| [clinical manifestations of stenotrophomas (xanthomonas) maltophilia infection]. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia (sm) is a gram-negative bacillus whose incidence like nosocomial pathogen has been incremented in the last years, especially in immunocompromised patients, subjected to invasive procedures and those receiving broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy. | 1998 | 10079538 |
| surfactant-enhanced biodegradation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by stenotrophomonas maltophilia | the objectives of this study were to isolate and evaluate microorganisms with the ability to degrade high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in the presence of synthetic surfactants. stenotrophomonas maltophilia vun 10,010, isolated from pah-contaminated soil, utilized pyrene as a sole carbon and energy source and also degraded other high molecular weight pahs containing up to seven benzene rings. various synthetic surfactants were tested for their ability to improve the pa ... | 1998 | 10099362 |
| infective endocarditis due to stenotrophomonas (xanthomonas) maltophilia. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia (formerly xanthomonas maltophilia) is a gram-negative bacillus increasingly associated with serious nosocomial infections. here, the case of a 69-year-old female patient who developed prosthetic valve endocarditis associated with this organism is described. a review of the literature revealed only 18 previous reports; eight involved native valves, the remainder prosthetic valves. most cases were associated with risk factors, including intravenous drug abuse (6 patien ... | 1998 | 9721966 |
| in vitro susceptibility to pexiganan of bacteria isolated from infected diabetic foot ulcers. | during two clinical trials involving the treatment of 835 outpatients with infected diabetic foot ulcers, 2515 bacterial isolates, including 2337 aerobes and 178 anaerobes, were grown from cultures of the ulcers. the in vitro susceptibility of these isolates was determined to pexiganan, a peptide anti-infective evaluated in these clinical trials, and to other classes of antibiotics. pexiganan demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobes and a ... | 1999 | 10529881 |
| changing epidemiology of infections in patients with neutropenia and cancer: emphasis on gram-positive and resistant bacteria. | over the past 3 decades, considerable changes have occurred in the types of bacteria causing infection in febrile patients with neutropenia and cancer. twenty years ago, gram-negative bacteria caused approximately 70% of bloodstream infections. as a probable consequence of long-dwelling intravascular devices, fluoroquinolone prophylaxis, and high-dose chemotherapy-induced mucositis, there has been a shift toward gram-positive coccal bacteremia. in most centers today, approximately 70% of bactere ... | 1999 | 10530434 |
| endotoxins and igg antibodies as indicators of occupational exposure to the microbial contaminants of metal-working fluids. | the aim of this study was to evaluate workers' exposure to microbes and bacterial endotoxins during the use of metal-working fluids (mwf). | 1999 | 10541909 |
| clinical problems posed by multiresistant nonfermenting gram-negative pathogens. | in this review i will briefly survey the role of pseudomonas aeruginosa, acinetobacter baumanii, stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and burkholderia cepacia as opportunistic pathogens. a common feature of these organisms is intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotics. all of these organisms can be recovered from the environment, commonly cause device-related infections, are often resistant to disinfectants, and have the potential to spread from patient to patient via fomites or the hands of medical ... | 1998 | 9710680 |
| [stenotrophomonas maltophilia endocarditis following mitral valve prosthesis implantation. report of a case]. | the authors report the first case of early postoperative endocarditis after mitral valvuloplasty due to stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a gram negative organism, in a 37 year old man with no special risk factors. pyrexia and mitral valve vegetations were the main features, and, in the absence of complications or of embolism, the patient was treated initially with triple antibiotherapy (ceftazidime, amikacine, ciprofloxacine). relapse two weeks after withdrawal of treatment due to two variants of s ... | 1999 | 10562908 |
| molecular identification of a stenotrophomonas species used in the bioassay for erythromycin in aquaculture samples. | a bacterial strain isolated from aquaculture pond slurry, which was extremely sensitive to erythromycin, was used to detect erythromycin at levels as low as 0.05 micrograms ml-1 in aquaculture water, sediments and soil samples. identification of the indicator organism was attempted by 16s rrna sequencing, biochemical profile, fatty-acid analysis and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). genbank comparison showed that the 16s rrna sequence of the strain was similar to those of more than 20 copies of x ... | 1998 | 9727203 |
| stenotrophomonas (xanthomonas) maltophilia: in vitro susceptibility to selected antimicrobial drugs, single and combined, with and without defibrinated human blood. | sixteen selected isolates of stenotrophomonas maltophilia varied in susceptibility to the combined phagocytic/serum bactericidal activity of fresh defibrinated human blood (65 vol%). four representative isolates (x1, x11, x25, and x50), which differed in susceptibility to cefepime, ceftazidime, rifampin, and timentin, were subjected to checkerboard microtiter broth dilution tests involving combinations of cefepime plus timentin, ceftazidime plus ofloxacin, cotrimoxazole plus timentin, rifampin p ... | 1998 | 9732143 |
| species-specific detection of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria. | rapid detection and quantitative assessment of specific microbial species in environmental samples is desirable for monitoring changes in ecosystems and for tracking natural or introduced microbial species during bioremediation of contaminated sites. in the interests of developing rapid tests for hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, species-specific pcr primer sets have been developed for pseudomonas aeruginosa, stentrophomonas (xanthomonas) maltophilia, and serratia marsescens. highly variable regio ... | 1999 | 10579508 |
| outbreak of stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia among patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation: association with faulty replacement of handwashing soap. | using molecular typing methods, we confirmed an outbreak of stenotrophomonas maltophilia among bone marrow transplant patients. the likely source was a healthcare worker who may have washed with moisturizer instead of soap between patients. hospital epidemiologists need to go beyond antibiograms when evaluating outbreaks and be vigilant about all aspects of hand washing. | 1999 | 10580627 |
| evidence of nosocomial stenotrophomonas maltophilia cross-infection in a neonatology unit analyzed by three molecular typing methods. | to characterize the epidemiological relationships among stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates in the neonatology unit of our institution over a 4-month period in which an increased number of isolates was observed. | 1999 | 10614605 |
| [evaluation of antibacterial activities of various antibiotics against glucose non-fermentative gram-negative rods other than pseudomonas aeruginosa]. | mics of piperacillin, sulbactam/cefoperazone, minocycline (mino), gentamicin, amikacin, flomoxef, ceftazidime, cefozopran, cefsulodin and imipenem were determined, against 189 clinical isolated strains of glucose non-fermentative gram-negative rods (nfgnr; acinetobacter baumannii (44), alcaligenes faecalis (5), alcaligenes xylosoxidans (25), burkholderia cepacia (12), chryseobacterium indologenes (23), chryseobacterium meningosepticum (9), pseudomonas fluorescens (8), pseudomonas putida (12), st ... | 1998 | 9755431 |
| outbreak of stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia in allogenic bone marrow transplant patients: role of severe neutropenia and mucositis. | from march 1997 through november 1997, 8 allogenic bone marrow transplant (bmt) patients developed stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia on the hematology service at ucla medical center (los angeles). five of these patients had undergone transplantation during the same hospitalization that s. maltophilia bacteremia was detected (case patients). compared with 7 concurrently hospitalized allogenic bmt patients (control patients), the 5 case patients were more likely to have been hospitalized in ... | 2000 | 10619754 |
| levofloxacin in vitro activity and time-kill evaluation of stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates. | the in vitro activity of levofloxacin and eight other antimicrobial agents against 60 clinical isolates of stenotrophomonas maltophilia was determined by an agar dilution method using 10(4) and 10(6) cfu/spot inocula. at the lower inoculum, 85.0% of the isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin but only 58.3% were susceptible to ofloxacin; at the higher inoculum, 78.3% were susceptible to levofloxacin and 36.7% to ofloxacin. in time-kill studies, levofloxacin exerted bactericidal activity within ... | 2000 | 10629022 |
| microbiological and clinical aspects of infection associated with stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | the gram-negative bacterium stenotrophomonas maltophilia is increasingly recognized as an important cause of nosocomial infection. infection occurs principally, but not exclusively, in debilitated and immunosuppressed individuals. management of s. maltophilia-associated infection is problematic because many strains of the bacterium manifest resistance to multiple antibiotics. these difficulties are compounded by methodological problems in in vitro susceptibility testing for which there are, as y ... | 1998 | 9457429 |
| the crystal structure of the l1 metallo-beta-lactamase from stenotrophomonas maltophilia at 1.7 a resolution. | the structure of the l1 metallo-beta-lactamase from the opportunistic pathogen stenotrophomonas maltophilia has been determined at 1.7 a resolution by the multiwavelength anomalous dispersion (mad) approach exploiting both the intrinsic binuclear zinc centre and incorporated selenomethionine residues. l1 is unique amongst all known beta-lactamases in that it exists as a tetramer. the protein exhibits the alphabeta/betaalpha fold found only in the metallo-beta-lactamases and displays several uniq ... | 1998 | 9811546 |
| association of qace and qacedelta1 with multiple resistance to antibiotics and antiseptics in clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria. | clinical isolates of enterobacter cloacae, citrobacter freundii, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and stenotrophomonas maltophilia were tested for resistance to antibiotics and to the antiseptics benzalkonium chloride and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. furthermore, they were examined for the presence of the resistance genes qace and qacedelta1. qacedelta1 was detected by pcr in 10% of all (n=103) and in 81% of multiply antibiotic-resistant strains (n=15). qace was found in only one of 37 p. aeruginosa s ... | 2000 | 10650208 |
| polymerase chain reaction amplification of bacterial 16s rrna genes from cold-cup biopsy forceps. | in looking for a possible infectious cause for interstitial cystitis (ic), we previously determined that bladder tissue specimens from both ic patients and controls were uniformly positive by polymerase chain reaction assay (pcr) for bacterial 16s ribosomal rna genes from various genera including escherichia, propionobacterium, acinetobacter, and salmonella. we therefore determined whether the biopsy forceps might be contaminated with bacterial dna. | 1998 | 9817375 |
| antimicrobial activity of merocyanine 540: a photosensitizing dye. | the antimicrobial activity of merocyanine 540 (mc 540), a photosensitizing dye previously used to purge malignant cells from autologous bone marrow grafts, was evaluated against a panel of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and candida albicans in the presence and absence of light. in the absence of light, mc 540 demonstrated no antibacterial activity against any of the organisms tested. when combined with increasing intervals of photoillumination, growth inhibition was observed with all g ... | 1998 | 9823532 |
| faucet aerators: a source of patient colonization with stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | multiple nosocomial outbreaks have been linked to contaminated water sources within the hospital. we report in this article a cluster of patients in a surgical intensive care unit who were colonized or infected with stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | 1999 | 9949380 |
| carbapenems and monobactams: imipenem, meropenem, and aztreonam. | imipenem and meropenem, members of the carbapenem class of beta-lactam antibiotics, are among the most broadly active antibiotics available for systemic use in humans. they are active against streptococci, methicillin-sensitive staphylococci, neisseria, haemophilus, anaerobes, and the common aerobic gram-negative nosocomial pathogens including pseudomonas. resistance to imipenem and meropenem may emerge during treatment of p. aeruginosa infections, as has occurred with other beta-lactam agents; ... | 1999 | 10221472 |
| in vitro activities of designed antimicrobial peptides against multidrug-resistant cystic fibrosis pathogens. | the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens renders antibiotics ineffective in the treatment of lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (cf). designed antimicrobial peptides (daps) are laboratory-synthesized peptide antibiotics that demonstrate a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity. optimal conditions for susceptibility testing of these peptides have not yet been established. medium composition is clearly a major factor influencing the results and reproducibilities of susceptibil ... | 1999 | 10348766 |
| failure of an automated blood culture system to detect nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria. | during a 1-year study we observed that both aerobic and anaerobic blood culture bottles from patients were negative by the bact/alert system during a 7-day incubation period. however, upon subcultivation of negative bottles, growth of pseudomonas aeruginosa was detectable. in an attempt to explain this observation, aerobic bact/alert fan bottles were seeded with a defined inoculum (0.5 mcfarland standard; 1 ml) of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, serratia marcescens, p. aeruginosa, steno ... | 2000 | 10698992 |
| in vitro antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of j-111,225, a novel 1beta-methylcarbapenem, against transferable imp-1 metallo-beta-lactamase producers. | imp-1 beta-lactamase, a class b zinc metallo-enzyme encoded by the transferable bla(imp) gene, is known to confer high-level resistance to carbapenems as well as to penicillins and cephalosporins. j-111, 225 is a novel 1beta-methylcarbapenem with a structurally unique side chain comprising a trans-3,5-disubstituted pyrrolidinylthio moiety at the c2 position. it inhibited 17 serratia marcescens and two pseudomonas aeruginosa imp-1-producing clinical isolates at a concentration of 32 mg/l (range 4 ... | 2000 | 10702544 |
| a highly efficient and convergent synthesis of a hexasaccharide, a dimer of the repeating unit of the antigen o2 polysaccharide of stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | a highly efficient and convergent synthesis of a hexasaccharide, which is a dimer of the repeating unit of the antigen o2 polysaccharide of stenotrophomonas maltophilia, was achieved via coupling of 2,3,4-tri-o-acetyl-alpha-l-xylopyranosyl bromide with the tetrasaccharide, allyl 4-o-{3-o-[4-o-(3,4-di-o-benzoyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-2,3,6-tri-o-ben zoyl -alpha-d-mannopyranosyl]-4-benzoyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl}-2,3,6-tri-o- benzoyl-alpha-d-mannopyranoside (18) by the koenigs-knorr method foll ... | 1999 | 10385975 |
| identification of a novel beta-lactamase produced by xanthomonas campestris, a phytopathogenic bacterium. | the xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 11 chromosome encodes a periplasmic beta-lactamase of 30 kda. gene replacement and complementation confirmed the presence of this enzyme. its deduced amino acid sequence shows identity and conserved domains between it and stenotrophomonas maltophilia l2 and other ambler class a/bush group 2 beta-lactamases. southern hybridization detected a single homologous fragment in each of 12 other xanthomonas strains, indicating that the presence of a beta-lactamas ... | 1999 | 10390247 |
| characterization of is1389, a new member of the is3 family of insertion sequences isolated from xanthomonas campestris pv. amaranthicola. | is1389, a new insertion sequence belonging to the is3 family, has been identified in xanthomonas campestris pv. amaranthicola. the genome of this bacterium contains at least 11 copies of the element, whereas no hybridizing sequences were detected in other xanthomonas species [x. axonopodis, x. fragaridae, x. phaseoli, and x. (stenotrophomonas) maltophila]. two nearly identical copies of the element (is1389-a and is1389-b) were characterized. according to analysis of sequence alignments and simil ... | 1999 | 10398747 |
| stenotrophomonas maltophilia and lawn mower injuries in children. | | 2000 | 10744300 |
| antimicrobial activity and spectrum of the new glycylcycline, gar-936 tested against 1,203 recent clinical bacterial isolates. | the in vitro activity of gar-936, a new semisynthetic glycylcycline, was evaluated in comparison with two tetracyclines and several other antimicrobial agents. a total of 1,203 recent clinical isolates were tested by reference broth or agar dilution methods. among the members of the family enterobacteriaceae, gar-936 was generally two- to four-fold more active than minocycline, and two- to 16-fold more active than tetracycline. all enteric bacilli mic90 results were < or = 4 microg/ml; the excep ... | 2000 | 10744364 |
| in vitro antibacterial spectrum of a new broad-spectrum 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone, gatifloxacin. | the in vitro antibacterial spectrum of gatifloxacin was compared with those of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. gatifloxacin was two- to four-fold more potent than comparator quinolones against staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci and enterococci (gatifloxacin mic90s, < or =1 mg/l, except 4 mg/l against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus faecium). gatifloxacin was two-fold less potent than ciprofloxacin, and the same as or two-fold more potent than ofloxacin against ent ... | 2000 | 10747819 |
| evaluation of antimicrobial treatment in mechanically ventilated patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. | to study microbial and susceptibility patterns and antimicrobial treatment responses in patients with severe, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring mechanical ventilation. | 2000 | 10752816 |
| peritonitis due to stenotrophomonas maltophilia in patients undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis. | the occurrence of cases of stenotrophomonas maltophilia peritonitis in chronic peritoneal dialysis (pd) patients prompted a review of our experience with this condition. a search of microbiology records revealed seven episodes of s. maltophilia peritonitis in 7 patients in 1996 - 3.8% of all pd patients - compared to no cases in 1994 and 1995 (p = 0.01). patients ranged in age from 16 to 64 years; there were 3 males and 4 females. six of seven episodes of peritonitis were community acquired and ... | 1999 | 10433163 |
| comparative in vitro activity of gatifloxacin against stenotrophomonas maltophilia and burkholderia species isolates including evaluation of disk diffusion and e test methods. | the in vitro activity of gatifloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, was compared to that of five other fluoroquinolones against 105 stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates and 52 burkholderia spp. isolates. the gatifloxacin mics were determined using the broth microdilution method and the e test (ab biodisk, sweden); these methods were compared for test accuracy, and 5 microg disk zone diameters were compared for interpretive accuracy using the standardized disk diffusion method. in terms of potency, ga ... | 1999 | 10442421 |
| histamine and cadaverine production by bacteria isolated from fresh and frozen albacore (thunnus alalunga). | two hundred twenty-seven bacterial strains were isolated from fresh and frozen albacore stored either at -18 or -25 degrees c and investigated for their abilities to produce biogenic amines. as a preliminary screening, all 227 strains were tested in either niven or niven modified medium, which allowed the selection of 25 presumptive histamine-producing strains. high-pressure liquid chromatography revealed that only 10 of the 25 strains selected were able to produce low histamine concentrations ( ... | 1999 | 10456749 |
| two consecutive outbreaks of stenotrophomonas maltophilia (xanthomonas maltophilia) in an intensive-care unit defined by restriction fragment-length polymorphism typing. | to investigate and control consecutive outbreaks of stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections in intensive-care-unit (icu) patients. | 1999 | 10466556 |
| fate of plasmid-bearing, luciferase marker gene tagged bacteria after feeding to the soil microarthropod onychiurus fimatus (collembola). | in order to study the potential impact of the soil microarthropod onychiurus fimatus (collembola) on the microbial community, we analysed the fate of luciferase marker gene tagged bacterial strains fed to young adult specimens in petri dish microcosm experiments. in faeces collected from o. fimatus, escherichia coli s17-1/prp4luc and sinorhizobium meliloti l33 were only detectable for 2 days after feeding whereas strain hr2/prp4luc, a close relative of stenotrophomonas maltophilia, isolated from ... | 1999 | 10508937 |
| faucet aerators: a source of patient colonization with stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | | 1999 | 10511498 |
| stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an increasing problem in patients with acute leukaemia. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia (previously pseudomonas maltophilia and xanthomonas maltophilia) is an increasing problem as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients such as those with acute leukaemia. infection is difficult to treat and eradicate due to its inherent and quickly acquired resistance to many antibiotics. presentation with unusual cutaneous lesions is not uncommon and can present diagnostic difficulties. we present two cases which highlight the classical features of thi ... | 1999 | 10512179 |
| genotypic and phenotypic relationships between clinical and environmental isolates of stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | while the gram-negative bacterium stenotrophomonas maltophilia is used in biotechnology (e.g., for biological control of plant pathogens and for bioremediation), the number of s. maltophilia diseases in humans has dramatically increased in recent years. a total of 40 s. maltophilia isolates from clinical and environmental sources (plant associated and water) was investigated to determine the intraspecies diversity of the group and to determine whether or not the strains could be grouped based on ... | 1999 | 10523559 |
| genomic diversity of the genus stenotrophomonas. | the clinical and environmental importance of stenotrophomonas bacteria requires thorough, molecular studies on their epidemiology and taxonomy. in order to obtain a complete genomic profile of this genus, over 100 stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains from various origins were investigated by aflp fingerprinting. a subset of these strains was analysed by dna hybridization and 16s rdna sequencing. in contrast to their high phenotypic homogeneity, the strains were found to be very heterogeneous gen ... | 1999 | 10555357 |
| effect of chronic intermittent administration of inhaled tobramycin on respiratory microbial flora in patients with cystic fibrosis. | pseudomonas aeruginosa endobronchial infection causes significant morbidity and mortality among cystic fibrosis patients. microbiology results from two multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of inhaled tobramycin in cystic fibrosis were monitored for longitudinal changes in sputum microbial flora, antibiotic susceptibility, and selection of p. aeruginosa isolates with decreased tobramycin susceptibility. clinical response was examined to determine whether current susceptibility sta ... | 1999 | 10191222 |
| time-kill studies of tea tree oils on clinical isolates. | tea tree oil has recently emerged as an effective topical antimicrobial agent active against a wide range of organisms. tea tree oil may have a clinical application in both the hospital and community, especially for clearance of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) carriage or as a hand disinfectant to prevent cross-infection with gram-positive and gramnegative epidemic organisms. our study, based on the time-kill approach, determined the kill rate of tea tree oil against several m ... | 2000 | 10797086 |
| field investigations of bacterial contaminants and their effects on extended porcine semen. | field investigations (n=23) were made over a 3-yr period at north american boar studs and farms in which the primary complaint was sperm agglutination in association with decreased sperm longevity of extended semen, and increased regular returns to estrus and/or vaginal discharges across parity. microscopic examination of extended semen from these units revealed depressed gross motility (usually <30%), sperm agglutination, and sperm cell death occurring within 2 d of semen collection and process ... | 2000 | 10798493 |
| nosocomial infections due to stenotrophmonas maltophilia. | | 1999 | 10563742 |
| nosocomial pneumonia likely caused by stenotrophomonas maltophilia in two patients with polymyositis. | we report two cases of polymyositis (pm) complicated with nosocomial pneumonia probably caused by stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which was resistant to multiple antimicrobials. in the first case, the chest ct findings and high serum endotoxin level as well as sputum culture results were helpful for the proper diagnosis and the therapy was successful. however the second patient died of a lung abscess in spite of the intensive antibiotic therapy. when pm patients develop pneumonia unresponsive to v ... | 1999 | 10563756 |
| [prevalence of bacterial contamination of standard platelet units: prospective study]. | platelet concentrates contaminated with bacteria are a main source of transfusion-associated sepsis. several studies have reported a very wide incidence (0-10%) of contamination. the aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of bacterial contamination of standard platelet units at the regional blood transfusion center in casablanca. | 2000 | 10812660 |
| endotoxic activity of lipopolysaccharides isolated from emergent potential cystic fibrosis pathogens. | improved antimicrobial therapies against the classical spectrum of pathogenic bacteria which colonise the lungs of cystic fibrosis (cf) patients has resulted in improved life expectancy and quality of life. bacterial species that are resistant to a broad range of antibiotics including stenotrophomonas maltophilia and alcaligenes xylosoxidans have now emerged as potential new pathogens to fill the niche. at present, it is unclear from clinical data whether these microbes are commensal or pathogen ... | 2000 | 10617793 |
| purification and properties of extracellular carboxyl proteases of acid-tolerant bacteria, isolated from compost. | four strains of acid-tolerant and protein-using bacteria were isolated from compost. two of them, gram-negative strains mb8 and mb11, were identified as a new genus close to stenotrophomonas species mb8 and burkholderia species mb11, respectively. both bacteria produced extracellular carboxyl proteases (cp) in acid-casein-starch medium. the enzymes, termed cp mb8 and cp mb11, purified through ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographies had molecular weights of 61,000 (cp mb8) and 36,000 (cp ... | 1999 | 10635557 |
| multiple antibiotic resistance in stenotrophomonas maltophilia: involvement of a multidrug efflux system. | clinical strains of stenotrophomonas maltophilia are often highly resistant to multiple antibiotics, although the mechanisms of resistance are generally poorly understood. multidrug resistant (mdr) strains were readily selected by plating a sensitive reference strain of the organism individually onto a variety of antibiotics, including tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin. tetracycline-selected mdr strains typically showed cross-resistance to erythromycin and fluoroquino ... | 2000 | 10639352 |
| in vitro activity of gemifloxacin against a broad range of recent clinical isolates from the usa. | the antibacterial potencies of gemifloxacin (sb-265805) and 13 comparator compounds were determined by broth microdilution against a panel of 645 gram-positive and 995 gram-negative organisms collected from various usa sites. time-kill studies were performed and postantibiotic effect (pae) was determined for several organisms using trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin as comparator compounds. based on mic(90)s, gemifloxacin was the most potent compound tested against gram-positive isolates: streptoco ... | 2000 | 10824027 |
| stenotrophomonas (xanthomonas) maltophilia infection in necrotizing pancreatitis. | although the therapy of infected pancreatic collections or organized pancreatic necrosis remains surgical, we have demonstrated that infected organized pancreatic necrosis can be treated endoscopically. | 1999 | 10211423 |
| molecular investigation of stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates exhibiting rapid emergence of ticarcillin-clavulanate resistance. | the prevalence of stenotrophomonas maltophilia resistance to ticarcillin-clavulanate has dramatically increased in our hospital over the past few years. sixty-six clinical isolates, collected from 61 patients, were tested for antibiotic susceptibility and genotyped by two different enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-pcr (eric-pcr) systems. although two small outbreaks were identified in the medical intensive care unit, the remaining 58 strains generated 48 different pcr patterns. th ... | 2000 | 10833341 |
| degradation and mineralization of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by defined fungal-bacterial cocultures. | this study investigated the biodegradation of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in liquid media and soil by bacteria (stenotrophomonas maltophilia vun 10,010 and bacterial consortium vun 10,009) and a fungus (penicillium janthinellum vuo 10, 201) that were isolated from separate creosote- and manufactured-gas plant-contaminated soils. the bacteria could use pyrene as their sole carbon and energy source in a basal salts medium (bsm) and mineralized significant amounts ... | 2000 | 10698765 |
| comparative activity of new quinolones against 326 clinical isolates of stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an important emerging pathogen causing a variety of infections in severely ill patients. this microorganism is inherently resistant to many antibiotics, and only a few therapeutic options are available. the principal aim of this study was to assess the in vitro activity of new quinolones against this pathogen. three hundred and twenty-six single clinical isolates were tested in this study. the mic(90) was 16 mg/l for ciprofloxacin, 8 mg/l for levofloxacin and gati ... | 2000 | 10702558 |
| novel online infusate-assisted dialysis system performs microbiologically safely. | administration of adequate amounts of commercial infusion fluids renders modern convective dialysis modalities, such as hemodiafiltration, labor-intensive and costly. preparation of infusate by cold sterilization of dialysis fluid, which is abundantly available, and its immediate (online) use, in contrast, enables a large volume fluid exchange in a cost-effective manner. recent developments aimed at more hygienic and user-friendly online systems with increased operational flexibility. as a resul ... | 2000 | 10848672 |
| characterization of vim-2, a carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase and its plasmid- and integron-borne gene from a pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate in france. | pseudomonas aeruginosa col-1 was identified in a blood culture of a 39-year-old-woman treated with imipenem in marseilles, france, in 1996. this strain was resistant to beta-lactams, including ureidopenicillins, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, cefepime, ceftazidime, imipenem, and meropenem, but remained susceptible to the monobactam aztreonam. the carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase gene of p. aeruginosa col-1 was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in escherichia coli dh10b. the deduced 266-amino-a ... | 2000 | 10722487 |
| in-vitro activity of fk 037 (cefoselis), a novel 4(th) generation cephalosporin, compared to cefepime and cefpirome on nosocomial staphylococci and gram-negative isolates. | the novel 4(th) generation cephalosporin fk037 was in vitro compared to cefepime and cefpirome on 563 multiresistant nosocomial isolates including methicillin-susceptible (mssa) and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). their time-kill effect was studied on mssa, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, and isolates of enterobacter cross-resistant to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and to ceftazidime, their interaction with amikacin being also evaluated on the latter isolates. results rev ... | 2000 | 10729661 |
| xanthomonas maltophilia infection in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. | xanthomonas maltophilia infection has only been occasionally reported in patients receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis. we describe four cases of xanthomonas maltophilia infection associated with chronic peritoneal dialysis. two patients presented with peritonitis and two with exit site infection. all patients were diabetics, who immediately prior to the study had not received antibiotic therapy. failure to respond to multiple antibiotic therapy resulted in catheter removal in both patients wit ... | 2000 | 10757274 |
| comparison of aflp and rep-pcr genomic fingerprinting with dna-dna homology studies: xanthomonas as a model system. | the genus xanthomonas contains a large number of strains, which have been characterized by a variety of phenotypic and genotypic classification methods. the xanthomonas collection constitutes one of the largest groups of bacteria that have been characterized phylogenetically by dna-dna homology studies and genomic fingerprinting. presently, a total genomic dna-dna homology value of 70% represents an internationally accepted criterion to define bacterial species levels. however, the complexity of ... | 2000 | 10758874 |
| cefditoren activity against nearly 1000 non-fastidious bacterial isolates and the development of in vitro susceptibility test methods. | cefditoren (formerly me-1206) is an investigational, orally administered cephalosporin ester with bactericidal activity against many gram-positive and -negative organisms. cefditoren potency against nearly 1000 non-fastidious species was determined by national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls) reference broth microdilution and standardized disk diffusion methods. against staphylococci, usable cefditoren activity was completely correlated with oxacillin with respect to potency a ... | 2000 | 10863109 |
| xanthomonas maltophilia endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. | | 2000 | 10766146 |
| automated surgical equipment requires routine disinfection of vacuum control manifold to prevent postoperative endophthalmitis. | contamination of automated surgical equipment is a potential source of postoperative endophthalmitis. the effect of disinfecting the unsterile vacuum control manifold (vcm) on contamination of the aspiration fluid was studied. | 2000 | 10768329 |
| salt adaptation in pseudomonads: characterization of glucosylglycerol-synthesizing isolates from brackish coastal waters and the rhizosphere. | the compatible solute glucosylglycerol (gg) is widespread among cyanobacteria, but, until now, has been reported for only two species of heterotrophic bacteria. about 120 bacterial isolates from coastal regions of the baltic sea were screened by hplc for their ability to synthesize gg. positive isolates (26) were grouped by sds-page of whole-cell proteins and representative strains of each group were investigated by sequencing their 16s rrna genes and phenotypic characterization. all gg-synthesi ... | 2000 | 10879976 |
| stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia in a premature infant. | stenotrophomonas (xanthomonas) maltophilia is an aerobic, non-fermentative, gram-negative bacillus that is generally considered an opportunistic pathogen. infections due to s. maltophilia have become increasingly important in the hospital environment. patients compromised by debilitating illnesses, surgical procedures or indwelling vascular catheters are most prone to s. maltophilia infections. to our knowledge, we report the first case of s. maltophilia pneumonia in a premature infant of 31 wee ... | 1999 | 10770672 |
| factors influencing protease production by two antarctic strains of stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | the influence of culture medium buffer capacity, the supplementation of culture medium with l-ala and the requirement of calcium for exoprotease production by antarctic psychrotrophic stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains ant-1-1 and ant-7-1 were examined. when increasing concentrations of calcium chloride (0 to 0.3 g l-1) were added to culture media, maximum protease production yields increased 70-75% (ant-1-1) and 50% (ant-7-1), while biomass levels showed little difference. calcium was also ne ... | 2000 | 10885004 |
| [accumulation and efflux of quinolones by clinical isolates of stenotrophomonas maltophilia]. | the presence of quinolone efflux pumps was analyzed in clinical isolates of stenotrophomonas maltophilia. the presence of the protein omp54, which is associated with the expression of multidrug resistant systems, was also tested. western blot analysis of outer membrane proteins demonstrated that omp54 was expressed in strains with high-level resistance to quinolones, whereas those strains with low mic values did not express this protein. this result shows that omp54 has an important role in the ... | 2000 | 10918091 |
| structures of the o21 and o25 antigens of stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | the o-specific side-chain polymers from stenotrophomonas maltophilia serogroups o21 and o25 were isolated from the lipopolysaccharides of the reference strains. the o21 polymer contained d-arabinose, 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose and 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-galactose in equal proportions. methylation analysis and nmr spectroscopy showed that the polysaccharide is based on a branched trisaccharide repeating unit of the structure shown below. the o25 polymer is linear with a disaccharide repeating unit iden ... | 2000 | 10782291 |
| evidence of nosocomial stenotrophomonas maltophilia cross-infection in a neonatology unit analyzed by three molecular typing methods. | | 2000 | 10926387 |
| faucet aerators: a source of patient colonization with stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | | 2000 | 10926715 |
| use of an enzyme-linked lectinsorbent assay to monitor the shift in polysaccharide composition in bacterial biofilms. | an enzyme-linked lectinsorbent assay (ella) was developed for quantification and characterization of extracellular polysaccharides produced by 1- and 4-day biofilms of 10 bacterial strains isolated from food industry premises. peroxidase-labeled concanavalin a (cona) and wheat germ agglutinin (wga) were used, as they specifically bind to saccharide residues most frequently encountered in biofilms matrices: d-glucose or d-mannose for cona and n-acetyl-d-glucosamine or n-acetylneuraminic acid for ... | 2000 | 10788349 |
| comparative evaluation of the in vitro activity of three combinations of beta-lactams with beta-lactamase inhibitors: piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin/sulbactam. | recently, two new combinations of beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitors became commercially available in brazil: piperacillin/tazobactam and ampicillin/sulbactam. this study was designed to assess and compare the in-vitro activity of these new compounds, as well as that of ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, against bacteria isolated in our environment. a total of 749 bacteria isolated at são paulo hospital were tested using the disk diffusion method, in compliance with nccls standardi ... | 2000 | 10788842 |
| [non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli: distribution in clinical specimens and antimicrobial susceptibility]. | in the present work was studied the prevalence, distribution in clinical specimens, and antimicrobial susceptibility of non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli (nfgnb) from patients attended at hospital "angela i. de llano" (corrientes, argentina). a total of 125 strains of nfgnb were recovered from various clinical specimens from july, 1997 to december, 1998. isolates were identified by classical biochemical tests. drug sensitivity was performed by standard methods with cefotaxime (ctx), ceftazi ... | 1999 | 10932769 |
| in vitro activity of newer fluoroquinolones against stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | | 2000 | 10933670 |
| use of the midi-fame technique to characterize groundwater communities. | fatty acid methyl ester (fame) profiles were identified directly from groundwater microbial communities concentrated on and extracted with polycarbonate filters. the sensitivity of this direct extraction method was determined using pure cultures of acinetobacter junii, pseudomonas putida and stenotrophomonas maltophilia. a minimum concentration of 107 cells filter-1 was required to identify the predominant fatty acids from each culture. however, at least 3.7 x 109 cells filter-1 were required to ... | 2000 | 10792531 |
| microbial degradation and detoxification of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain vun 10,003. | the ability of stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain vun 10,003 to degrade and detoxify high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) was evaluated in a basal liquid medium. using high cell density inocula of strain vun 10,003, the concentration of pyrene, fluoranthene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a, h]anthracene and coronene decreased by 98, 45, 26, 22, 22 and 55% over periods ranging from 5 to 42 d. when a pah mixture containing three- to seven-ring compounds was us ... | 2000 | 10792670 |
| a comparative analysis of patients with early-onset vs late-onset nosocomial pneumonia in the icu setting. | to compare the clinical outcomes of critically ill patients developing early-onset nosocomial pneumonia (np; ie, within 96 h of icu admission) and late-onset np (ie, occurring after 96 h of icu admission). | 2000 | 10807834 |
| septic arthritis caused by stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | | 2000 | 10812507 |
| the legionella (fluoribacter) gormanii metallo-beta-lactamase: a new member of the highly divergent lineage of molecular-subclass b3 beta-lactamases. | a metallo-beta-lactamase determinant was cloned from a genomic library of legionella (fluoribacter) gormanii atcc 33297(t) constructed in the plasmid vector pacyc184 and transformed into escherichia coli dh5alpha, by screening for clones showing a reduced susceptibility to imipenem. the product of the cloned determinant, named fez-1, contains a 30-kda polypeptide and exhibits an isoelectric ph of 7.6. sequencing revealed that fez-1 is a molecular-class b beta-lactamase which shares the closest s ... | 2000 | 10817705 |
| the use of silica gel prepared by sol-gel method and polyurethane foam as microbial carriers in the continuous degradation of phenol. | a mixed microbial culture was immobilized by entrapment into silica gel (sg) and entrapment/ adsorption on polyurethane foam (pu) and ceramic foam. the phenol degradation performance of the sg biocatalyst was studied in a packed-bed reactor (pbr), packed-bed reactor with ceramic foam (pbrc) and fluidized-bed reactor (fbr). in continuous experiments the maximum degradation rate of phenol (q(s)max) decreased in the order: pbrc (598 mg l(-1) h(-1)) > pbr (pu, 471 mg l(-1)h(-1)) > pbr(sg, 394 mg l(- ... | 2000 | 10968628 |
| in vitro activities of membrane-active peptides alone and in combination with clinically used antimicrobial agents against stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | the in vitro activities of buforin ii, cecropin p1, and magainin ii, alone and in combination with six clinically used antimicrobial agents, against 12 clinical isolates of stenotrophomonas maltophilia were investigated. antimicrobial activities were measured by mic and time-kill studies. the isolates were susceptible to the peptides at concentrations in the range of 0.50 to 16 microg/ml. synergy was observed when the peptides were combined with polymyxin e, meropenem, ceftazidime, piperacillin, ... | 2000 | 10817738 |
| stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection in children. | | 2000 | 11001113 |
| investigation of an outbreak of gram-negative bacteremia among hematology-oncology outpatients. | to identify risk factors associated with an outbreak of gram-negative bacteremia (gnb). | 2000 | 11001264 |
| bacteremia due to stenotrophomonas maltophilia in patients with hematologic malignancies. | predisposing factors, clinical characteristics, and antimicrobial treatment of 37 hematology patients with stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia who were seen at the department of hematology of the university la sapienza (rome) from 1987 to 1996 were evaluated. the results were compared with a control group of patients with pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. profound neutropenia was more prolonged in the s. maltophilia group (p=.025), severe cellulitis occurred only in s. maltophilia-infected ... | 2000 | 11017819 |
| activities of taurolidine in vitro and in experimental enterococcal endocarditis. | in vitro, the antimicrobial agent taurolidine inhibited virtually all of the bacteria tested, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci, oxacillin-resistant staphylococci, and stenotrophomonas maltophilia, at concentrations between 250 and 2,000 microg/ml. taurolidine was not effective in experimental endocarditis. while it appears unlikely that this antimicrobial would be useful for systemic therapy, its bactericidal activity and the resistance rates found (<10(-9)) are favorable indicators fo ... | 2000 | 10817739 |
| cloning and characterization of smedef, a novel multidrug efflux pump from stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a nosocomial bacterial pathogen intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics. the mechanisms involved in this intrinsic multiresistance phenotype are poorly understood. a library of chromosomal dna from a spontaneous multidrug-resistant s. maltophilia d457r mutant (a. alonso and j. l. martinez, antimicrob. agents chemother. 41:1140-1142, 1997) was screened for complementation of erythromycin susceptibility on an antibiotic-hypersusceptible escherichia coli delta ... | 2000 | 11036026 |
| carbapenemases: a problem in waiting? | carbapenems are stable to most prevalent beta-lactamases, and chromosomal carbapenemases are restricted to stenotrophomonas maltophilia, to a few bacteroides fragilis, and to rare pathogens. nevertheless, an acquired metallo-beta-lactamase called imp-1 is beginning to emerge in pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterobacteriaceae isolates in japan, and has also been found in isolates from singapore. furthermore, imp-producing acinetobacter spp. have been identified in italy and hong kong. recently a se ... | 2000 | 11050448 |
| enrichment and isolation of non-specific aromatic degraders from unique uncontaminated (plant and faecal material) sources and contaminated soils. | microbial analysis of contaminated soil and uncontaminated plant and faecal material resulted in the enrichment of a number of microbial communities capable of utilizing a range of environmental pollutants. growth was observed on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, heterocyclic aromatic compounds and organochlorine pesticides. however, none of the communities could grow on pentachlorophenol. pure cultures were isolated from microbial communities using phenanthrene and py ... | 2000 | 11054168 |
| monitoring bacterial transport by stable isotope enrichment of cells. | understanding the transport and behavior of bacteria in the environment has broad implications in diverse areas, ranging from agriculture to groundwater quality, risk assessment, and bioremediation. the ability to reliably track and enumerate specific bacterial populations in the context of native communities and environments is key to developing this understanding. we report a novel bacterial tracking approach, based on altering the stable carbon isotope value (delta(13)c) of bacterial cells, w ... | 2000 | 11055946 |
| specific and rapid detection by fluorescent in situ hybridization of bacteria in clinical samples obtained from cystic fibrosis patients. | we report on the rapid and specific detection of bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens from cystic fibrosis (cf) patients by fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish). on the basis of comparative sequence analysis, we designed oligonucleotide probes complementary to species-specific 16s rrna regions of these microorganisms and demonstrated the specificities of the probes by hybridization of different remotely related as well as closely related reference strains. furthermore, in a pil ... | 2000 | 10655391 |
| antibacterial spectrum of a novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone, bms-284756. | the in vitro spectrum of a novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone, bms-284756, was compared with those of five fluoroquinolones (trovafloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin). bms-284756 was among the most active and often was the most active quinolone against staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant strains), streptococci, pneumococci (including ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible and penicillin-resistant strains), and enterococcus faecalis. bms-284756 inhibited approximately 6 ... | 2000 | 11083639 |
| biochemical sequence analyses of ges-1, a novel class a extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, and the class 1 integron in52 from klebsiella pneumoniae. | klebsiella pneumoniae ori-1 was isolated in 1998 in france from a rectal swab of a 1-month-old girl who was previously hospitalized in cayenne hospital, cayenne, french guiana. this strain harbored a ca. 140-kb nontransferable plasmid, ptk1, that conferred an extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance profile antagonized by the addition of clavulanic acid, tazobactam, or imipenem. the gene for ges-1 (guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamase) was cloned, and its protein was expressed in escherichi ... | 2000 | 10681329 |
| in vitro activity of minocycline against respiratory pathogens from patients with cystic fibrosis. | our objective was to determine the in vitro activity of minocycline against isolates of burkholderia cepacia (bc), stenotrophomonas maltophilia (sm), and pseudomonas aeruginosa (pa) cultured from the respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf). cultures of bc, sm, and pa were isolated in a hospital bacteriology laboratory from the sputum or oropharyngeal cultures obtained from patients attending a cystic fibrosis center, and were prospectively tested for in vitro sensitivity to minoc ... | 2000 | 10686042 |
| comparative in vitro activity of quinolones against stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | the susceptibility of 109 stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates, all characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, to nine quinolones was studied. grepafloxacin, trovafloxacin, and moxifloxacin displayed similar intrinsic activities (mic90, 0.5 microg/ml), which were lower than those of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (mic90, 4 microg/ml), norfloxacin (mic90, 64 microg/ml), and nalidixic acid (mic90, 32 microg/ml). nalidixic acid was generally one- to twofold dilutions more active than norfloxa ... | 1999 | 10691206 |
| typing of 154 clinical isolates of stenotrophomonas maltophilia by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and determination of the in vitro susceptibilities of these strains to 28 antibiotics. | | 2000 | 10837454 |
| stenotrophomonas maltophilia endophthalmitis after intraocular lens implantation. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic, gram-negative bacillus. endophthalmitis induced by s. maltophilia has been described in only two cases after intraocular lens implantation. we report s. maltophilia endophthalmitis in two patients with diabetes mellitus after intraocular lens implantation and compare the characteristics of the s. maltophilia-induced endophthalmitis with two previous cases. | 2000 | 10853927 |
| stenotrophomonas maltophilia d457r contains a cluster of genes from gram-positive bacteria involved in antibiotic and heavy metal resistance. | a cluster of genes involved in antibiotic and heavy metal resistance has been characterized from a clinical isolate of the gram-negative bacterium stenotrophomonas maltophilia. these genes include a macrolide phosphotransferase (mphbm) and a cadmium efflux determinant (cada), together with the gene cadc coding for its transcriptional regulator. the cadc cada region is flanked by a truncated is257 sequence and a region coding for a bin3 invertase. despite their presence in a gram-negative bacteri ... | 2000 | 10858330 |
| molecular and biochemical heterogeneity of class b carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases in chryseobacterium meningosepticum. | although the carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase (chbetal) blab-1 is known to be in chryseobacterium meningosepticum nctc 10585, a second chbetal gene, bla(gob-1), was cloned from another c. meningosepticum clinical isolate (pint). the g+c content of bla(gob-1) (36%) indicated the likely chromosomal origin of this gene. its expression in escherichia coli dh10b yields a mature chbetal with a pi of 8.7 and a relative molecular mass of 28.2 kda. in e. coli, gob-1 conferred resistance to narrow-sp ... | 2000 | 10858348 |
| risk factors for emergence of stenotrophomonas maltophilia in cystic fibrosis. | the number of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) whose sputum culture has yielded stenotrophomonas maltophilia has increased in the last 5 years at st. christopher's hospital for children. we conducted a case-control study to determine risk factors for recovery of s. maltophilia in respiratory secretions from patients with cf. we reviewed the outpatient and inpatient records of patients colonized with s. maltophilia between 1993 and 1997, and of age-matched (at time of initial recovery of s. mal ... | 2000 | 10862157 |