| quillaja brasiliensis saponins are less toxic than quil a and have similar properties when used as an adjuvant for a viral antigen preparation. | in this study, a preparation of saponins (qb-90u) extracted from leaves of quillaja brasiliensis collected in uruguay was evaluated as a vaccine adjuvant by comparison with alum and the well known saponin-based adjuvant, quil a. the haemolytic activity and cellular toxicity of the saponin preparations were also evaluated. qb-90u was only slightly haemolytic and showed a low cytotoxicity when compared to quil a. the adjuvant properties of qb-90u were assayed by sub-cutaneous immunization of mice ... | 2011 | 22001878 |
| asymptomatic encephalitis in calves experimentally infected with bovine herpesvirus-5. | this study demonstrated that bovine herpesvirus 5 (bohv)-5 infected calves can develop encephalitis and remain asymptomatic. seven calves were infected intranasally and monitored for 30 days. cerebrospinal fluid (csf) analysis was performed from the onset of neurological signs. multiple sections of brain and the trigeminal ganglion were submitted to histopathology. virus detection (pcr and isolation) was performed on csf and tissues. four calves developed signs of neurologic disease and died. th ... | 2011 | 22654135 |
| the latency related gene of bovine herpesvirus types 1 and 5 and its modulation of cellular processes. | bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bohv-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5) are important pathogens of cattle. the diseases they produce are quite different, with bohv-5 being more neuropathogenic than bohv-1 which mainly induces respiratory symptoms. the sequencing of the entire bohv-5 genome has shown that most of the differences between these viruses are found in the immediate early and lr (latency related) genes. the lr gene is the only viral gene abundantly expressed in latently infected neur ... | 2016 | 27659677 |
| bovine herpesviruses induce different cell death forms in neuronal and glial-derived tumor cell cultures. | oncolytic viruses have the ability to infect tumor cells and leave healthy cells intact. in this study, bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv1; los angeles, cooper, and sv56/90 strains) and bovine herpesvirus 5 (bhv5; sv507/99 and gu9457818 strains) were used to infect two neuronal tumor cell lineages: neuro2a (mouse neuroblastoma cells) and c6 (rat glial cells). bhv1 and bhv5 strains infected both cell lines and positively correlated with viral antigen detection (p < 0.005). when neuro2a cells were infecte ... | 2016 | 27311457 |
| comparison between dna detection in trigeminal nerve ganglia and serology to detect cattle infected with bovine herpesviruses types 1 and 5. | bovine herpesviruses (bohvs) types 1 (bohv-1) and 5 (bohv-5) are alphaherpesviruses of major importance to the bovine production chain. such viruses are capable of establishing latent infections in neuronal tissues. infected animals tend to develop a serological response to infection; however, such response-usually investigated by antibody assays in serum-may eventually not be detected in laboratory assays. nevertheless, serological tests such as virus neutralization (vn) and various enzyme-link ... | 2016 | 27224314 |
| neurotropic bovine astrovirus-associated encephalitis: an underdiagnosed disease in south america? | we describe a case of neurotropic bovine astrovirus-associated encephalitis in a jersey dairy cow from the department of san josé, uruguay. this represents the second case of this condition reported in the southern hemisphere. the cow was the only one affected in a herd of 70 cows, showing neurological signs with a 2-day clinical course, before dying spontaneously. histopathological examination revealed lymphocytic, histiocytic, and plasmacytic meningoencephalitis with neuronal necrosis, without ... | 2021 | 34148730 |
| development of an indirect elisa for serological diagnosis of bovine herpesvirus 5. | bovine herpesviruses 1 and 5 (bohv-1 and bohv-5) are economically important pathogens, associated with a variety of clinical syndromes, including respiratory and genital disease, reproductive failure and meningoencephalitis. the standard serological assay to diagnose bohv-1 and bohv-5 infections is the virus neutralization test (vnt), a time consuming procedure that requires manipulation of infectious virus. in the present study a highly sensitive and specific single dilution indirect elisa was ... | 2016 | 26866923 |
| presence of viral and bacterial organisms in milk and their association with somatic cell counts. | about 20 to 35% of milk samples from cows with intramammary infection or high somatic cell count (scc) are negative on bacteriological culture analysis. however, little is known about scc in milk of cows infected with viruses. in the first part of our study, we developed a real-time pcr assay for detection of bovine herpesvirus (bhv) 1, bhv2, and bhv4, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in composite quarter milk samples. a total of 1,479 lactating cows of 1,964 cows in the dairy herd were in ... | 2013 | 23972495 |
| multiplex pcr followed by restriction length polymorphism analysis for the subtyping of bovine herpesvirus 5 isolates. | several types and subtypes of bovine herpesviruses 1 and 5 (bohv-1 and bohv-5) have been associated to different clinical conditions of cattle, making type/subtype differentiation essential to understand the pathogenesis and epidemiology of bohv infections. bohv-5 subtyping is currently carried out by bsteii restriction enzyme analysis (rea) of the complete virus genome. this method allowed the description of three subtypes, one of which is the most widespread while the remaining two have so far ... | 2013 | 23734608 |
| search for the genome of bovine herpesvirus types 1, 4 and 5 in bovine semen. | bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bohv-1) causes respiratory and reproductive disorders in cattle. recently, bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5) and bovine herpesvirus type 4 (bohv-4) have been identified to be associated with genital disease. in this study, the presence of the genome of bohv-1, bohv-4 and bohv-5 in bovine semen of argentinean and international origin was analyzed by pcr assays. the most important finding of this study is the detection of the genome of bohv-1 and bohv-4 in semen of bull ... | 2013 | 26623325 |
| evaluation of developmental changes in bovine in vitro produced embryos following exposure to bovine herpesvirus type 5. | bovine herpesvirus type-5 (bohv-5) is a neurovirulent α-herpesvirus which is potentially pathogenic for cows and suspected to be associated with reproductive disorders. interestingly, natural transmission of bohv-5 by contaminated semen was recently described in australia. additionally, bohv-5 was also isolated from the semen of a healthy bull in the same country and incriminated in a natural outbreak of reproductive disease after artificial insemination. in contrast with bohv-1, experimental ex ... | 2012 | 22823939 |
| cellular response markers and cytokine gene expression in the central nervous system of cattle naturally infected with bovine herpesvirus 5. | the present study reports an investigation on the phenotype of inflammatory and immune cells, cytokine and viral gene expression in the brains of cattle naturally infected with bovine herpesvirus 5 (bhv5). brain sections of 38 affected animals were analysed for the nature and extent of perivascular cuffs in the virchow-robin space and parenchyma. histopathological changes were severe in the olfactory bulbs (obs), hippocampus, piriform, frontal, temporal and parietal cortices/lobes and were chara ... | 2016 | 27938713 |
| role of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (socs2) during meningoencephalitis caused by bovine herpesvirus 5 (bohv-5). | the role of suppressors of cytokine signaling (socs) in meningoencephalitis caused by bovine herpesvirus 5 (bohv-5) was evaluated by intracranial infection in c57bl/6 wild-type mice (wt) and socs2 deficient mice (socs2(-/-)). both infected groups presented weight loss, ruffled fur and hunched posture. additionally, infected socs2(-/-) mice showed swollen chamfer and progressive depression. infected wt animals developed mild meningitis, characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells. moreover ... | 2016 | 27477504 |
| ntpdase and 5'-nucleotidase activities in synaptosomes of rabbits experimentally infected with bohv-5. | bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5) is the causative agent of herpetic meningoencephalitis in cattle. the purinergic system is described as a modulator of the immune response and neuroinflammation. these functions are related to the extracellular nucleotides concentration. ntpdase and 5'-nucleotidase are enzymes responsible for controlling the extracellular concentration of adenosine triphosphate (atp), adenosine diphosphate (adp), adenosine monophosphate (amp), and adenosine (ado). the aim of th ... | 2015 | 26025330 |
| identification of a novel herpesvirus associated with a penile proliferative lesion in a beluga (delphinapterus leucas). | the carcass of an adult male beluga (delphinapterus leucas) was found beach cast in 2008 on the shore of the st. lawrence estuary at rivière-ouelle, quebec, canada. the carcass was transported to the faculté de médecine vétérinaire of the université de montréal for postmortem examination. aspiration pneumonia was the probable cause of death. necropsy revealed a focal papilloma-like penile lesion, characterized by focal mucosal thickening with disorganization of the epithelial layers and lymphopl ... | 2015 | 25375944 |
| toll-like receptor expression in the nervous system of bovine alpha-herpesvirus-infected calves. | in this study, the expression levels of viral toll-like receptors (tlrs) in the nervous system of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5)-infected calves were investigated. a significant increase in the expression of tlrs 3 and 7-9 was found in the anterior cerebral cortex during acute infection and viral reactivation. in the trigeminal ganglia, only tlr9 expression was significantly affected. the magnitude of the increase was lower in bohv-1-infected calves, suggesting that a restricted immune respo ... | 2014 | 25172667 |
| immune responses of mice against recombinant bovine herpesvirus 5 glycoprotein d. | glycoprotein d (gd) is essential for attachment and penetration of bovine herpesvirus 5 (bohv-5) into permissive cells, and is a major target of the host immune system, inducing strong humoral and cellular immune responses. the aim of this study was to evaluate in mice the immunogenicity of recombinant bohv-5 gd (rgd5) expressed in pichia pastoris. vaccines formulated with rgd5 alone or adjuvanted with montanide 50 isa v2; emulsigen or emulsigen-dda was administered intramuscularly or subcutaneo ... | 2014 | 24657716 |
| synthetic aminomethylnaphthoquinones inhibit the in vitro replication of bovine herpesvirus 5. | bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5) is an etiologic agent of meningoencephalitis in cattle. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral potential of a series of synthetic mannich bases derived from lawsone and to investigate at which stage of the bohv-5 replicative cycle the compounds might be acting. the most potent and selective inhibitor exhibited cc50 and ec50 values of 1867 μm ± 8.3 and 3.8 μm ± 1.2, respectively (acv: 989 μm ± 2 and 166 μm ± 2, respectively). | 2014 | 24493066 |
| programmed cell death-associated gene transcripts in bovine embryos exposed to bovine herpesvirus type 5. | in vitro-produced bovine embryos become infected after exposure to bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5), yet no changes in developmental rates, mitochondrial activity and inhibition of apoptosis are detected in comparison to unexposed embryos. thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the transcription of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis genes using taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction. transcripts of mcl-1, caspase-2, -3, apaf-1 and bax genes were measured after exposure to bohv-5 in ... | 2014 | 24334246 |
| bovine herpesvirus type 5 infection regulates bax/bcl-2 ratio. | bovine herpesvirus 5 (bohv-5) is an α-herpesvirus that causes neurological disease in young cattle and is also occasionally involved in reproductive disorders. although there have been many studies of the apoptotic pathways induced by viruses belonging to the family herpesviridae, there is little information about the intrinsic programmed cell death pathway in host-bohv-5 interactions. we found that bohv-5 is able to replicate in both mesenchymal and epithelial cell lines, provoking cytopatholog ... | 2013 | 24085451 |
| validation of a reference control for an sybr-green fluorescence assay-based real-time pcr for detection of bovine herpesvirus 5 in experimentally exposed bovine embryos. | the objective of this study was to optimize an internal control to improve sybr-green-based qpcr to amplify/detect the bohv-5 us9 gene in bovine embryos produced in vitro and experimentally exposed to the virus. we designed an sybr-green-based binding assay that is quick to perform, reliable, easily optimized and compares well with the published assay. herein we demonstrated its general applicability to detect bohv-5 us9 gene in bovine embryos produced in vitro experimentally exposed to bohv-5. ... | 2013 | 23831485 |
| bovine herpesvirus-5 infection in a rabbit experimental model: immunohistochemical study of the cellular response in the cns. | since little information is available regarding cellular antigen mapping and the involvement of non-neuronal cells in the pathogenesis of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bhv-5) infection, it were determined the bhv-5 distribution, the astrocytic reactivity, the involvement of lymphocytes and the presence of matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)-9 in the brain of rabbits experimentally infected with bhv-5. twelve new zealand rabbits that were seronegative for bhv-5 were used for virus inoculation, and five r ... | 2013 | 23375887 |
| susceptibility of neuron-like cells derived from bovine wharton's jelly to bovine herpesvirus type 5 infections. | bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5), frequently lethal in cattle, is associated with significant agricultural economic losses due to neurological disease. cattle and rabbits are frequently used as models to study the biology and pathogenesis of bohv-5 infection. in particular, neural invasion and proliferation are two of the factors important in bohv-5 infection. the present study investigated the potential of bovine wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (bwj-mscs) to differentiate into a neu ... | 2012 | 23227933 |
| first report of bovine herpesvirus 5 in bull semen. | bohv-5 was detected in one of several extended semen samples from a healthy donor bull during routine virus screening. this was achieved by polymerase chain reaction assay (pcr) and virus isolation, with primary identification by the fluorescent antibody test. the isolated virus, b4180, was characterized by sequencing a cloned fragment of the gc gene and by restriction enzyme analysis (rea). the nucleotide sequence shared 99 % similarity with published sequences of bohv-5, and the rea showed tha ... | 2012 | 22622433 |
| expression of mir-155 associated with toll-like receptors 3, 7, and 9 transcription in the olfactory bulbs of cattle naturally infected with bhv5. | bovine herpesvirus 5 (bhv5) infection of young cattle is frequently associated with fatal neurological disease and, as such, represents an attractive model for studying the pathogenesis of viral-induced meningoencephalitis. following replication in the nasal mucosa, bhv5 invades the central nervous system (cns) mainly through the olfactory pathway. the innate immune response triggered by the host face to virus replication through the olfactory route is poorly understood. recently, an upregulatio ... | 2017 | 28831740 |
| susceptibility of mice to bovine herpesvirus type 5 infection in the central nervous system. | bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5) is an important pathogen that causes meningoencephalitis in cattle. few studies have used the mouse as a model for bohv-5 infection. despite the fact that bohv-5 can infect mice with immune deficiencies, little is known about viral replication, immune response, and the course of infection in the central nervous system (cns) of wild-type mice. therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the response in the cns of balb/c mice acutely infected with bohv-5 at ... | 2017 | 28942490 |
| inhibition of apoptosis in bhv-1-infected cells depends on us3 serine/threonine kinase and its enzymatic activity. | us3 protein is a serine/threonine kinase conserved within the alphaherpesvirinae subfamily of herpesviruses. the us3 homologs of herpes simplex virus, pseudorabies virus, and bovine herpesvirus type 5 have been shown to block apoptosis triggered by viral infection or exogenous inducers. to determine whether these characteristics are shared by bovine herpesvirus type 1 us3, we constructed two viral mutants: bhv-1 us3 deletion mutant (bhv-1δus3) and a kinase-dead mutant (bhv-1kd). flow cytometry a ... | 2018 | 29073463 |
| evidence of natural interspecific recombinant viruses between bovine alphaherpesviruses 1 and 5. | closely related bovine alphaherpesviruses 1 (bohv-1) and 5 (bohv-5) co-circulate in certain countries, rendering cattle co-infection possible. this is a prerequisite for bohv recombination. here, we report the first identification of homologous recombination between field isolates of bohv-1 and bohv-5, two alphaherpesviruses belonging to two distinct species with an average genomic similarity of 82.3%. three isolates of bohv-5, previously classified as subtype "bohv-5b", were phylogenetically st ... | 2017 | 28963062 |
| probiotics bacillus toyonensis and saccharomyces boulardii improve the vaccine immune response to bovine herpesvirus type 5 in sheep. | there have been significant efforts toward the development of more efficient vaccines for animal health. a strategy that may be used to improve vaccine efficacy is the use of probiotics. bovine herpesvirus 5 (bohv-5) is an example of an important animal pathogen for which vaccines have provided only limited protection. in this study, we examined the use of the probiotics bacillus toyonensis and saccharomyces boulardii as a potential immune modulator to improve vaccine efficiency. thirty, 5-month ... | 2017 | 29331687 |
| bacillus toyonensis improves immune response in the mice vaccinated with recombinant antigen of bovine herpesvirus type 5. | probiotics modulate the immune response and can increase the effectiveness of vaccines. bacillus toyonensis is widely used as a probiotic in animal feed. the aim of this study was to assess the effects of b. toyonensis administration on the immune response to an experimental recombinant vaccine against bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5) in mice. mice were vaccinated with bohv-5 recombinant glycoprotein d and supplemented with the probiotic b. toyonensis in two regimes: one group received the pro ... | 2018 | 29022386 |