| does the influenza virus type a/asia/57 have haemagglutinating antigens in common with other known influenza-a types? | | 1961 | 13711442 |
| kinetics of influenza virus fusion with the endosomal and plasma membranes of cultured cells. effect of temperature. | we performed a detailed kinetic analysis of influenza virus fusion with the endosomal and plasma membranes of madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cells and provided a comparison of the kinetic parameters obtained for both cases at 20 degrees c and 37 degrees c. using our mass action kinetic model, we determined that the fusion rate constant, f, for influenza virus with the endosomal membrane was 0.02 s(-1) at 37 degrees c and 0.0035 s(-1) at 20 degrees c. the analysis of the fusion kinetics of infl ... | 2003 | 14502422 |
| hairpin loop structure in the 3' arm of the influenza a virus virion rna promoter is required for endonuclease activity. | previous studies have shown that the 5' arm of the influenza a virus virion rna promoter requires a hairpin loop structure for efficient endonuclease activity of influenza virus rna polymerase, an activity that is required for the cap-snatching activity of primers from host pre-mrna. here we examine whether a hairpin loop is also required in the 3' arm of the viral rna promoter. we study point mutations at each nucleotide position (1 to 12) within the 3' arm of the promoter as well as complement ... | 2001 | 11435584 |
| zanamivir: new preparation. no tangible progress against influenza. | (1) zanamivir, an antiviral drug, is marketed in europe and the united states for treatment of influenza during outbreaks. (2) the clinical file mainly consists of three double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. (3) when administered to patients with symptoms of influenza, at an inhaled dose of 10 mg twice a day, zanamivir has no clear or at least limited benefit, hastening clinical recovery by 0.7-1.5 days, provided that treatment is started within 30 hours of symptom onset. zanamivir seems to ... | 2000 | 11503795 |
| [current approaches to the clinical virologic diagnosis of viral respiratory tract infections]. | respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus type a and b, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus) can cause a wide variety of human disease. viral respiratory diseases in adults and children cause significant morbidity and mortality. proper and rapid diagnosis of these etiological agents is necessary for the appropriate use of effective antiviral drugs and to decrease unnecessary antibiotic therapy. many virology laboratories detect respiratory viruses by inoculating convention ... | 2003 | 14593903 |
| evaluation of in vitro antiviral activity in methanol extracts against in fl uenza virus type a from korean medicinal plants. | methanol extracts from 101 korean medicinal plants were tested for inhibitory activity against influenza virus type a by means of a modified haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test. mm-57, mm-72, mm-104 and mm-110, four of 101 extracts tested exhibited strong anti-influenza virus type a activity at concentration ranges of 0.78-6.25 mg/ml, 0.78-3.13 mg/ml, 0.78-1.56 mg/ml and 0.0975-0.39 mg/ml, respectively. the extracts mm-57, mm-72 and mm-110 showed very strong anti-influenza virus type a activi ... | 2003 | 14595587 |
| antigen-specific cd8(+) t cells persist in the upper respiratory tract following influenza virus infection. | because little is known about lymphocyte responses in the nasal mucosa, lymphocyte accumulation in the nasal mucosa, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (nalt), and cervical lymph nodes (cln) were determined after primary and heterosubtypic intranasal influenza challenge of mice. t cell accumulation peaked in the nasal mucosa on day 7, but peaked slightly earlier in the cln (day 5) and later (day 10) in the nalt. tetrameric staining of nasal mucosal cells revealed a peak accumulation of cd8 t cells ... | 2001 | 11544317 |
| independent and synergistic effects of interleukin-18 and interleukin-12 in augmenting cytotoxic t lymphocyte responses and ifn-gamma production in aging. | aged mice exhibit diminished cd8(+) cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) response to influenza virus. previously, interleukin-12 (il-12) was shown to partially restore in vitro influenza virus-specific cd8(+) ctl activity and interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) production in aged mice. the present study investigated il-18 production and its ability to collaborate with il-12 to enhance these responses to the levels of young mice. il-18 protein production and mrna expression in influenza virus-specific ctl from ... | 2001 | 11710997 |
| differential expression of sialylglycoconjugates and sialidase activity in distinct morphological stages of fonsecaea pedrosoi. | the expression of sialoglycoconjugates in fonsecaea pedrosoi conidia, mycelia, and sclerotic cells was analyzed using influenza a and c virus strains, sialidase treatment, and lectin binding. conidium and mycelium whole cells were recognized by limax flavus (lfa), maackia amurensis (maa), and sambucus nigra (sna) lectins, denoting the presence of surface sialoglycoconjugates containing alpha 2,3- and alpha 2,6-sialylgalactosyl sequences. sialidase-treated conidia reacted more intensively with pe ... | 2004 | 14767636 |
| the influence of acth on the course of experimental influenza virus type a infections. | | 1950 | 14795034 |
| adrenocorticotrophic hormone (acth) in the treatment of experimental air-borne influenza virus type a infection in the ferret. | | 1951 | 14824691 |
| transmission of h7n7 avian influenza a virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the netherlands. | an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus subtype h7n7 started at the end of february, 2003, in commercial poultry farms in the netherlands. although the risk of transmission of these viruses to humans was initially thought to be low, an outbreak investigation was launched to assess the extent of transmission of influenza a virus subtype h7n7 from chickens to humans. | 2004 | 14987882 |
| effect of rapid diagnosis of influenza virus type a on the emergency department management of febrile infants and toddlers. | evidence shows that the rapid detection of influenza using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay decreases antibiotic use in the treatment of pediatric patients. to our knowledge, the effect on other diagnostic testing in an emergency department (ed) has not been examined. | 2002 | 11772189 |
| synthesis, characterization and antiviral activity against influenza virus of a series of novel manganese-substituted rare earth borotungstates heteropolyoxometalates. | a series of novel manganese-substituted mixed-valence rare earth borotungsto-heteropoly blues, ln2h3[bw9(vi)w2(v)mn(h2o)o39] x 12h2o (ln(2), ln = la, ce, pr, nd, sm, eu and gd), as well as their corresponding heteropoly acids (ln(0)), have been prepared and characterized by cyclic voltammetry (cv), infrared (ir), ultraviolet (uv), thermal gravimetric (tg) and differential thermal (dta) analysis, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (xps) and electrochemistry. it's shown that the heteropoly blues ani ... | 2004 | 15026204 |
| functional domains of the influenza a virus pb2 protein: identification of np- and pb1-binding sites. | influenza virus genomic rna segments are packaged into ribonucleoprotein (rnp) structures by the pb1, pb2, and pa subunits of an rna polymerase and a single-strand rna-binding nucleoprotein (np). assembly and function of these ribonucleoproteins depend on a complex set of protein-protein and protein-rna interactions. here, we identify new functional domains of pb2. we show that pb2 contains two regions that bind np and also identify a novel pb1 binding site. the regions of pb2 responsible for bi ... | 2004 | 15033571 |
| use of oseltamivir to control influenza complications after bone marrow transplantation. | influenza infection can be severe in bone marrow transplant (bmt) recipients. although yearly epidemics occur worldwide, and a higher risk of complication is expected in these patients, few studies have addressed the impact of the new neuraminidase inhibitors in the prognosis of influenza after bmt. influenza a or b infections were found in 39 of the 66 patients (59%) showing a positive nasal wash by dfa. influenza a was diagnosed in 18 patients and influenza b in 23 patients; two patients were ... | 2004 | 15094755 |
| antiviral flavonoids from the seeds of aesculus chinensis. | a bioassay-guided fractionation of an ethanol extract of the seeds of aesculus chinensis led to the isolation of two new flavanoids (1 and 2), along with eight known ones (3-10). the structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 2d nmr. all compounds were tested for antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv 3), and influenza virus type a (flu a). compounds 1, 2, and 6 showed significant antiviral activities ... | 2004 | 15104496 |
| evaluation of a multiplex reverse transcriptase pcr elisa for the detection of nine respiratory tract pathogens. | a multiplex reverse transcription (rt) polymerase chain reaction combined with a microwell hybridization assay (m-rt-pcr-elisa) was previously developed to detect nine different microorganisms: enterovirus (ev), influenza virus type a (iva) and type b (ivb), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), parainfluenzavirus type 1 (piv1) and type 3 (piv3), adenovirus (av), mycoplasma pneumoniae (mpn), chlamydia pneumoniae (cpn) in a single test. these organisms do not usually colonize the respiratory tract o ... | 2004 | 15125873 |
| inhibitory effect of medicinal herbs against rna and dna viruses. | fifteen argentine medicinal plants were tested for their antiviral activity in vitro against herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and 2), bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (bvdv-1), influenza virus type a (inf a) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). antiviral activity was evaluated by a reduction in cytopathic effect, plaque-forming units and p24 hiv-1 antigen. the selective index of the active extract (si(extract) = cc50(extract)/ec50(extract)) of coronopus didymus (si(extr ... | 2004 | 15266897 |
| [influenza in heterothermic animals]. | the objective was to study orthomyxovirus in heterothermic animals. blood samples from snakes (genus bothrops and crotalus) and from toads and frogs (genus bufo and rana) were collected to evaluate the red cell receptors and antibodies specific to influenza virus by the hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests, respectively. both snakes and toads kept in captivity presented receptors in their red cells and antibodies specific to either influenza virus type a (human and equine origi ... | 2004 | 15330057 |
| the effect of human influenza virus (type a) on the incidence of lung tumors in mice. | | 1950 | 15420709 |
| the effect of monochromatic ultraviolet radiation on the infectivity and hemagglutinating ability of the influenza virus type a strain pr-8. | | 1950 | 15436418 |
| [screening for antibodies against zoonotic agents among employees of the zoological garden of vienna, schönbrunn, austria]. | the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against zoonotic agents in employees of the zoological garden of vienna, schönbrunn, austria. sixty out of 120 employees participated in the study. in 97% of them antibodies to at least one zoonotic agent were identified. only two participants were free of antibodies to the zoonotic agents tested. the following seroprevalences (in brackets) were obtained: viral zoonotic (and potentially zoonotic) agents: influenzavirus a/h1n1 ... | 2004 | 15495931 |
| definition of the minimal viral components required for the initiation of unprimed rna synthesis by influenza virus rna polymerase. | the first 11 nt at the 5' end of influenza virus genomic rna were shown to be both necessary and sufficient for specific binding by the influenza virus polymerase. a novel in vitro transcription assay, in which the polymerase was bound to paramagnetic beads via a biotinylated 5'-vrna oligonucleotide, was used to study the activities of different forms of the polymerase. complexes composed of co-expressed pb1/pb2/pa proteins and a sub-complex composed of pb1/pa bound to the 5'-vrna oligonucleotid ... | 2002 | 11788704 |
| [present data on influenza virus isolated from ducks and chickens, and influenza virus c. anti-influenza drugs]. | present data on influenza virus isolated from ducks and chickens, and influenza virus c. anti-influenza drugs. within the broad field of glycopathology and glycotherapeutics, research on influenza virus types a, b and c from humans and several bird species (particularly migratory birds such as ducks, since they are reservoirs for viruses), as well as the search for improved drugs designed for the prevention or treatment of epidemics/pandemics produced by most of those viruses are issues of relev ... | 2004 | 15563121 |
| complications associated with influenza infection. | | 2002 | 11807195 |
| high permissivity of human hepg2 hepatoma cells for influenza viruses. | human hepg2 hepatoma cells are highly permissive for influenza virus type a and type b, even without the addition of trypsin, and they exhibit a marked cytopathic effect. this property greatly facilitates the primary isolation of influenza viruses. virus replication was significantly reduced by the plasmin(ogen)-specific inhibitor tranexamic acid, and this suggests a potential role played by the plasminogen/tissue plasminogen activator complex at the surface of hepg2 cells. this might represent ... | 2004 | 15583326 |
| absence of sp-a modulates innate and adaptive defense responses to pulmonary influenza infection. | mice lacking surfactant protein sp-a [sp-a(-/-)] and wild type sp-a(+/+) mice were infected with influenza a virus (iav) by intranasal instillation. decreased clearance of iav was observed in sp-a(-/-) mice and was associated with increased pulmonary inflammation. treatment of sp-a(-/-) mice with exogenous sp-a enhanced viral clearance and decreased lung inflammation. uptake of iav by alveolar macrophages was similar in sp-a(-/-) and sp-a(+/+) mice. myeloperoxidase activity was reduced in isolat ... | 2002 | 11839553 |
| changing circulation rate of human metapneumovirus strains and types among hospitalized pediatric patients during three consecutive winter-spring seasons. brief report. | from 2001 through 2004, 808 pediatric patients admitted to hospital because of acute respiratory infections were examined for presence of respiratory viruses by either direct fluorescent staining using monoclonal antibodies or rt-pcr during three consecutive winter-spring seasons. on the whole, 336 (42%) patients were detected as positive for one or more respiratory viruses. the most widely circulating virus was human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infecting 50% of positive patients, followe ... | 2005 | 15986171 |
| a case-control study of acute respiratory tract infection in general practice patients in the netherlands. | acute respiratory tract infections (artis) are responsible for considerable morbidity in the community, but little is known about the presence of respiratory pathogens in asymptomatic individuals. we hypothesized that asymptomatic persons could have a subclinical infection and thus act as a source of transmission. | 2005 | 16028157 |
| acute encephalopathy associated with influenza virus infection in a patient with hyperprolinaemia type ii. | we report a 4-year-old boy with hyperprolinaemia type ii presenting acute encephalopathy associated with influenza virus type a infection. this case suggests that hyperprolinaemia may cause acute encephalopathy under certain conditions. | 2005 | 16151911 |
| [identification of antiviral activity of toddalia asiatica against influenza type a virus]. | to identify antiviral activity of toddalia asiatica against influenza virus type a in vitro. | 2005 | 16161428 |
| nucleotides at the extremities of the viral rna of influenza c virus are involved in type-specific interactions with the polymerase complex. | influenza a and c viruses share common sequences in the terminal noncoding regions of the viral rna segments. differences at the 5'- and 3'-ends exist, however, that could contribute to the specificity with which the transcription/replication signals are recognized by the cognate polymerase complexes. previously, by making use of a transient expression system for the transcription and replication of a reporter rna template bearing either type a or type c extremities, it was shown that a type c r ... | 2001 | 11297682 |
| antiviral activities of some ethiopian medicinal plants used for the treatment of dermatological disorders. | acokanthera schimperi (apocynaceae), euclea schimperi (ebenaceae), inula confertiflora (asteraceae), melilotus elegans (leguminosae), and plumbago zeylanica (plumbaginaceae), are some of the medicinal plants used in ethiopia for treatment of various skin disorders. in this study, the antiviral activities of the 80% methanolic extracts of these plants have been examined against coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3), influenza a virus and herpes simplex virus type1 kupka (hsv-1) using cytopathic effect (cpe) i ... | 2006 | 16233967 |
| encephalitis or encephalopathy during an influenza-a epidemic. | six female patients with encephalitis, mean age 36.5 (17-60) years, were admitted to the hospital during the 2000-2001 influenza a (h1n1) epidemic in the osijek--baranja county. in three (50.0%) patients, the manifestation of encephalitis occurred on day 4 or 5, and in two (33.3%) patients within 24-48 hours of the onset of influenza symptoms. the disease manifestations included headache, elevated body temperature, generalized fatigue, and consciousness disturbance through coma. three (50.0%) pa ... | 2003 | 12955887 |
| role of influenza a virus hemagglutinin in neurovirulence for mammalians. | influenza viruses with potential neuroinvasiveness for humans emerged in hong kong in 1997. prophylactic and therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for controlling the central nervous system complications caused by influenza. here we review recent advances toward understanding of the possible mechanisms of the neuropathogenesis of influenza virus infection, especially focusing on the role of viral hemagglutinin glycoprotein. | 2002 | 12137193 |
| [cloning of full-length genes of h5n1 subtype avian influenza virus strain a/duck/shandong/093/2004 and analysis of the sequences]. | the eight full-length genes, including the 5' and 3' ends of h5n1 subtype avian influenza virus (a/duck/ shandong/093/2004) were amplified by using the universal primers and h5 specific primers. the method used for the amplification of avian influenza virus's full-length sequence was more easily and rapidly than that of rapid amplification of cdna ends assay (race). the amplified segments were cloned into the t vector pcr 2.1, respectively. three to five positive clones of each gene were sequenc ... | 2005 | 16342757 |
| identification of hsp90 as a stimulatory host factor involved in influenza virus rna synthesis. | efficient transcription and replication of the influenza virus genome are dependent upon host-derived factors. using an in vitro rna synthesis system, we have purified and identified hsp90 as one of the host factors that stimulate viral rna polymerase activity. hsp90 interacted with the pb2 subunit of the viral rna polymerase through the amino-terminal chaperone domain and the middle region containing a highly acidic domain. the acidic middle region was also responsible for its stimulatory activ ... | 2002 | 12226087 |
| cytokine regulation in sars coronavirus infection compared to other respiratory virus infections. | the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is poorly understood and cytokine dysregulation has been suggested as one relevant mechanism to be explored. we compared the cytokine profile in caco2 cells after infection of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) with other respiratory viruses including respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza a virus (fluav), and human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2). interferon (ifn) system (production and response) was not suppressed by sars-cov infec ... | 2006 | 16482545 |
| a pilot study of seroprevalence of influenza virus type a in vellore, south india. | influenza virus type a is active in many regions of the world. however, information from many parts of india is sparse. hence we carried out a serological study on the prevalence of antibodies to influenza virus type a in vellore, south india. | 2002 | 12362555 |
| phytochemical screening and antiviral activity of some medicinal plants from the island soqotra. | methanol and hot-aqueous extracts of 25 different plant species, used in yemeni traditional medicine and growing, partly as endemic plants, on the island soqotra have been investigated for their antiviral activity. in addition, the phytochemical identification of the main chemical constituents was performed. the extracts were assayed in two in vitro viral systems, which used influenza virus type a/mdck cells and herpes simplex virus type 1/vero cells, at non-cytotoxic concentrations. the herpes ... | 2006 | 16557613 |
| distribution of influenza virus type a in infected eggs and the survival of virus under certain conditions of storage. | | 1944 | 16560843 |
| in vivo antiviral activity: defective interfering virus protects better against virulent influenza a virus than avirulent virus. | a defective interfering (di) virus differs from the infectious virus from which it originated in having at least one major deletion in its genome. such di genomes are replicated only in cells infected in trans with homologous infectious virus and, as their name implies, they interfere with infectious virus replication and reduce the yield of progeny virus. this potent antiviral activity has been abundantly demonstrated in cell culture with many different di animal viruses, but few in vivo exampl ... | 2006 | 16603528 |
| effect of oral application of an immunomodulating plant extract on influenza virus type a infection in mice. | the influence of the oral administration of an aqueous-ethanolic extract of a mixture of thujae occidentalis herba, baptisiae tinctoriae radix, echinaceae purpureae radix and echinaceae pallidae radix, on the course of influenza a virus infection in balb/c mice was investigated. the extract was administered to mice via the drinking water for 14 days starting 6 days before intranasal infection with influenza a virus. the progress of infection was recorded during a time range of 21 days. parameter ... | 2002 | 12391552 |
| unravelling the mysteries of influenza. | | 2002 | 12480355 |
| effects of rutin and quercetin on monooxygenase activities in experimental influenza virus infection. | the aim of this work is to study the effect of the flavonoids rutin and quercetin on hepatic monooxygenase activities in experimental influenza virus infection (eivi). eivi causes oxidative stress in the whole organism. this is confirmed by the rapidly increased concentrations of thiobarbituric reactive substances in influenza-infected mice: lungs - 290%; blood plasma - more than 320%; liver - 230%; brain - 50%. although known for their antioxidant activities, rutin and quercetin exhibit prooxid ... | 2006 | 16793246 |
| influenza viruses in general, human strains, shift and drift, vaccination. | | 2006 | 16800239 |
| induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza a (h5n1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease? | in 1997, the first documented instance of human respiratory disease and death associated with a purely avian h5n1 influenza virus resulted in an overall case-fatality rate of 33%. the biological basis for the severity of human h5n1 disease has remained unclear. we tested the hypothesis that virus-induced cytokine dysregulation has a role. | 2002 | 12480361 |
| comparison of real-time pcr assays with fluorescent-antibody assays for diagnosis of respiratory virus infections in children. | conventional fluorescent-antibody (fa) methods were compared to real-time pcr assays for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza virus type a (flua), parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 (piv1, piv2, and piv3), human metapneumovirus (mpv), and adenovirus (adv) in 1,138 specimens from children with respiratory illnesses collected over a 1-year period. at least one virus was detected in 436 (38.3%) specimens by fa and in 608 (53.4%) specimens by pcr (p<0.001). specimen quality w ... | 2006 | 16825353 |
| differential effect of nucleotide substitutions in the 3' arm of the influenza a virus vrna promoter on transcription/replication by avian and human polymerase complexes is related to the nature of pb2 amino acid 627. | using a genetic system that allows the in vivo reconstitution of active ribonucleoproteins, the ability to ensure transcription/replication of a viral-like reporter rna harboring the g(3) --> a(3), u(5) --> c(5), and c(8) --> u(8) mutations (triple 3-5-8 mutations) in the 3' arm of the promoter was examined with core proteins from human or avian strains of influenza a viruses. the efficiency of transcription/replication of the viral-like rna with the triple 3-5-8 mutations in cos-1 cells was fou ... | 2002 | 12490387 |
| [influenza in global aspect]. | due to a high ability to change, the influenza virus is still a danger for humans. the outbreak of the next influenza pandemic is very probable. the disturbing events that occurred in hong kong in 1997 and in the beginning of 2003 confirmed such a possibility. every year in poland influenza causes from several hundred thousands to several millions of cases of infections. all over the world the annual number of influenza cases amounts to approximately 100 millions and from 0.5 million to 1 millio ... | 2003 | 14524265 |
| isolation and characterization of a low-pathogenicity h7n7 influenza virus from a turkey in a small mixed free-range poultry flock in germany. | a hemagglutinating virus was isolated from a dead turkey in a small mixed free-range flock in southern germany. it was identified as influenza virus type a of subtype h7n7. the pathogenicity was low. an intravenous pathogenicity index of 0.03 was recorded, and the nucleotide sequencing revealed the amino acid sequence nvpeipkgr*glfg at the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin. antibodies as well as virus were detected in the affected flock. further virus spreading to other flocks was prevented by ... | 2003 | 14575121 |
| inhibition of multiple subtypes of influenza a virus in cell cultures with morpholino oligomers. | peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (p-pmo) are single-stranded nucleic acid-like antisense agents that can reduce gene expression by sterically blocking complementary rna sequence. p-pmo are water soluble and nuclease resistant, and they readily achieve uptake into cells in culture under standard conditions. eight p-pmo, each 20 to 22 bases in length, were evaluated for their ability to inhibit influenza a virus (fluav) a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) replication in cell culture. the p- ... | 2006 | 16966399 |
| influenza virus infections in yangon, myanmar. | | 2006 | 16971178 |
| [avian flu epizootia and its prevention]. | in the review cited the data about avian flu epizootia for last years, about economic damage by epizootia, the information on an infection of people by viruses of animals. problems the development of vaccines against a avian flu, including ways of designing of vaccine strains are discussed. data on methods of struggle with avian influenza epizootia of poultry, about methods of prevention the epizootia and uses for this purpose of vaccines and drugs are resulted. | 2006 | 16981490 |
| [epizootic and epidemiological situation with the avian flu in dovolensk and kupinsk areas of novosibirsk region and the preventive measures]. | results of the analysis registered avian flu epizootia are submitted. diseases were registered as among wild birds, and poultry. from a biological material from a poultry and wild bird of some villages of novosibirsk region the influenza virus type a (h5n1) is allocated. carrying out sanitary and antiepidemic measures is organized. it is established, that disease and a mass destruction of poultry have taken place after contact to a wild bird on lakes. it is revealed, that the degree of distribut ... | 2006 | 16981496 |
| isolation and characterisation of segment 1 of the infectious salmon anaemia virus genome. | the isolation and characterisation of the largest genomic segment of infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) is reported. following identification of isav-specific clones from a cdna library, a rapid amplification of cdna ends-pcr strategy was designed to obtain the sequence of the full length mrna transcript. the full length open reading frame (orf) of this gene was shown to be 2169 nucleotides in length, encoding a putative protein of 722 aa. this sequence was demonstrated by rt-pcr to be speci ... | 2003 | 12606081 |
| transient splenial lesion of the corpus callosum in clinically mild influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy. | reversible lesions in the splenium of the corpus callosum (scc), caused by various agents such as influenza, rotavirus, escherichia coli, mumps, and adenovirus, were previously defined in a handful of cases. we present 5 cases with transient diffusion restriction of the scc associated with influenza a virus infection. | 2006 | 17032879 |
| multiple amino acid residues confer temperature sensitivity to human influenza virus vaccine strains (flumist) derived from cold-adapted a/ann arbor/6/60. | flumist influenza a vaccine strains contain the pb1, pb2, pa, np, m, and ns gene segments of ca a/aa/6/60, the master donor virus-a strain. these gene segments impart the characteristic cold-adapted (ca), attenuated (att), and temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotypes to the vaccine strains. a plasmid-based reverse genetics system was used to create a series of recombinant hybrids between the isogenic non-ts wt a/ann arbor/6/60 and mdv-a strains to characterize the genetic basis of the ts phenotype, ... | 2003 | 12620793 |
| influenza. | influenza a(h3n2) viruses are predominating and causing most outbreaks in north america (canada and united states) and in some european countries (finland, norway, portugal, spain and the united kingdom). a rising trend in influenza a(h3n2) activity has been observed. the only outbreak due to influenza a(h1) virus was reported in iceland but has declined since week 45. | 2003 | 14669457 |
| 3d structure of the influenza virus polymerase complex: localization of subunit domains. | the 3d structure of the influenza virus polymerase complex was determined by electron microscopy and image processing of recombinant ribonucleoproteins (rnps). the rnps were generated by in vivo amplification using cdnas of the three polymerase subunits, the nucleoprotein, and a model virus-associated rna containing 248 nt. the polymerase structure obtained is very compact, with no apparent boundaries among subunits. the position of specific regions of the pb1, pb2, and pa subunits was determine ... | 2004 | 14691253 |
| an overview of the epidemiology of avian influenza. | only viruses of the influenzavirus a genus have been isolated from birds and termed avian influenza [ai] viruses, but viruses with all 16 haemagglutinin [h1-h16] and all 9 neuraminidase [n1-n9] influenza a subtypes in the majority of possible combinations have been isolated from avian species. influenza a viruses infecting poultry can be divided into two groups. the very virulent viruses causing highly pathogenic avian influenza [hpai], with flock mortality as high as 100%. these viruses have be ... | 2007 | 17126960 |
| [evaluation of influenza vaccine vaxigrip in the combined immunization of conscripts during influenza seasons of 2002-2003]. | the immunization properties of the influenza vaccine vaxigrip, used in combination with vaccines against pneunococcal infection and hepatitis a (respectively, pneumo 23 and avaxim), were evaluated. in central russia in one of the units of the internal forces of the rf ministry of internal affairs 3 groups totaling 755 servicemen were formed, depending on the complex of the introduced vaccines. active medical observation and the registration of the complaints of the vaccinees at the postvaccinal ... | 2004 | 15024982 |
| predominant contribution of ifn-beta expression to apoptosis induction in human uterine cervical fibroblast cells by influenza-virus infection. | we have been investigating an apoptosis induction in human fetal membrane cells by influenza virus (iv) infection and the contribution of apoptosis induction to the viral infection-defense response between a fetus and the maternal body. for studying any role of uterine cells in the anti-viral response, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the apoptotic induction in human uterine cervical fibroblast cell line (hcf) by iv infection. iv type a and b infection induced dna fragmentation in hcf. ... | 2004 | 15516717 |
| thogoto virus ml protein suppresses irf3 function. | the thogoto virus (thov) is a member of the family orthomyxoviridae. it prevents induction of alpha/beta interferons (ifn) in cell culture and in vivo via the action of the viral ml protein. phenotypically, the effect of thov ml resembles that of the ns1 protein of influenza a virus (fluav) in that it blocks the expression of ifn genes. ifn expression depends on ifn regulatory factor 3 (irf3). upon activation, irf3 forms homodimers and accumulates in the nucleus where it binds the transcriptiona ... | 2005 | 15582653 |
| the association between life events, social support, and antibody status following thymus-dependent and thymus-independent vaccinations in healthy young adults. | this study determined whether stressful life events and social support were related to antibody status following both thymus-dependent and thymus-independent vaccinations. life events in the previous year and customary social support were measured in 57 healthy students at baseline. antibody status was also assessed at baseline and at five weeks and five months following vaccination with the trivalent influenza vaccine and the meningococcal a+c polysaccharide vaccine. taking into account baselin ... | 2004 | 15944072 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of novel bisheterocycle-containing compounds as potential anti-influenza virus agents. | a series of novel 4,2-bisheterocycle tandem derivatives consisting of a methyloxazole and thiazole subunit were synthesized. many compounds were found to inhibit human influenza a virus. several analogues exhibited moderate biological activity and could serve as leads for further optimizations for antivirus research. | 2005 | 16183283 |
| structural studies of the resistance of influenza virus neuramindase to inhibitors. | zanamivir and oseltamivir, specific inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase, have significantly different characteristics in resistance studies. in both cases resistance is known to arise through mutations in either the hemagglutinin or neuraminidase surface proteins. a new inhibitor under development by biocryst pharmaceuticals, bcx-1812, has both a guanidino group, as in zanamivir, and a bulky hydrophobic group, as in oseltamivir. using influenza a/nws/tern/australia/g70c/75 (h1n9), neuram ... | 2002 | 12014958 |
| concise synthesis of dideoxy-epigallocatechin gallate (do-egcg) and evaluation of its anti-influenza virus activity. | dideoxy-epigallocatechin gallate (do-egcg) (2), a simplified analog of naturally occurring egcg (1), was efficiently prepared by directly introducing a ketone group at c3 and successive reduction to the sec-alcohol with 2,3-cis stereochemistry. compound 2 showed potent anti-influenza virus activity, indicating that the hydroxyl substituents on the a-ring are not crucial for anti-influenza virus activity. | 2007 | 17420124 |
| replication fitness determines high virulence of influenza a virus in mice carrying functional mx1 resistance gene. | the ifn-induced resistance factor mx1 is a critical component of innate immunity against influenza a viruses (fluav) in mice. animals carrying a wild-type mx1 gene (mx1(+/+)) differ from regular laboratory mice (mx1(-/-)) in that they are highly resistant to infection with standard fluav strains. we identified an extraordinary variant of the fluav strain, a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) (designated hvpr8), which is unusually virulent in mx1(+/+) mice. hvpr8 was well controlled in mx1(+/+) but not mx1(-/-) mice ... | 2007 | 17426143 |
| accuracy and power of bayes prediction of amino acid sites under positive selection. | bayes prediction quantifies uncertainty by assigning posterior probabilities. it was used to identify amino acids in a protein under recurrent diversifying selection indicated by higher nonsynonymous (d(n)) than synonymous (d(s)) substitution rates or by omega = d(n)/d(s) > 1. parameters were estimated by maximum likelihood under a codon substitution model that assumed several classes of sites with different omega ratios. the bayes theorem was used to calculate the posterior probabilities of eac ... | 2002 | 12032251 |
| mutations in the n-terminal region of influenza virus pb2 protein affect virus rna replication but not transcription. | pb2 mutants of influenza virus were prepared by altering conserved positions in the n-terminal region of the protein that aligned with the amino acids of the eif4e protein, involved in cap recognition. these mutant genes were used to reconstitute in vivo viral ribonucleoproteins (rnps) whose biological activity was determined by (i) assay of viral rna, crna, and mrna accumulation in vivo, (ii) cap-dependent transcription in vitro, and (iii) cap snatching with purified recombinant rnps. the resul ... | 2003 | 12692212 |
| [antiviral resistance of influenza viruses]. | | 2007 | 17455665 |
| [tissue tropism and virulence of rna viruses]. | | 2003 | 12696162 |
| [significance of rapid testing for influenza virus infectious disease]. | | 2007 | 17477144 |
| oseltamivir: new preparation. an antiviral agent with little impact on influenza. | (1) oseltamivir, an oral antiviral agent, has been marketed in the european union for the prevention and treatment of suspected influenza during epidemics. (2) three prevention trials done in the general population showed moderate effects, with a 3.5-4% reduction (in absolute values) in serologically confirmed episodes of 'flu. according to one trial, oseltamivir was moderately effective as a prophylactic for close contacts of 'flu cases (6.6% in absolute values). (3) there are three placebo-con ... | 2003 | 12825569 |
| pathogenic and molecular characterization of the h5n1 avian influenza virus isolated from the first human case in zhejiang province, china. | since the reemergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1, it caused disease in 20 people with 13 deaths in mainland of china. on february 21, 2006, the first suspected human case in zhejiang province was reported. pathogenic analyses, including reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), real-time rt-pcr, and virus isolation, were carried out to confirm the pathogen from tracheal aspirate specimen. in addition, antibody in serum sample was detected using hemagglutinati ... | 2007 | 17509792 |
| [a case of influenza a community-acquired pneumonia in an elderly subject hospitalised in intensive care unit]. | influenza pneumonia and influenza-associated severe exacerbation of pre-existing heart and lung disease are responsible for major complications that may require intensive care unit admission. here, we report the case of a diabetic 70 year-old man hospitalised in the intensive care unit (icu) of the university medical center of reims (france) for a severe bilateral and alveolar pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation. this patient had received a classical antibiotic treatment by amoxycillin (3 ... | 2005 | 16330385 |
| commercial immunoassay kits for the detection of influenza virus type a: evaluation of their use with poultry. | five antigen capture immunoassay test kits, directigen flu a (becton dickinson), quickvue influenza test kit (quidel), flu oia (thermobiostar), zstat flu (zymetx, inc.) and now flu a test (binax) were used to detect avian influenza virus (aiv) in clinical specimens as per manufacturers' protocols. each kit was shown to be specific for aiv propagated in embryonating chicken eggs (ece); other respiratory viruses of poultry tested gave negative results. the directigen flu a kit proved to be 10-fold ... | 2005 | 16404986 |
| influenza virus type a serosurvey in cats. | | 2007 | 17561573 |
| influenzavirus infection is a primary cause of febrile respiratory illness in hiv-infected adults, despite vaccination. | there are, to our knowledge, no prospective studies of respiratory tract infections in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected adults in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) era. we performed a surveillance study of outpatients who presented with fever and respiratory symptoms to examine the role of viral pathogens in these patients. | 2007 | 17578785 |
| phenotypic properties resulting from directed gene segment reassortment between wild-type a/sydney/5/97 influenza virus and the live attenuated vaccine strain. | widespread use of a live-attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) in the united states (licensed as flumist) raises the possibility that vaccine viruses will contribute gene segments to the type a influenza virus gene pool. progeny viruses possessing new genotypes might arise from genetic reassortment between circulating wild-type (wt) and vaccine strains, but it will be difficult to predict whether they will be viable or exhibit novel properties. to begin addressing these uncertainties, reverse-gene ... | 2007 | 17599381 |
| [two types of np-np associations in influenza virus-infected cells]. | two types of np-np associations are shown to form in the influenza virus-infected cells. early np synthesis gives rise to np associations stabilized by relatively weak bonds. these structures are designed as np multimers. the high protease- and heat-sensitivities allow np-multimers to be regarded as incompletely folded proteins. post-translationally, np-multimers transform to compact np associations (np oligomers) that are relatively highly heat-and protease-resistant. the np-multimers untransfo ... | 2007 | 17601043 |
| antiviral and antituberculous activity of helichrysum melanacme constituents. | bioassay guided fractionation of the acetonic extract of helichrysum melanacme using human influenza virus type a and a drug-sensitive strain of mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro resulted in the isolation of 2 4',6'-trihydroxy-3'-prenylchalcone (1) and 4',6',5''-trihydroxy-6'',6''-dimethyldihydropyrano[2'',3''-2',3'] chalcone (2) as active constituents. 3-o-methylquercetin and quercetin were also isolated but were inactive against the microorganisms tested in this study. | 2006 | 16529879 |
| impact of respiratory infections by influenza viruses a and b in pediatrics patients from federal university of paraná, brazil. | the objective of the present study was to determine the impact of influenza virus on pediatric hospitalized patients. we retrospectively reviewed records of children with laboratory diagnoses, by cell culture and/or indirect immunofluorescence assay, of influenza virus seen in a period of 6 years. a total of 1,033 samples were analyzed, 45 (4.3%) of them being reactive to influenza virus. thirty-one samples were positive to influenza a virus and 14 to influenza b. the frequency of hospitalizatio ... | 2007 | 17625765 |
| [live influenza vaccine: laboratory markers of attenuation]. | screening for candidate reassortants is an important step in the development of live influenza vaccine (liv). the temperature-sensitive (ts) and cold-adapted (ca) phenotypes of vaccine strains are generally determined, by employing chicken embryos, and used as ts and ca attenuation markers. however, it is difficult to use the egg-determined ts phenotypes of vaccine candidate reassortants as an attenuation marker due to a wide circulation of natural ts epidemic influenza viruses. this study used ... | 2007 | 17722606 |
| [incidence of influenza and influenza vaccine effectiveness in the 2004-2005 season]. | to quantify the incidence of flu in different groups of the population of navarra in the 2004-2005 season, and to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-flu vaccination. | 2006 | 16670732 |
| creating a model program for influenza surveillance in california: results from the 2005-2006 influenza season. | influenza surveillance is valuable for monitoring trends in influenza-related morbidity and mortality. using the 2005-2006 influenza season as an example, this paper describes a comprehensive influenza surveillance program used by the california department of public health (cdph). | 2007 | 17888862 |
| growth of h5n1 influenza a viruses in the upper respiratory tracts of mice. | highly pathogenic avian h5n1 influenza a viruses have spread throughout asia, europe, and africa, raising serious worldwide concern about their pandemic potential. although more than 250 people have been infected with these viruses, with a consequent high rate of mortality, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the efficient transmission of h5n1 viruses among humans remain elusive. we used a mouse model to examine the role of the amino acid at position 627 of the pb2 viral protein in efficien ... | 2007 | 17922570 |
| fate of influenza a virus proteins. | in this review we summarize the current state, history, future, mutation tendency and species susceptibility of influenza a virus proteins based on our probabilistic analyses on amino acid pairs, and compare the current state of influenza a virus proteins with that of proteins which we have studied in the past. | 2006 | 16712514 |
| evaluation of the presence of selected viral and bacterial nucleic acids in pericardial samples from dogs with or without idiopathic pericardial effusion. | many viruses have been identified in pericardial fluid and in tissue samples from humans with pericarditis by means of molecular diagnostics. in canine idiopathic pericardial effusion there is as yet no conclusive evidence to support the involvement of an infectious agent. this study was designed to investigate a possible relationship between idiopathic pericardial effusion in dogs and viruses most commonly encountered in humans affected with viral pericarditis. coxsackievirus b3 rna, influenza ... | 2009 | 17959400 |
| mutational analyses of packaging signals in influenza virus pa, pb1, and pb2 genomic rna segments. | the influenza a virus genome consists of eight negative-sense rna segments that must each be packaged to produce an infectious virion. we have previously mapped the minimal cis-acting regions necessary for efficient packaging of the pa, pb1, and pb2 segments, which encode the three protein subunits of the viral rna polymerase. the packaging signals in each of these rnas lie within two separate regions at the 3' and 5' termini, each encompassing the untranslated region and extending up to 80 base ... | 2008 | 17959657 |
| the antiviral potential of interferon-induced cotton rat mx proteins against orthomyxovirus (influenza), rhabdovirus, and bunyavirus. | influenza a virus (fluav) is an important human pathogen able to cause devastating pandemics. recently, cotton rats have been proposed as an animal model to study the innate immune response against fluav and other human pathogens. the interferon (ifn)-induced mx gtpases are part of the cell-autonomous innate immune response against viruses. we, therefore, tested the antiviral activity of the two cotton rat mx proteins that were recently identified. the nuclear cotton rat mx1 protein was found to ... | 2007 | 17970694 |
| a common pathway mediated through toll-like receptors leads to t- and natural killer-cell immunosuppression. | t- and natural killer (nk)-cell immunosuppression associated with zeta-chain down-regulation has been described in cancer, autoimmune, and infectious diseases. however, the precise stimuli leading to this bystander phenomenon in such different pathogen-dependent and sterile pathologies remained unresolved. here, we demonstrate that toll-like receptors (tlrs) play a major role in the induction of innate and adaptive immune system suppression; repetitive administration of single tlr 2, 3, 4, or 9 ... | 2008 | 17991807 |
| amantadine resistance among porcine h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in germany between 1981 and 2001. | this study was designed to gain insight into amantadine susceptibility of porcine influenza a viruses isolated in germany between 1981 and 2001. the 12 studied h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 porcine influenza virus strains were isolated in chicken eggs and passaged once in mdck cells. plaque reduction assays were applied to examine virus susceptibility to amantadine. genotyping was used to confirm drug resistance. in the results of these antiviral studies, only 3 of the 12 isolates were shown to be amanta ... | 2006 | 16809934 |
| clinical effectiveness of first and repeat influenza vaccination in adult and elderly diabetic patients. | influenza vaccine uptake remains low among the high-risk group of patients with diabetes, partly because of conflicting evidence regarding its potential benefits. we assessed the clinical effectiveness of influenza vaccination in adults with diabetes and specifically examined potential modification of effect by age and prior influenza vaccine uptake. | 2006 | 16873778 |
| avian influenza virus exhibits rapid evolutionary dynamics. | influenza a viruses from wild aquatic birds, their natural reservoir species, are thought to have reached a form of stasis, characterized by low rates of evolutionary change. we tested this hypothesis by estimating rates of nucleotide substitution in a diverse array of avian influenza viruses (aiv) and allowing for rate variation among lineages. the rates observed were extremely high, at >10(-3) substitutions per site, per year, with little difference among wild and domestic host species or vira ... | 2006 | 16945980 |
| influenza a virus ns1 protein binds p85beta and activates phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling. | influenza a virus ns1 is a multifunctional protein, and in virus-infected cells ns1 modulates a number of host-cell processes by interacting with cellular factors. here, we report that ns1 binds directly to p85beta, a regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (pi3k), but not to the related p85alpha subunit. activation of pi3k in influenza virus-infected cells depended on genome replication, and showed kinetics that correlated with ns1 expression. additionally, it was found that express ... | 2006 | 16963558 |
| [avian flu in altay territory]. | the avian flu epizootia among wild waterfowl and poultry in personal farmsteads is described. in 38.9% of tests from a sectioning material from bird's mass destruction the genetic materials of a influenza virus type a (h5n1), and in 24% of tests of serum antibodies to a influenza virus type a (h5n1) in diagnostic titers are revealed. it is carried out serological monitoring among workers of integrated poultry farms and the population. activation of epizootic process in second half of summer and ... | 2006 | 16981507 |
| [review on replication cycle of influenza virus]. | influenza virus belongs to orthomyxoviridae, which replicates its genome in nuclei of host cells. replication requires binding to the cellular receptor, entry into host cytoplasm and other several steps followed. in this article, recent findings of the virus replication steps, particularly emphasized on receptor recognition, fusion process, rnp transport and assembly were reviewed. | 2006 | 17037352 |