| prevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus from aborted fetuses and pigs with respiratory problems in korea. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(prrsv)0, porcine circovirus type 2(pcv-2) and porcine parvovirus (ppv)0 infections were investigated as possible causes of the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome(pmws). specific primers for rt-pcr and pcr were designed for the differential detection of prrsv, pcv-2 and ppv. using pcr, these viruses were detected in homogenized tissue samples from pigs that had respiratory of reproductive problems in the time period between 1998 and 2000 ... | 2001 | 12441689 |
| genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) strains from cases presenting various clinical conditions. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been associated with a newly identified and described disease in swine called the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). an association of pcv2 with various other clinical conditions in pigs are also increasingly being reported. to date molecular studies to determine the extent of genetic variations of this virus have been limited. to more fully understand the extent of genetic diversity we report the sequencing of 34 pcv2 strains from eastern can ... | 2002 | 12457966 |
| [a new planarian extrachromosomal virus-like element revealed by subtraction hybridization]. | a combination of suppression subtraction hybridization (ssh) and a new technique of mirror orientation selection (mos) was used to compare the total dna for two, sexual (sr) and asexual (ar), races of freshwater planarian giradia tigrina. several race-specific dna fragments were found. a new element termed planarian extrachromosomal virus-like element (peve) was revealed in ar. the peve genome contains two unique regions, ul and us, which are flanked by inverted repeats. two variants observed fo ... | 2002 | 12500537 |
| transcriptional analysis of porcine circovirus type 2. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the causative agent of an emerging swine disease, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. in this work, the rnas of pcv2 synthesized during productive infection in porcine kidney cells were characterized. a total of nine rnas were detected. they include the viral capsid protein rna (cr), a cluster of five rep-associated rnas (designated rep, rep', rep3a, rep3b, and rep3c), and three ns-associated rna (designated ns515, ns672, and ns0). members of the rep-a ... | 2003 | 12504550 |
| porcine circovirus and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome--possible new links. | | 2002 | 12505388 |
| double in situ hybridization for simultaneous detection and differentiation of porcine circovirus 1 and 2 in pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | double in situ hybridization using a digoxigenin-labelled porcine circovirus 1 (pcv1) and biotinylated pcv2 probe, was developed for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of pcv1 and pcv2 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. the combination of an alkaline phosphatase conjugated antidigoxigenin system with alkaline phosphatase conjugated streptavidin-biotin system allowed identification of pcv1 and/or pcv2. no evidence of ... | 2002 | 12505399 |
| adjuvant danger signals increase the immune response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | the immune response of swine to vaccination with a live, attenuated prrsv was assessed in the presence and absence of cytokine adjuvants or cholera toxin (ct) to address the hypothesis that adjuvant danger signals, that is, inflammatory cytokines and bacterial extoxin, stimulate a more robust immune response. animals received four injections of recombinant porcine il-1 and il-6, il-12 alone, or ct alone within 1 week of intramuscular administration of a vaccine strain of prrsv, ingelvac mlv. ser ... | 2002 | 12513927 |
| immunologic features of porcine circovirus type 2 infection. | clinical expression of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv-2) infection in swine may result in two distinct high mortality disease syndromes. in north america, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), while still sporadic in incidence, predominates. in europe and elsewhere, both pmws and a second syndrome, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns), occur in endemic and epidemic forms. pmws but not pdns has been reproduced in piglets by inoculations with pcv-2 alone or in pcv-2-infected ... | 2002 | 12513928 |
| pathogenesis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome reproduced by co-infection with korean isolates of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine parvovirus. | thirty-two colostrum-deprived conventional pigs aged 28 days were co-infected with korean isolates of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) and porcine parvovirus (ppv) and observed for up to 35 days post-inoculation (dpi). histopathologically, granulomatous inflammation, with or without intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, was present in lymphoid tissues (e.g., lymph nodes, thymus, spleen and tonsil) from 20 dpi, being most severe at 24 dpi. pcv2 and ppv dna were detected in the lymph nodes from 3 to 35 dp ... | 2003 | 12531687 |
| evidence for specificity of psittacine beak and feather disease viruses among avian hosts. | beak and feather disease is a major avian disease of both captive and wild parrot and cockatoo populations. clinical signs include beak elongation and abnormal growth, together with weight loss and in some individuals the disease is fatal. we investigated the relationship between viral genotypes and their hosts in order to test for a positive association between distinct viral genomes and avian species. specifically, we used the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to amplify and sequence a 605-nucle ... | 2003 | 12620803 |
| a comparison of the lymphocyte subpopulations of pigs experimentally infected with porcine circovirus 2 and/or parvovirus. | | 2003 | 12672380 |
| pcr detection of porcine circovirus type 2 dna in whole blood, serum, oropharyngeal swab, nasal swab, and feces from experimentally infected pigs and field cases. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) shedding patterns were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection of pcv2 dna, and the diagnostic suitability of a sample for the pcr was examined by using different types of samples. in the experimental infection, sixteen pigs were inoculated intranasally with pcv2. the samples, including oropharyngeal and nasal swabs, feces, whole blood and serum became positive for pcv2 dna by pcr immediately after the inoculation, and almost all samples ... | 2003 | 12679576 |
| isolation and characterization of porcine circovirus type-2 from sera of stillborn fetuses. | in order to examine an association between porcine circovirus type-2 (pcv2) infection and reproductive failure in pigs, sera (n = 171) from stillborn fetuses were collected from 3 different farms with prolonged histories of reproductive problems. these sera were tested for the presence of antibodies to pcv2 using an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay. of the 171 sera tested, 28 had pcv2 antibody titers of > or = 1:16. when these 28 samples were tested by a polymerase chain reaction assay,13 were f ... | 2003 | 12760475 |
| comparative serologic and virologic study of commercial swine herds with and without postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | a comparative serologic and virologic study was performed in pigs from 5 herds with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and 2 herds without pmws in quebec. in each herd, 60 blood samples were collected at 4-wk intervals from pigs from 3 to 23 wk of age. the serum was evaluated for the presence of antibodies to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), as well as for the presence of nucleic acid of pcv2, prrsv, an porcine parvo ... | 2003 | 12760476 |
| multiplex nested pcr compared with in situ hybridization for the differentiation of porcine circoviruses and porcine parvovirus from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | multiplex nested polymerase chain reactions (pcrs) were developed for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of genomic material of porcine circovirus 1 (pcv1), porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2), and porcine parvovirus (ppv) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. multiplex conventional and nested pcr and in situ hybridization were compared for their ability to detect the 3 viruses in such tissues. xylene deparaffinization followed by proteinase k digestion yielded dna of sufficient qual ... | 2003 | 12760479 |
| simultaneous detection and differentiation between porcine circovirus and porcine parvovirus in boar semen by multiplex seminested polymerase chain reaction. | a multiplex seminested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed for the simultaneous detection and differentiation among porcine circovirus 1 (pcv1), pcv2, and porcine parvovirus (ppv) from boar semen. primers of pcv1, pcv2 and ppv were specific and did not react with other viruses respectively. twenty (20.4%) and 42 (42.9%) out of 98 whole semen samples were found to be positive for pcv and ppv using multiplex conventional and seminested pcr, respectively. when the separated fractions of p ... | 2003 | 12867738 |
| in vitro studies on the infection and replication of porcine circovirus type 2 in cells of the porcine immune system. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) nucleic acid and/or antigens are consistently observed in cells of monocytic morphology in lesions of pigs affected by post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in this study, pcv2 antigen was detected in the cytoplasm of monocytes, pulmonary macrophages (pms) and monocyte-derived macrophages exposed to the virus in vitro, by immunofluorescence analysis (ifa) and the phenotype of these cells confirmed by detection of monocytic cell surface markers using ... | 2003 | 12909411 |
| exogenous porcine viruses. | porcine organs, cells and tissues provide a viable source of transplants in humans, though there is some concern of public health risk from adaptation of swine infectious agents in humans. limited information is available on the public health risk of many exogenous swine viruses, and reliable and rapid diagnostic tests are available for only a few of these. the ability of several porcine viruses to cause transplacental fetal infection (parvoviruses, circoviruses, and arteriviruses), emergence or ... | 2003 | 12934944 |
| methods for the exclusion of circoviruses and gammaherpesviruses from pigs. | the use of porcine tissues is being developed as a means to alleviate the shortage of allogeneic tissues and organs available for transplantation. to reduce the possibility of a microorganism of pigs being inadvertently transferred to the recipient of the xenograft, recommendations have been published on the microbiological specifications for organ source pigs. the porcine circoviruses (pcv1 and pcv2) and porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (plhv1 and plhv2) are two infectious agents of pigs whic ... | 2003 | 12795683 |
| development of a polyclonal-antibody-based immunohistochemical method for the detection of type 2 porcine circovirus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. | an immunohistochemical method for the detection of type 2 porcine circovirus (pcv2) in paraffin-embedded tissue was developed. rabbits were inoculated with purified pcv2 to obtain a polyclonal antiserum. antiserum was applied to sections of porcine tissue that contained lesions consistent with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and in which pcv2 genome had been demonstrated by in situ hybridization. in all cases (18/18), the density and distribution of positive cells detected by in situ ... | 1999 | 12968735 |
| myocarditis and abortion associated with intrauterine infection of sows with porcine circovirus 2. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is a recently identified agent that has been associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in swine populations. in this report, the potential spectrum of disease associated with pcv2 is expanded by evidence of vertical transmission and associated reproductive failure. pcv2 was isolated from a litter of aborted piglets from a farm experiencing late-term abortions and stillbirths. severe, diffuse myocarditis was present in 1 piglet associated with e ... | 1999 | 12968736 |
| comparative analysis of the transcriptional patterns of pathogenic and nonpathogenic porcine circoviruses. | the rnas of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) synthesized in pk15 cells were characterized. a total of 12 rnas were detected. they include the viral capsid protein rna (cr), a cluster of eight rep-associated rnas (designated rep, rep', rep3a, rep3b, rep3c-1, rep3c-2, rep3c-3, and rep3c-4), and three ns-associated rnas (designated ns462, ns642, and ns0). members of the rep-associated rna cluster all share common 5'- and 3'-nucleotide sequences and they share common 3'-nucleotide sequence with the ... | 2003 | 12788629 |
| infection with chicken anaemia virus impairs the generation of pathogen-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes. | infection with chicken anaemia virus (cav), a circovirus, can result in immunosuppression and subsequent increased susceptibility to secondary infections. this is the first report of impairment of pathogen-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) after natural and experimental infection of chickens with cav and marek's disease virus (mdv) or reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). mdv- and rev-specific ctl were generated at 7 days post infection by 9-30-day-old-chickens that were positive for maternal ... | 2003 | 12757624 |
| nucleotide sequences of goose circovirus isolated in taiwan. | we report the complete nucleotide (nt) sequences of eleven goose circovirus (gocv) isolated in taiwan. nine out of the eleven isolates had a genome size of 1821 nt, whereas the remaining two isolates have a size of 1820 nt. sequence comparisons of the eleven taiwanese gocv isolates and a german isolate revealed that these viruses could be divided into three distinct genetic groups. group i contains the german isolate, group ii contains three taiwanese isolates, and group iii contains eight taiwa ... | 2003 | 12745370 |
| lack of pcv-2 infection in non-porcine species in spain. | | 2003 | 14533775 |
| association of lymphopenia with porcine circovirus type 2 induced postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). | the composition of peripheral blood leukocyte populations was studied following experimental pcv2-infection in 3-week-old piglets. four of 10 pcv2-infected piglets developed clinical and pathological symptoms consistent with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) between 14 and 21 days post-inoculation (p.i.), and were characterised as pmws-affected. only these four pmws-affected piglets, but neither the non-symptomatic infected nor control animals, developed a clear leukopenia. kinet ... | 2003 | 12730011 |
| association of porcine circovirus 2 with porcine respiratory disease complex. | a retrospective study was performed on natural cases of porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) to determine the association and prevalence of prdc with porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) and other co-existing pathogens in korea. histologically, alveolar septa were markedly thickened by infiltrates of mononuclear cells. moderate to marked multifocal peribronchial and peribronchiolar fibrosis were present and often extended into the airway lamina propria. among the 105 pigs with prdc, 85 were positiv ... | 2003 | 14550736 |
| optimal enhancement of in situ hybridization for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded tissues using a combined pretreatment of thermocycler and proteinase k. | optimal enhancement of the hybridization signal was developed for the detection of porcine circovirus (pcv) 2 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded tissues from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. the hybridization signal obtained after thermocycler pretreatment was very uniform across the section, whereas the signal obtained after either proteinase k or microwave pretreatment not only was weaker but was of variable intensity across sections. thermocycler pretreatment combin ... | 2003 | 12726742 |
| risk factors for porcine post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in 149 french farrow-to-finish herds. | a cross-sectional study involving 149 farms was carried out in france in 2000 and 2001 to assess the risk factors for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the farms were divided into three groups according to their current or past pmws status: cases (current and typical pmws), controls#1 (pmws-free farms), and controls#2 (farms which have recovered from pmws). two different comparisons were tested: cases versus controls#1 and cases versus controls#2. in the first comparison, the o ... | 2003 | 14554144 |
| detection of pigeon circovirus by polymerase chain reaction. | pigeon circovirus was identified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in young pigeons belonging to 12 different lofts. viral dna was extracted from formalin-fed, paraffin-imbedded tissues containing primarily bursa and occasionally liver and spleen with a commercial kit. pcr primers were selected from a published sequence for columbid circovirus and evaluated in a pcr assay. the histopathologic examination of various tissues revealed basophilic globular intracytoplasmic inclusions in the mononucl ... | 2003 | 12713182 |
| retrospective study on porcine circovirus type 2 infection in pigs from 1985 to 1997 in spain. | a retrospective survey was performed to detect lesions of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and nucleic acid of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 189 pigs, and antibodies to this virus in sera of 388 pigs from the spanish livestock between the years 1985 and 1997. pcv2 nucleic acid was detected by in situ hybridization (ish) in tissues from 78 of 189 (41.3%) examined pigs. variable amount of viral genome was detected in as ... | 2003 | 12675903 |
| study of animal-borne infections in the mucosas of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and population-based controls. | crohn's disease may be triggered by an infection, and it is plausible to consider that such an infection may be animal borne and ingested with our food. there has been considerable interest in the past in determining whether mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (m. avium) might be the etiologic agent in crohn's disease since it causes a disease in cattle that is similar to crohn's disease in humans. we aimed to determine if there was an association between crohn's disease and infection wi ... | 2003 | 14605128 |
| absence of evidence of porcine circovirus infection in piglets with congenital tremors. | porcine circovirus types 1 (pcv1) and 2 (pcv2) have been associated with congenital tremors (cts) in piglets in the united states. in this study, central nervous system and nonneural tissues of 40 ct piglets from spain, the united kingdom, ireland, and sweden were investigated for the presence of pcv1 and pcv2 using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical labeling on paraffin sections. the polymerase chain reaction for pcv2 was also carried out on sera from the spanish ct cases. no evidenc ... | 2003 | 12661725 |
| experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets inoculated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2): investigation of quantitative pcv2 distribution and antibody responses. | sixteen cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets were inoculated intranasally with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), originally isolated from a pig affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). at 1 day postinoculation (pi), 3 of the 5 piglets in the uninoculated control group were moved to the room of inoculated piglets for contact exposure. porcine circovirus type 2 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in swabs from inoculated piglets from 1 day pi and from co ... | 2003 | 12661720 |
| concurrent presence of porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus in retrospective cases of exudative epidermitis in pigs. | | 2004 | 14623159 |
| expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 but not interleukin-8 in granulomatous lesions in lymph nodes from pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (mcp-1) but not interleukin-8 (il-8) was detected by in situ hybridization using a nonradioactive digoxigenin-labeled complementary dna probe in granulomatous lesions of lymph nodes from 20 pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). complementary dna probes of 375 and 266 base pairs for mcp-1 and il-8, respectively, were generated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the 20 pigs with pmws had distinct positiv ... | 2003 | 12637758 |
| detection rates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and swine influenza virus in porcine proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia. | a retrospective study on pig lung tissues from 60 cases of proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia (pnp) was performed to determine the presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), swine influenza virus (siv), and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in these lesions. cases selected included 30 cases diagnosed between 1988 and 1992 and 30 cases diagnosed between 1997 and 2001. in each group of 30 cases, 10 were from suckling piglets, whereas the other 20 were from postwea ... | 2003 | 12637753 |
| effect of immune modulation on tt virus (ttv) and ttv-like-mini-virus (tlmv) viremia. | the present study was designed to investigate how two chronically replicating viruses, tt virus (ttv) and ttv-like mini virus (tlmv), interact with host defence systems. successive serum samples from three groups of subjects, undergoing modifications of their antiviral defence, were tested by real-time pcr to measure changes in viral titers, and by sequence analyses to indicate whether increases in viremia could be attributed to infection with an unfamiliar strain: 1) in patients receiving immun ... | 2003 | 12629661 |
| the essential and nonessential transcription units for viral protein synthesis and dna replication of porcine circovirus type 2. | during porcine circovirus (pcv) replication in pk15 cells, nine pcv type 2 (pcv2)-specific rnas are synthesized. they include the capsid rna (cr), five rep-associated rnas (rep, rep', rep3a, rep3b, and rep3c), and three ns-associated rnas (ns515, ns672, and ns0). in this work, mutational analyses were conducted to investigate the involvement of each pcv2 transcription unit in viral protein synthesis and dna replication. the results demonstrated that a stop codon introduced at the very 5'-end of ... | 2003 | 12954212 |
| effect of vaccination with selective bacterins on conventional pigs infected with type 2 porcine circovirus. | the objective of this study was to determine whether vaccination with bacterins commonly used in the usa, when administered at a time typical of us protocol, enhances porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) replication and the incidence and severity of clinical signs and lesions characteristic of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in conventional pigs. sixty-one pigs free of pcv2 were randomly assigned to four groups. groups 1 (n = 15) and 2 (n = 15) pigs served as sham-inoculated negati ... | 2003 | 12949409 |
| new reporter gene-based replication assay reveals exchangeability of replication factors of porcine circovirus types 1 and 2. | two types of porcine circovirus (pcv), which differ in their pathogenicity, are known. pcv type 2 (pcv2) is the etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in swine, while pcv1 has not yet been linked to a disease. corroborating earlier observations in pcv1, transcript mapping revealed that the rep gene of pcv2 encodes two products, the full-length protein rep and the spliced version rep' and that the simultaneous expression of rep and rep' proteins is essential for initiatio ... | 2003 | 12941898 |
| detection of porcine circovirus type 2 in feces of pigs with or without enteric disease by polymerase chain reaction. | to establish the sensitive polymerase chain reaction(pcr) method and detect porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) from intestines and feces of commercial swine herds with or without enteric disease, intestinal samples from 68 pigs and 29 fecal samples from commercial swine farms were collected. a primer set, forward primer 5'-gaagaatggaagaagcgg-3' and reverse primer 5'-ctcacagcagtagacaggt-3', could detect the virus at a concentration as low as 2 infectious virions per milliliter under controlled cond ... | 2003 | 12918820 |
| porcine circovirus 2-associated disease in eurasian wild boar. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) was first identified in high-health herds of domestic swine and was associated with a debilitating disease called postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). most subsequent studies have indicated that pcv2 infects only swine but there is little information on porcids other than improved breeds of domestic swine. multisystemic disease was reported in a group of eurasian wild boars raised under free-range conditions. affected young pigs had pneumonia and enterit ... | 2003 | 12918819 |
| pcv2 replicase transcripts in infected porcine kidney (pk15) cells. | the circoviridae family includes small viruses containing circular single strand dna. there are two circoviruses described in pigs. porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) has been linked to a disease termed postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) whereas a close relative of this virus, termed pcv type 1 (pcv1) has been considered a non-pathogenic contaminant of the pk15 cell line. rolling circle replication of small dna viruses like circoviruses is mediated by a replicase (rep) gene that is trans ... | 2002 | 12881643 |
| cytokine mrna expression profiles in lymphoid tissues of pigs naturally affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | fifteen 8-week-old conventional pigs were selected from a farm where pigs were suffering from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). ten of the animals were diseased pigs showing typical signs of pmws (wasting and respiratory disorders) and positive for infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), and the other five animals selected as controls were pen-mate, apparently healthy pigs. blood samples and lymphoid tissues were taken from each animal for haematological, serological an ... | 2003 | 12867643 |
| coinfection by cryptosporidium parvum and porcine circovirus type 2 in weaned pigs. | routine histopathological diagnosis of one representative 3-month-old pig from a group suffering from diarrhoea revealed a massive degree of parasitation by cryptosporidium parvum, with a concomitant infection by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), that was confirmed by immunohistochemical procedures. the areas of intestine where parasites were more numerous presented abundant pcv2 infected cells in mucosa and submucosa. the concurrence of c. parvum, a rare primary intestinal pathogen in post-wean ... | 2003 | 12864903 |
| detection of circovirus with a polymerase chain reaction in the ostrich (struthio camelus) on a farm in the netherlands. | this study describes for the first time the presence of circoviruses in ostrich tissue including embryos. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used for the detection of the virus in liver samples. the use of a polymerase for low copy detection significantly increased the sensitivity of the test as well as a southern blot. viral dna could be detected in chicks and eggs that did not hatch. for localisation of the virus in the liver in situ hybridisation was performed on a selection of positive li ... | 2003 | 12860074 |
| change of porcine circovirus 2 target cells in pigs during development from fetal to early postnatal life. | change of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) target cells during development from fetal to postnatal life in pigs was examined. pcv2 inoculation was performed in fetuses in utero at either 57, 75 or 92 gestational days and in piglets at 1 day of age. twenty-one days after virus inoculation, pcv2-infected cells in the heart, lungs, liver, spleen and inguinal lymph nodes were localized and immuno-phenotyped by double-immunofluorescence labeling using different cell markers and pcv2-antibodies. during fet ... | 2003 | 12860073 |
| use of a polymerase chain reaction assay and an elisa to monitor porcine circovirus type 2 infection in pigs from farms with and without postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | to determine whether correlations exist between viremia with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and serum antibody profiles and between detection of pcv2 in nasal cavities and viremia of pigs from farms with and without postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). | 2004 | 14719708 |
| immunohistochemical characterisation of pcv2 associate lesions in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of pigs with natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). | the lymphoid, renal, pulmonary, and hepatic lesions of naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) affected pigs have been studied by means of immunohistology. ten conventionally reared pigs showing acute clinical signs of pmws were selected from a farm on which animal were seronegative to porcine reproductive and respiratory virus and to aujeszky's disease virus. all pigs were positive in tests for porcine circovirus type 2 by ish and ihc. monoclonal and polyclonal ant ... | 2003 | 12842612 |
| an orf2 protein-based elisa for porcine circovirus type 2 antibodies in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in swine. as pcv2 displays significant homology with pcv1 (a non-pathogenic virus) at the nucleotide and amino-acid level, a discriminative antigen is needed for specific serological diagnosis. the orf2-encoded capsid protein from pcv2 was used to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). gst-fused capsid protein from pcv2 and gst alone (both expres ... | 2003 | 12814886 |
| immunogenicity and pathogenicity of chimeric infectious dna clones of pathogenic porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and nonpathogenic pcv1 in weanling pigs. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), whereas the ubiquitous porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) is nonpathogenic for pigs. we report here the construction and characterization of two chimeric infectious dna clones of pcv1 and pcv2. the chimeric pcv1-2 clone contains the pcv2 capsid gene cloned in the backbone of the nonpathogenic pcv1 genome. a reciprocal chimeric pcv2-1 dna clone was also constructed by replacing the ... | 2003 | 14512571 |
| conjugated linoleic acid ameliorates viral infectivity in a pig model of virally induced immunosuppression. | we investigated the cellular and molecular immunoregulatory actions of conjugated linoleic acid (cla) of relevance to viral disease pathogenesis and antiviral responses. to test the hypothesis that cla ameliorates viral disease, we developed a viral challenge model by infecting pigs with type-2 porcine circovirus (pcv2). after 42 d of dietary supplementation with either soybean oil (n = 16) or cla (n = 16), half of the pigs in each group were challenged with pcv2. we examined the effect of cla o ... | 2003 | 14519812 |
| pathological findings associated with naturally acquired porcine circovirus type 2 associated disease. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a novel virus of the circoviridae family which is considered the cause of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). pcv2 has also been associated to a number of pathological conditions of pigs, including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure, porcine respiratory disease complex, proliferative and necrotising pneumonia and congenital tremor type aii. pathological studies have been used to describe and characterise pmws and t ... | 2004 | 14741126 |
| immunosuppression in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome affected pigs. | the present review concentrates on the clinical, pathological and immunological aspects of pigs suffering from pmws which strongly suggest that pcv2 may be, in particular conditions, a cause of secondary immunodeficiency in pigs. from a clinical point of view, the lack of antibiotic therapy response against the disease, the existence of a litter effect and the concurrence of other disease syndromes and well-known secondary pathogens, such as pneumocystis carinii, chlamydia spp. and aspergillus s ... | 2004 | 14741127 |
| porcine circovirus-2 and concurrent infections in the field. | porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) is the necessary cause of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in swine; however, a variety of co-factors, including other infectious agents, are thought to be necessary in the full expression of disease. porcine parvovirus (ppv) was found in the inoculum used in the first experiments to reproduce pmws in gnotobiotic swine. retrospective and prospective studies in the field and laboratory have demonstrated pcv-2 can act synergistically with ppv to enhan ... | 2004 | 14741128 |
| pmws: experimental model and co-infections. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is now recognised as the causal agent of porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), an economically important wasting disease of young pigs [j. vet. diagn. invest. 12 (2000) 3]. gross lesions of pmws include generalised lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, nephritis and pneumonia and typical histological lesions include lymphocytic depletion and multinucleated giant cell formation in lymph nodes, degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, and multifocal lymphohistocyti ... | 2004 | 14741129 |
| avian circovirus diseases: lessons for the study of pmws. | the diseases associated with psittacine beak and feather disease virus (bfdv), pigeon circovirus (picv) and goose circovirus (gocv), which can be classified with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) as members of the genus circovirus of the family circoviridae, have clinico-pathological features in common with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), with which pcv2 infection is causally associated. intracytoplasmic botryoid inclusions within macrophages and depletion of t and b lymphocyt ... | 2004 | 14741130 |
| viremia and effect of fetal infection with porcine viruses with special reference to porcine circovirus 2 infection. | this publication reviews some pathogenetic features of the transplacental infection with porcine viruses in sows. viremia either with virus freely circulating or associated to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) is an essential part of such pathogenesis. virus replication occurs either in fetal tissues only or both in fetal and maternal tissues and the outcome may be different. since porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) has been associated with reproductive failure in sows, the question was asked w ... | 2004 | 14741131 |
| acute hepatitis in a piglet experimentally inoculated with tissue homogenates from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | five 2 day-old colostrum-deprived piglets were inoculated with tissue homogenates from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. one of the five piglets developed icterus and died 23 days post-inoculation. histologic examination revealed acute hepatitis. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) antigen and nucleic acid were detected in hepatocytes and phagocytic cells. ultrastructurally, hepatocytes and phagocytic cells had large numbers of cytoplasmic inclusions, which were composed of ele ... | 2003 | 14532704 |
| a comparison of virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine parvovirus in experimentally and naturally coinfected pigs. | virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization were compared for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) and porcine parvovirus (ppv) from experimentally and naturally coinfected pigs. all coinfected pigs developed postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), characterized by sudden onset of depression and anorexia. microscopically, granulomatous inflammation with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies was present in lymph node from all co ... | 2004 | 14974846 |
| pcv-2 infection in swine; more than just postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | | 2003 | 14550730 |
| effect of porcine parvovirus vaccination on the development of pmws in segregated early weaned pigs coinfected with type 2 porcine circovirus and porcine parvovirus. | the objectives of this study were to determine if coinfection of segregated early weaned (sew) pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine parvovirus (ppv) induces an increase in the incidence of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) compared to singular pcv2 infection, and to determine if vaccination against ppv protects pigs against pmws associated with pcv2/ppv coinfection in sew pigs. seventy, 3-week-old, sew pigs were randomly assigned to one of the five groups. pigs ... | 2004 | 15036529 |
| effects of dexamethasone on the pathogenesis of porcine circovirus type 2 infection in piglets. | to investigate the effect of immunosuppression on porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection, hysterectomy-produced, colostrum-deprived piglets were inoculated with the virus by the intranasal or intraperitoneal route, with or without dexamethasone (dex) treatment. eleven piglets aged 8 days were divided into four groups, namely group a (four animals given pcv2), b (three given pcv2 with dex), c (two given sterile medium with dex) and d (two given sterile medium). no significant clinical signs w ... | 2003 | 14554127 |
| identification of a sequence from the genome of porcine circovirus type 2 with an inhibitory effect on ifn-alpha production by porcine pbmcs. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) has been identified as the causal agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and has been associated with several other disease syndromes in pigs. to date, however, little is known regarding the mechanism(s) underlying the pathogenesis of pcv-2-induced diseases and the interaction of the virus with the host immune system. in the present study, oligodeoxynucleotides (odns), with central cpg motifs selected from the genome of pcv-2, were demonstrated to m ... | 2003 | 14573798 |
| first report of pcv-2 associated diseases in bulgaria. | | 2004 | 15053144 |
| protection of swine against post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) proteins. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is known to be associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), a recently described disease of young pigs. since no pcv2 vaccine was available so far, we have developed a specific pcv2 vaccine candidate. the orf1-encoded replication protein and orf2-encoded capsid protein of pcv2 were expressed and detected in either mammalian or insect expression systems. in a first trial, orf2 protein was found to be a major immunogen, inducing protection in ... | 2003 | 14575769 |
| characterization of the recombinant proteins of porcine circovirus type2 field isolate expressed in the baculovirus system. | porcine circovirus (pcv) type2 was isolated using primary porcine kidney cells from lymph node of piglets with typical pmws. the presence of the virus was identified by pcr using primers specific to pcv type2. the orfs 1 and 2 were amplified by pcr using primers corresponding to the target genes of the pcv type 2. cloned genes were inserted into the baculovirus expression vector and pcv recombinant proteins were expressed using baculovirus expression system. recombinant protein expression was de ... | 2002 | 14614268 |
| genetic characterization of porcine circovirus-2 field isolates from pmws pigs. | pmws is a new emerging disease in swine herds worldwide. field isolates of pcv-2, a putative major causative agent of pmws, were isolated and genetically characterized. viral genome of two field isolates (pc201dj and pc201ss) from pigs showing typical pmws was sequenced. the nucleotide sequence homology with other pcv-2 isolates was ranging from 95% to 99% in complete viral genomic sequence. the highly conserved nonanucleotide motif of replication origin was identical to that of other pcv-2 isol ... | 2002 | 14614270 |
| acute beak and feather disease in juvenile african grey parrots--an uncommon presentation of a common disease. | psittacine beak and feather disease is commonly diagnosed all over the world as a viral disease of psittacine birds that primarily results in abnormalities of the feathers and beak. the clinical presentation of this disease varies between species and age groups, but in the majority of cases the course of the disease is chronic. this case report documents an acute form of the disease in african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus erithacus) that resulted in death without lesions in the feathers and ... | 2003 | 15080443 |
| psittacine beak and feather disease: a first survey of the distribution of beak and feather disease virus inside the population of captive psittacine birds in germany. | psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) is the most common viral disease of wild and captive psittacine birds. here, we designed the first survey to investigate the existence of subclinical infections and the distribution of the causative agent named beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) inside the population of captive psittacine birds in germany. dna was isolated from feathers of 146 symptom-free birds from 19 different genera (all psittaformes) taken from 32 independent breeders from all o ... | 2003 | 14633205 |
| cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in response to mitogen, superantigen or recall viral antigens. | in vitro cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and healthy pigs were determined in response to recall viral antigens (porcine circovirus type 2; pcv2), mitogens (phytohaemagglutinin) or superantigens (staphylococcal enterotoxin b). pbmc from pmws-affected pigs, in contrast to those from healthy pigs, responded to recall pcv2 antigen by releasing il-10 and ifn-gamma, but they were less able or even unable to ... | 2003 | 14645926 |
| infection studies on human cell lines with porcine circovirus type 1 and porcine circovirus type 2. | the lack of human donor organs in allotransplantation has led to a proposal for the use of porcine tissues and organs as alternative therapeutic material for humans. besides immunological problems like graft rejection, one of the major concerns is the transmission of porcine microorganisms as viruses, bacteria and fungi to a human recipient. | 2004 | 15099209 |
| cloning and sequencing of duck circovirus (ducv). | the genome of duck circovirus (ducv) is circular and 1996 nts in size. two major open reading frames were identified, encoding the replicase (v1) and the capsid protein (c1). a stem-loop structure comprising the nonamer 5'-tattattac, conserved in all circo-, nano- and geminiviruses, was found. unique to ducv, the region between the 3'-ends of the rep and cap gene contains four repeats of a 44-bp sequence. phylogenetic analysis shows close relation of ducv with goose circovirus and suggests class ... | 2003 | 14648300 |
| lack of an effect of a commercial vaccine adjuvant on the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) experimentally infected conventional pigs. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a commercial vaccine adjuvant on the clinical and pathological outcome of pcv2 experimentally infected 8 to 9-week-old conventional pigs. forty-four pigs were divided into four groups: non-infected control pigs, pigs that received a vaccine adjuvant, pigs inoculated with pcv2, and pigs inoculated with pcv2 together with the vaccine adjuvant. infection was monitored until 69 days post-inoculation (pi). some pcv2 inoculated pigs had hyperth ... | 2004 | 15099505 |
| [case report: porcine circovirus type 2 infection in an european wild boar (sus scrofa) in the state of brandenburg, germany]. | this case represents the first case of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2)--infection in a free living european wild boar associated with morphological lesions, which are regarded as characteristic for postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in domestic pigs. the animal, an approximately 10 month old male, was found dead in a rural area within the state of brandenburg, germany. the closest commercial pig farm is located in 3 km distance from the spot where the carcass was found. at necro ... | 2003 | 14650740 |
| development of an elisa based on the baculovirus-expressed capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 as antigen. | the genome of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) contains two major open reading frames, which have been shown to encode the virus capsid and replication-associated proteins. the capsid protein is a major structural protein of the virus; it can be a suitable target antigen for detecting pcv2-specific antibodies to monitor pcv2 infection. to produce the antigen, the capsid protein coding sequence was cloned into a baculovirus transfer vector, and a recombinant capsid (rc) protein of pcv2 was expres ... | 2004 | 15107550 |
| reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs experimentally inoculated with a swedish porcine circovirus 2 isolate. | in recent years, porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-associated postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) has been reported worldwide. however, to date, pmws has not been reported in sweden despite the demonstration of serum antibodies to a pcv2-like virus in swedish pigs. this communication reports the experimental reproduction of clinical pmws after inoculation of colostrum-deprived (cd) pigs, derived from a northern ireland herd, with an isolate of pcv2 virus recovered from a clinically ... | 2003 | 14667018 |
| the genome of canarypox virus. | here we present the genomic sequence, with analysis, of a canarypox virus (cnpv). the 365-kbp cnpv genome contains 328 potential genes in a central region and in 6.5-kbp inverted terminal repeats. comparison with the previously characterized fowlpox virus (fwpv) genome revealed avipoxvirus-specific genomic features, including large genomic rearrangements relative to other chordopoxviruses and novel cellular homologues and gene families. cnpv also contains many genomic differences with fwpv, incl ... | 2004 | 14671117 |
| characterisation of hungarian porcine circovirus 2 genomes associated with pmws and pdns cases. | the authors report the data of the first survey on the incidence of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) in hungary. a pcr method specific for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv-2) was developed, which proved to be suitable for diagnostic purposes. pcr screening of organ samples from pigs suspected to be affected with pmws or pdns revealed the presence of pcv-2 in 80% of the cases. six pcv-2 genomes from hungarian isola ... | 2003 | 14680067 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of a c1 gene fragment of psittacine beak and feather disease virus amplified by real-time polymerase chain reaction indicates a possible existence of genotypes. | to investigate sequence diversity of psittacine beak and feather disease virus, samples collected from 31 psittacine species with or without clinical signs were tested for the presence of the viral genome. a real-time polymerase chain reaction was developed amplifying a 202 base pair fragment of the region encoding the capsid protein c1 and detecting 100 to 1000 genome equivalents. the nucleotide sequences of the polymerase chain reaction products showed 84.1 to 100% identity with no consistent ... | 2004 | 14681067 |
| diagnosis of goose circovirus infection in hungarian geese samples using polymerase chain reaction and dot blot hybridization tests. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and dot blot hybridization (dbh) test have been developed for the diagnosis of infection by a novel circovirus of geese (gocv). these tests were applied to samples of bursae of fabricius from sick and dead birds from commercial goose farms in hungary. in this second report of the occurrence of circovirus infection in diseased geese, 103 of 214 (48.1%) and 37 of 150 (24.6%) birds, and 49 of 76 (64.5%) and 18 of 76 (23.7%) flocks were positive by pcr and dbh respe ... | 2004 | 14681068 |
| apoptosis and proliferative activity in lymph node reaction in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) affects nursery and growing pigs, and is characterized by wasting, failure to thrive, pale skin, respiratory distress, diarrhoea and sometimes jaundice. macroscopic findings are aspecific, but lymphocyte depletion in lymphoid tissues is one of the histological hallmarks [vet. q. 24 (2002) 109]. spontaneous cases of pmws were studied to evaluate proliferative activity and apoptosis as mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cell depletion in ly ... | 2004 | 14700535 |
| detection and genetic typing of type 2 porcine circoviruses in archived pig tissues from the uk. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv-2) is implicated as the causative agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and is also associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns). the recent emergence of epidemic pmws in the united kingdom was predated by sporadic cases of pdns dating back to the early 1980's. the aim of this study was to investigate whether pcv-2 dna was present in archival tissues, and if so, to investigate the relatedness of these viruses with contemporary ... | 2004 | 15168203 |
| identification of an octanucleotide motif sequence essential for viral protein, dna, and progeny virus biosynthesis at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 2. | a plasmid-based transfection system capable of generating infectious porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was established. this system was then used in mutagenesis studies to investigate the involvement of a "conserved" nonanucleotide (which constitutes a portion of the loop sequence) located at the origin of dna replication of pcv2 with respect to viral protein synthesis, dna self-replication, and progeny virus production. the results demonstrated that an octanucleotide (agtattac) embedded in the l ... | 2004 | 15183050 |
| proceedings of the 1st ssdna viruses of plants, birds, pigs and primates meeting. saint-malo, france, 24-27 september 2001. | | 2004 | 14741118 |
| molecular biology of porcine circovirus: analyses of gene expression and viral replication. | the rep gene of porcine circovirus type 1 directs the synthesis of two proteins. the full-length protein rep is 312 amino acids in size, the spliced variant rep' is truncated (168 aa) and exon 2 is frame-shifted. replication of pcv1 dna depends on synthesis of both proteins. rep and rep' bind in vitro to double-stranded dna fragments comprising part of the origin of replication of pcv1, but the minimal binding sites of the two proteins are distinct. rep protein represses the promoter of the rep ... | 2004 | 14741119 |
| human circoviruses. | tt virus (ttv) and ttv-like mini virus (tlmv) represent the first described human circoviruses. they do not show significant sequence homology with any other animal circovirus identified to date. they are both detected with high prevalences in various body fluids. the spread mode may include the parenteral way, the transmission by saliva droplets and the fecal-oral route. genetic variability within a viral group is high and the co-infection by distinct viral strains is common in a given individu ... | 2004 | 14741121 |
| the clinical expression and emergence of porcine circovirus 2. | since its discovery and characterization in western canada in 1995, the distribution of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) has grown and the syndrome is undoubtedly recognized worldwide. more recently, there is a heightened interest in several potentially related conditions including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns), proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia (pnp), congenital tremors (ct-aii), perinatal myocarditis and reproductive failure. although the causality ... | 2004 | 14741125 |
| molecular characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 isolates from post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome-affected and non-affected pigs. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is recognized as a primary cause in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in this study, both pcv1 and pcv2 types were studied in pigs originating from pmws-affected (+) and non-affected (-) herds from brittany. pcv2 was identified by pcr in 100 % of animals from pmws(+) herds and in 76 % from pmws(-) herds, while pcv1 was not detected. the complete sequences of 38 pcv2 isolates were determined and 23 new variants were identified, displaying between ... | 2004 | 14769887 |
| identification of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in european wild boar (sus scrofa). | | 2004 | 15200077 |
| detection and differentiation of porcine circoviruses in brazilian pigs. | | 2004 | 15214518 |
| multiplex pcr for rapid detection of pseudorabies virus, porcine parvovirus and porcine circoviruses. | a multiplex pcr (mpcr) assay was developed and subsequently evaluated for its effectiveness as a means to simultaneously detect multiple viral infections of swine. specific primers for each of four common dna viruses, namely, pseudorabies virus (prv), porcine circovirus type i (pcv1), porcine circovirus type ii (pcv2), and porcine parvovirus (ppv), were used for testing procedure. the assay was shown to be highly sensitive in that as little as 10(-4) ng of each of the respective amplicons (appro ... | 2004 | 15223125 |
| comparison of porcine circovirus type 2 load in serum quantified by a real time pcr in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome naturally affected pigs. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) diagnosis is based on the presence of characteristic histopathological lymphoid lesions and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) within these lesions. previous studies indicate that pcv2 load is higher in pmws affected than in pcv2 infected, healthy pigs. on the other hand, pcv2 has been suggested to play a role in porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) pathogenesis. this study describes a new taqman real time pcr assay and its use to qua ... | 2004 | 15019262 |
| novel circovirus in mulard ducks with developmental and feathering disorders. | | 2004 | 15233459 |
| a novel approach to intrauterine viral inoculation of swine using pcv type 2 as a model. | experimentally intrauterine (iu) viral inoculation has been commonly used to circumvent maternal interference with transplacental infection of fetuses and to assess the effect of viral infection on fetal development or reproductive parameters. however, iu inoculation requires surgical procedures such as laparatomy and surgical incision of the uterus. post-surgical complications, that frequently result in abortion or fetal death, have been a major disadvantage. an animal trial was conducted to ev ... | 2004 | 15036992 |
| detection of template strand switching during initiation and termination of dna replication of porcine circovirus. | nucleotide substitution mutagenesis was conducted to investigate the importance of the inverted repeats (palindrome) at the origin of dna replication (ori) of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1). viral genomes with engineered mutations on either arm or both arms of the palindrome were not impaired in protein synthesis and yielded infectious progeny viruses with restored or new palindromes. thus, a flanking palindrome at the ori was not essential for initiation of dna replication, but one was genera ... | 2004 | 15047840 |
| interlaboratory testing of porcine sera for antibodies to porcine circovirus type 2. | a panel of 20 porcine sera was distributed to 5 laboratories across europe and canada. each center was requested to test the sera for the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 antibodies using the routine assays, indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) and indirect immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (ipma), and to determine the titer of each serum. results from all centers were then compiled and correlated. they demonstrate a wide variation in the titers obtained between laboratories. these differ ... | 2004 | 15053371 |
| immunisation against pcv2 structural protein by dna vaccination of mice. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the causative agent of an emerging swine disease, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the disease affects primarily 5-12-weeks-old pigs which might suggest that infection with pcv2 occurs when the level of maternal antibodies have declined to sub-protective levels around weaning at 3-5-weeks of age. if immunoprophylaxis is to be effective, an immunisation method capable of breaking through maternal immunity must be employed. in this study, we ha ... | 2004 | 15063557 |
| [disinfectant tests at 20 and 10 degrees c to determine the virucidal activity against circoviruses]. | to evaluate virucidal activity against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), four disinfectants were tested under laboratory conditions. as basis to perform the testing the "guidelines for testing chemical disinfectants" of the german veterinary association (dvg-guidelines) were applied. for simulation of field conditions, the tests were carried out in virus carrier tests, at 20 and 10 degrees c, and under protein load (40% foetal calf serum (fcs) in virus suspension). for disinfection of pcv2 at 20 ... | 2004 | 15287578 |