| immunoactive polysaccharide-rich fractions from panax notoginseng. | panax notoginseng is a commonly used medicinal plant in south-western china. in a previous study, a sequential solubilisation of p. notoginseng high-molecular-weight (hmw) polymers using phenol-acetic acid-water, hot water, weak and strong alkali was performed to determine the structure of the component polysaccharides and proteins. the effects of these extracted hmw fractions on the human complement system, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) are re ... | 2006 | 16981127 |
| notoginseng enhances anti-cancer effect of 5-fluorouracil on human colorectal cancer cells. | panax notoginseng is a commonly used chinese herb. although a few studies have found that notoginseng shows anti-tumor effects, the effect of this herb on colorectal cancer cells has not been investigated. 5-fluorouracil (5-fu) is a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of colorectal cancer that interferes with the growth of cancer cells. however, this compound has serious side effects at high doses. in this study, using hct-116 human colorectal cancer cell line, we investigated the possible ... | 2007 | 17009031 |
| impact of external calcium and calcium sensors on ginsenoside rb1 biosynthesis by panax notoginseng cells. | the effects of external calcium concentrations on biosynthesis of ginsenoside rb1 and several calcium signal sensors were quantitatively investigated in suspension cultures of panax notoginseng cells. it was observed that the synthesis of intracellular ginsenoside rb1 in 3-day incubation was dependent on the medium ca2+ concentration (0-13 mm). at an optimal ca2+ concentration of 8 mm, a maximal ginsenoside rb1 content of 1.88 +/- 0.03 mg g(-1) dry weight was reached, which was about 60% and 25% ... | 2005 | 15627250 |
| utilization study of stems and leaves of tienchi ginseng. i. anti-hypertensive effect of stems and leaves of tienchi ginseng on stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (shrsp). | tienchi ginseng tea was prepared from stems and leaves of tienchi ginseng which is a special product in china. the increase in systolic blood pressure (sbp) was significantly inhibited by the consumption of a 4% this tea solution as drinking water from the prehypertensive stage (6 weeks of age) in male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (shrsp). a similar intake from the hypertensive stage also showed an anti-hypertensive effect. in contrast, a similar intake had no effect on sbp of no ... | 2006 | 17031036 |
| [the historical condition in the spread of sanqi (panax notoginseng) in the ming dynasty]. | a well-known and extensively applied chinese herbs for promoting blood circulation and resolving blood stasis, san qi (pana notoginseng) is one of the medicinal plants first applied by the minority ethnic groups in southwestern china originally grown in wenshan of yunnan and baise of guangxi, china. the doctors in inland china began to know and apply it in the ming dynasty, indicating that the spread of medicine is restricted and influenced not only by geographical positions but also by social e ... | 2004 | 15555246 |
| adjuvant effect of panax notoginseng saponins on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. | in this study, the haemolytic activities of panax notoginseng saponins (pns) and its adjuvant potentials on the cellular and humoral immune responses of icr mice against ovalbumin (ova) were evaluated. we determined the haemolytic activity of pns using 0.5% rabbit red blood cell. pns showed a slight haemolytic effect, with its haemolytic percents being 11.59 and 3.60% at the concentrations of 500 and 250 microg/ml, respectively. furthermore, the adjuvant potential of pns at three dose levels on ... | 2004 | 15364435 |
| [effect of panax notoginseng saponins injection on brain edema in intracerebral hemorrhage rats]. | to study the effect of panax notoginseng saponins (pns) in treating hemorrhagic apoplexy at super-early stage in rats. | 2006 | 17121046 |
| inhibitory effect of panax notoginseng on nitric oxide synthase, cyclo-oxygenase-2 and neutrophil functions. | a water extract of panax notoginseng buck f.h. chen. (arialiaceae) root (pn) is being used as a therapeutic agent to stop haemorrhages and as a tonic to promote health in korean and chinese medicine. the pharmacokinetic profiles of pn have not been accurately investigated. the preliminary aim was to elucidate the pharmacokinetic features of pn. first, the prevention of neutrophil functions was assessed. pn inhibited neutrophil functions, including degranulation, superoxide generation and leukotr ... | 2007 | 17128437 |
| [adventitious root induction and in vitro culture of panax notoginseng]. | to investigate the induction and culture of adventitious root of panax notoginseng. | 2006 | 17144461 |
| immunological-adjuvant saponins from the roots of panax notoginseng. | the total saponin extract from the dried roots of panax notoginseng (burk.) f. h. chen possesses immunological-adjuvant activities. guided by in vivo immunological tests, further study on this fraction afforded three active dammarane-type saponins. their structures were determined on the basis of chemical evidence and extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1d- and 2d-nmr. the novel compound (20s)-protopanaxatriol 20-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-d-glucopyranoside (1), and the two know ... | 2005 | 17192000 |
| haemolytic activity and adjuvant effect of notoginsenoside k from the roots of panax notoginseng. | notoginsenoside k (1), a saponin isolated from the roots of panax notoginseng (burk.) f. h. chen, was evaluated for its haemolytic activity and adjuvant potential on specific antibody and cellular response to ovalbumin (ova) in mice. compound 1 showed a slight haemolytic effect, its concentration inducing 50% of the maximum haemolysis (hd50 value) being 318+/-13 microg/ml, on a 0.5% suspension of red blood cells. compound 1 significantly increased the concanavalin a (con a)-, lipopolysaccharide ... | 2006 | 17193229 |
| ginsenoside rd from panax notoginseng is cytotoxic towards hela cancer cells and induces apoptosis. | the saponin ginsenoside rd (1), isolated from panax notoginseng, is used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, different body pains, trauma, and internal and external bleeding due to injury. in this study, we report that 1 inhibits the cell growth of human cervical cancer (hela) cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with an ic(50) value of 150.5+/-0.8 mcirog/ml after 48 h of incubation. the drug-treated cells displayed features of apoptosis, including typical ... | 2006 | 17193257 |
| scale-up of centrifugal impeller bioreactor for hyperproduction of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide by high-density cultivation of panax notoginseng cells. | scale-up of a novel centrifugal impeller bioreactor (cib) was demonstrated for production of valuable plant-specific secondary metabolites by high-density cell cultures. initial kla was identified to be a key factor affecting cell growth and production of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide by high-density cultivation of panax notoginseng cells in a 3-l cib. a high level of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide production was obtained at an initial kla value of 30.2 h(-1). a maximum dry cell weight ... | 2004 | 15296432 |
| interactions of a herbal combination that inhibits growth of prostate cancer cells. | pc spes is an eight-component herbal product marketed for the treatment of prostate cancer. the manufacturer of pc spes claims that the herbal combination is a synergistic blend, but the purported synergy has never been tested. we examined the interaction in cell culture of these eight individual herbal components by the use of an isobologram. | 2004 | 15060741 |
| ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry based metabolomics of raw and steamed panax notoginseng. | at present, metabolite profiling is of growing importance in herbal medicine fields such as breeding, formulation, quality control and clinical trials. this preliminary study indicated that ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (uplc/tofms)-based metabolomics allows direct detection of down-stream derivatives of metabolites, arising from the herbal formulation process. this analytical approach allows the discrimination and tentative authentication of unique bio ... | 2007 | 17238214 |
| a uniform hplc method developed for the analysis of salvia miltiorrhiza, panax notoginseng, and fufang danshen. | fufang danshen (ffds) is a famous typical chinese complex prescription, which is mainly composed of radix salvia miltiorrhiza bunge (sm) and radix panax notoginseng (pn). an hplc method is developed to analyze sm, pn, and ffds effectively; the effective analysis is achieved by using a gradient elution procedure with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.025% aqueous phosphoric acid (v/v). through this method, 33 peaks in ffds are clearly exhibited, and the components that make up the 3 ... | 2006 | 17254367 |
| [rp-hplc characteristics of panax notoginseng]. | to develop the chemical characteristics of panax notoginseng in order to control its quality. | 2006 | 17262953 |
| identification of panax species in the herbal medicine preparations using gradient pcr method. | in order to identify the existence of panax species in herbal medicine preparations, the ginseng specific marker primer was selected and created based on the sequence of korean ginseng dna fragment, 359 bp. the gradient pcr was performed on 40 types of the herbal medicines including the 7 types of araliaceae that are in the same family with the panax ginseng using the created ginseng maker primer. as result, panax notoginseng (chinese), panax japonicus (japanese) and panax quinquefolius (america ... | 2005 | 15802808 |
| [analysis of dencichine by hplc with pre-column derivatization]. | to establish a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatorgraphy (rp-hplc) method for detecting the dencichine in panax notoginseng extracts and drug preparations. | 2006 | 17285985 |
| characterization of cell wall polysaccharides from the medicinal plant panax notoginseng. | panax notoginseng is a commonly used medicinal plant in south-western china. recent studies indicate that wall polysaccharides are responsible for some of the immunostimulatory activity. fractionation of the p. notoginseng root powder alcohol insoluble residue (air) and its compositional analysis enabled us to deduce the polysaccharide and protein composition of the root cell walls. p. notoginseng walls are composed primarily of polysaccharide (approximately 97% w/w) and some protein. the polysa ... | 2005 | 15896377 |
| induction of apoptosis in rat c6 glioma cells by panaxydol. | panaxydol is a naturally occurring non-peptidyl small molecule isolated from the lipophilic fractions of panax notoginseng, a well-known chinese traditional medicine. previous studies have shown that panaxydol inhibited the growth of various kinds of malignant cell lines. to date, there has been no report concerning the effect of panaxydol on cell growth inhibition in glioma cells. in this paper, we examined panaxydol's antiproliferation and proapoptotic effects on rat c6 glioma cells and invest ... | 2007 | 17320424 |
| an oxepane derivative of panaxadiol from the leaves of panax notoginseng. | hydrolysis of the crude saponin isolated from the leaves of panax notoginseng (burk.) f. h. chen yields five sapogenins which are separated by column chromatography. the structures of four of those were elucidated earlier to be panaxadiol, panaxatriol, dammar-20(22)en-3beta, 12beta,26-triol and 20(r)-dammaran-3beta, 12beta,20,25-tetrol. the fifth sapogenin is identified as an oxepane derivative probably arising from acid catalyzed dehydration and rearrangement of panaxadiol. the structure as pro ... | 1984 | 17340249 |
| [effect of panax notoginseng saponins on serum neuronal specific enolase and rehabilitation in patients with cerebral hemorrhage]. | to observe the effect of panax notoginseng saponins (pns) on serum content of neuronal specific enolase (nse) and function recovery in patients with cerebral hemorrhage (ch) for exploring the therapeutic action of pns in treating ch. | 2007 | 17343007 |
| simultaneous quantification of six major active saponins of panax notoginseng by high-performance liquid chromatography-uv method. | a simple, sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography-uv (hplc-uv) method has been developed for the first time to simultaneously quantify the six major active saponins of panax notoginseng, namely notoginsenoside r1, ginsenoside rg1, rb1, rg2, rh1 and rd. astragaloside iv is used as the internal standard. this hplc assay was performed on a reversed-phase c18 column with gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.01% formic acid in 30 min. the method provided good reproducibility a ... | 2005 | 15907618 |
| [two new dammaran sapogenins from leaves of panax notoginseng.]. | hydrolysis of the crude saponin extracted from the leaves of panax notoginseng (b urk.) f. h. c hen yields five sapogenins which are separated by column chromatography. two of these are identified to be panaxadiol and panaxatriol whose structures were elucidated earlier. the third sapogenin ist found to be dammar-20(22)en-3beta, 12beta,-26-triol by carbon-13 nmr. the structure of the fourth sapogenin is established by x-ray diffractometry and carbon-13 nmr to be 20 ( r)-dammaran-3beta, 12beta, 2 ... | 1982 | 17396906 |
| dammarane saponins of flower buds of panax notoginseng (sanchi-ginseng). | | 1982 | 17402096 |
| analysis of chemical and metabolic components in traditional chinese medicinal combined prescription containing radix salvia miltiorrhiza and radix panax notoginseng by lc-esi-ms methods. | high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (lc-esi-ms) methods were developed for the analysis of chemical and metabolic components in traditional chinese medicinal combined prescription containing radix salvia miltiorrhiza and radix panax notoginseng (commonly known as fufang danshen prescription, fdp). the hplc experiments used a reversed-phase zorbax c(18) column with the column temperature at 30 degrees c and a binary mobile phase system consisting of aq ... | 2007 | 17428004 |
| pananotin, a potent antifungal protein from roots of the traditional chinese medicinal herb panax notoginseng. | the roots of the sanchi ginseng, panax notoginseng, were extracted with an aqueous buffer. the extract was chromatographed on a cm-cellulose column to remove extraneous unadsorbed proteins. the adsorbed fraction was dialyzed and chromatographed on affi-gel blue gel. the adsorbed fraction was again collected, dialyzed and applied on a column of mono s. the second peak was dialyzed and chromatographed on an fplc-gel filtration superdex 75 column. an antifungal protein with an n-terminal sequence s ... | 2002 | 12451495 |
| [effects of panax notoginseng saponins on mrna expressions of interleukin-1 beta, its correlative factors and cysteinyl-aspartate specific protease after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats]. | to investigate the effects of panax notoginseng saponins (pns) on mrna expressions of interleukin-1 beta (il-1 beta), interleukin-1 receptor type i (il-1ri), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (il-1ra), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (icam-1), cysteinyl-aspartate specific protease-1 (caspase-1), caspase-3 and caspase-8 after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. | 2007 | 17498496 |
| mechanism of altered tnf-alpha expression by macrophage and the modulatory effect of panax notoginseng saponins in scald mice. | to explore the mechanism of altered tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) expression by peritoneal macrophages (pmphi) and panax notoginseng saponins (pns) modulation in light of nf-kappab signal transduction in severely scalded mice. | 2006 | 16814471 |
| [in vitro studies on asexual embryos and regenerated plantlets obtained from leaf organ of panax notoginseng]. | to study and improve the tissue culture technology of panax notoginseng. | 2007 | 17552149 |
| preparation of the traditional chinese medicine compound recipe shuxiong sustained-release capsules by multiparticulate time-controlled explosion technology. | in this study the traditional chinese medicine compound recipe (tcmcr) shuxiong sustained-release capsules (sxsrc) were prepared by multiparticulate time-controlled explosion technology. first, shuxiong pellets were prepared with the refined medicinal materials containing in the recipe of shuxiong tablets. then, the pellets were coated sequentially with an inner swelling layer containing low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose as the swelling agent and an outer rupturable layer of ethylcellulose. ... | 2007 | 17557747 |
| effects of aqueous extracts of aconitum carmichaeli, rhizoma bolbostemmatis, phytolacca acinosa, panax notoginseng and gekko swinhonis gūenther on bel-7402 cells. | to investigate the anticancer activity of a chinese medical mixture, wrcp (warming and relieving cold phlegm), on hepatocarcinoma bel-7402 cells. | 2007 | 17569146 |
| [experimental study on anti-platelet effects of ginsenoside -2a in vitro]. | to explore the in vitro anti-platelet effects of ginsenoside -2a,a purified extract from panax notoginseng. | 2006 | 17569356 |
| ginsenoside rd elicits th1 and th2 immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. | ginsenoside rd (rd), a saponin isolated from the roots of panax notoginseng, was evaluated for inducing th1 or th2 immune responses in mice against ovalbumin (ova). icr mice were immunized subcutaneously with ova 100 microg alone or with ova 100 microg dissolved in saline containing alum (200 microg), or rd (10, 25 or 50 microg) on days 1 and 15. two weeks later (day 28), concanavalin a (con a)-, lipopolysaccharide (lps)- and ova-stimulated splenocyte proliferation was determined using mtt assay ... | 2007 | 16950547 |
| protective effects of ginsenoside rb1, ginsenoside rg1, and notoginsenoside r1 on lipopolysaccharide-induced microcirculatory disturbance in rat mesentery. | ginsenoside rb1 (rb1), ginsenoside rg1 (rg1), and notoginsenoside r1 (r1) are major active components of panax notoginseng, a chinese herb that is widely used in traditional chinese medicine to enhance blood circulation and dissipate blood stasis. to evaluate the effect of these saponins on microcirculatory disturbance induced by lipopolysaccharide (lps), vascular hemodynamics in rat mesentery was observed continuously during their administration using an inverted microscope and a high speed vid ... | 2007 | 17655881 |
| analysis of dencichine in panax notoginseng by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with ethyl chloroformate derivatization. | dencichine (beta-n-oxalyl-l-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid) is a haemostatic agent present in well-known traditional chinese medicinal herbs such as panax notoginseng, as well as other panax species. it is also a reported neurotoxic agent found in lathyrus sativus (grass pea seed) and cycad seeds. a method was developed for quantitative determination of the non-protein amino acid, dencichine, in plant samples of p. notoginseng and the adventitious roots directly from the explants of p. notogin ... | 2007 | 17029672 |
| simultaneous determination of 11 saponins in panax notoginseng using hplc-elsd and pressurized liquid extraction. | a new hplc coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (elsd) method was developed for simultaneous determination of 11 major triterpene saponins, namely notoginsenoside r1 (1), ginsenosides rg1 (2), re (3), rf(4), rb1 (5), rg2 (6), rc (7), rb2 (8), rb3 (9), rd (10), and rg3 (11) in panax notoginseng, a commonly used traditional chinese medicine (tcm). pressurized liquid extraction (ple) was employed for sample preparation, and the analysis was achieved using a zorbax ods c18 column elut ... | 2006 | 17069249 |
| hypolipidemic effects and mechanisms of panax notoginseng on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic rats. | maintenance of normal lipid levels has implicated the involvement of genes induced by liver x receptor alpha (lxralpha) and farnesoid x receptor (fxr). this study was designed to evaluate the hypolipidemic effects of n-butanol extract (ne3) of panax notoginseng (burk.) f.h. chen root on lipid homeostasis and investigate the possible mechanisms in animal experiments. in the transactivation assays, ne3 was identified as a dual fxr/lxralpha agonist. subsequently, sprague-dawley male rats on a high- ... | 2007 | 17681443 |
| effects of four medicinal herbs on human vascular endothelial cells in culture. | danshen (ds, salvia miltiorrhiza), shanchi (sq, panax notoginseng), shanzai (sz, hawthorn) and heshouwu (hsw, polygonum multiflorum thunb) are four medicinal herbs commonly used in traditional chinese medicine and previously shown to have activity that may contribute to cardiovascular protection. this study aims to investigate effects of these herbs on vascular endothelial cells with respect to cell viability and expression of cellular adhesion molecules under inflammatory conditions. | 2008 | 17692965 |
| effect of qi-protecting powder (huqi san) on expression of c-jun, c-fos and c-myc in diethylnitrosamine-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis. | to study the inhibitory effect of huqi san (qi-protecting powder) on rat prehepatocarcinoma induced by diethylinitrosamine (den) by analyzing the mutational activation of c-fos proto-oncogene and over-expression of c-jun and c-myc oncogenes. | 2007 | 17696247 |
| simultaneous determination of seven active components of fufang danshen tablet by high performance liquid chromatography. | a high-performance liquid chromatography method was established for simultaneously determining seven major components, i.e. protocatechuic aldehyde, notoginsenoside r(1), ginsenoside rg(1), salvianolic acid b, ginsenoside rb(1), cryptotanshinone and tanshinone iia in fufang danshen tablet, a commonly used traditional chinese medicinal combined prescription mainly derived from the roots of salvia miltiorrhiza and panax notoginseng. these seven compounds, belonging to the chemical types of phenoli ... | 2007 | 17120299 |
| [clinical study on effect of total panax notoginseng saponins on immune related inner environment imbalance in rheumatoid arthritis patients]. | to study the therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of total panax notoginseng saponins (pns) for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (ra), and to observe its safety and influence on ra immune related inner environment. | 2007 | 17717913 |
| ginsenoside re and notoginsenoside r1: immunologic adjuvants with low haemolytic effect. | the further purification of the total saponins from the roots of panax notoginseng (burk.) f. h. chen by ordinary and reversed-phase silica-gel, as well as sephadex lh-20 chromatography afforded two adjuvant active dammarane-type saponins, ginsenoside re (1) and notoginsenoside r1 (2). these two saponins were evaluated for haemolytic activities and adjuvant potentials on the cellular and humoral immune responses of icr mice against ovalbumin (ova). the concentrations inducing 50% of the maximum ... | 2006 | 17193304 |
| growth inhibition and induction of differentiation by panaxydol in rat c6 glioma cells. | panaxydol is a naturally occurring non-peptidyl small molecule isolated from the lipophilic fractions of panax notoginseng, a well-known chinese traditional medicine. in this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of panaxydol on growth inhibition and its mechanisms in c6 rat glioma cells. | 2008 | 17767808 |
| a comparative study on commercial samples of ginseng radix. | a total of 37 commercial samples of ginseng radix, the origins of which belonged to panax ginseng c. a. meyer, p. quinquefolia linn. (american ginseng), and p. notoginseng burkill (sanchi-ginseng), respectively, were collected from the taiwan herbal markets. the contents of nine ginsenosides, rb(1), rb(2), rc, rd, re, rf, rg(1), rg(2), r(0), and three malonylginsenosides, mrb(1), mrb(2), mrc, in these samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. it was found that the saponi ... | 1995 | 17238100 |
| [screening of panax notoginsenoside water in oil microemulsion formulations and their evaluation in vitro and in vivo]. | water in oil (w/o) microemulsion formulation was developed to enhance intestinal absorption of ginsenoside rb1 (rb1) of panax notoginseng (pns). effects of w/o microemulsions on pharmacokinetics after intraduodenal administration, membrane fluidity and membrane transport of rb, were studied in rats, liposomes and parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (pampa), respectively. soybean phospholipids/ethanol (sp/etoh) was selected as surfactant/cosurfactant, together with pns 400 mg x ml(-1) ... | 2007 | 17882965 |
| isolation, structural determination, and evaluation of the biological activity of 20(s)-25-methoxyl-dammarane-3beta, 12beta, 20-triol [20(s)-25-och3-ppd], a novel natural product from panax notoginseng. | ginseng has been used extensively for medicinal purposes, with suggested utility for indications as diverse as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. herein we report the discovery and characterization of 20(s)-25-och3-ppd, a ginsenoside that inhibits growth and survival of cancer cells. the novel dammarane triterpene sapogenin (c31h56o4; molecular weight 492) was isolated from the total hydrolyzed saponins extracted from the leaves of panax notoginseng using conventional and reverse-phase ... | 2007 | 17266624 |
| immunological adjuvant effect of ginsenoside rh4 from the roots of panax notoginseng on specific antibody and cellular response to ovalbumin in mice. | ginsenoside rh(4) (1), a saponin isolated from the roots of panax notoginseng (burk.) f. h. chen, was evaluated for its haemolytic activity and adjuvant potential on specific antibody and cellular response to ovalbumin (ova) in mice. compound 1 showed a slight haemolytic effect, its concentration inducing 50% of the maximum haemolysis (hd(50) value) being 407+/-12 microg/ml using a 0.5% suspension of red blood cells. compound 1 significantly increased the concanavalin a (con a)-, lipopolysacchar ... | 2007 | 17311234 |
| [comparison between the characteristics of absorption and pharmacokinetic behavior of ginsenoside rg1 and ginsenoside rb, of panax notoginseng saponins]. | to compare the characteristics of absorption and pharmacokinetic behavior of ginsenoside rg1 (rg1) with ginsenoside rb1 (rb1) of panax notoginseng saponins (pns), bile excretion of both rg1 and rb1 were studied after i.v. and i.g. of pns solution. plasma protein binding ratios were studied using equilibrium dialysis method, and referred to pharmacokinetic parameters. it shows that (61.48 +/- 18.30)% dose of rg1 and (3.94 +/- 1.49)% dose of rb1 were separately excreted into bile 10 hours after i. ... | 2007 | 17944233 |
| relationship between haemolytic and adjuvant activity and structure of protopanaxadiol-type saponins from the roots of panax notoginseng. | four protopanaxadiol-type saponins (pds), ginsenosides-rb(1), -rd, notoginsenosides-k, -r(4) isolated from the roots of panax notoginseng were evaluated for their haemolytic activities and adjuvant potentials on the cellular and humoral immune responses of icr mice against ovalbumin (ova). the effect of the substitution pattern of these pds on their biological activities was investigated and structure-activity relationships were established. among four pds, the ranking of the haemolytic activity ... | 2005 | 16115706 |
| [effects of panax notoginseng on the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts in human hypertrophic scar in vitro]. | to observe the effects of panax notoginseng on the transdifferentiation of the cultured human fibroblasts from hypertrophic scar in vitro, and explore its anti-fibrosis mechanism. | 2007 | 18019057 |
| [determination of residual organic solvents in panax notoginseng extracts by capillary gas chromatography with headspace sampling]. | to develop a headspace gas chromatography method for the determination of residual organic solvents in panax notoginseng extracts. | 2007 | 18067235 |
| effect of bottom clearance on performance of airlift bioreactor in high-density culture of panax notoginseng cells. | a fed-batch cultivation of panax notoginseng cells in a concentric-tube airlift reactor was performed to study the effects of bottom clearance on cell growth and the production of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide. at a bottom clearance of 4.0 cm, the highest cell density of 29.1+/-1.6 g/l by dry weight was obtained, and the accumulation of saponin and polysaccharide also reached a maximum, i.e., 2.39+/-0.43 and 2.73+/-0.40 g/l, respectively. cell growth and metabolite production were limited a ... | 2001 | 16233116 |
| manipulation of ginsenoside heterogeneity in cell cultures of panax notoginseng by addition of jasmonates. | manipulation of the heterogeneity of ginsenosides with different pharmacological activities was attempted by adding methyl jasmonate (mja) or dihydro-methyl jasmonate (hmja) to suspension cultures of a high-saponin-producing cell line of panax notoginseng. compared with hmja, mja not only increased ginsenoside content to a large degree but also significantly altered the ratio of rb to rg groups of ginsenosides. the ginsenoside rd was not detected in either control cultures (without mja addition) ... | 2002 | 16233164 |
| genetic diversity and variation of saponin contents in panax notoginseng roots from a single farm. | radix notoginseng, the root of panax notoginseng (burk.) f. h. chen, has been widely used in traditional chinese medicine. its main components, saponins, have been reported to have many pharmacological activities. to test the general assumption that herbs of a single species planted and harvested from a single location are uniform in chemical and genetic makeup, chemical analysis and dna fingerprinting were carried out. high-performance tlc together with hplc analysis were used to analyze 17 ran ... | 2005 | 16248538 |
| the use of lipid-based formulations to increase the oral bioavailability of panax notoginseng saponins following a single oral gavage to rats. | this article was intended to improve the absorption of ginsenoside rg1 and rb1 of panax notoginseng saponins (pns). | 2008 | 18214757 |
| structure and biological activity of protopanaxatriol-type saponins from the roots of panax notoginseng. | the further purification of the total saponins from the roots of panax notoginseng by using ordinary and reversed-phase silica-gel, as well as sephadex lh-20 chromatography afford seven adjuvant active protopanaxatriol-type saponins (pts), ginsenosides-rh1 (rh1),-rh4 (rh4),-rg1 (rg1),-re (re), notoginsenosides-r1 (r1),-r2 (r2),-u (u). these saponins were evaluated for their haemolytic activities and adjuvant potentials on the cellular and humoral immune responses of icr mice against ovalbumin (o ... | 2006 | 16332509 |
| [prognosis and treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss with total and severe all frequency hearing loss]. | to evaluate the treatment and prognosis of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (sshl) with total and severe all frequency hearing loss. | 2007 | 18229580 |
| a rapid hplc-esi-ms/ms for qualitative and quantitative analysis of saponins in "xuesetong" injection. | 'xuesetong' injection, one of the most widely used proprietary medicines in traditional chinese medicine, consists of total saponins made from panax notoginseng, which is a highly valued and important chinese medicinal herb. it is used to treat cardiovascular diseases. in order to control the quality of xuesetong injection, a rapid hplc-esi-ms/ms method was developed for qualitative and quantitative determination of the saponins. the analyses were performed on sb-c18 column using gradient elutio ... | 2006 | 16343839 |
| compound salvia pellet, a traditional chinese medicine, for the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris compared with nitrates: a meta-analysis. | compound salvia pellet (csp), consisting of active herbal ingredients extracted from danshen (salvia miltiorrhiza), sanqi (panax notoginseng), and borneol (cinnamomum camphora), is taken most frequently by patients with angina pectoris in china. to determine the efficacy and safety of csp for the treatment of stable angina pectoris (sap), a meta-analysis was undertaken. | 2006 | 16369479 |
| panax notoginseng attenuates lps-induced pro-inflammatory mediators in raw264.7 cells. | herbals or dietary supplements are not regulated as drugs by the united states food and drug administration (usfda) although many may have associated therapeutic effects and toxicities. therefore, the immunomodulatory effects of the herbal extract panax notoginseng on cultured macrophages (raw264.7 cells) were investigated to address potential therapeutic or toxic effects. cells were stimulated with lps (1 microg/ml) and treated with notoginseng at 5, 25 and 50 microg/ml. notoginseng inhibited t ... | 2006 | 16427227 |
| identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes involved in pharmacological activities of roots of panax notoginseng during plant growth. | panax notoginseng is a highly valued chinese medicinal herb. to understand the molecular mechanism of the much higher pharmacological activities of roots of 3-year-old plants over 1-year-old ones,two cdna libraries were constructed using the suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) method. positive cdna clones from each of the two libraries were randomly selected for dot-blotting analysis. a total of 110 genes were highly expressed in 3-year-old roots and 80 genes in 1-year-old roots. of thes ... | 2008 | 18283465 |
| [effects of panax notoginseng saponins on long-term potentiation in the ca1 region of the rat hippocampus]. | panax notoginseng saponins (pns) are very important extracts from roots of medicinal herb sanchi ginseng which is highly regarded in china for its therapeutic ability to meliorate blood-circulation, anti-anoxia, improve memory, and anti-caducity effects. in this study, we used blind whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings to detect the effects of pns on long-term potentiation (ltp) in the ca1 region of the hippocampus, and investigated the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying potentiating effe ... | 2007 | 18300467 |
| [studies on chemical constituents from rhizomes of panax notoginseng]. | to study the chemical constituents from rhizomes of panax notoginseng. | 2007 | 18323204 |
| [optimization of biotransformation conditions of active component in panax notoginseng stalks and leaves by fusarium sacchari]. | by using fusarium sacchari, a rare microbial strain isolated and screened from planted ginseng soil, the active component notoginseng triterpenes in panax notoginseng stalks and leaves was biotransformed. taking three main anti-tumor components, i. e., 20 (s)-protopanoxadiol-20-o-beta-d-glucopyranose (compound k, c-k), 20-o-beta-d-xylopyranosyl (1 --> 6) -beta-d-glucopyranosyl-20 (s)-protopanaxadiol (compound mx, c-mx) and 20 (s)-protopanoxadiol-20-o-alpha-l-arabofuranose (1 --> 6)-beta-d-glucop ... | 2007 | 18333458 |
| notoginsenoside r1 from panax notoginseng inhibits tnf-alpha-induced pai-1 production in human aortic smooth muscle cells. | notoginsenoside r1 is the main ingredient with cardiovascular activity in panax notoginseng. we reported that notoginsenoside r1 significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha)-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (pai-1) mrna, protein level and secretion in human aortic smooth muscle cells (hasmcs) in a dose-dependent manner. tnf-alpha significantly increased extracellular signal-related kinases (erk) and protein kinase b (pkb) activation and, which was blocked by notoginse ... | 2006 | 16458614 |
| [study on protective effects of panax notoginseng saponins on doxorubicin-induced myocardial damage]. | to study the effects of panax notoginseng saponins (pns) on acute doxorubicin-induced myocardial injury in mice and the anti-tumor efficiency of doxorubicin. | 2007 | 18338604 |
| separation and on-line concentration of saponins from panax notoginseng by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. | a simple, reproducible and sensitive micellar electrokinetic chromatography (mekc) method was developed for the separation and determination of 10 saponins from panax notoginseng. field-enhanced sample injection with reverse migrating micelles (fesi-rmm) was used for on-line concentration of the saponins. the effects of concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) and organic modifier, the sample matrix, the injection time of water plug, the injection voltage and injection time of sample on th ... | 2006 | 16469324 |
| [inhibiting effects of denshensu, baicalin, astragalus and panax notoginseng saponins on hepatic fibrosis and their possible mechanisms]. | to study the anti-fibrotic effects of danshensu, baicalin, astragalus and panax notoginseng saponins (pns) and their possible mechanisms. | 2008 | 18364078 |
| chemical characteristics for different parts of panax notoginseng using pressurized liquid extraction and hplc-elsd. | the chemical characteristics for different parts of panax notoginseng, including root, fibre root, rhizome, stem, leaf, flower and seed, were determined using high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection (hplc-elsd) and pressurized liquid extraction (ple). eight major saponins, namely notoginsenoside r1, ginsenosides rg1, re, rb1, rc, rb2, rb3 and rd were also quantitatively compared among the different parts of p. notoginseng. the chromatograms showed that there ... | 2006 | 16522361 |
| isolation of a ribonuclease from sanchi ginseng (panax pseudoginseng) flowers distinct from other ginseng ribonucleases. | a single-chained ribonuclease was isolated from the aqueous extract of sanchi ginseng (panax pseudoginseng) flowers. it exhibited a molecular mass of 23 kda, an n-terminal sequence with some similarity to other enzymes involved in rna metabolism but different from known ribonucleases, and considerably higher activity toward poly u than poly c and only slight activity toward poly a and poly g. the purification protocol entailed ion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (deae)-cellulose, af ... | 2006 | 16540087 |
| effects of icariin combined with panax notoginseng saponins on ischemia reperfusion-induced cognitive impairments related with oxidative stress and ca1 of hippocampal neurons in rat. | previous studies suggest that treatment with icariin (ica) combined with panax notoginseng saponins (pns) improved behavior and cholinergic system disorders followed by amyloid beta-peptide(25-35) lateral ventricle injection in rats. the present study investigated whether administration of ica + pns had preventive and therapeutic effects on bilateral common carotid arteries (cca) occlusion-induced cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (ir) injury in rats. male sprague-dawley rats were divided randomly a ... | 2008 | 18398927 |
| interaction of salvianolic acids and notoginsengnosides in inhibition of adp-induced platelet aggregation. | salvia miltiorrhiza and panax notoginseng were both considered to be beneficial to cardiovascular diseases in traditional chinese medicine and often used in combination. to examine the possible interaction between them, the effects of the active fractions of these two herbs, salvianolic acids (sa) and notoginsengnosides (ng), on platelet aggregation were checked respectively or in combination in vitro and in vivo. both the platelet aggregation of platelet rich plasma (prp) and washed platelet af ... | 2008 | 18457363 |
| self-micelle formation and the incorporation of lipid in the formulation affect the intestinal absorption of panax notoginseng. | the purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of self-micelle formation and incorporation of lipid in the formulation on absorption of ginsenosides rg1 and rb1 from intestinal tract in rats. ginsenosides rg1 and rb1 were extracted from panax notoginseng saponins (pns). the critical micellar concentration (cmc) of pns in deionzied water was determined to be 0.339 mg/ml. at normal physiological ionic strengths, pns was salted out from the solution above the cmc. the particle size of the m ... | 2008 | 18502060 |
| [optimization for vacuum belt drying process of panax notoginseng extract]. | to optimize the conditions of the vacuum belt drying process (vbd) for drying panax notoginseng extract and compare with methods of vacuum freezing drying and spray drying. | 2008 | 18533492 |
| metabolite profiling of panax notoginseng using uplc-esi-ms. | the metabolite profiling of different parts of panax notoginseng was carried out using rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (uplc-esi-ms) and multivariate statistical analysis. principal component analysis (pca) of the uplc-esi-ms data showed a clear separation of compositions among the flower buds, roots and rhizomes of p. notoginseng. the saponins accounting for such variations were identified through the corresponding loadings weights and wer ... | 2008 | 18550132 |
| effects of extracts from panax notoginseng and panax ginseng fruit on vascular endothelial cell proliferation and migration in vitro. | to study the effects of extracts from panax notoginseng (epn) and panax ginseng fruit (epgf) on the proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs) in vitro. | 2008 | 18568327 |
| panax notoginseng saponins attenuate atherosclerosis in rats by regulating the blood lipid profile and an anti-inflammatory action. | previous studies have reported on the anti-atherosclerotic effects of panax notoginseng saponins (pns). the aim of the present study was to explore the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-atherosclerotic effects of pns and the inflammatory response. thirty rats were randomly divided into three groups, namely a control group, a group, in which zymosan a was used to induce inflammation (zym group) and a pns-treated group. rats in the three groups were administered liquid paraffin (i.p.), ... | 2008 | 18637019 |
| ultrasound phonophoresis of panax notoginseng improves the strength of repairing ligament: a rat model. | this study examined the phonophoretic effect of a therapeutic ultrasound coupled with a panax notoginseng (pn) gel and compared it with a therapeutic ultrasound alone for medial collateral ligament repair in rats. twenty mature male sprague-dawley rats receiving surgical transection to the left medial collateral ligament (mcl) were divided randomly into three groups: ultrasound (us, n = 7), ultrasound with pn coupling gel (pnus, n = 7) and control (n = 6). the treatments started on day 3 after s ... | 2008 | 18692299 |
| proteomic analysis of differential protein expression in rat platelets treated with notoginsengnosides. | sanqi, the root of panax notoginseng, is a popularly used traditional chinese medicine with cardiovascular effects. notoginsengnosides (ng) isolated from sanqi could inhibit adp-induced platelet aggregation of rat washed platelets. to identify the possible target proteins of ng in platelets, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de)-based comparative proteomics was performed and proteins altered in expressional level after ng treatment were identified by maldi-tof ms/ms. treatment of 200 microg ... | 2008 | 18706795 |
| panax notoginseng burk attenuates impairment of learning and memory functions and increases ed1, bdnf and beta-secretase immunoreactive cells in chronic stage ischemia-reperfusion injured rats. | panax notoginseng burk (pn) has been reported to improve blood circulation, as well as learning and memory functions. the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of pn on learning and memory functions in chronic cerebral infarct rats. a cerebral infarct animal model was established by blocking the blood flow of both common carotid arteries and right middle cerebral artery for 90 min followed by reperfusion for 4 weeks. pn (0.5 g/kg) was administered orally 3 days per week for ... | 2008 | 18711766 |
| botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of korean panax ginseng c a meyer. | korean panax ginseng c a meyer is mainly used to maintain the homeostasis of the body, and the pharmacological efficacy of korean ginseng identified by modern science includes improved brain function, pain-relieving effects, preventive effects against tumors as well as anti-tumor activity, enhanced immune system function, anti-diabetic effects, enhanced liver function, adjusted blood pressure, anti-fatigue and anti-stress effects, improved climacteric disorder and sexual functions, as well as an ... | 2008 | 18718180 |
| biodiversity in cultivated panax notoginseng populations. | panax notoginseng is a cultivated ginseng species highly valued for its various pharmacological activities mostly associated with triterpenoid saponin glycosides. it would be of great interest to understand biodiversity in this ginseng species after its long history of domestication. | 2008 | 18718183 |
| extraction of 20(s)-ginsenoside rg2 from cultured panax notoginseng cells in vitro stimulates human umbilical cord vein endothelial cell proliferation. | from the cultured cells of panax notoginseng, a kind of ginseng saponin-ginsenoside rg2, was separated and purified, and its structure was elucidated as 6-o-[alpha-l-rhamnose (l-->2)-beta-d-glucopyranosyl]3beta, 12beta, 20(s)-trihydroxydammar-24-ene [20(s)-ginsenoside rg2]. moreover, its bioactivity stimulates human umbilical cord vein endothelial cell proliferation; the growth of the cells treated with 20(s)-ginsenoside rg2 was 14-fold higher than that of untreated ones, and the level of the ce ... | 2006 | 16772761 |
| [effect compound decoction on notoginsenosides in panax notoginseng]. | to explore the effect of compound decoction on notoginsenosides in panax notoginseng. | 2007 | 17655142 |
| two new dammarane triterpene glycosides from the rhizomes of panax notoginseng. | two new dammarane triterpene glycosides named notoginsenosides rw 1 (1) and rw 2 (2) were isolated from the rhizomes of panax notoginseng, together with 20 known compounds including protopanaxadiol (3), protopanaxatriol (4), ginsenosides rb1 (5), rd (6), re (7), rg1 (8), rg2 (9), 20-(s)-rg3 (10), 20-(r)-rg(3) (11), rh1 (12), rh4 (13), rf (14), 20-o-glucopyranosyl rf (15), notoginsenosides r1 (16), r2 (17), t5 (18), s (19), t (20), and fa (21), and koryoginsenoside r1 (22). based on fabms, hrfabm ... | 2008 | 18985496 |
| influence of ginsenoside rg1, a panaxatriol saponin from panax notoginseng, on renal fibrosis in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction. | total saponins of panax notoginseng (pns) have been shown to ameliorate renal interstitial fibrosis. ginsenoside rg1, a panaxatriol saponin, is one of the major active molecules from pns. the present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of ginsenoside rg1 on renal fibrosis in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction (uuo). the rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham-operation (n=15), uuo (n=15) and uuo with ginsenoside rg1 treatment (n=15, 50 mg per kg body weight, intraperiton ... | 2008 | 18988308 |
| simultaneous determination of nucleobases, nucleosides and saponins in panax notoginseng using multiple columns high performance liquid chromatography. | a new multiple columns hplc method for simultaneous determination of 16 characteristic components, 5 nucleobases and nucleosides (uracil, cytidine, uridine, guanosine and adenosine), and 11 saponins (notoginsenoside r1, ginsenoside rg1, ginsenoside re, notoginsenoside r4, notoginsenoside fa, ginsenoside rb1, notoginsenoside r2, ginsenoside rg2, ginsenoside rh1, ginsenoside rd and notoginsenoside k), in the root of panax notoginseng, a valued traditional chinese medicinal herb, were developed. no ... | 2008 | 18995982 |
| improving effect of post-treatment with panax notoginseng saponins on lipopolysaccharide-induced microcirculatory disturbance in rat mesentery. | panax notoginseng saponin (pns) is the collective of the major effective components of panax notoginseng. the present study intended to explore the effect of post-treatment of pns on rat mesentery microcirculatory disturbance induced by lipopolysaccharide (lps) continuous challenge. by virtue of a microcirculation observation system, the vascular hemodynamics were determined continuously until 60 min of lps (2 mg/kg/h) infusion through the left femoral vein. after observation, blood was taken fo ... | 2008 | 19029637 |
| antiproliferative effects of different plant parts of panax notoginseng on sw480 human colorectal cancer cells. | the chemical constituents and antiproliferative effects on sw480 human colorectal cancer cells of different plant parts of p. notoginseng were evaluated. the contents of saponins in extracts from root, rhizome, flower and berry of p. notoginseng were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. the contents and proportions of saponins were different among the four plant parts. using the cell counting method, the antiproliferative effects were evaluated and the results indicated all f ... | 2009 | 19048608 |
| panaxadiol glycosides that induce neuronal differentiation in neurosphere stem cells. | bioassay-guided fractionation, combined with screening based on egf-responsive neural stem cells (nscs) differentiation assay, has been used to search for active molecules from panax notoginseng. ginsenosides rg3 (1), rk1 (2), and rg5 (3) were identified as potential neurogenic molecules. the degrees of their neurogenic effects were found to be 3 > 2 > 1. the neurogenic effect of 3 represents a biphasic dose- and time-dependent regulation. transient exposure of nscs to 8 microm 3 for 24 h follow ... | 2007 | 17663584 |
| total saponins of panax notoginseng modulate the expression of caspases and attenuate apoptosis in rats following focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. | total saponins of panax notoginseng (tspn), main constituents extracted from panax notoginseng, a highly valued traditional chinese medicine, have been shown to be an effective agent on cerebral infarction. | 2009 | 19059471 |
| effect of sugar positions in ginsenosides and their inhibitory potency on na+/k+-atpase activity. | to determine whether ginsenosides with various sugar attachments may act as active components responsible for the cardiac therapeutic effects of ginseng and sanqi (the roots of panax ginseng and panax notoginseng) via the same molecular mechanism triggered by cardiac glycosides, such as ouabain and digoxin. | 2009 | 19060914 |
| ginsenoside rg1, a major active component isolated from panax notoginseng, restrains tubular epithelial to myofibroblast transition in vitro. | the medicinal herb, panax notoginseng, has been used for thousands of years in traditional chinese medicine and possesses anti-fibrosis properties. epithelial-myofibroblast transition (emt) plays an important role in renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. the present study was designed to examine whether ginsenoside rg1, a major active component isolated from panax notoginseng, has an ability to block this phenotypic transition in rat renal tubular epithelial cells (nrk-52e) induced by transforming ... | 2009 | 19101622 |
| angiogenic effect of saponin extract from panax notoginseng on huvecs in vitro and zebrafish in vivo. | angiogenesis plays an important role in a wide range of physiological processes such as wound healing and fetal development. in fact, many diseases are associated with imbalance in the regulation of angiogenesis in which there is either excessive or insufficient blood vessel formation. panax notoginseng, a blood circulation invigorating herb, is commonly used in traditional chinese medicine to treat circulation-related diseases. however, the biological effects of saponin extract from panax notog ... | 2009 | 19107746 |
| [effect of total saponins from panax notoginseng on expession of melatonin receptor mrna in gastric mucosa of stress rats]. | to observe the effect of total saponins from panax notoginseng (pns) on melatonin receptor (mr) expression and its content in gastric mucosa of stress rats. | 2008 | 19112897 |
| anti-lung cancer effects of novel ginsenoside 25-och(3)-ppd. | 20(s)-25-methoxyl-dammarane-3beta, 12beta, 20-triol (25-och(3)-ppd), a newly identified natural product from panax notoginseng, exhibits activity against a variety of cancer cells. herein, we report the effects of this compound on human a549, h358, and h838 lung cancer cells, and compare these effects with a control lung epithelial cell line, beas-2b. 25-och(3)-ppd decreased survival, inhibited proliferation, and induced apoptosis and g1 cell cycle arrest in the lung cancer cell lines. the p. no ... | 2009 | 19131140 |
| [decolorization and purification of total leaves saponins of panax notoginseng with ion exchange resins]. | the total leaves saponins of panax notoginseng decoloring by adsorption with exchange resins was studied and the decoloring capacity of six anions resins as adsorbent material was evaluated. the decoloring capacity of the selected resins (d296 and dt) was compared by the dynamic adsorption decolorization experiments. removel of coloured compounds in rew solution takes place in two serially coupled different ionic exchange columns, one packed column was d72 cation resin, another anion resin. the ... | 2008 | 19157116 |
| flower extract of panax notoginseng attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response via blocking of nf-kappab signaling pathway in murine macrophages. | the root of panax notoginseng (pn) is commonly used to treat chronic liver disease with its therapeutic abilities to stop haemorrhage in the circulation, while the pn flower (pn-f) is largely unknown in the biological activities on inflammation and mechanisms of its actions. in this study, the pharmacologic effects of pn-f methanol extract on inflammation were investigated to address potential therapeutic or toxic effects in lps-stimulated mouse macrophage cells, raw264.7 cells. | 2009 | 19162159 |