| effect of environmental stresses on the sensitivity of enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant milk formula to gamma radiation. | to evaluate the effect of starvation, heat, cold, acid, alkaline, chlorine and ethanol stresses on the resistance of enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant milk formula (pimf) towards gamma radiation. | 2008 | 18565140 |
| isolation of enterobacter sakazakii from ass' milk in sicily: case report, safety and legal issues. | enterobacter sakazakii (es) infections are likely to involve newborns and infants, causing meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis. contamination of infant formulae milk during factory production or bottle preparation is implicated. es has been isolated from environmental sources and from food other than infant formula and milk powder, but why it is associated only with the consumption of infant formulae, is unclear. according to regulation (ec) no. 2073/2005 on the microbiological c ... | 2008 | 18571118 |
| an explanation for the effect of inoculum size on mic and the growth/no growth interface. | the inoculum effect (ie) is the phenomenon observed where changes in the inoculum size used in an experiment alters the outcome with respect to, for example, the minimum inhibitory concentration of an antimicrobial or the growth/no growth boundary for a given set of environmental conditions. various hypotheses exist as to the cause of the ie such as population heterogeneity and quorum sensing, as well as the null hypothesis - that it is artefactual. time to detection experiments (ttd) were carri ... | 2008 | 18573556 |
| enterobacter sakazakii enhances epithelial cell injury by inducing apoptosis in a rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis. | necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) is an inflammatory intestinal disorder that affects 2%-5% of all premature infants. enterobacter sakazakii, a common contaminant of milk-based powdered infant formula, has been implicated as a causative agent of sepsis, meningitis, and nec in newborn infants, with high mortality rates. however, the role played by e. sakazakii in the pathogenesis of nec is, to date, not known. here, we demonstrate for the first time that e. sakazakii can induce clinical and histolo ... | 2008 | 18588483 |
| [study on the molecular typing of enterobacter sakazakii with pulsed-field gel electrophoreses]. | to analyze the fingerprint of enterobacter sakazakii, twenty-nine isolates and two type strains were analyzed with the pulsed-field gel electrophoreses (pfge). | 2008 | 18589602 |
| outer membrane protein a expression in enterobacter sakazakii is required to induce microtubule condensation in human brain microvascular endothelial cells for invasion. | enterobacter sakazakii (es) causes neonatal meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis with case-fatality rates among infected infants ranging from 40 to 80%. very little is known about the mechanisms by which these organisms cause disease. here, we demonstrate that es invades human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hbmec) with higher frequency when compared with epithelial cells and endothelial cells from different origins. the entry of es into hbmec requires the expression of outer membrane ... | 2008 | 18606523 |
| parental response to health risk information: experimental results on willingness-to-pay for safer infant milk formula. | enterobacter sakazakii, a pathogen that can be found in powdered infant milk formula, can cause adverse health effects on infants. using vickrey auction, this study examines parents' willingness to pay (wtp) for a quality assurance label on powdered infant milk formula. the influence of ambiguity with the incidence rate information and provision of safe-handling information on wtp are also evaluated using three experimental treatments. our findings generally imply that parents significantly valu ... | 2009 | 18613316 |
| selective pcr detection of viable enterobacter sakazakii cells utilizing propidium monoazide or ethidium bromide monoazide. | the detection of viable enterobacter sakazakii cells is important due to the association of this pathogen with outbreaks of life-threatening neonatal infections. the aim of this study was to optimize a pcr-based method for selective detection of only viable ent. sakazakii cells in the presence of dead cells, utilizing propidium monoazide (pma) or ethidium bromide monoazide (ema). | 2008 | 18624747 |
| dissemination of cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii) in a powdered milk protein manufacturing facility. | the microbial contamination of air filters and possible links to contaminated product in a powdered milk protein-processing facility were investigated. over a 10-month period, seven air filters, the environment, and powdered product were analyzed for the presence of cronobacter spp. the effects of air filter installation, maintenance, and subsequent dissemination of cronobacter were investigated. a total of 30 isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). pfge revealed ... | 2008 | 18641152 |
| evaluation of an automated repetitive sequence-based pcr system for subtyping enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii is regarded as a ubiquitous organism that can be isolated from a wide range of foods and environments. infection in at-risk infants has been epidemiologically linked to the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula. preventing the dissemination of this pathogen in a powdered infant formula manufacturing facility is an important step in ensuring consumer confidence in a given brand together with the protection of the health status of a vulnerable population. in th ... | 2008 | 18680935 |
| enterobacter sakazakii: an emerging pathogen in infants and neonates. | enterobacter sakazakii (es) is an emerging pathogen associated with the ingestion of contaminated reconstituted formula that causes necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and meningitis in low-birth-weight preterm neonatal infants. necrotizing enterocolitis remains the most common gastrointestinal surgical emergency in these infants. in recent years, the international commission on microbiological specifications for foods has ranked es a "severe hazard for restricted populations." because of its res ... | 2008 | 18687047 |
| evaluation of different methods for the detection and identification of enterobacter sakazakii isolated from south african infant formula milks and the processing environment. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging pathogen associated with life-threatening neonatal infections resulting from the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula milk (ifm). recent taxonomic analyses have determined that e. sakazakii comprises a number of genomospecies, and it has been proposed that e. sakazakii be reclassified as a novel genus, "cronobacter". accurate methods are required for the rapid detection and identification of this group of micro-organisms, since even low cell n ... | 2008 | 18687498 |
| quantification of hurdles: predicting the combination of effects -- interaction vs. non-interaction. | combination of disparate as well as related antimicrobial effects constitutes the concept of hurdle technology. quantification of combined effects, including claims of synergy, can be accomplished using surface response modelling, as is frequently done and reported. the gamma hypothesis, however, states that the relative effects of different antimicrobial factors combine independently. studies performed using time to detection have shown that the gamma hypothesis is an adequate foundation for th ... | 2008 | 18703251 |
| analysis of major band of enterobacter sakazakii by eric-pcr and development of a species-specific pcr for detection of ent. sakazakii in dry food samples. | eric (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus)-pcr was employed to generate stable and reproductive eric-pcr fingerprints of ent. sakazakii atcc51329. moreover, this study also cloned and sequenced a major band of ent. sakazakii (atcc51329) eric-pcr fingerprints. the major band was amplified with primer eric2 and sequences extending primer eric 2 showed poor similarity with eric elements. a comparison of the nucleotide acid with other sequences available in the genbank revealed 90% of id ... | 2008 | 18718850 |
| prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic bacteria in chicken and guinea fowl. | this study was conducted to compare the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter, salmonella spp., and other enteric bacteria between chickens and guinea fowls. birds were reared on enclosed concrete floor housing covered with pine wood shavings litter material. chicken (n = 40) and guinea fowl (n = 40) carcasses, drinking water (10 ml; n = 40), and litter (10 g; n = 40) were aseptically collected randomly from a poultry farm and analyzed within 1 h of collection. individual pe ... | 2008 | 18753453 |
| inhibitory activity of natural antimicrobial compounds alone or in combination with nisin against enterobacter sakazakii. | aim: to determine the antimicrobial activity of natural organic compounds alone and in combination with nisin on the growth of enterobacter sakazakii in laboratory media. methods and results: the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of five natural organic compounds were determined, and their effects in combination with nisin were evaluated by comparing treatment with each natural organic compound alone and in combination with 25 mg ml(-1) nisin in tryptic soy broth. among the tested natural ... | 2008 | 18798814 |
| effect of desiccation, starvation, heat, and cold stresses on the thermal resistance of enterobacter sakazakii in rehydrated infant milk formula. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that has been isolated from powdered infant milk formula. this study determined the effect of desiccation, starvation, heat and cold stresses on the thermal inactivation of e. sakazakii in rehydrated infant milk formula (rimf). stressed cells were mixed with rimf at 52, 54, 56, and 58 degrees c for various time periods. the d- and z-values were determined by using linear regression analysis. d-values for unstressed e. sakazakii at 52, ... | 2008 | 18803719 |
| enterobacter sakazakii: epidemiology, clinical presentation, prevention and control. | the enterobacter sakazakii is considered an emerging pathogen and has been recently connected to neonatal cases of necrotizing enterocolitis and meningitis due to use of contaminated powdered infant formula. however its presence is not limited to powdered infant formula; it can also be found in a broad range of foods and in water, in a variety of areas, including hospitals and houses. due to the gravity of the infections attributed to e. sakazakii, it is necessary to introduce rigorous control m ... | 2008 | 18946167 |
| characterization of an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase enterobacter hormaechei nosocomial outbreak, and other enterobacter hormaechei misidentified as cronobacter (enterobacter) sakazakii. | enterobacter hormaechei is a gram-negative bacterium within the enterobacter cloacae complex, and has been shown to be of clinical significance by causing nosocomial infections, including sepsis. ent. hormaechei is spread via horizontal transfer and is often associated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production, which increases the challenges associated with treatment by limiting therapeutic options. this report considers 10 strains of ent. hormaechei (identified by 16s rdna sequencing) th ... | 2008 | 19047733 |
| lactobacillus bulgaricus prevents intestinal epithelial cell injury caused by enterobacter sakazakii-induced nitric oxide both in vitro and in the newborn rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging pathogen that has been associated with outbreaks of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) as well as infant sepsis and meningitis. our previous studies demonstrated that e. sakazakii induces nec in a newborn rat model by inducing enterocyte apoptosis. however, the mechanisms responsible for enterocyte apoptosis are not known. here we demonstrate that e. sakazakii induces significant production of nitric oxide (no) in rat intestinal epithelial cells (iec-6) upon in ... | 2009 | 19075027 |
| inactivation of enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted infant formula by trans-cinnamaldehyde. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging pathogen which causes a life-threatening form of meningitis, necrotizing colitis and meningoencephalitis in neonates and children. epidemiological studies implicate dried infant formula as the principal source of the pathogen. trans-cinnamaldehyde is a major component of bark extract of cinnamon. it is classified as generally recognized as safe (gras) by the u.s. food and drug administration, and is approved for use in food (21 cfr 182.60). the objective of ... | 2009 | 19091435 |
| surveillance of stool samples for the presence of enterobacter sakazakii among korean people. | enterobacter sakazakii (e. sakazakii) infections are an important cause of life-threatening meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants. dried infant formula milk is an important vehicle for e. sakazakii infection. e. sakazakii was isolated in korea from dried infant formula milk. although e. sakazakii infection of infants may occur in korea, its prevalence has not yet been documented. therefore, we determined the prevalence of e. sakazakii and documented symptoms. | 2008 | 19108027 |
| brain damage in newborn rat model of meningitis by enterobacter sakazakii: a role for outer membrane protein a. | enterobacter sakazakii (es) is an emerging pathogen that causes sepsis, meningitis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates. very limited information is available regarding the pathogenesis of these diseases and the specific virulence factors of es. here, we demonstrate, for the first time using a newborn rat model, that outer membrane protein a (ompa) expression is important for the onset of meningitis by es. orally administered ompa(+) es traverses the intestinal barrier, multiplies in blood ... | 2009 | 19139724 |
| survival and growth of cronobacter species (enterobacter sakazakii) in wheat-based infant follow-on formulas. | to determine the survival and growth characteristics of cronobacter species (enterobacter sakazakii) in infant wheat-based formulas reconstituted with water, milk, grape juice or apple juice during storage. | 2009 | 19141034 |
| [isolation and characterization of bacteriophages of enterobacter sakazakii]. | to isolate bacteriophage of enterobacter sakazaki from sewage using reference and isolated strains as indicators, and to observe the biological characteristics of the bacteriophage. | 2008 | 19160820 |
| inactivation of enterobacter sakazakii by water-soluble muscadine seed extracts. | hot and cold water-soluble muscadine (vitis rotundifolia) seed extracts and their polar and polyphenol fractions from two muscadine cultivars ('ison', purple and 'carlos', bronze) were investigated for their inhibition of enterobacter sakazakii. the heat treatment on each seed extract not only increased total phenolics and tannic acid but also enhanced antimicrobial activity against two strains of e. sakazakii. within 1 h, all seed extracts reduced an initial population (approximately 6 log cfu/ ... | 2009 | 19167124 |
| unusual pathogens in arkansas: enterobacter sakazakii. | | 2009 | 19170332 |
| characterization of cronobacter recovered from dried milk and related products. | cronobacter is a recently proposed genus consisting of six genomospecies that encompass the organisms previously identified as enterobacter sakazakii. cronobacter are opportunistic pathogens and are known to cause serious infections in infants, particularly neonates. high case fatality rates have been associated with infections and acute sequelae can occur in survivors with severe ramifications on neurological development. infant formula has been identified as one route of transmission for infec ... | 2009 | 19187534 |
| prediction of a required log reduction with probability for enterobacter sakazakii during high-pressure processing, using a survival/death interface model. | a probabilistic model for predicting enterobacter sakazakii inactivation in trypticase soy broth (tsb) and infant formula (if) by high-pressure processing was developed. the modeling procedure is based on a previous model (s. koseki and k. yamamoto, int. j. food microbiol. 116:136-143, 2007) that describes the probability of death of bacteria. the model developed in this study consists of a total of 300 combinations of pressure (400, 450, 500, 550, or 600 mpa), pressure-holding time (1, 3, 5, 10 ... | 2009 | 19201951 |
| enterobacter sakazakii in dried infant formulas and milk kitchens of maternity wards in são paulo, brazil. | this study was the first conducted in brazil to evaluate the presence of enterobacter sakazakii in milk-based powdered infant formula manufactured for infants 0 to 6 months of age and to examine the conditions of formula preparation and service in three hospitals in são paulo state, brazil. samples of dried and rehydrated infant formula, environments of milk kitchens, water, bottles and nipples, utensils, and hands of personnel were analyzed, and e. sakazakii and enterobacteriaceae populations w ... | 2009 | 19205461 |
| prevalence of cronobacter species (enterobacter sakazakii) in follow-on infant formulae and infant drinks. | to determine the prevalence of cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii) in follow-on formula powders commercially available in european countries. | 2009 | 19220739 |
| the structure of the o-antigen in the endotoxin of the emerging food pathogen cronobacter (enterobacter) muytjensii strain 3270. | strains of the gram-negative bacterium cronobacter (formerly known as enterobacter) sakazakii have been identified as emerging opportunistic pathogens that can cause enterocolitis, bacteraemia, meningitis, and brain abscess, and they have been particularly associated with meningitis in neonates where infant milk formulae have been epidemiologically linked to the disease. a study of the lipopolysaccharides produced by clinical isolates using chemical, 2d 1h and 13c nmr, and ms methods revealed th ... | 2009 | 19233347 |
| inhibitory activity of natural antimicrobial compounds alone or in combination with nisin against enterobacter sakazakii. | to determine the antimicrobial activity of natural organic compounds alone and in combination with nisin on the growth of enterobacter sakazakii in laboratory media. | 2008 | 19241526 |
| temporal and spatial distribution of cronobacter isolates in a milk powder processing plant determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | a milk powder processing line was sampled for the presence of enterobacteriaceae and the opportunistic neonatal pathogen cronobacter at six different sampling sites during an 11-month period. the highest number of enterobacteriaceae-positive samples was recovered from the raw milk concentrate before pasteurization (78.2%) and from nonproduct samples of the processing line (86.5%), which included swabs from the drying tower and screw conveyers, swabs from the explosion chamber, waste water after ... | 2009 | 19245339 |
| development and application of a novel peptide nucleic acid probe for the specific detection of cronobacter genomospecies (enterobacter sakazakii) in powdered infant formula. | here, we report a fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) method for rapid detection of cronobacter strains in powdered infant formula (pif) using a novel peptide nucleic acid (pna) probe. laboratory tests with several enterobacteriaceae species showed that the specificity and sensitivity of the method were 100%. fish using pna could detect as few as 1 cfu per 10 g of cronobacter in pif after an 8-h enrichment step, even in a mixed population containing bacterial contaminants. | 2009 | 19270117 |
| heat resistance of cronobacter species (enterobacter sakazakii) in milk and special feeding formula. | to determine d- and z-values of cronobacter species (enterobacter sakazakii) in different reconstituted milk and special feeding formula and the effect of reconstitution of powdered milk and special feeding formula with hot water on the survival of the micro-organism. | 2009 | 19320941 |
| cronobacter sakazakii in foods and factors affecting its survival, growth, and inactivation. | cronobacter sakazakii has been isolated from a wide range of environmental sources and from several foods of animal and plant origin. while infections caused by c. sakazakii have predominantly involved neonates and infants, its presence on or in foods other than powdered infant formula raises concern about the safety risks these foods pose to immunocompromised consumers. we have done a series of studies to better understand the survival and growth characteristics of c. sakazakii in infant formul ... | 2009 | 19346021 |
| evaluation of an antimicrobial ingredient prepared from a lactobacillus acidophilus casein fermentate against enterobacter sakazakii. | previously two antimicrobial peptides, ikhqglpqe (caseicin a) and vlnenllr (caseicin b), were identified following the fermentation of sodium caseinate with the proteolytic strain lactobacillus acidophilus dpc 6026. this study evaluated the ability of these peptides to kill enterobacter sakazakii atcc 12868 spiked in reconstituted infant formula. the survival of e. sakazakii populations in reconstituted infant formula containing a sodium caseinate fermentate was compared with survival in formula ... | 2009 | 19350978 |
| structure of the antigenic repeating pentasaccharide unit of the lps o-polysaccharide of cronobacter sakazakii implicated in the tennessee outbreak. | strains of the gram-negative bacterium cronobacter (enterobacter) sakazakii have been identified as emerging opportunistic pathogens that can cause enterocolitis, bacteraemia, meningitis, and brain abscess, and have been particularly associated with meningitis in neonates where infant-milk formulae has been epidemiologically linked to the disease. a study of the lipopolysaccharides produced by clinical isolates using chemical, 2d 1h and 13c nmr, and ms methods revealed that the o-polysaccharide ... | 2009 | 19370062 |
| disinfection methods used in decontamination of bottles used for feeding powdered infant formula. | infant susceptibility and the risks posed by infections associated with bottle-fed powdered infant formula (pif) have received increased attention in recent years. intrinsic contamination of pif with pathogens has been reported and extrinsic contamination can be introduced from the handler or the environment during reconstitution. recommended disinfection advice and bottle decontamination have changed in recent years and the aim of this study was to validate the efficacy of four current disinfec ... | 2009 | 19370863 |
| influences of milk components on biofilm formation of cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii). | to determine the critical component(s) of skim milk for biofilm formation of cronobacter species. | 2009 | 19413805 |
| outer membrane protein a (ompa) of cronobacter sakazakii binds fibronectin and contributes to invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. | cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging foodborne pathogen that causes severe meningitis and meningoencephalitis in neonates. currently there is a dearth of information available on the virulence factors of c. sakazakii and the pathogenic mechanisms involved in its neonatal infections. the invasion and translocation of the blood-brain barrier formed by brain microvascular endothelial cells (bmec) is critical in the pathogenesis of neonatal bacterial meningitis. because bacterial binding of fibronec ... | 2009 | 19415974 |
| detection and frequency of cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii) in different categories of ready-to-eat foods other than infant formula. | two hundred sixty eight samples of ready-to-eat foods from retail shops were screened for the presence of cronobacter by selective enrichment followed by plating on three chromogenic agars (esia, espm and dfi). cronobacter was isolated from 14/23 samples of sprouts and fresh herbs/salads (60.9%), 7/26 samples of spices and dried herbs (26.9%) and 3/42 confectionery samples (7.1%). in cases where repeat samples were available, foods positive for cronobacter were retested twice. in total, 54 crono ... | 2009 | 19419789 |
| analysis of a consensus fragment in eric-pcr fingerprinting of enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric)-pcr was employed to generate eric-pcr fingerprints of 23 strains of e. sakazakii. a consensus fragment was observed in all 23 strains and was purified, cloned and sequenced from type strain atcc29544. a comparison of the nucleotide acid with other sequences available in the genbank revealed 98% of identity with e. sakazakii atcc baa-894 and 71%-75% identity with oligopeptidase gene or protease ii gene of some species from the enterobacteriac ... | 2009 | 19427046 |
| microbiological examination of vegetable seed sprouts in korea. | sprouted vegetable seeds used as food have been implicated as sources of outbreaks of salmonella and escherichia coli o157:h7 infections. we profiled the microbiological quality of sprouts and seeds sold at retail shops in seoul, korea. ninety samples of radish sprouts and mixed sprouts purchased at department stores, supermarkets, and traditional markets and 96 samples of radish, alfalfa, and turnip seeds purchased from online stores were analyzed to determine the number of total aerobic bacter ... | 2009 | 19435238 |
| resistance of enterobacter sakazakii (cronobacter spp.) to environmental stresses. | to gain a better understanding of the survival and persistence of enterobacter sakazakii in severe environments. | 2009 | 19457042 |
| [enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant food formulas]. | species of the cronobacter genus ("enterobacter sakazakii" s. l.) are emergent food-borne pathogens that can cause rare but severe neonatal meningitis, bacteriaemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. preterm, low-birth-weight, and immuno-compromised infants exposed to these bacterial species are at particular risk. over the last 50 years, the literature has reported, mainly in newborn children, more than one hundred cases of infection due to these pathogens. the objective of this review was to synt ... | 2009 | 19483777 |
| cronobacter ('enterobacter sakazakii'): current status and future prospects. | the genus cronobacter accommodates the 16 biogroups of the emerging opportunistic pathogen known formerly as enterobacter sakazakii. cronobacter spp. are occasional contaminants of milk powder and, consequently, powdered infant formula and represent a significant health risk to neonates. this review presents current knowledge of the food safety aspects of cronobacter, particularly in infant formula milk powder. sources of contamination, ecology, disease characteristics and risk management strate ... | 2009 | 19486285 |
| surfactin reduces the adhesion of food-borne pathogenic bacteria to solid surfaces. | to investigate the effect of the biosurfactants surfactin and rhamnolipids on the adhesion of the food pathogens listeria monocytogenes, enterobacter sakazakii and salmonella enteritidis to stainless steel and polypropylene surfaces. | 2009 | 19486287 |
| cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii): advice, policy and research in canada. | although the number of reported cases of cronobacter infection in canada is low, health canada has been actively studying this organism since 1991. after reviewing the situation at the national level and due to health concerns with powdered formulae and its international trade, in 2003, health canada raised this issue at the international level by proposing to revise the code of practice for powdered formulae for infants and young children at the codex alimentarius committee of food hygiene. can ... | 2009 | 19487040 |
| inhibitory effect of caprylic acid and mild heat on cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii) in reconstituted infant formula and determination of injury by flow cytometry. | the combined effects of caprylic acid and mild heat were investigated to ascertain their impact on cronobacter spp. (e. sakazakii) in reconstituted infant formula. samples containing a mixture of 3 strains of cronobacter spp. (10(7) to 10(8) cfu/ml) were prepared with various concentrations of caprylic acid (5, 10, 20, and 30 mm) and were then heated to 45, 50, and 55 degrees c. the inhibitory effect of the combined treatment resulted in a synergistic effect, in which cronobacter spp. numbers we ... | 2009 | 19500867 |
| inhibitory effect of commercial green tea and rosemary leaf powders on the growth of foodborne pathogens in laboratory media and oriental-style rice cakes. | the antimicrobial effects of green tea and rosemary added to foods as antagonists to foodborne pathogens were determined in laboratory media and oriental-style rice cakes. the growth of each pathogen (bacillus cereus, salmonella typhimurium, enterobacter sakazakii, escherichia coli o157:h7, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes) in tryptic soy broth or rice cake with or without addition of green tea or rosemary leaf powders before autoclaving or cooking, respectively, was investigate ... | 2009 | 19517743 |
| antibiotic susceptibility profiles of uncommon bacterial species causing severe infections in italy. | this study presents the results of the italian "severe infections project" involving bacteria that can be considered rare causes of disease. we isolated 30 uncommon human pathogens from a total of 60 strains (1.2% of all the isolates). the most frequent sources of uncommon human pathogens were primary bloodstream infections (48.3%) and pneumonia (20%). species such as comamonas testosteroni, enterococcus hirae, kluyvera ascorbata, kluyvera cryocrescens, leclercia adecarboxylata and ochrobactrum ... | 2009 | 19567344 |
| [effects of the reconstitution and storage conditions of powdered infant formula (pif) on the survival and growth of enterobacter sakazakii]. | the effect of the reconstruction and storage conditions of powdered infant formula (pif) on the survival and growth of three enterobacter sakazakii strains, atcc 29004, ht 022 and ht 028, was investigated. d values of e. sakazakii atcc 29004 and ht 022 at 60 degrees c were 3.6 and 1.6 min, respectively, and that of ht 028 at 52 degrees c was 1.6 min. the effect of the temperature of the water used for the reconstruction of pif on the inactivation of the three e. sakazakii strains was also invest ... | 2009 | 19602857 |
| evaluation of a revised u.s. food and drug administration method for the detection and isolation of enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula: precollaborative study. | a revised u.s. food and drug administration (fda) method for the detection and isolation of enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula was developed based on real-time pcr technology complemented by culture isolation on chromogenic agars. a validation study was conducted to compare the revised fda method to the reference fda method. casein and soy powdered infant formula inoculated with morphologically typical and atypical strains of e. sakazakii were analyzed. valid results were obtained ... | 2009 | 19610379 |
| [development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula]. | a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) technology with two loop primers was developed for rapidly detecting enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula. | 2009 | 19623963 |
| the effect of temperature and length of heat shock treatment on the thermal tolerance and cell leakage of cronobacter sakazakii bcrc 13988. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging opportunistic pathogen associated with life-threatening illnesses in infants, with infant formula serving as the principal mode of transmission. in the present study, c. sakazakii (formely e. sakazakii) bcrc 13988 was subjected to various heat shock treatments (42-48 degrees c for 5-15 min). its subsequent survival at 51 degrees c and the leakage of intracellular materials was investigated. it was found that 47 degrees c was the maximum growth temperature of ... | 2009 | 19625097 |
| detection of enterobacter sakazakii and other pathogens associated with infant formula powder by use of a dna microarray. | pathogen detection is critical to the process of generating and testing powdered infant formula (pif). an obstacle associated with pif microbial surveillance is that most current procedures are time-consuming and labor-intensive. we have developed a rapid, dna microarray-based detection technique to identify 10 different pathogenic bacteria associated with pif contamination based on the 16s-23s rrna gene internal transcribed spacer (its) sequences and wzy (o antigen polymerase) gene. using this ... | 2009 | 19641057 |
| untreated and enzyme-modified bovine whey products reduce association of salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli o157:h7 and cronobacter malonaticus (formerly enterobacter sakazakii) to caco-2 cells. | adhesion of a micro-organism to a cell surface is often considered to be the first step in pathogenesis. inhibiting this process may have therapeutic effects in vivo. this study investigates the inhibitory effects of various bovine whey products on the association of salm. typhimurium, e. coli o157:h7 and c. malonaticus (formerly enterobacter sakazakii) to the human caco-2 cell line. invasion of caco-2 cells by salm. typhimurium and c. malonaticus was also examined. | 2010 | 19645766 |
| epidemiology of invasive neonatal cronobacter (enterobacter sakazakii) infections. | about 120-150 neonatal cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii) infections have been described. an analysis of current case numbers, epidemiological measures and risk factors is warranted. data of microbiologically confirmed cases, published between 2000 and 2008, have been analysed statistically. more than 100 neonatal cronobacter infections have been reported in this period. the overall lethality of the 67 invasive infections was 26.9%. the lethality of cronobacter meningitis, bacteraemia and ... | 2009 | 19662446 |
| [identification of the new foodborne pathogens enterobacter sakazakii using modern taxonomy approaches]. | the modern data on biological properties and taxonomy of a new kind of pathogenic bacteria enterobacter sakazakii, capable to cause infections of necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis and neonatal meningitis in neonates are submitted. the method of detection e. sakazakii, providing testing for presence of any enterobacteria and identification food isolates of e. sakazakii with a number of key phenotypic markers is developed. | 2009 | 19663300 |
| microarray-based comparative genomic indexing of the cronobacter genus (enterobacter sakazakii). | cronobacter (enterobacter sakazakii) is a recently defined genus consisting of 6 species. to extend our understanding of the genetic relationship between cronobacter sakazakii baa-894 and the other species of this genus, microarray-based comparative genomic indexing (cgi) was undertaken to determine the presence/absence of genes identified in the former sequenced genome and to compare 276 selected open reading frames within the different cronobacter strains. seventy-eight cronobacter strains (60 ... | 2009 | 19664834 |
| urinary tract infection due to enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii is a rare but important cause of necrotizing enterocolitis, bloodstream infection and central nervous system infections in humans, with mortality rates of 40-80%. it has not been reported to cause urinary tract infection. we report a case of urinary tract infection due to e. sakazakii in a 63-year-old lady with chronic renal failure. | 2009 | 19679984 |
| evaluation of a new one-step enrichment in conjunction with a chromogenic medium for the detection of cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii) in powdered infant formula. | the aim of the present study was to evaluate a new one-step enrichment protocol, consisting of a combined preenrichment and enrichment broth (cronobacter enrichment broth [ceb]) used in conjunction with selective-differential agar chromid sakazakii, to facilitate a shortened 2-day cultural method for detection of cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii) in powdered infant formula (pif). the ceb was evaluated using samples artificially inoculated with low concentrations of 10 lyophilized strains ... | 2009 | 19681272 |
| surveillance and characterisation by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of cronobacter spp. in farming and domestic environments, food production animals and retail foods. | cronobacter spp. (formally enterobacter sakazakii) has been linked to illness in infants from contaminated powdered infant formula, however, there is limited information on the environmental sources and potential transmission routes of this pathogen. the aim of this study was to establish if food production animals (cattle, pigs), and the wider farm environment were playing a role in the transmission of cronobacter spp. and also to assess the risk of cross contamination in the home where infant ... | 2009 | 19683357 |
| inactivation effect of x-ray treatments on cronobacter species (enterobacter sakazakii) in tryptic soy broth, skim milk, low-fat milk and whole-fat milk. | to determine the inactivation effect of x-ray treatments on cronobacter (e. sakazakii) in tryptic soy broth (tsb), skim milk (0% fat), low-fat milk (1% and 2%) and whole-fat milk (3.5%). | 2009 | 19709365 |
| multiplexed bead-based mesofluidic system for detection of food-borne pathogenic bacteria. | in the present study, a simple and rapid multiplexed bead-based mesofluidic system (bms) was developed for simultaneous detection of food-borne pathogenic bacteria, including staphylococcus aureus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella, enterobacter sakazakii, shigella, escherichia coli o157:h7, and campylobacter jejuni. this system is based on utilization of isothiocyanate-modified microbeads that are 250 mum in diameter, which were immobilized with specific amino-modified ... | 2009 | 19717622 |
| influence of desiccation on the sensitivity of cronobacter spp. to lactoferrin or nisin in broth and powdered infant formula. | although outbreaks caused by cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii) are rare, infections by this organism have a case-fatality rate which may reach 80%. powdered infant milk formula (pimf) is considered a major source for human infection with cronobacter spp. the organism has the capability to survive in dry environments for long periods (approximately 2 years). current interest in the use of natural antimicrobials including lactoferrin (lf) and nisin has developed because of the desire for p ... | 2009 | 19720412 |
| biofilm formation on enteral feeding tubes by cronobacter sakazakii, salmonella serovars and other enterobacteriaceae. | who (2007) recommended that to reduce microbial risks, powdered infant formula should be reconstituted with water at temperatures >70 degrees c, and that such feeds should be used within 2h of preparation. however, this recommendation does not consider the use of enteral feeding tubes which can be in place for more than 48h and can be loci for bacterial attachment. this study determined the extent to which 29 strains of cronobacter sakazakii, salmonella serovars, other enterobacteriaceae and aci ... | 2009 | 19720416 |
| neonatal enteral feeding tubes as loci for colonisation by members of the enterobacteriaceae. | the objective of this study was to determine whether neonatal nasogastric enteral feeding tubes are colonised by the opportunistic pathogen cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii) and other enterobacteriaceae, and whether their presence was influenced by the feeding regime. | 2009 | 19723318 |
| international survey of cronobacter sakazakii and other cronobacter spp. in follow up formulas and infant foods. | a coordinated survey for cronobacter and related organisms in powdered infant formula, follow up formula and infant foods was undertaken by 8 laboratories in 7 countries in recognition of and in response to the data needs identified in an fao/who call for data in order to develop global risk management guidance for these products. the products (domestic and imported) were purchased from the local market and were categorised according to their principle ingredients. a total of 290 products were a ... | 2009 | 19729216 |
| method for the isolation and detection of enterobacter sakazakii (cronobacter) from powdered infant formula. | in the united states, there are approximately 76 million foodborne cases annually. although the number of food-related infections caused by enterobacter sakazakii is relatively low, the united states food and drug administration in 2002 became concerned about the incidence of e. sakazakii infections related to powdered infant formula (pif). at that time, a method to isolate this pathogen from pif was developed and implemented in several cases. this protocol requires multiple steps and up to 7 da ... | 2009 | 19733413 |
| a comparison of polymerase chain reaction and international organization for standardization methods for determination of enterobacter sakazakii contamination of infant formulas from chinese mainland markets. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging foodborne pathogen associated with meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis in infants. one of the main transmission vehicles is the commercially available infant formulas. to provide efficient options and direction for detecting e. sakazakii in infant formulas, evaluation of different polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays targeting the 16s-23s rdna internal transcribed spacer (its), the ompa gene, and the alpha-1,4-glucosidase gene (glua) of this ... | 2009 | 19743923 |
| evidence for a plant-associated natural habitat for cronobacter spp. | cronobacter (enterobacter sakazakii) species are responsible for rare cases of necrotising enterocolitis and bacteraemia in infants, as well as cases of meningitis with high case fatality rates in neonates and immunocompromised infants. some physiological features, such as the production of a yellow pigment, the formation of a gum-like extracellular polysaccharide and the ability to persist in a desiccated state, suggest an environmental niche for these organisms. to date, the natural habitat of ... | 2009 | 19748571 |
| thermobacteriological characterization of enterobacter sakazakii. | in the present study the influence of various environmental and physiological factors on the heat resistance of enterobacter sakazakii (cronobacter) have been investigated. our results demonstrated that the heat resistance of e. sakazakii depended on the strain studied, the growth conditions - phase and temperature - the characteristics of treatment medium and the recovery conditions. the strain stcc 858 (atcc type strain 29544) showed maximum heat resistance among the strains tested and it was ... | 2009 | 19811846 |
| the effect of heat shock on the response of cronobacter sakazakii to subsequent lethal stresses. | cronobacter sakazakii, formerly enterobacter sakazakii, has been implicated in a severe form of neonatal meningitis. in this study, c. sakazakii bcrc 13988 was first exposed to heat-shock treatment at 47 degrees c for 15 min. the heat-shocked c. sakazakii was subjected to several lethal challenges including low temperature (3 degrees c and -20 degrees c), ph 3.3, 15% ethanol, high osmotic pressure (tryptic soy broth + 75% sorbitol, a(w) 0.81), and drying. it was found that heat shock significant ... | 2010 | 19821740 |
| enterobacter sakazakii targets dc-sign to induce immunosuppressive responses in dendritic cells by modulating mapks. | enterobacter sakazakii (es) is an emerging pathogen that causes meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants. dendritic cells (dcs) are professional phagocytic cells that play an essential role in host defense against invading pathogens; however, the interaction of es with dcs is not known. in this study, we demonstrate that es targets dc-specific icam nonintegrin (dc-sign) to survive in myeloid dcs for which outer membrane protein a (ompa) expression in es is critical, although it is not ... | 2009 | 19846880 |
| multilocus sequence typing of cronobacter sakazakii and cronobacter malonaticus reveals stable clonal structures with clinical significance which do not correlate with biotypes. | the cronobacter genus (enterobacter sakazakii) has come to prominence due to its association with infant infections, and the ingestion of contaminated reconstituted infant formula. c. sakazakii and c. malonaticus are closely related, and are defined according their biotype. due to the ubiquitous nature of the organism, and the high severity of infection for the immunocompromised, a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme has been developed for the fast and reliable identification and discrimina ... | 2009 | 19852808 |
| isolation of cronobacter spp. (formerly enterobacter sakazakii) from infant food, herbs and environmental samples and the subsequent identification and confirmation of the isolates using biochemical, chromogenic assays, pcr and 16s rrna sequencing. | cronobacter spp. (formerly enterobacter sakazakii), are a group of gram-negative pathogens that have been implicated as causative agents of meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants. the pathogens are linked to infant formula; however, they have also been isolated from a wide range of foods and environmental samples. | 2009 | 19860874 |
| cronobacter species isolation in two infants - new mexico, 2008. | cronobacter spp. (formerly enterobacter sakazakii) are rare causes of infant septicemia and meningitis, resulting in death in approximately 40% of cases. since 1958, 120 cases of cronobacter infection in infants have been reported, an average of fewer than three cases per year worldwide. powdered infant formula (pif), which is not sterile, has been implicated repeatedly as a vehicle of cronobacter infection; consequently, the world health organization (who) has issued guidelines for safer prepar ... | 2009 | 19875980 |
| culture media for the isolation of cronobacter spp. | enterobacter sakazakii is a member of the enterobacteriaceae and has been implicated in causing necrotising enterocolitis, as well as bacteraemia and meningitis in infants. in some cases, the infection has been linked to ingestion of infant formula milk (ifm) that has not been terminally sterilised. the nomenclature of e. sakazakii has been clarified and it has now been accepted as a group of six species comprising a novel genus, cronobacter. outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units resulting ... | 2009 | 19896231 |
| characterization and subtyping of cronobacter spp. from imported powdered infant formulae in argentina. | cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii), have been associated with severe foodborne infections in neonates and immunocompromised infants. in argentina, we have isolated cronobacter spp. from three different brands of imported powdered infant formulae (pif). the objectives of this work were to characterize the recovered isolates phenotypically and to evaluate the use of a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) protocol for cronobacter spp. subtyping. out of 23 isolates studied from three brand ... | 2009 | 19897269 |
| neonatal mice as models for cronobacter sakazakii infection in infants. | cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that has been isolated from powdered infant formulas. c. sakazakii infection can result in serious illnesses such as bacteremia, septicemia, meningitis, and death in at-risk infants who are orally fed contaminated reconstituted powdered infant formulas. the objective of this study was to compare the susceptibilities of balb/c, c57bl/6, and cd-1 mice to c. sakazakii strain mnw2. we acquired timed-pregnant cd-1 mice and allowed them to give birth ... | 2009 | 19903401 |
| characterization of the o-antigen in the lipopolysaccharide of cronobacter (enterobacter) malonaticus 3267. | cronobacter malonaticus, a gram-negative bacterium previously known as enterobacter sakazakii, is an opportunistic pathogen known to cause serious infection in infants and neonates. to provide aid for the serological and chemical identification of clinical, environmental, or food isolates of this emerging pathogen, the characterization of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) o-polysaccharide (o-ps) antigens of cronobacter spp. is being undertaken. the structural analysis of the o-ps, obtained by hydrazi ... | 2009 | 19935878 |
| cronobacter (enterobacter sakazakii): an opportunistic foodborne pathogen. | cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii) are a recently described genus that is comprised of six genomospecies. the classification of these organisms was revised based on a detailed polyphasic taxonomic study. cronobacter spp. are regarded as ubiquitous organisms having been isolated from a wide variety of foods. these bacteria are opportunistic pathogens and are linked with life-threatening infections in neonates. clinical symptoms of cronobacter infection include necrotizing enterocolitis, ba ... | 2010 | 19958103 |
| growth of cronobacter spp. under dynamic temperature conditions occurring during cooling of reconstituted powdered infant formula. | reconstituted infant formulae are excellent growth media for cronobacter spp. (formerly enterobacter sakazakii) and other microorganisms that may be present in such products. immediate consumption or rapid cooling and storage at a low temperature are therefore recommended as control measures to prevent microbial growth. placing a container filled with reconstituted liquid formula in the refrigerator, however, does not mean that the temperature of the liquid is directly the same as the set-point ... | 2009 | 20003730 |
| inactivation of cronobacter spp. (enterobacter sakazakii) in infant formula using lactic acid, copper sulfate and monolaurin. | to investigate the effect of lactic acid (la), copper (ii), and monolaurin as natural antimicrobials against cronobacter in infant formula. | 2010 | 20025649 |
| genes involved in yellow pigmentation of cronobacter sakazakii es5 and influence of pigmentation on persistence and growth under environmental stress. | cronobacter spp. are opportunistic food-borne pathogens that are responsible for rare but highly fatal cases of meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates. while the operon responsible for yellow pigmentation in cronobacter sakazakii strain es5 was described recently, the involvement of additional genes in pigment expression and the influence of pigmentation on the fitness of cronobacter spp. have not been investigated. thus, the aim of this study was to identify further genes involved ... | 2010 | 20038705 |
| genes involved in cronobacter sakazakii biofilm formation. | cronobacter spp. are opportunistic food-borne pathogens that can cause severe and sometimes lethal infections in neonates. in some outbreaks, the sources of infection were traced to contaminated powdered infant formula (pif) or contaminated utensils used for pif reconstitution. in this study, we investigated biofilm formation in cronobacter sakazakii strain es5. to investigate the genetic basis of biofilm formation in cronobacter on abiotic surfaces, we screened a library of random transposon mu ... | 2010 | 20118366 |
| [study on the automatic ribotyping for enterobacter sakazakii]. | to analyze the ribotyping fingerprint of enterobacter sakazakii (e. sakazakii) isolated from food and its typing power. | 2009 | 20137472 |
| survival characteristics of cronobacter spp. in model bovine gut and in the environment. | cronobacter spp. (formally enterobacter sakazakii) have been linked to illness in infants from contaminated powdered infant formula. the source of the pathogen remains unclear, and it is believed that farm environments and cattle could play a role in the transmission of cronobacter spp. the aim of this study was to establish if the organism would survive passage through a model of the bovine rumen and abomasum and in bovine feces in the farm environment. models of the bovine abomasum and rumen w ... | 2010 | 20141345 |
| heat shock effects on the viability of cronobacter sakazakii during the dehydration, fermentation, and storage of lactic cultured milk products. | in the present study, the viability of heat-shocked and non-shocked cronobacter sakazakii, a foodborne pathogen, after drying and during the fermentation as well as storage of lactic cultured milk was evaluated. it was found that heat shock increased the viability of c. sakazakii. the pure culture of c. sakazakii, regardless of heat shock, grew rapidly in skim milk with a viable population of ca. 8.59-8.70 log cfu/ml after ca. 48 h of cultivation. thereafter, the viable population of c. sakazaki ... | 2010 | 20141947 |
| impact of pooling powdered infant formula samples on bacterial evolution and cronobacter detection. | enterobacter sakazakii has been identified as the causative agent of serious neonatal infections, associated with high mortality rates. in most cases, powdered infant formula (pif) has been identified as the source of infection. recently, strains commonly referred to as e. sakazakii were proposed for classification in a new genus, cronobacter. the standardised method for detection of cronobacter in pif (iso/ts 22964; idf/rm 210) involves pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water (bpw), followed b ... | 2010 | 20153066 |
| genotypic and phenotypic characterisation of a collection of cronobacter (enterobacter sakazakii) isolates. | enterobacter sakazakii has been identified as the causative agent of serious neonatal infections, associated with high mortality rate. in many cases, powdered infant formula (pif) has been identified as the source of infection. recently, e. sakazakii was proposed to be classified in a new genus, cronobacter. since knowledge on this pathogen is still incomplete, there is a need for molecular characterization schemes in order to help with epidemiological investigation and evaluate strain variabili ... | 2010 | 20181403 |
| synergistic effects of ethanol and uv radiation to reduce levels of selected foodborne pathogenic bacteria. | the purpose of this study was to determine whether combined treatments would produce synergistic disinfection effects on food products during food processing compared with single treatments. we investigated the bactericidal effects of a commercial chemical disinfectant (ethanol) and of uv radiation on bacillus cereus f4810/72, cronobacter sakazakii kctc 2949, staphylococcus aureus atcc 35556, escherichia coli atcc 10536, and salmonella enterica typhimurium no/na in vitro. various concentrations ... | 2010 | 20202345 |
| structure of the o-polysaccharide isolated from cronobacter sakazakii 767. | the cronobacter spp., previously known as enterobacter sakazakii, are gram-negative enterobacterial pathogens that can cause necrotizing enterocolitis, meningitis, and septicemia with a high mortality rate in neonates. the o-specific polysaccharide (o-ps) was isolated from cronobacter sakazakii strain 767 and structurally characterized using (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy, including two-dimensional dqf-cosy, tocsy, roesy, hsqc, and hmbc experiments. further compositional determination was under ... | 2010 | 20206918 |
| genome sequence of cronobacter sakazakii baa-894 and comparative genomic hybridization analysis with other cronobacter species. | the genus cronobacter (formerly called enterobacter sakazakii) is composed of five species; c. sakazakii, c. malonaticus, c. turicensis, c. muytjensii, and c. dublinensis. the genus includes opportunistic human pathogens, and the first three species have been associated with neonatal infections. the most severe diseases are caused in neonates and include fatal necrotizing enterocolitis and meningitis. the genetic basis of the diversity within the genus is unknown, and few virulence traits have b ... | 2010 | 20221447 |
| powder infant formula milk contaminated with enterobacter sakazakii. | to clarify the route and source of enterobacter sakazakii infection in a basic study, we analyzed powder infant formula milk (pif), which may be an important source of infantile infection, regarding contamination with enterobacteriaceae including this type of bacteria, and conducted drug sensitivity tests with various antimicrobial agents. enterobacteriaceae was isolated 36 (24.2%) of 149 pif samples. these comprised of 12 (19.7%) of 61 domestically produced samples and 24 (27.3%) of 88 imported ... | 2010 | 20332571 |
| new approach to use ethidium bromide monoazide as an analytical tool. | ethidium bromide monoazide (ema) has been determined to cause delay in dna amplification from dead bacteria at real-time pcr. however, there is concern that the increasing ema concentration to suppress amplification from high number of dead bacteria also affects live bacteria. the aim is to disclose a novel application of ema for food hygienic test. | 2010 | 20374413 |
| biodegradation of tebuconazole by bacteria isolated from contaminated soils. | the objective of this work was to isolate bacteria from soil historically exposed to tebuconazole and to evaluate the biodegradation of this fungicide by them. tebuconazole is a commonly used systemic fungicide of the triazol group, which inhibits the sterol c-14 alpha-demethylation of 24-methylenedihydrolanosterol, a precursor of ergosterol, a cell membrane component in fungi. microorganisms were isolated by different methods of soil sampling and the screening of degrading bacteria was performe ... | 2010 | 20390933 |