| qsar development and bioavailability determination: the toxicity of chloroanilines to the soil dwelling springtail folsomia candida. | quantitative structure-activity relationships (qsars) are an established tool in environmental risk assessment and a valuable alternative to the exhaustive use of test animals under reach. in this study a qsar was developed for the toxicity of a series of six chloroanilines to the soil-dwelling collembolan folsomia candida in standardized natural lufa2.2 soil. toxicity endpoints incorporated in the qsar were the concentrations causing 10% (ec10) and 50% (ec50) reduction in reproduction of f. can ... | 2013 | 23276458 |
| genetic variation in parthenogenetic collembolans is associated with differences in fitness and cadmium-induced transcriptome responses. | ecotoxicological tests may be biased by the use of laboratory strains that usually contain very limited genetic diversity. it is therefore essential to study how genetic variation influences stress tolerance relevant for toxicity outcomes. to that end we studied sensitivity to cadmium in two distinct genotypes of the parthogenetic soil ecotoxicological model organism folsomia candida. clonal lines of both genotypes (to1 and to2) showed divergent fitness responses to cadmium exposure; to2 reprodu ... | 2013 | 23256528 |
| dimethoate affects cholinesterases in folsomia candida and their locomotion--false negative results of an avoidance behaviour test. | the main mode of action of organophosphate insecticides is to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (ache), which causes neuromuscular paralysis leading ultimately to death. the collembolan folsomia candida is an important and standard test species in ecotoxicology, where effects on avoidance behaviour are assessed. being related to insects they represent potential targets of insecticides such as the organophosphate dimethoate. in the present study we exposed f. candida to dimethoate having 2 main aims: ... | 2013 | 23246662 |
| dynamic bioavailability of copper in soil estimated by uptake and elimination kinetics in the springtail folsomia candida. | this study aimed to assess the bioavailability of copper in soil, by measuring its uptake kinetics into a representative soil invertebrate, the collembolan folsomia candida. the animals were exposed to 25 or 100 μg cu g(-1) dry lufa 2.2 soil at nominal ph(cacl2) 4.5, 5.5, or 6.5 during 14 days after which they were transferred to clean soil for 14 days elimination. uptake and elimination rate constants were calculated based on total and extractable soil concentrations and porewater concentration ... | 2013 | 23229135 |
| ecotoxicity of xanthene dyes and a non-chlorinated bisphenol in soil. | soil eco-toxicity testing was conducted in support of canada's chemical management plan (cmp) to fill data gaps for organic chemicals known to primarily partition to soil, and of which the persistence and inherent toxicity are uncertain. two compounds representative of specific classes of chemicals: non-chlorinated bisphenols containing an -oh group (4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (binox)) and xanthene dyes (2',4',5',7'-tetrabromo-4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-3',6'-dihydroxy-, disodium salt (p ... | 2013 | 23211322 |
| a functional isopenicillin n synthase in an animal genome. | horizontal transfer of genes is widespread among prokaryotes, but is less common between microorganisms and animals. here, we present evidence for the presence of a gene encoding functional isopenicillin n synthase, an enzyme in the β-lactam antibiotics biosynthesis pathway, in the genome of the soil-living collembolan species, folsomia candida (fcipns). at present, this gene is only known from bacteria and fungi, as is the capacity to produce β-lactam antibiotics. the fcipns gene was located on ... | 2013 | 23204388 |
| uptake and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in terrestrial springtails--studying bioconcentration kinetics and linking toxicity to chemical activity. | passive dosing applies a polymer loaded with test compound(s) to establish and maintain constant exposure in laboratory experiments. passive dosing with the silicone poly(dimethylsiloxane) was used to control exposure of the terrestrial springtail folsomia candida to six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in bioconcentration and toxicity experiments. folsomia candida could move freely on the pah-loaded silicone, resulting in exposure via air and direct contact. the bioconcentration kinetics ... | 2013 | 23147567 |
| pesticide application to agricultural fields: effects on the reproduction and avoidance behaviour of folsomia candida and eisenia andrei. | the objective of this work was to assess the impact of pesticide application to non-target soil organisms simulating what happens following pesticide application in agricultural fields and thus obtaining higher realism on results obtained. for that purpose, three commercial formulations containing the insecticides chlorpyrifos and endosulfan and the herbicide glyphosate were applied to a mediterranean agricultural field. the soil was collected after spraying and dilution series were prepared wit ... | 2012 | 22711551 |
| photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol under p-modified tio2/uv system: kinetics, intermediates, phytotoxicity and acute toxicity. | a series of phosphorus-modified titanium dioxide samples with varying p/ti atomic ratio were conveniently prepared via a conventional solgel route. the effects of phosphorus content and calcination temperature on the crystalline structure, grain growth, surface area, and the photocatalytic activity of p-modified tio2 were investigated. the xrd results showed that p species slow down the particle growth of anatase and increase the anatase-to-rutile phase transformation temperature to more than 90 ... | 2012 | 22655362 |
| functional environmental genomics of a municipal landfill soil. | we investigated the toxicity of soil samples derived from a former municipal landfill site in the south of the netherlands, where a bioremediation project is running aiming at reusing the site for recreation. both an organic soil extract and the original soil sample was investigated using the iso standardized folsomia soil ecotoxicological testing and gene expression analysis. the 28 day survival/reproduction test revealed that the ecologically more relevant original soil sample was more toxic t ... | 2012 | 22623925 |
| effect of different spiking procedures on the distribution and toxicity of zno nanoparticles in soil. | due to the difficulty in dispersing some engineered nanomaterials in exposure media, realizing homogeneous distributions of nanoparticles (np) in soil may pose major challenges. the present study investigated the distribution of zinc oxide (zno) np (30 nm) and non-nano zno (200 nm) in natural soil using two different spiking procedures, i.e. as dry powder and as suspension in soil extract. both spiking procedures showed a good recovery (>85 %) of zinc and based on total zinc concentrations no di ... | 2012 | 22552447 |
| ecotoxicological assessment of metal-polluted urban soils using bioassays with three soil invertebrates. | this study aimed at assessing the quality of urban soils by integrating chemical and ecotoxicological approaches. soils from five sites in downtown naples, italy, were sampled and characterized for physical-chemical properties and total and water-extractable metal concentrations. bioassays with eisenia andrei, enchytraeus crypticus and folsomia candida were performed to assess toxicity of the soils, using survival, reproduction and growth as the endpoints. metal bioaccumulation in the animals wa ... | 2012 | 22445389 |
| development of qsars for the toxicity of chlorobenzenes to the soil dwelling springtail folsomia candida. | to meet the goals of registration, evaluation, authorisation, and restriction of chemicals (reach) as formulated by the european commission, fast and resource-effective tools are needed to predict the toxicity of compounds in the environment. we developed quantitative structure-activity relationships (qsars) for the toxicity of nine chlorinated benzenes to the soil-dwelling collembolan folsomia candida in natural lufa2.2 (landwirtschaftliche untersuchungs und forschungsanstalt [lufa]) standard s ... | 2012 | 22431168 |
| toxicity of profenofos to the springtail, folsomia candida, and ammonia-oxidizers in two agricultural soils. | extensive use of organophosphorus insecticide profenofos (pff) for agricultural and house-hold purposes has led to serious environmental pollution, with potential risk to organisms in the ecosystem. this study examined the toxicity of pff to the soil springtail folsomia candida and ammonia-oxidizers through a series of toxicity tests conducted on two agricultural soils. it was found that the survival, reproduction, hsp70 gene expression of f. candida and the soil potential nitrification rate (pn ... | 2012 | 22362510 |
| cadmium affects toxicokinetics of pyrene in the collembolan folsomia candida. | since toxicity is time dependent, short-term toxicity tests may overlook mixture effects, because chemical accumulation within an organism takes time. we therefore studied the effects of cadmium on the toxicokinetics of pyrene and its metabolites in the soil-dwelling collembolan folsomia candida exposed through lufa 2.2 soil. single pyrene was rapidly taken up and steady state was reached within the 337-h exposure period. simultaneous exposure to cadmium significantly decreased the pyrene uptake ... | 2012 | 22327388 |
| molecular and life-history effects of a natural toxin on herbivorous and non-target soil arthropods. | natural toxins, such as isothiocyanate (itc), are harmful secondary metabolites produced by plants. many natural toxins occur in commercial crops, yet their possible negative repercussions on especially non-target soil organisms are largely unknown. this study examined life-history and gene transcriptional responses to 2-phenylethyl itc on two soil arthropod species: folsomia candida and protaphorura fimata. to that end the standardized iso guideline for ecotoxicological tests and a microarray f ... | 2012 | 22311422 |
| ecotoxicity of siloxane d5 in soil. | decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (d5) is a cyclic volatile methyl siloxane (cvms) commonly found in commercially available products. d5 is expected to enter the terrestrial environment through the deposit of biosolids from sewage treatment plants onto agricultural fields for nutrient enrichment. little to no information currently exists as to the risks of d5 to the terrestrial environment. in order to evaluate the potential risk to terrestrial organisms, the toxicity of a d5 contaminated biosolid in ... | 2012 | 22197313 |
| toxicity of pb and of pb/cd combination on the springtail folsomia candida in natural soils: reproduction, growth and bioaccumulation as indicators. | the toxicity of pb and cd+pb was assessed on the collembola f. candida in two cultivated soils (sv and au) with low organic matter (om) content and circumneutral to basic ph, and an acid forested soil (epc) with high om content. collembola reproduction and growth as well as metal content in collembola body, in soil, exchangeable fraction and soil solutions, ph and doc were investigated. pb and cd+pb were the highest in exchangeable fraction and soil solution of the acidic soils. soil solution ph ... | 2012 | 22113108 |
| ecological and molecular consequences of prolonged drought and subsequent rehydration in folsomia candida (collembola). | drought tolerance in water-permeable, soil-living collembola (e.g. folsomia candida) is achieved due to a unique water vapour absorption mechanism, where accumulation of sugars and polyols is essential. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying such adaptation as well as the maintenance of this survival strategy and the responses to rehydration after prolonged drought in these soil-living collembola are unclear. in the present study, the functional relationships between ecological drought res ... | 2012 | 22079296 |
| integrated ecological risk assessment of pesticides in tropical ecosystems: a case study with carbofuran in brazil. | the aim of the present study is to contribute an ecologically relevant assessment of the ecotoxicological effects of pesticide applications in agricultural areas in the tropics, using an integrated approach with information gathered from soil and aquatic compartments. carbofuran, an insecticide/nematicide used widely on sugarcane crops, was selected as a model substance. to evaluate the toxic effects of pesticide spraying for soil biota, as well as the potential indirect effects on aquatic biota ... | 2012 | 22068639 |
| assessing single and joint effects of chemicals on the survival and reproduction of folsomia candida (collembola) in soil. | chemicals are often found in the environment as complex mixtures. there has been a large effort in the last decade to assess the combined effect of chemicals, using the conceptual models of concentration addition and independent action, but also including synergistic, antagonistic, dose-level and dose-ratio dependent deviations from these models. in the present study, single and mixture toxicity of atrazine, dimethoate, lindane, zinc and cadmium were studied in folsomia candida, assessing surviv ... | 2012 | 22035938 |
| ecotoxicity of aged uranium in soil using plant, earthworm and microarthropod toxicity tests. | discrepancies about probable no effect concentrations (pnec) for uranium in soils may be because toxicity tests used freshly contaminated soils. this study used 3 soils amended with a range of uranium concentrations 10 years previously. the toxicity tests with northern wheatgrass (elymus lanceolatus); earthworm (eisenia andrei) were not affected below ~1,000 mg u kg(-1), and the soil arthropod folsomia candida was not affected below ~350 mg u kg(-1). survival of orthonychiurus folsomi was dimini ... | 2012 | 22033655 |
| the evolution of postreproductive life span as an insurance against indeterminacy. | postreproductive life span remains a puzzle for evolutionary biologists. the explanation of increased inclusive fitness through parental care after reproduction that applies for humans is unrealistic for many species. we propose a new selective mechanism, independent of parental care, which relies on the hypothesis that postreproductive life span can evolve as an insurance against indeterminacy: longer life expectancy reduces the risk of dying by chance before the cessation of reproductive activ ... | 2011 | 21967441 |
| the influence of long-term copper contaminated agricultural soil at different ph levels on microbial communities and springtail transcriptional regulation. | copper has long been applied for agricultural practises. like other metals, copper is highly persistent in the environment and biologically active long after its use has ceased. here we present a unique study on the long-term effects (27 years) of copper and ph on soil microbial communities and on the springtail folsomia candida an important representative of the soil macrofauna, in an experiment with a full factorial, random block design. bacterial communities were mostly affected by ph. these ... | 2012 | 21882881 |
| chronic toxicity of zno nanoparticles, non-nano zno and zncl2 to folsomia candida (collembola) in relation to bioavailability in soil. | the chronic toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (zno-np) to folsomia candida was determined in natural soil. to unravel the contribution of particle size and free zinc to np toxicity, non-nano zno and zncl(2) were also tested. zinc concentrations in pore water increased with increasing soil concentrations, with freundlich sorption constants k(f) of 61.7, 106 and 96.4 l/kg (n = 1.50, 1.34 and 0.42) for zno-np, non-nano zno and zncl(2) respectively. survival of f. candida was not affected by zno- ... | 2011 | 21724309 |
| toxicity to eisenia andrei and folsomia candida of a metal mixture applied to soil directly or via an organic matrix. | regulatory limits for chemicals and ecological risk assessment are usually based on the effects of single compounds, not taking into account mixture effects. the ecotoxicity of metal-contaminated sludge may, however, not only be due to its metal content. both the sludge matrix and the presence of other toxicants may mitigate or promote metal toxicity. to test this assumption, the toxicity of soils recently amended with an industrial sludge predominantly contaminated with chromium, copper, nickel ... | 2011 | 21683441 |
| narcotic mechanisms of acute toxicity of chlorinated anilines in folsomia candida (collembola) revealed by gene expression analysis. | in order to clarify the mechanisms of reproductive toxicity in a qsar approach, the transcriptional signatures upon the 2 day exposure to the 28 days ec₅₀ of a series of increasingly chlorinated aniline compounds and 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene were measured in folsomia candida. in general, the transcriptional patterns associated with all compounds revealed toxicity at the cellular membranes and hence components of narcosis type i, but a principal component analysis revealed a deviating response ... | 2011 | 21481473 |
| influence of soil properties on the performance of folsomia candida: implications for its use in soil ecotoxicology testing. | nineteen mediterranean natural soils with a wide range of properties and the organisation for economic co-operation and development (oecd) artificial soil were used to assess the influence of soil properties on the results of avoidance and reproduction tests carried out with the soil collembolan species folsomia candida. compared to natural soils, the oecd soil was mostly rejected by individuals when a natural soil was offered in avoidance tests, and the number of offspring produced was generall ... | 2011 | 21437938 |
| brain organization in collembola (springtails). | arthropoda is comprised of four major taxa: hexapoda, crustacea, myriapoda and chelicerata. although this classification is widely accepted, there is still some debate about the internal relationships of these groups. in particular, the phylogenetic position of collembola remains enigmatic. some molecular studies place collembola into a close relationship to protura and diplura within the monophyletic hexapoda, but this placement is not universally accepted, as collembola is also regarded as eit ... | 2011 | 21420507 |
| transgenerational effects of food availability on age at maturity and reproductive output in an asexual collembolan species. | transgenerational effects of environmental conditions can have several important ecological and evolutionary implications. we conducted a fully factorial experiment manipulating food availability across three generations in the collembolan folsomia candida, a springtail species that inhabits soil and leaf litter environments which vary in resource availability. maternal and grandmaternal food availability influenced age at maturity and reproductive output. these effects appear to be cumulative r ... | 2011 | 21411448 |
| high throughput nano-liter rt-qpcr to classify soil contamination using a soil arthropod. | to incorporate genomics data into environmental assessments a mechanistic perspective of interactions between chemicals and induced biological processes needs to be developed. since chemical compounds with structural similarity often induce comparable biological responses in exposed animals, gene expression signatures can serve as a starting point for the assessment of chemicals and their toxicity, but only when relevant and stable gene panels are available. to design such a panel, we isolated d ... | 2011 | 21362169 |
| expression of mtc in folsomia candida indicative of metal pollution in soil. | the soil-living springtail folsomia candida is frequently used in reproduction bioassays to assess soil contamination. alternatively, the response of genes to contamination is assessed. in this study the expression of f. candida's gene encoding the deduced metallothionein-like motif containing protein (mtc) was assessed, using quantitative pcr, in response to six different metals, each at two concentrations in soil. the expression of mtc was induced after exposure to all metals, except for one c ... | 2011 | 21296470 |
| transcriptional plasticity of a soil arthropod across different ecological conditions. | ecological functional genomics, dealing with the responses of organisms to their natural environment is confronted with a complex pattern of variation and a large number of confounding environmental factors. for gene expression studies to provide meaningful information on conditions deviating from normal, a baseline or normal operating range (nor) response needs to be established which indicates how an organism's transcriptome reacts to naturally varying ecological factors. here we determine the ... | 2011 | 21255171 |
| avoidance tests with folsomia candida for the assessment of copper contamination in agricultural soils. | the feasibility of assessing copper accumulation in agricultural soils using avoidance tests with a canadian strain of folsomia candida was investigated under laboratory conditions. the avoidance response to nominal copper sulfate concentrations of 0, 200, 800, 1600 and 3200 mg kg⁻¹ in oecd soil was inconsistent between trials with the standard plastic cup or a modified petri dish method requiring less soil. however, combined results from three petri dish trials decreased variability and provide ... | 2011 | 21247679 |
| effects of consumption of bt-maize (mon 810) on the collembolan folsomia candida, over multiple generations: a laboratory study. | the effect of long-term feeding on bt-maize by collembolans in the laboratory is virtually unestablished. that is why the aim of the present study was to test whether the reproduction, fecal pellet production or food preference of the collembolan f. candida is affected when fed on bt-maize for several consecutive generations. the collembolans were fed with bt-maize for 0, 6, 16 and 22 months and the number of eggs and fecal pellets were determined. the experiment was repeated seven months later ... | 2011 | 26467626 |
| investigation of zno nanoparticles' ecotoxicological effects towards different soil organisms. | nanomaterials have widespread applications in several industrial sectors. zno nanoparticles (nps) are among the most commonly used metal oxide nps in personal care products, coating and paints. however, their potential toxicological impact on the environment is largely unexplored. | 2011 | 21116865 |
| the influence of soil properties on the toxicity of molybdenum to three species of soil invertebrates. | mo toxicity to earthworms (eisenia andrei), collembola (folsomia candida) and enchytraeids (enchytraeus crypticus) was determined in 10 european soils and a standard artificial soil, freshly spiked with na(2)moo(4), after 28 days exposure. mo affected survival only in three low ph sandy soils; in all other soils lc50 was >3200 mg mo/kg dry soil. ec50 values for the reproduction toxicity of mo were 129-2378 mg/kg for earthworms, 72->3396 mg/kg for collembola, and 301->2820 mg/kg for enchytraeids. ... | 2011 | 20951431 |
| ecotoxicological assessment of diffuse pollution using biomonitoring tool for sustainable land use in thailand. | as a developing country, thailand has a significant issue with diffuse pollution of the soil ecosystem due to an indiscriminate use of agrichemicals and poorly regulated disposal of a wide variety of hazardous wastes. practical risk assessment tools based on locally-occurring species are needed to assess the effects of diffuse pollutants on the soil ecosystem in thailand because reliance on soil criteria developed for overseas conditions may provide inadequate protection. native soil organisms i ... | 2010 | 20923097 |
| influence of soil type and organic matter content on the bioavailability, accumulation, and toxicity of alpha-cypermethrin in the springtail folsomia candida. | the influence of organic matter (om) content on alpha-cypermethrin porewater concentrations and springtail folsomia candida accumulation was investigated in two soils with different levels of organic matter, a forest soil with a total organic carbon (toc) content of 5.0% (om=11.5%) and an agricultural soil with a toc content of 1.3% (om=4.0%). also, the effects of alpha-cypermethrin concentrations in soil and pore water and the influence of soil aging on springtail reproduction were investigated ... | 2010 | 20821544 |
| effects of mercury on reproduction, avoidance, and heat shock protein gene expression of the soil springtail folsomia candida. | based on the cambisols of beijing (used as agricultural soils), toxicity tests were conducted to investigate the effects of mercury (hg) on reproduction and avoidance of folsomia candida (hexapoda: collembola), as well as the transcriptional responses of the hsp70 gene, under different hg concentrations and at different exposure times. results showed that the hsp70 gene of the springtail was the most sensitive parameter to soil hg stress, with a half-maximal effective concentration (ec50) of 0.4 ... | 2010 | 20821491 |
| toxicity of methyl tert butyl ether to soil invertebrates (springtails: folsomia candida, proisotoma minuta, and onychiurus folsomi) and lettuce (lactuca sativa). | experiments were conducted to assess the toxicity of methyl tert butyl ether (mtbe) to three species of collembola (proisotoma minuta, folsomia candida, and onychiurus folsomi) and lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) using an artificial organization for economic cooperation and development (oecd) soil and field-collected sandy loam and silt loam soil samples. soil invertebrate tests were carried out in airtight vials to prevent volatilization of mtbe out of the test units and to allow for direct head-sp ... | 2010 | 20821452 |
| comparison of biological and chemical measures of metal bioavailability in field soils: test of a novel simulated earthworm gut extraction. | bioavailability of metals in soil is a major factor influencing estimates of risk associated with exposure of ecological receptors. metal concentrations in soil are often compared to ecological screening benchmarks, which are based on total concentrations in soil. often, the total concentration is not correlated with toxicity. no standardised method exists for determining the bioavailability of metals in soil to ecological receptors. several surrogate measures of bioavailability were compared to ... | 2010 | 20678790 |
| hsp70 expression and metabolite composition in response to short-term thermal changes in folsomia candida (collembola). | in the present study the joint transcriptomic and metabolomic responses in folsomia candida (collembola) to temperature changes on a short-term scale were studied. change in heat tolerance was examined as survival after a 35 degrees c heat shock (2h) in the course of either a fluctuating temperature regime (8 to 32 degrees c; pre-treated) or a constant temperature (20 degrees c; control) over a period of 24h. exposure to a temperature increase from 20 to 32 degrees c (2.4 degrees c min(-)(1)) in ... | 2010 | 20601056 |
| joint effects of three plant protection products to the terrestrial isopod porcellionides pruinosus and the collembolan folsomia candida. | the effects of simultaneous application of plant protection products are of concern since the uses of different products pose an additional risk to non-target soil organisms. the effects of binary combinations of dimethoate, glyphosate and spirodiclofen, an insecticide an herbicide and an acaricide, on the avoidance behaviour of the terrestrial isopod porcellionides pruinosus and the reproductive effort of folsomia candida were assessed using the two reference models of concentration addition (c ... | 2010 | 20579688 |
| comparison of solid-phase bioassays and ecoscores to evaluate the toxicity of contaminated soils. | five bioassays (inhibition of lettuce germination and growth, earthworm mortality, inhibition of springtail population growth, avoidance by springtails) were compared, using four coke factory soils contaminated by pahs and trace elements, before and after biotreatment. for each bioassay, several endpoints were combined in an 'ecoscore', a measure of test sensitivity. ecoscores pooled over all tested bioassays revealed that most organisms were highly sensitive to the concentration of 3-ring pahs. ... | 2010 | 20537453 |
| mixture effects of nickel and chlorpyrifos on folsomia candida (collembola) explained from development of toxicity in time. | two reference models are commonly used to predict mixture toxicity, concentration addition and independent action. for accurately predicting mixture effects, both reference models need a full description of the dose-response curve for all single chemicals present in the mixture. we studied the mixture effect of nickel and chlorpyrifos on survival of the soil-dwelling collembolan folsomia candida exposed for 7weeks in lufa 2.2 soil. especially chlorpyrifos toxicity showed extremely steep dose-res ... | 2010 | 20334890 |
| chlorpyrifos reduces nickel-induced growth retardation of the soil dwelling collembolan folsomia candida. | for 7 weeks, we studied the effects on body size and growth rate of folsomia candida exposed to nickel and chlorpyrifos and their mixtures in a natural lufa 2.2 soil. nickel significantly reduced the development of body size of the springtails, although no complete dose-response curve was obtained. chlorpyrifos did not influence the springtail growth when applied alone, but significantly reduced the growth retardation induced by nickel. we showed that by monitoring the development of toxicity in ... | 2010 | 20185177 |
| gene expression analysis reveals a gene set discriminatory to different metals in soil. | environmental pollution is a worldwide problem, and metals are the largest group of contaminants in soil. microarray toxicogenomic studies with ecologically relevant organisms, such as springtails, supplement traditional ecotoxicological research but are presently rather descriptive. classifier analysis, a more analytical application of the microarray technique, is able to predict biological classes of unknown samples. we used the uncorrelated shrunken centroid method to classify gene expression ... | 2010 | 20133373 |
| gene expression microarray analysis of heat stress in the soil invertebrate folsomia candida. | sudden temperature changes in soil can induce stress in soil-dwelling invertebrates. hyperthermic conditions have an impact on gene expression as one of the first steps. we use a transcriptomics approach using microarrays to identify expression changes in response to heat in the springtail folsomia candida. an elevation of temperature (delta 10 degrees c) altered the expression of 142 genes (116 up-, 26 down-regulated). many up-regulated genes encoded heat shock proteins, enzymes involved in atp ... | 2010 | 20074298 |
| mrna expression of a cadmium-responsive gene is a sensitive biomarker of cadmium exposure in the soil collembolan folsomia candida. | the gene expression of environmental organisms is useful as a biomarker of environmental pollution. one of its advantages is high sensitivity. we identified the cdna of a novel cadmium-responsive gene in the soil collembolan folsomia candida. the deduced protein, designated "metallothionein-like motif containing protein" (mtc), was cysteine-rich and contained a metallothionein-like motif with similarity to metallothionein, but had a much longer sequence than metallothionein and contained repeate ... | 2010 | 20022415 |
| the effect of soil ph and temperature on folsomia candida transcriptional regulation. | differences in abiotic factors like temperature and soil ph can have a significant physiological impact on soil dwelling invertebrates and may confound results in ecotoxicological testing. in this study we exposed folsomia candida to a range of two abiotic stress treatments (ph and temperature) for 3 days and measured gene expression of a panel of nine stress response genes with real-time q-pcr. the exposure to different ph values had a minimal effect on the expression of the nine selected genes ... | 2010 | 19931278 |
| determining cadmium critical concentrations in natural soils by assessing collembola mortality, reproduction and growth. | the toxicity of cadmium for the collembola folsomia candida was studied by determining the effects of increasing cd concentrations on growth, survival and reproduction in three cultivated and forested soils with different ph (4.5-8.2) and organic matter content (1.6-16.5%). the cd concentration in soil cacl(2) exchangeable fraction, in soil solution and in collembola body was determined. at similar total soil concentrations, the cd concentration in soil solutions strongly decreased with increasi ... | 2010 | 19913911 |
| the use of collembola avoidance tests to characterize sewage sludges as soil amendments. | the ecotoxicological characterization of sewage sludge takes into account the additive, antagonistic and synergistic effects that occur as a result of multi-chemical interactions. such an evaluation therefore is essential to complement the chemical analysis that, although required by law, is clearly insufficient. using a tiered approach in the toxic evaluation of sewage sludge allows for characterization of toxicity in a timely manner. according to the literature, reproduction tests with folsomi ... | 2009 | 19850318 |
| sugar sweet springtails: on the transcriptional response of folsomia candida (collembola) to desiccation stress. | several species of collembola survive stressful desiccating conditions by absorbing water vapour from the environment. to obtain insight into the transcriptomic responses underlying this 'water vapour absorption' mechanism we subjected folsomia candida (collembola) to transcriptome profiling. we show that ecologically relevant desiccation stress leads to strong time-dependent transcriptomic changes. exposure of f. candida to 98.2% relative humidity over an interval of 174 h resulted in a high nu ... | 2009 | 19788701 |
| reference genes for qrt-pcr tested under various stress conditions in folsomia candida and orchesella cincta (insecta, collembola). | genomic studies measuring transcriptional responses to changing environments and stress currently make their way into the field of evolutionary ecology and ecotoxicology. to investigate a small to medium number of genes or to confirm large scale microarray studies, quantitative reverse transcriptase pcr (qrt-pcr) can achieve high accuracy of quantification when key standards, such as normalization, are carefully set. in this study, we validated potential reference genes for their use as endogeno ... | 2009 | 19486513 |
| transcriptomics reveals extensive inducible biotransformation in the soil-dwelling invertebrate folsomia candida exposed to phenanthrene. | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are common pollutants in soil, have negative effects on soil ecosystems, and are potentially carcinogenic. the springtail (collembola) folsomia candida is often used as an indicator species for soil toxicity. here we report a toxicogenomic study that translates the ecological effects of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene in soil to the early transcriptomic responses in folsomia candida. | 2009 | 19457238 |
| exposure to mercury reduces heat tolerance and heat hardening ability of the springtail folsomia candida. | we investigated the combined effects of mercury (hgcl(2)) and acute heat on survival of the springtail folsomia candida. the springtails were exposed to a range of aqueous concentrations (0-48 mg hg(2+)/l) of hgcl(2) for 24 h. subsequently, the same individuals were exposed to a range of high temperatures, from 20 to 35.5 degrees c. we found a highly significant synergistic interaction between effects of mercury and heat, with a reduced tolerance to heat after exposure to sublethal concentration ... | 2009 | 19351567 |
| bioinformatics and protein expression analyses implicate lea proteins in the drought response of collembola. | humidity has a large impact on the distribution and abundance of terrestrial invertebrates, but the molecular mechanisms governing drought resistance are not fully understood. some attention has been given to the role of the heat shock response as a component of desiccation tolerance, but recent focus has been on the chaperone-like lea (late embryogenesis abundant) proteins in anhydrobiotic animals. this study investigates the expression of putative lea proteins as well as the heat shock protein ... | 2009 | 19100270 |
| gene expression analysis of collembola in cadmium containing soil. | increasing concern about pollution of our environment calls for advanced and rapid methods to estimate ecological toxicity. the use of gene expression microarrays in environmental studies can potentially meet this challenge. we present a novel method to examine soil toxicity. we exposed the collembolan folsomia candida to soil containing an ecologically relevant cadmium concentration, and found a cumulative total of 1586 differentially expressed transcripts across three exposure durations, inclu ... | 2008 | 19031917 |
| the toxicity of soil samples containing tnt and other ammunition derived compounds in the enchytraeid and collembola-biotest. | the effect of ammunition-like compounds and armament waste on the mortality and reproduction of terrestrial invertebrates was assayed by using two biotests: the enchytraeid-biotest with enchytraeus crypticus and the collembola-biotest with folsomia candida. toxicity was investigated by using standard soil (lufa 2.2) spiked with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt), hexahydro-l,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine (hexogen, rdx), octahydro-l,3,5,7-tetranitro-l,3,5,7-tetrazocine (octogen, hmx) and 2,4,6-triaminotol ... | 1999 | 19005665 |
| passive dosing of soil invertebrates with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: limited chemical activity explains toxicity cutoff. | the partitioning of organic soil pollutants into soil organisms is driven by their chemical activity, which normally does not exceed that of the pure pollutant. passive dosing with the silicone poly(dimethylsiloxane) (pdms) was used to initiate and maintain the maximum chemical activity of 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in toxicity tests with the springtail folsomia candida. the test animals could move freely on the pdms saturated with pahs, resulting in direct contact and exposure t ... | 2008 | 18939595 |
| application of hicep to screening of radiation stress-responsive genes in the soil microarthropod folsomia candida (collembola). | the field of ecotoxicogenomics has received increasing attention for its potential to provide insight into pressing ecological issues. however, its applications are limited due to a lack of genetic sequence information for organisms used in ecotoxicological studies. we used high-coverage expression profiling (hicep), a method that requires no prior sequence knowledge, to examine stress-responsive genes and their dose dependence in the springtail folsomia candida using gamma radiation as the stre ... | 2008 | 18853822 |
| multigeneration exposure of the springtail folsomia candida to phenanthrone: from dose-response relationships to threshold concentrations. | results of life-cycle toxicity experiments are supposed to be indicative for long-term effects of exposure to toxicants. several studies, however, have shown that adaptation or extinction of populations exposed for several generations may occur. the aim of this study was therefore to determine if the effects of the pah phenanthrene on survival and reproduction of the springtail folsomia candida exposed for 10 consecutive generations to contaminated soil would progressively increase, or, alternat ... | 2008 | 18853820 |
| reproductive flexibility: genetic variation, genetic costs and long-term evolution in a collembola. | in a variable yet predictable world, organisms may use environmental cues to make adaptive adjustments to their phenotype. such phenotypic flexibility is expected commonly to evolve in life history traits, which are closely tied to darwinian fitness. yet adaptive life history flexibility remains poorly documented. here we introduce the collembolan folsomia candida, a soil-dweller, parthenogenetic (all-female) microarthropod, as a model organism to study the phenotypic expression, genetic variati ... | 2008 | 18791644 |
| exposure to mercury reduces cold tolerance in the springtail folsomia candida. | we investigated how mercury (hg) as an example of a widespread pollutant, can influence the tolerance of low temperature stress in the springtail, folsomia candida. springtails were exposed to aqueous solutions with a range of concentrations of hgcl2 and subsequently exposed to a range of low temperatures (cold shock) in order to model the dose-response surface (using survival as toxicity parameter). the data fitted a multiplicative model well (r2=0.99), and there was a highly significant synerg ... | 2008 | 18550445 |
| avoidance tests in site-specific risk assessment--influence of soil properties on the avoidance response of collembola and earthworms. | the ability of organisms to avoid contaminated soils can act as an indicator of toxic potential in a particular soil. based on the escape response of earthworms and collembola, avoidance tests with these soil organisms have great potential as early screening tools in site-specific assessment. these tests are becoming more common in soil ecotoxicology, because they are ecologically relevant and have a shorter duration time compared with standardized soil toxicity tests. the avoidance response of ... | 2008 | 18419186 |
| solid-phase microextraction (spme) as a tool to predict the bioavailability and toxicity of pyrene to the springtail, folsomia candida, under various soil conditions. | the porewater concentrations of pyrene were estimated by a negligible depletive solid-phase microextraction (spme) method. the effects of organic matter (om) and soil aging on the bioavailability of pyrene in soil were investigated by generation of reproductive effect concentrations (ec50) for the euedaphic springtail, folsomia candida, under various test conditions. the soil used was a sandy loam soil with natural om content of 2.6% (askov soil). it was enriched with increasing organic matter c ... | 2008 | 18351113 |
| comparative ecotoxicity of three polluted industrial soils for the collembola folsomia candida. | we tried to quantify the ecotoxicity of three industrial soil samples contaminated by different metals, using the collembolan folsomia candida as a biological model and mortality, growth and reproduction as parameters. the observed ecotoxicities are rather normal for the first such soil sample (aluminum factory) but are high for the second sample (ore treatment) and relatively low for the third one (zinc factory) considering its high metal concentrations. for these last two soil samples, an unus ... | 2008 | 18336905 |
| avoidance tests with earthworms and springtails: defining the minimum exposure time to observe a significant response. | based on the ability of organisms to avoid contaminated soils, avoidance tests have a great potential as early screening tools in lower tier levels of era schemes. aiming at their standardization, the definition of the minimum exposure time necessary to observe an avoidance response to a contaminant is needed. to fill this gap, avoidance tests with earthworms (eisenia andrei) and springtails (folsomia candida), comparing distinct time periods (from 1-7 to 1-14 days, respectively), were performed ... | 2008 | 18006058 |
| risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates, las, in agricultural soil revisited: robust chronic toxicity tests for folsomia candida (collembola), aporrectodea caliginosa (oligochaeta) and enchytraeus crypticus (enchytraeidae). | to obtain robust data on the toxicity of las, tests with the collembolan folsomia candida l., the oligochaetes aporrectodea caliginosa savigny (earthworm) and enchytraeus crypticus westheide and graefe (enchytraeid) were performed in a sandy loam soil. additionally limited tests with las spiked to sewage sludge, and subsequently mixed into soil, were performed. for the endpoint of interest, reproduction in soil, we found an ec10 of 205 mg las kg(-1) soil [8.6-401] [95% confidence limits] for f. ... | 2007 | 17761211 |
| modeling the effects of binary mixtures on survival in time. | in general, effects of mixtures are difficult to describe, and most of the models in use are descriptive in nature and lack a strong mechanistic basis. the aim of this experiment was to develop a process-based model for the interpretation of mixture toxicity measurements, with effects of binary mixtures on survival as a starting point. the survival of folsomia candida was monitored daily for 21 d during the exposure to six binary mixtures of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in a loamy sand soil. ... | 2007 | 17571699 |
| multigeneration effects of insect growth regulators on the springtail folsomia candida. | multigeneration tests are very useful for the assessment of long term toxicity of pollutants such as endocrine disruptor compounds. in this study, multigeneration reproduction tests adapted from the iso standard 11267 were conducted with the collembola folsomia candida. springtails were exposed to artificial soil contaminated with four insect growth regulators (methoprene, fenoxycarb, teflubenzuron, and precocene ii) according to two different experimental set-ups. in the first set-up, the paren ... | 2007 | 17350685 |
| a comparison of hox3 and zen protein coding sequences in taxa that span the hox3/zen divergence. | the class 3 hox genes of insects have diverged--in expression domain and functional role during embryogenesis--compared to those of other bilaterians. whereas the canonical ortholog (hox3) is involved in axial patterning of the embryonic body, the insect ortholog (zen) is involved in extraembryonic development. in this paper, we present sequence data from the centipede strigamia maritima, the collembolan folsomia candida, and the insect thermobia domestica. with these data, complete coding seque ... | 2007 | 17285343 |
| toxicity of the anthelmintic abamectin to four species of soil invertebrates. | abamectin is a veterinary medicinal product with high efficiency against parasitics. this study evaluates the sublethal toxicity of abamectin to three groups of soil dwelling organisms (springtails, enchytraeids and earthworms). the reproduction of the two springtail species folsomia fimetaria and folsomia candida was significantly affected at abamectin concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg dw, respectively. adults of especially f. candida were less sensitive. abamectin had no effect on the survi ... | 2007 | 17258847 |
| effects of dinoseb on energy reserves in the soil arthropod folsomia candida. | this study evaluated the usefulness of energy reserves as an early warning system in folsomia candida when exposed to the pesticide dinoseb. after different exposure times, survival, reproduction, growth (weight and length), lipid and protein content of the organisms were determined. after six days of exposure at 15-30microg of dinoseb/g dry soil, the weight, lipid, and protein content of the exposed organisms were higher than the controls. this stimulation seems to indicate that collembola adop ... | 2007 | 17258807 |
| phototactic responses to ultraviolet and white light in various species of collembola, including the eyeless species, folsomia candida. | previous observations have indicated homology in the cellular components between collembolan eyes and the compound eyes of insects. however, behavioral or physiological studies indicating similarities in function are lacking. collembolan eyes were examined from three species in the family isotomidae using scanning electron microscopy. collembolan eyes are arranged dorsally and laterally on each side of the head in two species, proisotoma minuta with eight eyes on each side of the head and folsom ... | 2007 | 20307231 |
| nonylphenol stimulates fecundity but not population growth rate (lambda) of folsomia candida. | the toxicity of nonylphenol (np) to springtails was pronounced at 40 mg/kg dry weight soil, at which no animals survived. body length and fecundity were the individual life-history traits significantly stimulated by sublethal concentrations of np during a 64-day experiment. however, the effects of np on these traits did not result in a statistically significant increase in population growth rate (lambda). decomposition analysis indicated that fecundity was the main contributor to the (non-signif ... | 2007 | 17189650 |
| chronic toxicity of polycyclic aromatic compounds to the springtail folsomia candida and the enchytraeid enchytraeus crypticus. | an urgent need exists for incorporating heterocyclic compounds and (bio)transformation products in ecotoxicological test schemes and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic compounds (pacs). the aim of the present study therefore was to determine the chronic effects of (heterocyclic) pacs on two terrestrial invertebrates, the springtail folsomia candida and the enchytraeid enchytraeus crypticus. the effects of 11 pacs were determined in chronic experiments using reproduction and survival as endpo ... | 2006 | 16986798 |
| compensatory growth of phanerochaete velutina mycelial systems grazed by folsomia candida (collembola). | phanerochaete velutina is a major agent of wood decomposition in temperate forests. it grows out of woody resources in search of other resources and is then vulnerable to grazing by invertebrates. the aim of this study was to determine how continuous grazing and grazing for only 2 days by different densities of collembola, folsomia candida, affect mycelial development (radial extension, hyphal coverage and fractal dimension) of p. velutina growing across non-sterile soil. high density (80 collem ... | 2006 | 16958906 |
| effect of leaching and aging on the bioavailability of lead to the springtail folsomia candida. | because it is unclear if leaching can account for differences in metal bioavailability observed between metal-spiked soils and historically contaminated field soils, we simultaneously assessed pb toxicity to the springtail folsomia candida in three transects of pb-contaminated soils and in leached and unleached soils spiked at similar total pb concentrations. total pb concentrations of 3,877 mg/kg dry weight and higher always caused significant effects on f. candida reproduction in the spiked so ... | 2006 | 16916018 |
| centrosome inheritance in the parthenogenetic egg of the collembolan folsomia candida. | unfertilized eggs commonly lack centrioles, which are usually provided by the male gamete at fertilization, and are unable to assemble functional reproducing centrosomes. however, some insect species lay eggs that develop to adulthood without a contribution from sperm. we report that the oocyte of the parthenogenetic collembolan folsomia candida is able to self-assemble microtubule-based asters in the absence of pre-existing maternal centrosomes. the asters, which develop near the innermost pole ... | 2006 | 16906420 |
| reorganization of mycelial networks of phanerochaete velutina in response to new woody resources and collembola (folsomia candida) grazing. | mycelial development of phanerochaete velutina extending from wood inocula in 57 x 57 cm trays of non-sterile soil was characterized after adding: (1) collembola; (2) new wood resources; (3) both new wood resources and collembola; and (4) no new resources and no collembola. after 99 d, all systems had produced distinct mycelial cords, much of the diffuse mycelium and thinner cords that were produced early on having regressed. systems to which new resources (but no collembola) had been added deve ... | 2006 | 16891104 |
| chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos reveals two modes of action in the springtail folsomia candida. | organophosphates are popular insecticides, but relatively little is known about their chronic effects on ecologically relevant endpoints. in this paper, we examine a life-cycle experiment with the springtail folsomia candida, exposed via food to chlorpyrifos (cpf). the results for all endpoints (survival, growth and reproduction) were analyzed using the debtox model. growth was unaffected by cpf, even at concentrations causing severe effects on survival and reproduction. model analysis suggests ... | 2007 | 16762466 |
| molecular detection of predation by soil micro-arthropods on nematodes. | the relative importance of the factors driving change in the population dynamics of nematodes in the soil is almost completely unknown. top-down control by micro-arthropod predators may have a significant impact on nematode population dynamics. we report experiments showing that mites and collembola were capable of reducing nematode numbers in the laboratory and were feeding on a targeted nematode species in the field. a pcr-based approach was developed for the detection of predation on three sp ... | 2006 | 16689911 |
| does lipophilicity of toxic compounds determine effects on drought tolerance of the soil collembolan folsomia candida? | the ability of collembola to survive drought stress is crucial for their distribution in the terrestrial environment. previous studies have suggested that several toxic compounds affect the drought tolerance of folsomia candida in a synergistic manner and that these compounds have the feature in common that they elicit their toxicity by causing membrane damage. we hypothesised that the detrimental effect of toxic chemicals on drought tolerance in f. candida depends on the lipophilicity (log k(ow ... | 2006 | 16584822 |
| preliminary analysis of toxicity of benzoxazinones and their metabolites for folsomia candida. | the overall objective of this study was to explore the toxicity of benzoxazinone allelochemicals and their metabolites to folsomia candida (collembola: isotomidae) (willem, 1902). experimental tests showed transformation products to have more pronounced toxicity than parent compounds. the underlying relationship between the chemical structure and toxicity was then studied using three-dimensional qsar approaches, and results highlighted the role of the steric contribution. | 2006 | 16478222 |
| influence of the soil composition on the effects of benzoxazinoid allelochemicals on two soil nontarget organisms. | seven selected benzoxazinoid allelochemicals and synthetic reference compounds were tested for their lethal and sublethal effects in different field soils and standard soil on folsomia candida and poecilus cupreus by applying standard laboratory test procedures. the higher microbial activity in the field soils was most probably responsible for the reduced effects of test compounds on f. candida in the majority of all tests, whereas the higher organic carbon content in field soils was likely the ... | 2006 | 16478221 |
| effects of the benzoxazoid dimboa, selected degradation products, and structure-related pesticides on soil organisms. | both lethal and sublethal effects of the benzoxazoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-(2h)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one (dimboa), the degradation products 6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2(3h)-one (mboa), 2-amino-7-methoxy-(3h)-phenoxazin-3-one (ampo), and 2-acetylamino-7-methoxy-3(h)-phenoxazin-3-one (aampo) and the structure-related compounds 2-methoxy-n-(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3yl)acet-2'=6'-xylidide (oxadixyl), and o,o-diethyl s-[6-chloro-2-oxobenzoxazolin-3-yl)methyl]phosphorodithioate (phosalone) on the collembol ... | 2006 | 16406583 |
| effects of different soil types on the collembolans folsomia candida and hypogastrura assimilis using the herbicide phenmedipham. | soil ecotoxicology studies are usually performed in standard soils such as organization for economic cooperation and development artificial soil or lufa st. 2.2, a natural soil. when assessing the toxic effects in the environment, soil properties are often different from those in standard soils, which might lead to different exposure situation for the test species and therefore to misleading conclusions. selected to cover a broad range of properties and based on the euro-soils concept, 17 differ ... | 2005 | 16220585 |
| effect of soil properties and aging on the toxicity of copper for enchytraeus albidus, enchytraeus luxuriosus, and folsomia candida. | in the present study, the effect of the heavy-metal salt copper chloride (cucl2.2h2o) in soils freshly spiked (3 d) and aged (70 +/- 10 d; mean +/- sd) was studied in the test species enchytraeus albidus, e. luxuriosus, and folsomia candida. up to nine soils were used: besides the organisation for economic co-operation and development (oecd) artificial soil and the agricultural testing and research agency (landwirtschaftliche untersuchungs- und forschungsanstalt, speyer, germany) 2.2 natural sta ... | 2005 | 16152956 |
| avoidance of low doses of naphthalene by collembola. | the introduction of behavioural aspects of soil animals in ecological risk assessment would allow us to better assess soil quality, all the more if a range of animal populations are considered. we compared the avoidance behaviour of several strains of springtails (arthropoda: collembola) obtained from different soils. naphthalene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah), widely represented in soils polluted with hydrocarbons, was tested in aqueous solutions on nine springtail species issuing fro ... | 2006 | 16112312 |
| effects of insect growth regulators on the nontarget soil arthropod folsomia candida (collembola). | the aim of this study was to assess the effect of several insect growth regulators (igrs) on the nontarget soil arthropod folsomia candida (collembola). the survival and reproduction rates of f. candida were evaluated after 28 days of exposure to six igrs (methoprene, fenoxycarb, precocene ii, tebufenozide, hexaflumuron and teflubenzuron) and to one herbicide (diuron) in artificial soil. the differences in the sensitivity of f. candida to these different substances are high. the chitin synthesis ... | 2006 | 16112194 |
| avoidance bio-assays may help to test the ecological significance of soil pollution. | we measured the short-term (100 min) avoidance of a soil heavily polluted by hydrocarbons by the soil springtail folsomia candida, at six rates of dilution in a control, unpolluted soil. we compared the results with those of long-term (40-day) population tests. five strains were compared, of varying geographical and ecological origin. when pure, the polluted soil was lethal in the long-term and avoided in the short-term by all strains. avoidance tests, but not population tests, were able to disc ... | 2006 | 16105715 |
| unexpected reduction in reproduction of collembola exposed to an arsenic-contaminated soil. | to assess the problems posed by ecological testing of the toxicity of polluted soils, we applied the collembola reproduction test to the soil from a mining site polluted by metals. our aim was to quantify the chronic toxicity of contaminated soil using the folsomia candida reproduction test. briefly, the polluted soil, which contains in particular large quantities of arsenic, is mixed in various proportions with a reference soil, and the number of juveniles is counted five weeks later. the resul ... | 2005 | 16050588 |
| the relative sensitivity of growth and reproduction in the springtail, folsomia candida, exposed to xenobiotics in the laboratory: an indicator of soil toxicity. | the folsomia candida reproduction test [iso, 1998. soil quality--inhibition of reproduction of collembola (folsomia candida) by soil pollutants. international standard organization report 11267, 1998, geneva] is used to evaluate the ecotoxicological risks of contaminants in soils. the aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity of growth and reproduction of f. candida to four xenobiotics: two metals (cd, al), one metalloid (as), and one organic compound (pentachlorophenol). we showed that r ... | 2006 | 16040122 |
| the analysis of reaction norms for age and size at maturity using maturation rate models. | reaction norms for age and size at maturity are being analyzed to answer important questions about the evolution of life histories. a new statistical method is developed in the framework of time-to-event data analysis, which circumvents shortcomings in currently available approaches. the method emphasizes the estimation of age- and size-dependent maturation rates. individual probabilities of maturation during any given time interval follow by integrating maturation rate along the growth curve. t ... | 2005 | 15856693 |
| ecotoxicity of cobalt to the springtail folsomia candida. | despite growing concern about the potential adverse effects of elevated cobalt concentrations in the environment, hardly any toxicity data are available for terrestrial invertebrates. therefore, chronic toxicity of cobalt was assessed for the springtail folsomia candida. the 28-day ec50 for the reproduction of f. candida was 1480 mg co/kg dry wt in standard artificial soil (oecd) and 409 mg co/kg dry wt in standard field soil (lufa 2.2). the difference in toxicity can be explained by the higher ... | 2004 | 15683827 |
| a comparative analysis of the toxicity of eight common soil contaminants and their effects on drought tolerance in the collembolan folsomia candida. | previous exposure to contaminants can increase the susceptibility to drought stress in soil invertebrates. in the present study, the effects of eight common environmental contaminants on drought tolerance and reproduction were investigated using the collembolan folsomia candida as a model organism. four classes of chemicals were considered: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pyrene and fluorene), detergents (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (las) and nonylphenol), insecticides (dimethoate and cyperm ... | 2005 | 15546628 |
| a comparative study of the effects of metal contamination on collembola in the field and in the laboratory. | we examined the species diversity and abundance of collembola at 32 sampling points along a gradient of metal contamination in a rough grassland site (wolverhampton, england), formerly used for the disposal of metal-rich smelting waste. differences in the concentrations of cd, cu, pb and zn between the least and most contaminated part of the 35 metre transect were more than one order of magnitude. a gradient of zn concentrations from 597 to 9080 microg g(-1) dry soil was found. a comparison betw ... | 2004 | 15526862 |
| biodiversity of collembola in urban soils and the use of folsomia candida to assess soil 'quality'. | the effects of metal contamination on natural populations of collembola in soils from five sites in the wolverhampton area (west midlands, england) were examined. analysis revealed that metal concentrations were elevated above background levels at all sites. one location in particular (ladymoor, a former smelting site) was highly contaminated with cd, cu, pb and zn at more than 20 times background levels. biodiversity indices (shannon-weiner, simpson index, margalef index, alpha index, species r ... | 2004 | 15526861 |