| virucidal efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide nebulization against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus, two surrogates of human norovirus. | human noroviruses (hunov) are amongst the leading causes of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and can be transmitted via person-to-person contact, via contact with contaminated surfaces or by consumption of contaminated food. contaminated surfaces in healthcare settings contribute to the transmission of viruses. no-touch automated room disinfection systems might prevent such a spread of contamination and thus their virucidal effect needs to be evaluated. the aim of this study was to ... | 2016 | 27384526 |
| reduction of enteric viruses by blueberry juice and blueberry proanthocyanidins. | blueberry and blueberry extracts are known for their health benefits and antimicrobial properties. natural therapeutic or preventive options to decrease the incidences of foodborne viral illnesses are becoming popular and being researched. this study aimed to determine the antiviral effects of blueberry juice (bj) and blueberry proanthocyanidins (bb-pac, b-type pac structurally different from a-type pac found in cranberries) against the infectivity of hepatitis a virus (hav) and human norovirus ... | 2016 | 27299641 |
| antiviral effect of theaflavins against caliciviruses. | caliciviruses are contagious pathogens of humans and various animals. they are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans, and can cause lethal diseases in domestic animals such as cats, rabbits and immunocompromised mice. in this study, we conducted cytopathic effect-based screening of 2080 selected compounds from our in-house library to find antiviral compounds against three culturable caliciviruses: feline calicivirus, murine norovirus (mnv) and porcine sapovirus (posav). we ide ... | 2017 | 27756911 |
| silicon dioxide impedes antiviral response and causes genotoxic insult during calicivirus replication. | noroviruses (nov) are the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans, and replicate extensively in the human gastrointestinal (gi) tract. silica (also known as silicon dioxide, sio2) nanoparticles (nps) used in processed foods, dairy products, and beverages also accumulate in the gi tract. we investigated the effect of silica nps on nov replication and host cell response during virus infection, using murine norovirus (mnv-1) infection of raw 264.7 murine macrophages. pretreatment wi ... | 2016 | 27547159 |
| protein-rna linkage and posttranslational modifications of feline calicivirus and murine norovirus vpg proteins. | members of the caliciviridae family of positive sense rna viruses cause a wide range of diseases in both humans and animals. the detailed characterization of the calicivirus life cycle had been hampered due to the lack of robust cell culture systems and experimental tools for many of the members of the family. however, a number of caliciviruses replicate efficiently in cell culture and have robust reverse genetics systems available, most notably feline calicivirus (fcv) and murine norovirus (mnv ... | 2016 | 27375966 |
| efficacy of cinnamaldehyde against enteric viruses and its activity after incorporation into biodegradable multilayer systems of interest in food packaging. | cinnamaldehyde (cnma), an organic compound that gives cinnamon its flavor and odor, was investigated for its virucidal activity on norovirus surrogates, murine norovirus (mnv) and feline calicivirus (fcv), and hepatitis a virus (hav). initially, different concentrations of cnma (0.1, 0.5 and 1 %) were individually mixed with each virus at titers of ca. 6-7 log10 tcid50/ml and incubated 2 h at 4 and 37 °c. cnma was effective in reducing the titers of norovirus surrogates in a dose-dependent manne ... | 2016 | 27008344 |
| antiviral effects of black raspberry (rubus coreanus) seed extract and its polyphenolic compounds on norovirus surrogates. | black raspberry seeds, a byproduct of wine and juice production, contain large quantities of polyphenolic compounds. the antiviral effects of black raspberry seed extract (rcs) and its fraction with molecular weight less than 1 kda (rcs-f1) were examined against food-borne viral surrogates, murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1) and feline calicivirus-f9 (fcv-f9). the maximal antiviral effect was achieved when rcs or rcs-f1 was added simultaneously to cells with mnv-1 or fcv-f9, reaching complete inhibition ... | 2016 | 26983677 |
| hydrogen peroxide vapor decontamination in a patient room using feline calicivirus and murine norovirus as surrogate markers for human norovirus. | to determine whether hydrogen peroxide vapor (hpv) could be used to decontaminate caliciviruses from surfaces in a patient room. | 2016 | 26861195 |
| the virucidal effects against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus f4 as surrogates for human norovirus by the different additive concentrations of ethanol-based sanitizers. | since human norovirus is non-cultivable, murine norovirus and feline calicivirus have been used as surrogates. in this study, the virucidal effects of ethanol-based sanitizers with different concentrations of additives (malic acid/sodium malate, glycerin-fatty acid ester) against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus f4 were examined. the ethanol-based sanitizers at ph 7 showed sufficient virucidal effects, but glycerin-fatty acid ester included in ethanol-based sanitizers at ph 4 or 6 reduced ... | 2016 | 26482918 |
| comparative virucidal efficacy of seven disinfectants against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus, surrogates of human norovirus. | human noroviruses (hunov) are the leading cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and can be transmitted either by person-to-person contact or by consumption of contaminated food. a knowledge of an efficient disinfection for both hands and food-contact surfaces is helpful for the food sector and provides precious information for public health. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seven disinfectants belonging to different groups of biocides (alcohol, halogen, oxidiz ... | 2016 | 26445948 |
| recovery and disinfection of two human norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus and murine norovirus, from hard nonporous and soft porous surfaces. | human norovirus is a leading cause of foodborne disease and can be transmitted through many routes, including environmental exposure to fomites. in this study, both the recovery and inactivation of two human norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (fcv) and murine norovirus (mnv), on hard nonporous surfaces (glass) and soft porous surfaces (polyester and cotton) were evaluated by both plaque assay and reverse transcription quantitative pcr method. two disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (8.25%) ... | 2015 | 26408133 |
| antiviral effects of grape seed extract against feline calicivirus, murine norovirus, and hepatitis a virus in model food systems and under gastric conditions. | grape seed extract (gse) has antiviral activities against hepatitis a virus (hav) and human norovirus surrogates (feline calicivirus (fcv-f9) and murine norovirus (mnv-1)). the objectives of this study were to determine (1) time and dose-dependence of gse against fcv-f9, mnv-1, and hav at room temperature (rt) and 37 °c over 24 h; and (2) gse effects in model foods (apple juice (aj) and 2% milk) and simulated gastric conditions at 37 °c. viruses at ∼5 log pfu/ml were treated with 0.5-8 mg/ml gse ... | 2015 | 26338111 |
| efficacy of common disinfectant/cleaning agents in inactivating murine norovirus and feline calicivirus as surrogate viruses for human norovirus. | the efficacies of disinfection by sodium hypochlorite, accelerated hydrogen peroxide (ahp), and quaternary ammonium compound (quat) commonly used in health care facilities were determined using the surrogate viruses murine norovirus (mnv-1) and feline calicivirus (fcv). | 2015 | 26254499 |
| enteric viral surrogate reduction by chitosan. | enteric viruses are a major problem in the food industry, especially as human noroviruses are the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. chitosan is known to be effective against some enteric viral surrogates, but more detailed studies are needed to determine the precise application variables. the main objective of this work was to determine the effect of increasing chitosan concentration (0.7-1.5% w/v) on the cultivable enteric viral surrogates, feline calicivirus (fcv-f9), murine norov ... | 2015 | 26162243 |
| aqueous extracts of hibiscus sabdariffa calyces decrease hepatitis a virus and human norovirus surrogate titers. | hibiscus sabdariffa extract is known to have antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and antimicrobial properties. however, their effects against foodborne viruses are currently unknown. the objective of this study was to determine the antiviral effects of aqueous extracts of h. sabdariffa against human norovirus surrogates (feline calicivirus (fcv-f9) and murine norovirus (mnv-1)) and hepatitis a virus (hav) at 37 °c over 24 h. individual viruses (~5 log pfu/ml) were incubated with 40 or 100 mg/ml of aqueo ... | 2015 | 26143492 |
| physicochemical stability profile of tulane virus: a human norovirus surrogate. | human norovirus (hunov) is estimated to cause 19-21 million illnesses each year in the us. a major limitation in hunov research is the lack of an in vitro culture system; therefore, surrogate viruses including murine norovirus (mnv) and feline calicivirus (fcv) are used to study hunov. here, we aim to establish the physiochemical properties of tulane virus (tv)—a newer hunov surrogate. | 2015 | 26104882 |
| feline calicivirus, murine norovirus, porcine sapovirus, and tulane virus survival on postharvest lettuce. | human norovirus (hunov) is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses, with an increasing number of outbreaks associated with leafy greens. because hunov cannot be routinely cultured, culturable feline calicivirus (fcv), murine norovirus (mnv), porcine sapovirus (sav), and tulane virus (tv) have been used as surrogates. these viruses are generated in different cell lines as infected cell lysates, which may differentially affect their stability. our objective was to uniformly compare the survival o ... | 2015 | 26002891 |
| thermal inactivation kinetics of human norovirus surrogates and hepatitis a virus in turkey deli meat. | human noroviruses (hnov) and hepatitis a virus (hav) have been implicated in outbreaks linked to the consumption of presliced ready-to-eat deli meats. the objectives of this research were to determine the thermal inactivation kinetics of hnov surrogates (murine norovirus 1 [mnv-1] and feline calicivirus strain f9 [fcv-f9]) and hav in turkey deli meat, compare first-order and weibull models to describe the data, and calculate arrhenius activation energy values for each model. the d (decimal reduc ... | 2015 | 25956775 |
| evaluation of natural compounds of plant origin for inactivation of enteric viruses. | essential oils (eos) and some of their main compounds have demonstrated extensive antimicrobial activity in a wide range of food spoilage or pathogenic fungi, yeast and bacteria. the aim of this study was to assess the antiviral activity of zataria multiflora boiss. (zataria) and origanum vulgare (oregano) eos on hepatitis a virus (hav) and the effect of thymol, an active compound of thymus vulgaris and oregano, on norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (fcv) and murine norovirus (mnv), and ha ... | 2015 | 25636749 |
| effects of oils and essential oils from seeds of zanthoxylum schinifolium against foodborne viral surrogates. | human noroviruses are the most frequent cause of foodborne viral disease and are responsible for the vast majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. however, no specific therapies are available for the efficient control or prevention of foodborne viral disease. here, we determined the antiviral activities of oils from seeds of zanthoxylum schinifolium (zso) against foodborne viral surrogates, feline calicivirus-f9 (fcv-f9), and murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1), using plaque assay. time-of-addition expe ... | 2014 | 25587338 |
| tenacity of human norovirus and the surrogates feline calicivirus and murine norovirus during long-term storage on common nonporous food contact surfaces. | the transfer of human norovirus (hnv) to food via contaminated surfaces is highly probable during food production, processing, and preparation. in this study, the tenacity of hnv and its cultivable surrogates feline calicivirus (fcv) and murine norovirus (mnv) on two common nonporous surface materials at two storage temperatures was directly compared. virus titer reduction on artificially inoculated stainless steel and plastic carriers was monitored for 70 days at room temperature and at 7°c. vi ... | 2015 | 25581201 |
| murine norovirus 1 (mnv1) replication induces translational control of the host by regulating eif4e activity during infection. | protein synthesis is a tightly controlled process responding to several stimuli, including viral infection. as obligate intracellular parasites, viruses depend on the translation machinery of the host and can manipulate it by affecting the availability and function of specific eukaryotic initiation factors (eifs). human norovirus is a member of the caliciviridae family and is responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks. previous studies on feline calicivirus and murine norovirus 1 (mnv1) demonstra ... | 2015 | 25561727 |
| rhesus enteric calicivirus surrogate model for human norovirus gastroenteritis. | human noroviruses are one of the major causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. due to the lack of an efficient human norovirus cell culture system coupled with an animal model, human norovirus research mainly relies on human volunteer studies and surrogate models. current models either utilize human norovirus-infected animals including the gnotobiotic pig or calf and the chimpanzee models, or employ other members of the family caliciviridae including cell culture propagable surrogate calicivi ... | 2015 | 25502652 |
| the effect of carvacrol on enteric viruses. | carvacrol, a monoterpenic phenol, is said to have extensive antimicrobial activity in a wide range of food spoilage or pathogenic fungi, yeast and bacteria. the aim of this study was to assess its antiviral activity on norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (fcv), murine norovirus (mnv), and hepatitis a virus (hav), as well as its potential in food applications. initially, different concentrations of carvacrol (0.25, 0.5, 1%) were individually mixed with each virus at titers of ca. 6-7 log tci ... | 2015 | 25310265 |
| endosomal acidification and cathepsin l activity is required for calicivirus replication. | the role of cellular proteases and endosome maturation in the entry of caliciviruses including porcine enteric calicivirus (pec), murine norovirus (mnv)-1 and feline calicivirus (fcv) were investigated. treatment with chloroquine or cathepsin l inhibitors, but not cathepsin b inhibitors, significantly reduced the replication of pec, mnv and fcv. when concentrated pec, mnv or fcv were incubated with recombinant cathepsin l, the minor capsid protein vp2 of pec and the major capsid protein vp1 of m ... | 2014 | 25108379 |
| inactivation of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus during oyster fermentation. | fermented seafood is popular in asian countries. this study examined the survival of feline calicivirus (fcv) and murine norovirus (mnv) during oyster fermentation. oysters spiked with fcv and mnv were fermented with 5% or 10% salt at 18 °c for 15 days, and mnv and fcv titers, lactic acid bacteria (lab) populations, ph, and enzymatic activity were measured at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 days post-fermentation (dpf). reductions in mnv and fcv were greater in 5% nacl-supplemented oysters than in 10% ... | 2014 | 25084649 |
| a comparison of the thermal inactivation kinetics of human norovirus surrogates and hepatitis a virus in buffered cell culture medium. | human noroviruses and hepatitis a virus (hav) are considered as epidemiologically significant causes of foodborne disease. therefore, studies are needed to bridge existing data gaps and determine appropriate parameters for thermal inactivation of human noroviruses and hav. the objectives of this research were to compare the thermal inactivation kinetics of human norovirus surrogates (murine norovirus (mnv-1), and feline calicivirus (fcv-f9)) and hav in buffered medium (2-ml vials), compare first ... | 2014 | 24929739 |
| thermal inactivation of human norovirus surrogates in spinach and measurement of its uncertainty. | leafy greens, including spinach, have potential for human norovirus transmission through improper handling and/or contact with contaminated water. inactivation of norovirus prior to consumption is essential to protect public health. because of the inability to propagate human noroviruses in vitro, murine norovirus (mnv-1) and feline calicivirus (fcv-f9) have been used as surrogates to model human norovirus behavior under laboratory conditions. the objectives of this study were to determine therm ... | 2014 | 24490922 |
| thermal inactivation kinetic modeling of human norovirus surrogates in blue mussel (mytilus edulis) homogenate. | control of seafood-associated norovirus outbreaks has become an important priority for public health authorities. due to the absence of human norovirus infectivity assays, cultivable surrogates such as feline calicivirus (fcv-f9) and murine norovirus (mnv-1) have been used to begin to understand their thermal inactivation behavior. in this study, the effect of thermal treatment on inactivation of human norovirus surrogates in blue mussels was investigated at 50, 56, 60, 65, and 72 °c for various ... | 2014 | 24412376 |
| antiviral effects of mulberry (morus alba) juice and its fractions on foodborne viral surrogates. | norovirus infection is a major cause of nonbacterial foodborne outbreaks worldwide, but no specific treatments are available yet. in this study, we investigated the antiviral activity of mulberry (morus alba, ma) juice and its fractions on murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1) and feline calicivirus-f9 (fcv-f9) as human norovirus surrogates using cytopathic effect inhibition, plaque reduction, and rna expression assays. in time-of-addition experiments, ma juice was found to be effective in reducing the inf ... | 2014 | 24350883 |
| inactivation of caliciviruses. | the caliciviridae family of viruses contains clinically important human and animal pathogens, as well as vesivirus 2117, a known contaminant of biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes employing chinese hamster cells. an extensive literature exists for inactivation of various animal caliciviruses, especially feline calicivirus and murine norovirus. the caliciviruses are susceptible to wet heat inactivation at temperatures in excess of 60 °c with contact times of 30 min or greater, to uv-c inact ... | 2013 | 24276023 |
| efficacy of commonly used disinfectants for inactivation of human noroviruses and their surrogates. | human noroviruses (hunovs) are the most common cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide and are a leading cause of foodborne disease. their environmental persistence and purported resistance to disinfection undoubtedly contribute to their success as foodborne disease agents. the purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of three commonly used disinfectant active ingredients against representative hunov strains and cultivable surrogates. ethanol (50, 70, and 90%), sodium hypochlorit ... | 2013 | 23834796 |
| inactivation of the tulane virus, a novel surrogate for the human norovirus. | human noroviruses (hunovs) are the major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis epidemics. the culturable feline calicivirus and murine norovirus have been used extensively as surrogates to study hunov biology, as hunov does not grow in vitro. additional efforts to identify new surrogates are needed, because neither of these common surrogates are truly intestinal pathogens. the newly described tulane virus (tv) is a typical calicivirus, it is isolated from macaque stools, is cultivable in vitro, ... | 2013 | 23575140 |
| structures of the compact helical core domains of feline calicivirus and murine norovirus vpg proteins. | we report the solution structures of the vpg proteins from feline calicivirus (fcv) and murine norovirus (mnv), which have been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. in both cases, the core of the protein adopts a compact helical structure flanked by flexible n and c termini. remarkably, while the core of fcv vpg contains a well-defined three-helix bundle, the mnv vpg core has just the first two of these secondary structure elements. in both cases, the vpg cores are stabilized b ... | 2013 | 23487472 |
| naturally occurring flavonoids against human norovirus surrogates. | naturally occurring plant-derived flavonoids are reported to have antibacterial, antiviral, and pharmacological activities. the objectives of this study were to determine the antiviral effects of four flavonoids (myricetin, l-epicatechin, tangeretin, and naringenin) on the infectivity of food borne norovirus surrogates after 2 h at 37 °c. the lab-culturable surrogates, feline calicivirus (fcv-f9) at titers of ~7 log₁₀ pfu/ml (high titer) or ~5 log₁₀ pfu/ml (low titer) and murine norovirus (mnv-1 ... | 2013 | 23412728 |
| determination of the thermal inactivation kinetics of the human norovirus surrogates, murine norovirus and feline calicivirus. | studies are needed to bridge existing data gaps and determine appropriate parameters for thermal inactivation methods for human noroviruses. cultivable surrogates, such as feline calicivirus (fcv-f9) and murine norovirus (mnv-1), have been used in the absence of human norovirus infectivity assays. this study aimed to characterize the thermal inactivation kinetics of mnv-1 and fcv-f9 at 50, 56, 60, 65, and 72°c for different treatment times (0 to 60 min). thermal inactivation was performed using ... | 2013 | 23317860 |
| the virucidal effect against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus as surrogates for human norovirus by ethanol-based sanitizers. | this study examined the virucidal effects of five types of alcohol-based sanitizers including malic acid and sodium malate, or monoethanolamin, in 58 vol % ethanol (ph 4.0, ph 7.1, ph 11.8), 65 vol % ethanol (ph 4.2), and 75 vol % ethanol (ph 4.4) against murine norovirus (mnv) and feline calicivirus (fcv). the virus titer of mnv was reduced in an ethanol dose-dependent manner under the same ph (about 4.0) condition. virucidal effect against mnv was correlated with ph when the concentration of e ... | 2013 | 23135829 |
| human norovirus surrogate reduction in milk and juice blends by high pressure homogenization. | novel processing technologies such as high pressure homogenization (hph) for the inactivation of foodborne viruses in fluids that retain nutritional attributes are in high demand. the objectives of this research were (i) to determine the effects of hph alone or with an emulsifier (lecithin) on human norovirus surrogates-murine norovirus (mnv-1) and feline calicivirus (fcv-f9)-in skim milk and orange juice, and (ii) to determine hph effects on fcv-f9 and mnv-1 in orange and pomegranate juice blen ... | 2012 | 23127707 |
| comparison of virucidal activity of alcohol-based hand sanitizers versus antimicrobial hand soaps in vitro and in vivo. | three ethanol-based sanitizers were compared with three antimicrobial liquid soaps for their efficacy to inactivate polio-, adeno-, vaccinia- and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) as well as feline calicivirus (fcv) and murine norovirus (mnv) as surrogates for human norovirus in a suspension test. additionally, sanitizers and soaps were examined against mnv in a modified fingerpad method. all sanitizers sufficiently inactivated the test viruses in the suspension test whereas two soaps were act ... | 2012 | 23009803 |
| secretory pathway antagonism by calicivirus homologues of norwalk virus nonstructural protein p22 is restricted to noroviruses. | our previous report that the norwalk virus nonstructural protein p22 is an antagonist of the cellular secretory pathway suggests a new aspect of norovirus/host interaction. to explore conservation of function of this highly divergent calicivirus protein, we examined the effects of p22 homologues from four human and two murine noroviruses, and feline calicivirus on the secretory pathway. | 2012 | 22943503 |
| antiviral effects of black raspberry (rubus coreanus) juice on foodborne viral surrogates. | abstract human noroviruses (hunovs) are the most frequent cause of foodborne viral gastroenteritis, causing approximately 90% of non-bacterial epidemic outbreaks around the world. rubus coreanus is a species of black raspberry, rich in polyphenols, and known to exert anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. in the present study, the antiviral effects of r. coreanus juice (black raspberry [brb] juice) on foodborne viral surrogates, murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1) and feline calicivi ... | 2012 | 22924523 |
| [possibilities and the assignments for infection control of norovirus: the verification and the limit of inactivation efficacy by surrogate viruses]. | norovirus (nov) was isolated from the feces of patients were infected during the outbreak of enteritis in ohio in the early 1970s. subsequent experimental studies on volunteers proved that nov was the enteric virus that caused diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. however, the culture of nov has been unsuccessful, because the mechanism of nov propagating in cells, nov infection routes, and methods for preventing nov infection are unclear. therefore, from the 1980s, feline calicivirus (fcv), which is cu ... | 2012 | 22894060 |
| efficacy of a levulinic acid plus sodium dodecyl sulfate-based sanitizer on inactivation of human norovirus surrogates. | human noroviruses are the most common etiologic agent of foodborne illness in the united states. the inability to culture human noroviruses in the laboratory necessitates the use of surrogate viruses such as murine norovirus (mnv-1) and feline calicivirus (fcv) for inactivation studies. in this study, a novel sanitizer of organic acid (levulinic acid) plus the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) was evaluated. viruses were treated with levulinic acid (0.5 to 5%), sds (0.05 to 2%), or ... | 2012 | 22856583 |
| effectiveness of chitosan on the inactivation of enteric viral surrogates. | chitosan is known to have bactericidal and antifungal activity. although human noroviruses are the leading cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis, information on the efficacy of chitosan against foodborne viruses is very limited. the objective of this work was to determine the effectiveness of different molecular weight chitosans against the cultivable human norovirus and enteric virus surrogates, feline calicivirus, fcv-f9, murine norovirus, mnv-1, and bacteriophages, ms2 and phix174. five puri ... | 2012 | 22850374 |
| high-pressure inactivation of human norovirus virus-like particles provides evidence that the capsid of human norovirus is highly pressure resistant. | human norovirus (nov) is the leading cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis epidemics worldwide. high-pressure processing (hpp) has been considered a promising nonthermal processing technology to inactivate food- and waterborne viral pathogens. due to the lack of an effective cell culture method for human nov, the effectiveness of hpp in inactivating human nov remains poorly understood. in this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of hpp in disrupting the capsid of human nov based on the s ... | 2012 | 22635990 |
| inactivation of feline calicivirus and murine norovirus during dongchimi fermentation. | among the traditional fermented vegetables in korea, dongchimi is a type of kimchi with a large water base. we aimed to investigate the survival of norovirus surrogates during dongchimi fermentation. dongchimi spiked with feline calicivirus (fcv) or murine norovirus (mnv) was prepared following a traditional recipe. dongchimi was initially fermented at room temperature overnight and then kept at 4 °c. the number of lactic acid bacteria, ph, acidity, and virus titer were measured 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 ... | 2012 | 22608225 |
| removal and transfer of viruses on food contact surfaces by cleaning cloths. | contamination of food contact surfaces with pathogens is considered an important vehicle for the indirect transmission of food-borne diseases. five different cleaning cloths were assessed for the ability to remove viruses from food contact surfaces (stainless steel surface and nonporous solid surface) and to transfer viruses back to these surfaces. cleaning cloths evaluated include two different cellulose/cotton cloths, one microfiber cloth, one nonwoven cloth, and one cotton terry bar towel. fo ... | 2012 | 22327573 |
| inactivation of norovirus surrogates on surfaces and raspberries by steam-ultrasound treatment. | human disease outbreaks caused by norovirus (nov) following consumption of contaminated raspberries are an increasing problem. an efficient method to decontaminate the fragile raspberries and the equipment used for processing would be an important step in ensuring food safety. a potential surface treatment that combines pressurized steam and high-power ultrasound (steam-ultrasound) was assessed for its efficacy to inactivate human nov surrogates: coliphage (ms2), feline calicivirus (fcv), and mu ... | 2012 | 22289601 |
| wipes coated with a singlet-oxygen-producing photosensitizer are effective against human influenza virus but not against norovirus. | transmission of enteric and respiratory viruses, including human norovirus (hnov) and human influenza virus, may involve surfaces. in food preparation and health care settings, surfaces are cleaned with wipes; however, wiping may not efficiently reduce contamination or may even spread viruses, increasing a potential public health risk. the virucidal properties of wipes with a singlet-oxygen-generating immobilized photosensitizer (ips) coating were compared to those of similar but uncoated wipes ... | 2014 | 24814795 |
| infection with murine norovirus 4 does not alter helicobacter-induced inflammatory bowel disease in il10(-/-) mice. | infection of laboratory mice with murine noroviruses (mnv) is widely prevalent. mnv alters various mouse models of disease, including the helicobacter bilis-induced mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) in mdr1a(--) mice. to further characterize the effect of mnv on ibd, we used mice deficient in the immunoregulatory cytokine il10 (il10(-/-) mice). in vitro infection of il10(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages (bmdm) with mnv4 cocultured with h. bilis antigens increased the gene expre ... | 2014 | 25296012 |
| current microbiological status of laboratory mice and rats in experimental facilities in japan. | on the basis of our 2011 microbiological monitoring tests, we report here the current microbiological status of mice and rats housed in experimental facilities in japan. we tested more than 14,000 mice, 6,000 serum samples, 500 fecal or cecal samples, and 200 lung samples from 3,549 mouse facilities within japanese universities and institutes (u/i), pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations (p/c). we also tested more than 1,500 rats, 1,600 serum samples, and 20 fecal or cecal ... | 2013 | 23357945 |
| murine norovirus (mnv-1) exposure in vitro to the purine nucleoside analog ribavirin increases quasispecies diversity. | ribavirin is a pharmaceutical antiviral used for the treatment of rna virus infections including norovirus, hepatitis c virus, hepatitis e virus, lassa virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and rhinovirus. despite the drug's history and documented efficacy, the antiviral mechanism of ribavirin remains unclear. mechanisms proposed include depletion of the intracellular gtp pool, immunomodulatory effects, induction of error catastrophe, inhibition of viral polymerase activity, and/or inhibition of v ... | 2016 | 26494169 |
| the viral polymerase inhibitor 2'-c-methylcytidine inhibits norwalk virus replication and protects against norovirus-induced diarrhea and mortality in a mouse model. | human noroviruses are a major cause of food-borne illness, accountable for 50% of all-etiologies outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (in both developing and developed countries). there is no vaccine or antiviral drug for the prophylaxis or treatment of norovirus-induced gastroenteritis. we recently reported the inhibitory effect of 2'-c-methylcytidine (2cmc), a hepatitis c virus polymerase inhibitor, on the in vitro replication of murine norovirus (mnv). here we evaluated the inhibitory effect of ... | 2013 | 23986582 |
| influence of genome-scale rna structure disruption on the replication of murine norovirus--similar replication kinetics in cell culture but attenuation of viral fitness in vivo. | mechanisms by which certain rna viruses, such as hepatitis c virus, establish persistent infections and cause chronic disease are of fundamental importance in viral pathogenesis. mammalian positive-stranded rna viruses establishing persistence typically possess genome-scale ordered rna secondary structure (gors) in their genomes. murine norovirus (mnv) persists in immunocompetent mice and provides an experimental model to functionally characterize gors. substitution mutants were constructed with ... | 2013 | 23630317 |
| inhibition of norovirus replication by the nucleoside analogue 2'-c-methylcytidine. | we here report on the activity of 2'-c-methylcytidine (2cmc) [a nucleoside polymerase inhibitor of the hepatitis c virus (hcv)] on the in vitro replication of (murine) norovirus (mnv). 2cmc inhibits (i) virus-induced cpe formation, (ii) viral rna synthesis and (iii) infectious progeny formation with ec(50) values of ∼2μm. 2cmc acts at a time-point that coincides with the onset of viral rna synthesis. even following 30 passages of selective pressure no mnv-resistant virus was selected, which is i ... | 2012 | 23063849 |
| presence of pathogenic enteric viruses in illegally imported meat and meat products to eu by international air travelers. | one hundred twenty two meat samples confiscated from passengers on flights from non-european countries at the international airport of bilbao (spain) were tested for the presence of the main foodborne viral pathogens (human noroviruses genogroups i and ii, hepatitis a and e viruses) during 2012 and 2013. a sample process control virus, murine norovirus, was used to evaluate the correct performance of the method. overall, 67 samples were positive for at least one enteric viruses, 65 being positiv ... | 2015 | 25951793 |
| detection of hepatitis e virus in pork liver sausages. | hepatitis e infection is regarded as an emerging public-health concern. the disease is normally self-limiting (mortality rate 1%), but chronic infections have recently been observed in transplanted patients. the etiological agent hev is a small rna virus infecting both humans and animals. in humans, the disease may be food-borne and pig is a main reservoir for zoonotic strains. in the present study, we evaluated the presence of hev and swine fecal cross-contamination in pork liver sausages sold ... | 2015 | 25462920 |
| survival of porcine teschovirus as a surrogate virus on pork chops during storage at 2°c. | due to the lack of an efficient cultivation system, little is known about the stability and inactivation of hepatitis e virus (hev). in addition, there is a lack of information on which cultivable virus(es) are suitable as model or surrogate viruses for hev. murine norovirus (mnv) and f-rna coliphage ms2 are potential surrogates and f-rna coliphages are a potential indicator for enteric viruses. however, the numbers of f-rna coliphages excreted by swine are relatively low. in contrast, porcine t ... | 2015 | 25461604 |
| method for hev detection in raw pig liver products and its implementation for naturally contaminated food. | it is now recognized that hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is not confined to developing countries. hev infection is a growing public health concern in industrialized countries where the disease is mainly autochthonous, caused by hev genotypes 3 and 4 and is today considered to be zoonotic. hev causes acute hepatitis in humans, predominantly through contamination of food and water. due to the low concentrations found in food and water samples, an efficient and rapid virus concentration method i ... | 2014 | 24553051 |
| effect of handling and storage conditions and stabilizing agent on the recovery of viral rna from oral fluid of pigs. | there is an increasing interest in using oral fluid to determine herd health and documenting the circulation of viruses in commercial swine populations but little is known about the stability of viruses in oral fluid. hepatitis e virus (hev) is a zoonotic virus which is widespread in swine herds. information on optimal handling methods such as heat treatments, freezing and rna stabilization agents is needed to prevent or minimize degradation of viral rna by degradative enzymes. the objectives of ... | 2014 | 24384096 |
| duplex rt-qpcr for the detection of hepatitis e virus in water, using a process control. | human hepatitis e virus (hev) causes acute hepatitis in humans, predominantly by contamination of food and water. hev, in particular genotype iii, is currently considered to be an emerging pathogen in industrialized countries. because of the low infectious dose, an efficient and rapid virus concentration method is required to detect low amounts of hev in food and water samples for routine control. because of the absence of a reliable cell culture method for the main enteric viruses most involved ... | 2012 | 22633799 |
| assessment of the efficacy of membrane filtration processes to remove human enteric viruses and the suitability of bacteriophages and a plant virus as surrogates for those viruses. | here, we evaluated the efficacy of direct microfiltration (mf) and ultrafiltration (uf) to remove three representative human enteric viruses (i.e., adenovirus [adv] type 40, coxsackievirus [cv] b5, and hepatitis a virus [hav] ib), and one surrogate of human caliciviruses (i.e., murine norovirus [mnv] type 1). eight different mf membranes and three different uf membranes were used. we also examined the ability of coagulation pretreatment with high-basicity polyaluminum chloride (pacl) to enhance ... | 2017 | 28259077 |
| effect of process temperature on virus inactivation during high hydrostatic pressure processing of contaminated fruit puree and juice. | high pressure processing (hpp) can inactivate pathogens and retain fruit qualities. elevated hpp pressure or time increases virus inactivation, but the effect of temperature is not consistently observed for norovirus and hepatitis a virus. in the present study, the effectiveness of hpp holding temperatures (<40°c) and pressures were evaluated for inactivating surrogates (murine norovirus [mnv] and ms2 coliphage) in pomegranate and strawberry juices and strawberry puree using a 24-liter hpp syste ... | 2016 | 28221934 |
| thermal inactivation of enteric viruses and bioaccumulation of enteric foodborne viruses in live oysters (crassostrea virginica). | human enteric viruses are among the main causative agents of shellfish-associated outbreaks. in this study, the kinetics of viral bioaccumulation in live oysters and the heat stabilities of the predominant enteric viruses were determined both in tissue culture and in oyster tissues. a human norovirus (hunov) gii.4 strain, hunov surrogates (murine norovirus [mnv-1], tulane virus [tv]), hepatitis a virus (hav), and human rotavirus (rv) bioaccumulated to high titers within oyster tissues, with diff ... | 2016 | 26826225 |
| solar water disinfection (sodis): impact on hepatitis a virus and on a human norovirus surrogate under natural solar conditions. | this study evaluates the effectiveness of solar water disinfection (sodis) in the reduction and inactivation of hepatitis a virus (hav) and of the human norovirus surrogate, murine norovirus (mnv-1), under natural solar conditions. experiments were performed in 330 ml polyethylene terephthalate (pet) bottles containing hav or mnv-1 contaminated waters (10(3) pfu/ml) that were exposed to natural sunlight for 2 to 8 h. parallel experiments under controlled temperature and/or in darkness conditions ... | 2015 | 26415666 |
| ultraviolet-c efficacy against a norovirus surrogate and hepatitis a virus on a stainless steel surface. | in this study, the effects of 10-300 mws/cm(2) of ultraviolet radiation (uv-c) at 260 nm were investigated for the inactivation of two foodborne viruses: murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1; a human norovirus [nov] surrogate) and hepatitis a virus (hav). we used an experimentally contaminated stainless steel surface, a common food-contact surface, to examine the effects of low doses of uv-c radiation on mnv-1 and hav titers. the modified gompertz equation was used to generate non-linear survival curves an ... | 2015 | 26184763 |
| mathematical model for viral depuration kinetics in shellfish: an useful tool to estimate the risk for the consumers. | enteric virus depuration from shellfish is a complex biological process that may be influenced by biological properties of the mollusc and/or virus species. on the basis of previous experimental data, a mathematical model was developed to characterize the kinetics of viral elimination during the depuration process. the experimental data consisted on twenty depuration trials, each with 60 kg of manila clams (venerupis philippinarum) and mediterranean mussels (mytilus galloprovincialis) previously ... | 2015 | 25846934 |