| gene flow between chromosomal forms of the malaria vector anopheles funestus in cameroon, central africa, and its relevance in malaria fighting. | knowledge of population structure in a major vector species is fundamental to an understanding of malaria epidemiology and becomes crucial in the context of genetic control strategies that are being developed. despite its epidemiological importance, the major african malaria vector anopheles funestus has received far less attention than members of the anopheles gambiae complex. previous chromosomal data have shown a high degree of structuring within populations from west africa and have led to t ... | 2005 | 15677749 |
| [recent observations on the sensitivity to pyrethroids and ddt of anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus in the central highlands of madagascar; preliminary results on the absence of the kdr mutation in an. arabiensis]. | anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus are the principal vectors of malaria on the central highlands of madagascar. these two species of mosquito are directly or indirectly the targets of indoor insecticide spread. the survey of the susceptibility of these two vectors to insecticides is essential specifying for the anti-vectorial current directives and for the future programs. this paper describes: --the recent tests of susceptibility and the study of the knock-down effect of four pyrethroi ... | 2003 | 15678819 |
| epidemiological, clinical and biological features of malaria among children in niamey, niger. | malaria takes a heavy toll in niger, one of the world's poorest countries. previous evaluations conducted in the context of the strategy for the integrated management of childhood illness, showed that 84% of severe malaria cases and 64 % of ordinary cases are not correctly managed. the aim of this survey was to describe epidemiological, clinical and biological features of malaria among <5 year-old children in the paediatric department of the national hospital of niamey, niger's main referral hos ... | 2005 | 15703076 |
| entomological characteristics of malaria transmission in manhiça, a rural area in southern mozambique. | from october 1997 to september 1998, an entomological survey was carried out in manhiça, mozambique, to describe the anopheline population and intensity of malaria transmission. ten different huts were randomly selected for entomological surveillance throughout the year. cdc light trap collections were conducted during three nights each month. additional knockdown spraying catches were carried out in the morning, after the last catch. a total of 17,245 culicinae and 1,251 anophelinae were collec ... | 2005 | 15799528 |
| entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: a review. | fungal diseases in insects are common and widespread and can decimate their populations in spectacular epizootics. virtually all insect orders are susceptible to fungal diseases, including dipterans. fungal pathogens such as lagenidium, coelomomyces and culicinomyces are known to affect mosquito populations, and have been studied extensively. there are, however, many other fungi that infect and kill mosquitoes at the larval and/or adult stage. the discovery, in 1977, of the selective mosquito-pa ... | 2004 | 15861235 |
| influence of age and previous diet of anopheles gambiae on the infectivity of natural plasmodium falciparum gametocytes from human volunteers. | the effect of age and dietary factors of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) on the infectivity of natural plasmodium falciparum parasites was studied. mosquitoes of various ages (1-3, 4-7 and 8-11 day old) and those fed blood (either single or double meals) and sugar meals were experimentally co-infected with p. falciparum gametocytes obtained from different naturally infected human volunteers. on day 7, midguts were examined for oocyst infection to determine whether mosquito age or diets ha ... | 2004 | 15861248 |
| identification of three members of the anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) group and their role in malaria transmission in two ecological zones in nigeria. | the role of the anopheles funestus group in malaria transmission was investigated in two ecological zones in nigeria. sampling was carried out at four sites each around ibadan (forest) and ilorin (savanna). human landing catches were supplemented with indoor and outdoor resting collections. pcr was used to identify 1848 a. funestus group mosquitoes to species level (749 in the savanna, 1099 in the forest) and three species were identified. in the forest, a. funestus s.s. predominated (55.4%), fo ... | 2005 | 15869772 |
| the unexpected importance of mosquito oviposition behaviour for malaria: non-productive larval habitats can be sources for malaria transmission. | mosquitoes commute between blood-meal hosts and water. thus, heterogeneity in human biting reflects underlying spatial heterogeneity in the distribution and suitability of larval habitat as well as inherent differences in the attractiveness, suitability and distribution of blood-meal hosts. one of the possible strategies of malaria control is to identify local vector species and then attack water bodies that contain their larvae. | 2005 | 15892886 |
| rag1 core and v(d)j recombination signal sequences were derived from transib transposons. | the v(d)j recombination reaction in jawed vertebrates is catalyzed by the rag1 and rag2 proteins, which are believed to have emerged approximately 500 million years ago from transposon-encoded proteins. yet no transposase sequence similar to rag1 or rag2 has been found. here we show that the approximately 600-amino acid "core" region of rag1 required for its catalytic activity is significantly similar to the transposase encoded by dna transposons that belong to the transib superfamily. this supe ... | 2005 | 15898832 |
| experimental hut evaluation of bednets treated with an organophosphate (chlorpyrifos-methyl) or a pyrethroid (lambdacyhalothrin) alone and in combination against insecticide-resistant anopheles gambiae and culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. | pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes are becoming increasingly common in parts of africa. it is important to identify alternative insecticides which, if necessary, could be used to replace or supplement the pyrethroids for use on treated nets. certain compounds of an earlier generation of insecticides, the organophosphates may have potential as net treatments. | 2005 | 15918909 |
| anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus mosquito distributions at 30 villages along the kenyan coast. | this study investigated whether anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus giles mosquito populations were distributed randomly among houses on the coast of kenya. sample means and variances of mosquitoes were estimated from bimonthly pyrethrum spray collections at 30 villages from july 1997 through may 1998. in total, 5,476 an. gambiae s.l. and 3,461 an. funestus were collected. the number of an. gambiae s.l. collected was highest in november/december and lowest in may. the number of an. fun ... | 2005 | 15962770 |
| vector abundance and malaria transmission in rice-growing villages in mali. | anophelism without malaria has long been recognized. in large irrigation projects, such as that around niono, mali, villages in irrigated areas sometimes have more anopheline vectors of malaria than adjacent nonirrigated villages, but overall malaria prevalence is substantially less. one hypothesized explanation for this is high anopheline densities lead to smaller adults, who do not live so long and hence are less efficient at transmitting the disease. we analyzed serial collections from 18 vil ... | 2005 | 15964957 |
| evolution of the acyl-coa binding protein (acbp). | acyl-coa-binding protein (acbp) is a 10 kda protein that binds c12-c22 acyl-coa esters with high affinity. in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that it is involved in multiple cellular tasks including modulation of fatty acid biosynthesis, enzyme regulation, regulation of the intracellular acyl-coa pool size, donation of acyl-coa esters for beta-oxidation, vesicular trafficking, complex lipid synthesis and gene regulation. in the present study, we delineate the evolutionary history of acbp t ... | 2005 | 16018771 |
| molecular differentiation between chromosomally defined incipient species of anopheles funestus. | anopheles funestus giles is one of the most important vectors of malaria in sub-saharan africa. the population structure of this mosquito in burkina faso, west africa based on chromosomal inversion data led to the description of two chromosomal forms, kiribina and folonzo. because both forms co-occur in the same locales yet differ significantly, both in the frequency of inverted arrangements on chromosome arms 3r and 2r and in vectorial capacity, they were hypothesized to be emerging species wit ... | 2005 | 16033431 |
| genomic islands of speciation in anopheles gambiae. | the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (a. gambiae), provides a unique opportunity to study the evolution of reproductive isolation because it is divided into two sympatric, partially isolated subtaxa known as m form and s form. with the annotated genome of this species now available, high-throughput techniques can be applied to locate and characterize the genomic regions contributing to reproductive isolation. in order to quantify patterns of differentiation within a. gam ... | 2005 | 16076241 |
| plasmodium species mixed infections in two areas of manhiça district, mozambique. | we compared the distribution patterns of individual plasmodium species and mixed-species infections in two geographically close endemic areas, but showing environmental differences. comparisons concerned circulating plasmodium infections in both human and mosquito vector populations in the dry and wet seasons, at a micro-epidemiological level (households). both areas revealed a very high overall prevalence of infection, all year-round and in all age groups. plasmodium falciparum was the predomin ... | 2005 | 16094461 |
| laboratory selection for and characteristics of pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector anopheles funestus. | a laboratory colony of anopheles funestus giles (diptera: culicidae) was established in 2000 from material collected from southern mozambique where pyrethroid resistance had been demonstrated in the wild population. a subsample of the colony was selected for pyrethroid resistance using 0.1% lambda-cyhalothrin. bioassay susceptibility tests in subsequent generations f(2) to f(4) showed increased resistance with each successive generation. survival of individual mosquitoes fed only on 10% sugar so ... | 2005 | 16134975 |
| an integrated genetic and physical map for the malaria vector anopheles funestus. | we have constructed a genetic map of the major african malaria vector, anopheles funestus, using genetic markers segregating in f(2) progeny from crosses between two strains colonized from different field sites. genotyping was performed on 174 progeny from three families using 33 microsatellite markers, a single rflp, and 15 single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) loci. four linkage groups were resolved and these were anchored to chromosomes x and 2 and chromosomal arms 3r and 3l by comparison with ... | 2005 | 16143619 |
| modulation of anopheles gambiae gene expression in response to o'nyong-nyong virus infection. | to determine if gene expression of an. gambiae is modulated in response to o'nyong-nyong virus (onnv) infection, we utilized cdna microarrays including about 20 000 cdnas. gene expression levels of onnv-infected female mosquitoes were compared to that of the uninfected control females harvested at 14 days postinfection. in response to onnv infection, expression levels of 18 genes were significantly modulated, being at least two-fold up- or down-regulated. quantitative real-time pcr analysis (qrt ... | 2005 | 16164603 |
| gambol and tc1 are two distinct families of dd34e transposons: analysis of the anopheles gambiae genome expands the diversity of the is630-tc1-mariner superfamily. | tc1 is a family of dna transposons found in diverse organisms including vertebrates, invertebrates and fungi. tc1 belongs to the is630-tc1-mariner superfamily, which is characterized by common 'ta' target site and conserved d(asp)de(glu) or ddd catalytic triad. all functional tc1-like transposons contain a transposase with a dd34e catalytic triad. we conducted a systematic analysis of dd34e transposons in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, using a reiterative and exhaustive search ... | 2005 | 16164609 |
| rapid urban malaria appraisal (ruma) i: epidemiology of urban malaria in ouagadougou. | rapid urbanization in sub-saharan africa has a major impact on malaria epidemiology. while much is known about malaria in rural areas in burkina faso, the urban situation is less well understood. | 2005 | 16168054 |
| biting behavior and plasmodium infection rates of anopheles arabiensis from sille, ethiopia. | the man-biting behavior and plasmodium infection rates of anopheline mosquitoes were investigated in sille, a hyperendemic malarious area in southern ethiopia. seven anopheles species were identified from all night landing collections, conducted from 18:00 to 06:00h between october 2001 and august 2002. the predominant species was anopheles arabiensis (55.8%), followed by anopheles coustani (31.5%), anopheles pharoensis (9.5%), anopheles funestus (2.2%), anopheles nili (0.5%), anopheles marshall ... | 2006 | 16171769 |
| effect of water resource development and management on lymphatic filariasis, and estimates of populations at risk. | lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a debilitating disease overwhelmingly caused by wuchereria bancrofti, which is transmitted by various mosquito species. here, we present a systematic literature review with the following objectives: (i) to establish global and regional estimates of populations at risk of lf with particular consideration of water resource development projects, and (ii) to assess the effects of water resource development and management on the frequency and transmission dynamics of the ... | 2005 | 16172476 |
| effect of artemether-lumefantrine policy and improved vector control on malaria burden in kwazulu-natal, south africa. | between 1995 and 2000, kwazulu-natal province, south africa, experienced a marked increase in plasmodium falciparum malaria, fuelled by pyrethroid and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance. in response, vector control was strengthened and artemether-lumefantrine (al) was deployed in the first ministry of health artemisinin-based combination treatment policy in africa. in south africa, effective vector and parasite control had historically ensured low-intensity malaria transmission. malaria is dia ... | 2005 | 16187798 |
| effect of larval crowding on mating competitiveness of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. | the success of sterile or transgenic anopheles for malaria control depends on their mating competitiveness within wild populations. current evidence suggests that transgenic mosquitoes have reduced fitness. one means of compensating for this fitness deficit would be to identify environmental conditions that increase their mating competitiveness, and incorporate them into laboratory rearing regimes. | 2005 | 16197541 |
| 16s rrna gene-based identification of midgut bacteria from field-caught anopheles gambiae sensu lato and a. funestus mosquitoes reveals new species related to known insect symbionts. | field-collected mosquitoes of the two main malaria vectors in africa, anopheles gambiae sensu lato and anopheles funestus, were screened for their midgut bacterial contents. the midgut from each blood-fed mosquito was screened with two different detection pathways, one culture independent and one culture dependent. bacterial species determination was achieved by sequence analysis of 16s rrna genes. altogether, 16 species from 14 genera were identified, 8 by each method. interestingly, several of ... | 2005 | 16269761 |
| isolation and sequence analysis of p450 genes from a pyrethroid resistant colony of the major malaria vector anopheles funestus. | pyrethroid resistance has been demonstrated in populations of anopheles funestus from south africa and southern mozambique. resistance is associated with elevated p450 monooxygenase enzymes. in this study, degenerate primers based on conserved regions of anopheles gambiae p450 cyp4, 6 and 9 families were used to amplify genomic and cdna templates from a. funestus. a total of 12 cyp4, 12 cyp6 and 7 cyp9 partial genes have been isolated and sequenced. blast results revealed that a. funestus p450s ... | 2005 | 16287623 |
| rangewide population genetic structure of the african malaria vector anopheles funestus. | anopheles funestus is a primary vector of malaria in africa south of the sahara. we assessed its rangewide population genetic structure based on samples from 11 countries, using 10 physically mapped microsatellite loci, two per autosome arm and the x (n = 548), and 834 bp of the mitochondrial nd5 gene (n = 470). on the basis of microsatellite allele frequencies, we found three subdivisions: eastern (coastal tanzania, malawi, mozambique and madagascar), western (burkina faso, mali, nigeria and we ... | 2005 | 16313589 |
| chromosomal evidence of incipient speciation in the afrotropical malaria mosquito anopheles funestus. | the analysis of chromosomal polymorphism of paracentric inversions in anopheline mosquitoes has often been instrumental to the discovery of sibling species complexes and intraspecific genetic heterogeneities associated with incipient speciation processes. to investigate the population structure of anopheles funestus giles (diptera: culicidae), one of the three most important vectors of human malaria in sub-saharan africa, a three-year survey of chromosomal polymorphism was carried out on 4,638 k ... | 2005 | 16336311 |
| genetic structure of anopheles gambiae populations on islands in northwestern lake victoria, uganda. | alternative means of malaria control are urgently needed. evaluating the effectiveness of measures that involve genetic manipulation of vector populations will be facilitated by identifying small, genetically isolated vector populations. the study was designed to use variation in microsatellite markers to look at genetic structure across four lake victoria islands and two surrounding mainland populations and for evidence of any restriction to free gene flow. | 2005 | 16336684 |
| impact of ddt re-introduction on malaria transmission in kwazulu-natal. | to determine whether the re-introduction of ddt in kwazulu-natal had any effects on malaria transmission in the province. | 2005 | 16344885 |
| chromosomal differentiation of anopheles funestus from luanda and huambo provinces, western and central angola. | the chromosomal polymorphism of anopheles funestus sensu stricto from angola was analyzed from indoor-resting samples collected in 11 peri-urban and rural sites of the luanda and huambo provinces, which are > 450 km apart and have distinct eco-climatic conditions. five polymorphic paracentric inversions were observed (scored chromatids range = 202 to 248): 2ra, 2rh, 3ra, 3rb, and 3la. inversions 3rb and 3la were highly polymorphic; the 2ra and 3ra arrangements were absent in luanda. no significa ... | 2005 | 16354814 |
| evaluation of environmental data for identification of anopheles (diptera: culicidae) aquatic larval habitats in kisumu and malindi, kenya. | this research evaluates the extent to which use of environmental data acquired from field and satellite surveys enhances predictions of urban mosquito counts. mosquito larval habitats were sampled, and multispectral thermal imager (mti) satellite data in the visible spectrum at 5-m resolution were acquired for kisumu and malindi, kenya, during february and march 2001. all entomological parameters were collected from january to may 2001, june to august 2002, and june to august 2003. in a poisson ... | 2005 | 16365996 |
| malaria vectors in angola: distribution of species and molecular forms of the anopheles gambiae complex, their pyrethroid insecticide knockdown resistance (kdr) status and plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates. | malaria is by far the greatest cause of morbidity and mortality in angola, being responsible for 50% of all outpatient attendance and around 22% of all hospital deaths, yet by 2003 only 2% of under-5s used insecticide-treated nets. entomological studies are an essential foundation for rational malaria control using insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, but there have been no published studies of malaria vectors in angola over the 27 years of the civil war, to its end in 2002. th ... | 2006 | 16420701 |
| impact of different strategies to control plasmodium infection and anaemia on the island of bioko (equatorial guinea). | on the island of bioko (equatorial guinea), insecticide-treated nets (itns) have been the main tool used to control malaria over the last 13 years. in 2004, started an indoor residual spraying (irs) campaign to control malaria. the purpose of this study is to asses the impact of the two control strategies on the island of bioko (equatorial guinea), with regards to plasmodium infection and anaemia in the children under five years of age. | 2006 | 16460558 |
| population structure of the malaria vector anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) in madagascar and comoros. | microsatellites were used as markers for a study of the population structure of anopheles funestus on madagascar and comoros. mosquitoes were collected in four different localities on madagascar and one on comoros. there was a significant genetic differentiation between all samples from madagascar and that from comoros (p<0.05). with respect to the madagascar mosquito samples, it was found that there were no significant genetic differences between samples that were collected at the east coast, a ... | 2006 | 16464433 |
| personal protection of long lasting insecticide-treated nets in areas of anopheles gambiae s.s. resistance to pyrethroids. | the development of mosquito nets pre-treated with insecticide, long lasting impregnated nets (llins) that last the life span of the net, is a solution to the difficulty of the re-impregnation of conventional nets. even if they showed a good efficacy in control conditions, their efficacy in the field, particularly in areas with resistance of anopheles gambiae to pyrethroids, is not well documented. this study compares wide (olyset) and small (permanet) mesh llins in field conditions, using entomo ... | 2006 | 16472385 |
| analysis of the complete mitochondrial dna from anopheles funestus: an improved dipteran mitochondrial genome annotation and a temporal dimension of mosquito evolution. | virtually no information regarding timing of deep lineage divergences within mosquito family (culicidae) exists, which poses an important problem in the postgenomic era. to address this issue, the complete 15,354 bp mitochondrial genome of anopheles funestus was assembled from both mtdna and cdna sequences generated from transcripts of the mtdna-encoded protein and rrna genes. analysis of the transcript information allowed an improved genome annotation, revealing that the translation initiation ... | 2006 | 16473530 |
| landscape determinants and remote sensing of anopheline mosquito larval habitats in the western kenya highlands. | in the past two decades the east african highlands have experienced several major malaria epidemics. currently there is a renewed interest in exploring the possibility of anopheline larval control through environmental management or larvicide as an additional means of reducing malaria transmission in africa. this study examined the landscape determinants of anopheline mosquito larval habitats and usefulness of remote sensing in identifying these habitats in western kenya highlands. | 2006 | 16480523 |
| re-emergence of anopheles funestus and its possible effect on malaria transmission on mayotte island, indian ocean. | malaria constitutes a major public health problem on mayotte island, with the major vector being anopheles gambiae s.s. the seeming disappearance of an. funestus, the 2nd vector on the island, was observed 15 years ago. now, the presence of an. funestus during the biting collections performed in november and december 2004 confirms the re-emergence of this vector, which plays an important role in malaria transmission with an. gambiae. | 2005 | 16506577 |
| the distribution of hatching time in anopheles gambiae. | knowledge of the ecological differences between the molecular forms of anopheles gambiae and their sibling species, an. arabiensis might lead to understanding their unique contribution to disease transmission and to better vector control as well as to understanding the evolutionary forces that have separated them. | 2006 | 16553960 |
| low autochtonous urban malaria in antananarivo (madagascar). | the study of urban malaria is an area undergoing rapid expansion, after many years of neglect. the problem of over-diagnosis of malaria, especially in low transmission settings including urban areas, is also receiving deserved attention. the primary objective of the present study was to assess the frequency of malaria among febrile outpatients seen in private and public primary care facilities of antananarivo. the second aim was to determine, among the diagnosed malaria cases, the contribution o ... | 2006 | 16573843 |
| [feeding behaviour of anopheles funestus resting females in senegal]. | the feeding behaviour of an. funestus resting females was studied in eleven sites in senegal along a west-east transect in two biogeographical zones (the sudanese and sudanese-guinean zones) by an elisa technique. mosquitoes were collected by pyrethrum spray catches. for the 1563 blood meals tested, the main hosts were humans, cows, sheep and horses representing respective proportions of 85%, 9.9%, 1.3% and 3.8%. no blood meal was taken on chicken. the percentage of non-reacting blood meals was ... | 2001 | 16579080 |
| imbalanced distribution of plasmodium falciparum eba-175 genotypes related to clinical status in children from bakoumba, gabon. | the erythrocyte binding antigen 175 kda (eba-175) of plasmodium falciparum is one of the major ligands for red blood cell invasion by merozoites. eba-175 is a dimorphic antigen but the role that dimorphism plays in host parasite interaction is not fully understood. in this study, we sought to determine the distribution of eba-175 genotypes and its pathogenetic influence. | 2006 | 16595788 |
| superior reproductive success on human blood without sugar is not limited to highly anthropophilic mosquito species. | anthropophilic mosquitoes such as aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae) have been shown to have superior reproductive success on human blood when sugar is not available. life-table experiments were conducted with aedes albopictus skuse and ae. aegypti to compare the effects of sugar availability on age-specific survivorship, lifetime and daily fecundity, and blood-feeding frequency when offered human blood daily. there were no significant interactions between the effects of sugar availability an ... | 2006 | 16608490 |
| insecticide resistance in anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) from mozambique. | malaria control in southern mozambique is currently by indoor residual carbamate insecticide treatment, with pyrethroid-treated bed-nets distributed to pregnant women and children under five in northern mozambique. the susceptibility of anopheles funestus s.s. to pyrethroid, carbamate, organochlorine, and organophosphorus insecticides was determined by world health organization adult mosquito susceptibility tests at 19 localities in mozambique, from march 2000 to july 2002. biochemical assays we ... | 2006 | 16619610 |
| divergence with gene flow in anopheles funestus from the sudan savanna of burkina faso, west africa. | anopheles funestus is a major vector of malaria across africa. understanding its complex and nonequilibrium population genetic structure is an important challenge that must be overcome before vector populations can be successfully perturbed for malaria control. here we examine the role of chromosomal inversions in structuring genetic variation and facilitating divergence in burkina faso, west africa, where two incipient species (chromosomal forms) of a. funestus, defined principally by rearrange ... | 2006 | 16648581 |
| adipokinetic hormones in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae: identification and expression of genes for two peptides and a putative receptor. | adipokinetic hormones (akhs) are neuropeptides that mobilize stored fuels for flight in insects, and thus, may regulate flight by mosquitoes that transmit pathogens of human diseases. our study of akhs in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, identified and characterized the expression of genes encoding two akhs, anoga-akh-i (pqlftpawa) and anoga-akh-ii (pqvtfsrdwnaa), and a putative homolog for an akh g-protein coupled receptor. gene transcripts for both anoga-akhs and the akh recept ... | 2006 | 16731343 |
| a simple method for sampling indoor-resting malaria mosquitoes anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) in africa. | sampling indoor resting african malaria vectors is traditionally done by hand catches with oral or mechanical aspirators and pyrethrum spray catches (pscs). in this study, we designed and briefly evaluated an inexpensive but practical alternative by using a cloth resting box or wicker resting basket and a ceiling net. evaluations were performed in greenhouse and field situations in rural kenya by comparing capture rates of anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus (giles) in these traps to h ... | 2006 | 16739403 |
| long-term evolution and functional diversification in the members of the nucleophosmin/nucleoplasmin family of nuclear chaperones. | the proper assembly of basic proteins with nucleic acids is a reaction that must be facilitated to prevent protein aggregation and formation of nonspecific nucleoprotein complexes. the proteins that mediate this orderly protein assembly are generally termed molecular (or nuclear) chaperones. the nucleophosmin/nucleoplasmin (npm) family of molecular chaperones encompasses members ubiquitously expressed in many somatic tissues (npm1 and -3) or specific to oocytes and eggs (npm2). the study of this ... | 2006 | 16751661 |
| status of insecticide susceptibility in anopheles arabiensis from mwea rice irrigation scheme, central kenya. | control of the anopheline mosquito vectors of malaria by use of insecticides has been shown to impact on both morbidity and mortality due to this disease. evidence of insecticide resistance in different settings necessitates surveillance studies to allow prompt detection of resistance should it arise and thus enable its management. possible resistance by anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes from mwea rice irrigation scheme in central kenya to insecticides in the four classes of insecticides approved ... | 2006 | 16756645 |
| moderate transmission but high prevalence of malaria in madagascar. | malaria transmission remains poorly documented in areas of low transmission. a study has been carried out over two consecutive years in analamiranga, a village located at an altitude of 885m on the western edge of the malagasy highlands, with the aim of generating and updating malariometric indexes for both mosquitoes and schoolchildren. in this village, no vector control measures were performed during the study period nor during previous decades. mosquitoes were collected monthly when landing o ... | 2006 | 16842796 |
| mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation to land use in a riceland agroecosystem in mwea, kenya. | we conducted an entomological survey to determine the mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation to land use in the mwea rice scheme, kenya. adult mosquitoes were collected by indoor spraying of houses and outdoors by cdc light traps in three villages representing planned (mbuinjeru) and unplanned (kiamachiri) rice agroecosystems and a non-irrigated agroecosystem (murinduko). during the 12-month sampling period, a total of 98,708 mosquitoes belonging to five genera and 25 species were ... | 2006 | 16859101 |
| a reliable morphological method to assess the age of male anopheles gambiae. | release of genetically-modified (gm) or sterile male mosquitoes for malaria control is hampered by inability to assess the age and mating history of free-living male anopheles. | 2006 | 16872516 |
| dna profiling of human blood in anophelines from lowland and highland sites in western kenya. | we used polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based dna profiling to determine the person from whom anopheles funestus and an. gambiae collected in natural human habitations obtained their blood meals. less than 20% of human hosts contributed to > 50% of all blood meals, and 42% were not bitten at all, including people in the age group bitten most often. as expected, bites were unevenly distributed by age (young adults > older adults > children). use of untreated bed nets by adults, but not children, ... | 2006 | 16896124 |
| limited diversity of anopheles darlingi in the peruvian amazon region of iquitos. | anopheles darlingi is the most important malaria vector in the amazon basin of south america, and is capable of transmitting both plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax. to understand the genetic structure of this vector in the amazonian region of peru, a simple polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based test to identify this species of mosquito was used. a random amplified polymorphic dna-pcr was used to study genetic variation at the micro-geographic level in nine geographically separate populations of ... | 2006 | 16896125 |
| p elements and mite relatives in the whole genome sequence of anopheles gambiae. | miniature inverted-repeat terminal elements (mites), which are particular class-ii transposable elements (tes), play an important role in genome evolution, because they have very high copy numbers and display recurrent bursts of transposition. the 5' and 3' subterminal regions of a given mite family often show a high sequence similarity with the corresponding regions of an autonomous class-ii te family. however, the sustained presence over a prolonged evolutionary time of mites and te master cop ... | 2006 | 16919158 |
| molecular characterization of insulin-like peptides in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti: expression, cellular localization, and phylogeny. | insulin-like peptides are key regulators of metabolism, reproduction, and senescence in higher eukaryotic organisms. here we present the identification, expression, and tissue localization of eight genes encoding insulin-like peptides (ilps) in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. all eight ilps share the conserved features of the insulin superfamily as prepropeptides consisting of contiguous signal, b, c, and a peptides. however, one of the ilps has a truncated c peptide and a carboxy term ... | 2006 | 16934367 |
| efficacy of bifenthrin-impregnated bednets against anopheles funestus and pyrethroid-resistant anopheles gambiae in north cameroon. | recent field studies indicated that insecticide-treated bednets (itns) maintain their efficacy despite a high frequency of the knock-down resistance (kdr) gene in anopheles gambiae populations. it was essential to evaluate itns efficacy in areas with metabolic-based resistance. | 2006 | 16961938 |
| o'nyong-nyong virus, chad. | we report the first laboratory-confirmed human infection with o'nyong-nyong virus in chad. this virus was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a patient with evidence of a seroconversion to a virus related to chikungunya virus. genome sequence was partly determined, and phylogenetic studies were conducted. | 2006 | 16965706 |
| relationship between malaria and filariasis transmission indices in an endemic area along the kenyan coast. | an entomological survey was conducted to determine the relationship between malaria and lymphatic filariasis transmission by anopheles gambiae s.l. and an. funestus in two inland villages along the kenyan coast. | 2006 | 16967820 |
| elisa study of oocyst-sporozoite transition in malaria vectors. | intrinsic vector characteristics and environmental factors affect the sporogonic development of p. falciparum in anopheles mosquitoes. we tested for the presence of the circumsporozoite protein, as a marker of the oocyst to sporozoite transition in naturally infected anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus. malaria vectors were collected in a village in the sahel of niger during the rainy and dry seasons. elisa-csp was carried out on abdomen and head/thorax portions from more than 2000 sam ... | 2006 | 17007219 |
| is vector body size the key to reduced malaria transmission in the irrigated region of niono, mali? | malaria vectors can reach very high densities in villages near irrigated rice fields in africa, leading to the expectation that malaria should be especially prevalent there. surprisingly, this is not always the case. in niono, mali, villages from nonirrigated areas have higher malaria prevalence than those within the irrigated regions, which suffer from higher mosquito numbers. one hypothesis explaining this observation is that mosquitoes from irrigated fields with high densities are inefficient ... | 2006 | 17017214 |
| a standard cytogenetic photomap for the mosquito anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae): application for physical mapping. | to facilitate physical genome mapping, we have developed a new cytogenetic photomap for anopheles stephensi (liston) (diptera: culicidae), an important malaria vector in asia. the high-resolution images of the ovarian polytene chromosomes have been straightened and divided by numbered divisions and lettered subdivisions. the exact chromosomal locations of eight dna probes have been determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization. using the dna sequences, we have established correspondence betwee ... | 2006 | 17017220 |
| malaria transmission and insecticide resistance of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) in the french military camp of port-bouët, abidjan (côte d'ivoire): implications for vector control. | an important vector control program is ongoing to lower the risk of malaria transmission in the french military camp of port-bouët, abidjan (côte d'ivoire). however, some autochthonous malaria cases are regularly suspected. an entomological survey was conducted in june 2004 in the camp to assess malaria transmission and evaluate the pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance of the malaria vectors. the average mosquito biting rate was 178.0 bites per person per night. mosquitoes belonging to the ... | 2006 | 17017249 |
| daily temperature profiles in and around western kenyan larval habitats of anopheles gambiae as related to egg mortality. | anopheles gambiae eggs are more frequently found on soil around puddle habitats of the larvae, than on the water surface itself in western kenya. thus, eggs can experience temperatures more wide-ranging and lethal than those experienced by larvae or pupae confined within puddles. | 2006 | 17038186 |
| laboratory tests of oviposition by the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, on dark soil as influenced by presence or absence of vegetation. | physical objects like vegetation can influence oviposition by mosquitoes on soil or water substrates. anopheles gambiae s. l. is generally thought to utilize puddles over bare soil as its prime larval habitat and to avoid standing water populated with vegetation. in kisian, kenya near kisumu, water often pools in grassy drainage areas both during and after periods of infrequent rains, when typical puddle habitats become scarce because of drying. this raised the question of whether an. gambiae ha ... | 2006 | 17038187 |
| spatial and temporal variation in malaria transmission in a low endemicity area in northern tanzania. | spatial and longitudinal monitoring of transmission intensity will allow better targeting of malaria interventions. in this study, data on meteorological, demographic, entomological and parasitological data over the course of a year was collected to describe malaria epidemiology in a single village of low transmission intensity. | 2006 | 17081311 |
| seroprevalence of malaria in inhabitants of the urban zone of antananarivo, madagascar. | antananarivo, the capital of madagascar, is located at an altitude of over 1,200 m. the environment at this altitude is not particularly favourable to malaria transmission, but malaria nonetheless remains a major public health problem. the aim of this study was to evaluate exposure to malaria in the urban population of antananarivo, by measuring the specific seroprevalence of plasmodium falciparum. | 2006 | 17096830 |
| topography and malaria transmission heterogeneity in western kenya highlands: prospects for focal vector control. | recent resurgence of malaria in the highlands of western kenya has called for a more comprehensive understanding of the previously neglected complex highland vector ecology. besides other drivers of malaria epidemiology, topography is likely to have a major effect on spatial vector and parasite distribution. the aim of this study was to determine the effects of topography on malaria spatial vector distribution and parasite prevalence. | 2006 | 17096835 |
| survival of immature anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in aquatic habitats in mwea rice irrigation scheme, central kenya. | the survivorship and distribution of anopheles arabiensis larvae and pupae was examined in a rice agro-ecosystem in mwea irrigation scheme, central kenya, from august 2005 to april 2006, prior to implementation of larval control programme. | 2006 | 17125501 |
| effective population size of anopheles funestus chromosomal forms in burkina faso. | as anopheles funestus is one of the principal afro-tropical malaria vectors, a more complete understanding of its population structure is desirable. in west and central africa, an. funestus population structure is complicated by the coexistence of two assortatively mating chromosomal forms. effective population size (ne) is a key parameter in understanding patterns and levels of intraspecific variation, as it reflects the role of genetic drift. here, ne was estimated from both chromosomal forms, ... | 2006 | 17125511 |
| life on the edge: african malaria mosquito (anopheles gambiae s. l.) larvae are amphibious. | anopheles gambiae s.l. is the main vector of malaria in sub-saharan africa. here, an estimated 1 million people die every year from this disease. despite considerable research on an. gambiae that increasingly explores sub-organismal phenomena, important facets of the field biology of this deadly insect are yet being discovered. in the current study, we used simple observational tools to reveal that the habitat of larval an. gambiae is not limited within the boundaries of temporary mud puddles, a ... | 2007 | 17139499 |
| characterization and expression of the short neuropeptide f receptor in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | a short neuropeptide f (snpf) precursor and a snpf receptor (snpfr) were characterized for the mosquito, anopheles gambiae. the snpfr was expressed in cho-k1 cells, and it exhibited high affinity binding, ic(50) approximately 3-5 nm, for specific snpfs. snpf1 potently inhibited forskolin-stimulated camp production by transfected cells, suggesting snpfr acts via g(i/o). transcripts for snpf and snpfr were present in all body regions of larvae, pupae, and adults, and immunoblots for snpfr confirme ... | 2007 | 17140700 |
| the insulin signaling cascade from nematodes to mammals: insights into innate immunity of anopheles mosquitoes to malaria parasite infection. | as revealed over the past 20 years, the insulin signaling cascade plays a central role in regulating immune and oxidative stress responses that affect the life spans of mammals and two model invertebrates, the nematode caenorhabitis elegans and the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster. in mosquitoes, insulin signaling regulates key steps in egg maturation and immunity and likely affects aging, although the latter has yet to be examined in detail. reproduction, immunity and aging critically influenc ... | 2007 | 17161866 |
| impact of the rift valley on restriction fragment length polymorphism typing of the major african malaria vector anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae). | anopheles funestus giles (diptera: culicidae) is one of africa's major malaria vectors. to understand population structure within an. funestus, various molecular markers have recently been developed. we investigated the impact of the rift valley on one such molecular marker, a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp). this system distinguishes an. funestus populations into types m, w, and mw. generally, these types correlate between geographical location and rflp ... | 2006 | 17162950 |
| complexity of the malaria vectorial system in cameroon: contribution of secondary vectors to malaria transmission. | malaria transmission in africa is a dynamic and complex system that is so far superficially understood. further knowledge is required to improve control of the disease. in the present report, we highlight the contribution of the so-called "secondary" malaria vectors to the overall parasite transmission intensity in several sites across cameroon, through a retrospective analysis of surveys from the organisation de coordination pour la lutte contre les endémies en afrique centrale database. in tot ... | 2006 | 17162956 |
| malaria epidemics and interventions, kenya, burundi, southern sudan, and ethiopia, 1999-2004. | quantitative data on the onset and evolution of malaria epidemics are scarce. we review case studies from recent african plasmodium falciparum epidemics (kisii and gucha districts, kenya, 1999; kayanza province, burundi, 2000-2001; aweil east, southern sudan, 2003; gutten and damot gale, ethiopia, 2003-2004). we highlight possible epidemic risk factors and review delays in epidemic detection and response (up to 20 weeks), essentially due to poor case reporting and analysis or low use of public f ... | 2006 | 17176560 |
| novel acetylcholinesterase target site for malaria mosquito control. | current anticholinesterase pesticides were developed during world war ii and are toxic to mammals because they target a catalytic serine residue of acetylcholinesterases (aches) in insects and in mammals. a sequence analysis of aches from 73 species and a three-dimensional model of a malaria-carrying mosquito (anopheles gambiae) ache (agache) reported here show that c286 and r339 of agache are conserved at the opening of the active site of aches in 17 invertebrate and four insect species, respec ... | 2006 | 17183688 |
| feeding and indoor resting behaviour of the mosquito anopheles longipalpis in an area of hyperendemic malaria transmission in southern zambia. | anopheles longipalpis (theobald) (diptera: culicidae) is a predominantly zoophilic mosquito that has not been implicated in malaria transmission. however, this species was collected indoors with an. funestus s.l. in southern zambia, where transmission of plasmodium falciparum is hyperendemic, and we initially misidentified it morphologically and molecularly as an. funestus s.l. the indoor resting density and blood-feeding behaviour of an. longipalpis were investigated during the 2004-05 and 2005 ... | 2006 | 17199758 |
| identification and analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the mosquito anopheles funestus, malaria vector. | single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) are the most common source of genetic variation in eukaryotic species and have become an important marker for genetic studies. the mosquito anopheles funestus is one of the major malaria vectors in africa and yet, prior to this study, no snps have been described for this species. here we report a genome-wide set of snp markers for use in genetic studies on this important human disease vector. | 2007 | 17204152 |
| update of the anopheles gambiae pest genome assembly. | the genome of anopheles gambiae, the major vector of malaria, was sequenced and assembled in 2002. this initial genome assembly and analysis made available to the scientific community was complicated by the presence of assembly issues, such as scaffolds with no chromosomal location, no sequence data for the y chromosome, haplotype polymorphisms resulting in two different genome assemblies in limited regions and contaminating bacterial dna. | 2007 | 17210077 |
| the epidemiology of malaria in adults in a rural area of southern mozambique. | epidemiological studies of malaria in adults who live in malaria endemic areas are scarce. more attention to the natural history of malaria affecting adults is needed to understand the dynamics of malaria infection and its interaction with the immune system. the present study was undertaken to investigate the clinical, parasitological and haematological status of adults exposed to malaria, and to characterize parasites in these individuals who progressively acquire protective immunity. | 2007 | 17233881 |
| malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in coastal south-western cameroon. | malaria is a major public health problem in cameroon. unlike in the southern forested areas where the epidemiology of malaria has been better studied prior to the implementation of control activities, little is known about the distribution and role of anophelines in malaria transmission in the coastal areas. | 2007 | 17233883 |
| an insight into the sialome of anopheles funestus reveals an emerging pattern in anopheline salivary protein families. | anopheles funestus, together with anopheles gambiae, is responsible for most malaria transmission in sub-saharan africa, but little is known about molecular aspects of its biology. to investigate the salivary repertoire of this mosquito, we randomly sequenced 916 clones from a salivary-gland cdna library from adult female f1 offspring of field-caught an. funestus. thirty-three protein sequences, mostly full-length transcripts, are predicted to be secreted salivary proteins. we additionally descr ... | 2007 | 17244545 |
| mapping a quantitative trait locus (qtl) conferring pyrethroid resistance in the african malaria vector anopheles funestus. | pyrethroid resistance in anopheles funestus populations has led to an increase in malaria transmission in southern africa. resistance has been attributed to elevated activities of cytochrome p450s but the molecular basis underlying this metabolic resistance is unknown. microsatellite and snp markers were used to construct a linkage map and to detect a quantitative trait locus (qtl) associated with pyrethroid resistance in the fumoz-r strain of an. funestus from mozambique. | 2007 | 17261170 |
| determining areas that require indoor insecticide spraying using multi criteria evaluation, a decision-support tool for malaria vector control programmes in the central highlands of madagascar. | the highlands of madagascar present an unstable transmission pattern of malaria. the population has no immunity, and the central highlands have been the sites of epidemics with particularly high fatality. the most recent epidemic occurred in the 1980s, and caused about 30,000 deaths. the fight against malaria epidemics in the highlands has been based on indoor insecticide spraying to control malaria vectors. any preventive programme involving generalised cover in the highlands will require very ... | 2007 | 17261177 |
| transcription profiling of a recently colonised pyrethroid resistant anopheles gambiae strain from ghana. | mosquito resistance to the pyrethroid insecticides used to treat bednets threatens the sustainability of malaria control in sub-saharan africa. while the impact of target site insensitivity alleles is being widely discussed the implications of insecticide detoxification--though equally important--remains elusive. the successful development of new tools for malaria intervention and management requires a comprehensive understanding of insecticide resistance, including metabolic resistance mechanis ... | 2007 | 17261191 |
| sampling outdoor, resting anopheles gambiae and other mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in western kenya with clay pots. | clay pots were analyzed as devices for sampling the outdoor resting fraction of anopheles gambiae giles (diptera: culicidae) and other mosquito species in a rural, western kenya. clay pots (anopheles gambiae resting pots, herein agrepots), outdoor pit shelters, indoor pyrethrum spray collections (psc), and colombian curtain exit traps were compared in collections done biweekly for nine intervals from april to june 2005 in 20 housing compounds. of 10,517 mosquitoes sampled, 4,668 an. gambiae s.l. ... | 2007 | 17294916 |
| seasonality, blood feeding behavior, and transmission of plasmodium falciparum by anopheles arabiensis after an extended drought in southern zambia. | transmission of plasmodium falciparum is hyperendemic in southern zambia. however, no data on the entomologic aspects of malaria transmission have been published from zambia in more than 25 years. we evaluated seasonal malaria transmission by anopheles arabiensis and an. funestus s.s. and characterized the blood feeding behavior of an. arabiensis in two village areas. transmission during the 2004-2005 rainy season was nearly zero because of widespread drought. during 2005-2006, the estimated ent ... | 2007 | 17297034 |
| evidence for a population expansion in the west nile virus vector culex tarsalis. | population genetic structure of the west nile virus vector culex tarsalis was investigated in 5 states in the western united states using 5 microsatellite loci and a fragment of the mitochondrial reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase 4 (nd4) gene. nd4 sequence analysis revealed a lack of isolation by distance, panmixia across all populations, an excess of rare haplotypes, and a star-like phylogeny. microsatellites revealed moderate genetic differentiation and isolation ... | 2007 | 17339636 |
| indoor collections of the anopheles funestus group (diptera: culicidae) in sprayed houses in northern kwazulu-natal, south africa. | insecticide resistance in malaria vector mosquitoes presents a serious problem for those involved in control of this disease. south africa experienced a severe malaria epidemic during 1999/2000 due to pyrethroid resistance in the major vector anopheles funestus. subsequent monitoring and surveillance of mosquito populations were conducted as part of the malaria vector control programme. | 2007 | 17359529 |
| malaria transmission dynamics in niono, mali: the effect of the irrigation systems. | the type of water management and drainage system could be a potential reason for variation in malaria transmission in rice cultivation areas. to investigate this we have compared the population dynamics of anopheles mosquitoes (diptera, culicidae) in rice plots with controlled and uncontrolled water depth, i.e. casiers and hors-casiers, respectively in the office du niger, mali. we also compared malaria transmission in areas with mixed and casiers plots. larval collection was performed fortnight ... | 2007 | 17362859 |
| contributions of anopheles larval control to malaria suppression in tropical africa: review of achievements and potential. | malaria vector control targeting the larval stages of mosquitoes was applied successfully against many species of anopheles (diptera: culicidae) in malarious countries until the mid-20th century. since the introduction of ddt in the 1940s and the associated development of indoor residual spraying (irs), which usually has a more powerful impact than larval control on vectorial capacity, the focus of malaria prevention programmes has shifted to the control of adult vectors. in the afrotropical reg ... | 2007 | 17373942 |
| discriminative feeding behaviour of anopheles gambiae s.s. on endemic plants in western kenya. | anopheles gambiae giles s.s. (diptera: culicidae) is known to feed on plant sugars, but this is the first experimental study to consider whether it discriminates between plant species. thirteen perennial plant species were selected on the basis of their local availability within the vicinity of human dwellings and larval habitats of an. gambiae s.s. in western kenya. groups of 100 or 200 mosquitoes were released into cages either with a cutting of one plant type at a time (single-plant assay) or ... | 2007 | 17373953 |
| exceptionally high density of numts in the honeybee genome. | the available genome sequences of 4 insects (the fruit fly, the african malaria mosquito, the flour beetle, and the honeybee) are used to compare the amount of mitochondrial dna transferred to the nuclear genome (numts). the data from the beetle and the bee show frequent transfer of numts, whereas numts in the 2 other insects are rare. the density of numts in the honeybee (>1.0 bp transferred dna per 1 kb of the nuclear sequence) is the highest in any animal studied, about ten times higher than ... | 2007 | 17383971 |
| [presence and risk of transmission of wuchereria bancrofti is a reality in rural mali: the case of the town of bariambani in the cirle of kati]. | previous studies on lymphatic filariasis in mali showed high infection rate in rural area. this study was aimed to find wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria in human peripheral blood and larvae in vectors. for that purpose we carried out an entomological, clinical and parasitological study in banambani a village located at 25 km from bamako the capital city. the parasitological and clinical study was a single cross sectional study including night blood thick smear and physical examination. the ento ... | 2006 | 17390523 |
| synergy between repellents and non-pyrethroid insecticides strongly extends the efficacy of treated nets against anopheles gambiae. | to manage the kdr pyrethroid-resistance in anopheline malaria vectors, new compounds or new strategies are urgently needed. recently, mixing repellents (deet) and a non-pyrethroid insecticide (propoxur) was shown to be as effective as deltamethrin, a standard pyrethroid, under laboratory conditions, because of a strong synergy between the two compounds. in the present study, the interactions between two repellents (deet and kbr 3023) and a non-pyrethroid insecticide (pyrimiphos methyl or pm) on ... | 2007 | 17394646 |
| larval habitats of anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae) influences vector competence to plasmodium falciparum parasites. | the origin of highly competent malaria vectors has been linked to productive larval habitats in the field, but there isn't solid quantitative or qualitative data to support it. to test this, the effect of larval habitat soil substrates on larval development time, pupation rates and vector competence of anopheles gambiae to plasmodium falciparum were examined. | 2007 | 17470293 |
| population genetic structure of plasmodium falciparum in the two main african vectors, anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus. | we investigated patterns of genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum associated with its two main african vectors: anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus. we dissected 10,296 wild-caught mosquitoes from three tropical sites, two in cameroon (simbock and tibati, separated by 320 km) and one in kenya (rota, >2,000 km from the other two sites). we assayed seven microsatellite loci in 746 oocysts from 183 infected mosquito guts. genetic polymorphism was very high in parasites isolated from both ... | 2007 | 17470800 |