| neutralizing feature of commercially available feline calicivirus (fcv) vaccine immune sera against fcv field isolates. | four types of commercially available feline calicivirus (fcv) vaccine were compared in terms of their efficacy on the basis of the ability of the sera of specific-pathogen-free cats immunized by two injections of each type of vaccine to neutralize fcv field isolates. each vaccine immune serum neutralized relatively well strains f4, f9, and 255, which were fcv laboratory strains. as to 36 strains of field isolates, however, vaccines a, b, c, and d immune sera did not neutralize 18-20 of the strai ... | 1999 | 10331208 |
| mutational pattern of hepatitis b virus on sequential therapy with famciclovir and lamivudine in patients with hepatitis b virus reinfection occurring under hbig immunoglobulin after liver transplantation. | famciclovir (fcv) and lamivudine (lam) reduce viral replication in patients with recurrent hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection after orthotopic liver transplantation (olt). eighteen of 20 patients with insufficient response to fcv were treated with 100 mg lam daily after olt. these patients had shown nonresponse (n = 5), partial response (n = 7), or breakthrough (n = 6) during fcv therapy. despite passive immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis b immunoglobulin after liver transplantation, hbv reinfectio ... | 1999 | 10385663 |
| feline respiratory diseases. | respiratory diseases in kittens can quickly result in life-threatening emergencies if not identified and managed early. congenital anomalies of young cats are extremely uncommon. viral respiratory infections in the cat are primarily caused by feline herpesvirus type 1 and feline calicivirus. primary bacterial respiratory infections occur sporadically in cats. bordetella bronchiseptica may cause severe respiratory signs in young kittens. | 1999 | 10390794 |
| characterisation of a potentially abortigenic strain of feline calicivirus isolated from a domestic cat. | feline calicivirus (fcv) was isolated from one of four dead fetuses delivered by ovariohysterectomy from a queen with an acute fcv infection. the most prominent lesions in the fetuses were petechial haemorrhages in the skin. the virus isolated was characterised as fcv by antigenic analysis and cdna sequence analysis. this is the second report of abortion associated with acute fcv infection. | 1999 | 10399245 |
| mapping of the feline calicivirus proteinase responsible for autocatalytic processing of the nonstructural polyprotein and identification of a stable proteinase-polymerase precursor protein. | expression of the region of the feline calicivirus (fcv) orf1 encoded by nucleotides 3233 to 4054 in an in vitro rabbit reticulocyte system resulted in synthesis of an active proteinase that specifically processes the viral nonstructural polyprotein. site-directed mutagenesis of the cysteine (cys1193) residue in the putative active site of the proteinase abolished autocatalytic cleavage as well as cleavage of the viral capsid precursor, suggesting that this "3c-like" proteinase plays an importan ... | 1999 | 10400760 |
| removal of viruses from human intravenous immune globulin by 35 nm nanofiltration. | viral safety is an important prerequisite for clinical immunoglobulin preparations. a common manufacturing practice is to utilize several virus removal/inactivation process steps to ensure the safety of human intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig). in this regard, we examined the use of planova 35 nm filters to reduce potential loads of both non-enveloped and enveloped viruses prior to end-stage solvent detergent treatment. the nanofiltration process was validated for removal of a variety of envelope ... | 1998 | 10403036 |
| nucleotide sequence of uk and australian isolates of feline calicivirus (fcv) and phylogenetic analysis of fcvs. | we have determined the first complete genome sequence and capsid gene sequences of feline calicivirus (fcv) isolates from the uk and australia. these were compared with other previously published sequences. the viruses used in the comparisons were isolated between 1957 and 1995 from various geographical locations and obtained from cats showing a range of clinical signs. despite these diverse origins, comparisons between all strains showed a similar degree of sequence variation within both orf1 ( ... | 1999 | 10418872 |
| genetic analysis of the rna polymerase gene of caliciviruses from dogs and cats. | caliciviruses that infect animals including humans cause a specific disease syndrome in their respective hosts. feline calicivirus (fcv) is a major pathogen of respiratory disease of cats, and human caliciviru is a causative agent of diarrhea. it has been suggested, furthermore, that fcv and newly recognized canine calicivirus (cacv) may also be possible causes of diarrhea in these animal species. in this study nucleotide sequence of the rna polymerase gene of two caliciviruses of canine origin, ... | 1999 | 10423680 |
| questions long-term immunity in cats. | | 1999 | 10434959 |
| questions efficacy of vaccinating cats at 3-year intervals. | | 1999 | 10451196 |
| serosurvey for selected virus infections of wild carnivores in taiwan and vietnam. | serum samples from two leopard cats (felis bengalensis) and four formosan gem-faced civets (paguma larvata taivana) in taiwan, september 1995, and nine leopard cats in vietnam, august and december 1997, were examined for the prevalence of antibodies against feline parvovirus, feline herpesvirus type 1, feline calicivirus and feline immunodeficiency virus. all civets and nine of 11 leopard cats were shown to have antibodies against feline parvovirus (fpv), and fpv's were isolated from mononuclear ... | 1999 | 10479095 |
| the capsid gene of feline calicivirus contains linear b-cell epitopes in both variable and conserved regions. | in order to map linear b-cell (lbc) epitopes in the major capsid protein of feline calicivirus (fcv), an expression library containing random, short (100- to 200-bp) fragments of the fcv f9 capsid gene was constructed. analysis of this library showed it to be representative of the region of the capsid gene that encodes the mature capsid protein. the library was screened by using polyclonal antisera from a cat that had been challenged experimentally with f9 to identify immunoreactive clones conta ... | 1999 | 10482602 |
| more on efficacy of vaccinating cats at 3-year intervals. | | 1999 | 10490067 |
| sequence variation within the capsid protein of australian isolates of feline calicivirus. | the capsid protein of australian feline calicivirus (fcv) isolates is demonstrably different from the prototype strain f9. five australian isolates of fcv, dating from 1970 to 1989, were analysed by western blotting and immunoprecipitation. varying reactivity to a panel of f9 specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) was observed. dna sequencing of rt-pcr generated clones supported the observation of variation between capsid proteins. predicted amino acid sequences varied by 11 to 17.5% across the w ... | 1999 | 10501167 |
| tissue distribution of virus replication in cats experimentally infected with distinct feline calicivirus isolates. | four specific pathogen-free (spf) cats were each inoculated with one of two genetically and antigenically well characterized feline caliciviruses originally isolated from cats with acute respiratory disease (fcv-ks100/2), or with chronic stomatitis (fcv-ks20). two cats of each group were euthanized at day 10 post infection and two cats at day 28. no clear differences between the clinical disease induced by the two isolates could be observed, and no apparent differences in the tissue spectrum wer ... | 1999 | 10507186 |
| development of a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction procedure for the detection of marine caliciviruses with potential application for nucleotide sequencing. | a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) procedure is described for the detection of marine caliciviruses including vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv), san miguel sea lion virus (smsv), bovine tillamook virus (bcv bos-1) and caliciviruses (cv) isolated from dolphin (cetacean cv), gorilla (primate cv) and rattlesnake (reptile cv) using primers (1f and 1r) designed from the capsid-coding region of the viral genome. these primers were compared with those described by neill, ... | 1999 | 10507417 |
| fecal shedding of feline coronavirus in adult cats and kittens in an abyssinian cattery. | to determine patterns of fecal shedding of feline coronavirus (fcv) by cats, age at which kittens first began to shed fcv in their feces, and whether there was any relationship between fecal shedding of fcv and serum antibody titers in adult cats or kittens. | 1999 | 10511857 |
| caliciviruses: an overview. | several caliciviruses are known to cause diseases in animal and man. amongst them are vesicular exanthema virus of swine (vesv), feline calicivirus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv), and norwalk and sapporo-like viruses; the latter viruses cause gastroenteritis in man. in this paper, an overview of caliciviruses is presented, with particular emphasis on the molecular aspects. the unique properties as compared to other related families of positive-stranded rna viruses will be discussed. ma ... | 1999 | 10515270 |
| feline calicivirus capsid protein expression and self-assembly in cultured feline cells. | feline calicivirus (fcv) capsid protein was expressed in feline cells employing the vaccinia virus mva/t7 rna polymerase system. the precursor protein was processed to a mature size protein that assembled to virus like particles (vlps). | 1999 | 10515271 |
| quasispecies evolution of a hypervariable region of the feline calicivirus capsid gene in cell culture and persistently infected cats. | the study determines the sequence evolution of feline calicivirus both in cell culture and in persistently infected cats and relates this to changes in virus neutralisation. | 1999 | 10515272 |
| analysis of the n-terminal polypeptide of the capsid precursor protein and the orf3 product of feline calicivirus. | the n-terminal unique polypeptide region of the capsid precursor protein of feline calicivirus (fcv) and the protein encoded by orf3 of fcv were expressed as fusion proteins with glutathione s-transferase to analyze the expressed products in fcv-infected cells. immunoblot analysis using a serum from a cat experimentally infected with fcv indicated relatively high immunogenicity of the n-terminal polypeptide in fcv-infected cats, as compared with the orf3 protein. specific antisera were prepared ... | 1999 | 10535511 |
| viral infections in free-living populations of the european wildcat. | while the importance of viral infections is well studied in domestic cats, only limited information is available on their occurence and prevalence in the european wildcat (felis silvestris silvestris). the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies to feline coronavirus (fcov), calicivirus (fcv), herpesvirus (fhv), parvovirus (fpv), immunodeficiency virus (fiv), leukemia virus (felv), and felv antigenemia in 51 european wildcat sera. samples were collected between 1996 and 1 ... | 1999 | 10574526 |
| recovery and altered neutralization specificities of chimeric viruses containing capsid protein domain exchanges from antigenically distinct strains of feline calicivirus. | feline calicivirus (fcv) strains can show significant antigenic variation when tested for cross-reactivity with antisera produced against other fcv strains. previous work has demonstrated the presence of hypervariable amino acid sequences in the capsid protein of fcv (designated regions c and e) that were postulated to constitute the major antigenic determinants of the virus. to examine the involvement of hypervariable sequences in determining the antigenic phenotype, the nucleotide sequences en ... | 2000 | 10627517 |
| expression and processing of the canine calicivirus capsid precursor. | the orf2 product of canine calicivirus (cacv) was identified and its processing in mammalian cells was analysed. immunoblot analysis revealed the presence of the 75 kda capsid precursor in addition to a 57 kda capsid protein and a 22 kda n-terminal polypeptide in cacv-infected cells treated at an elevated temperature. when the cacv orf2 was expressed in a transient mammalian expression system, only the 75 kda precursor was detected in immunoblot analysis, suggesting that no post-translational pr ... | 2000 | 10640558 |
| comparison of prevalence of feline herpesvirus type 1, calicivirus and parvovirus infections in domestic and leopard cats in vietnam. | a serosurvey of feline herpesvirus type 1 (fhv-1), feline calicivirus (fcv), and feline parvovirus (fpv) in cats from ho chi minh city area in southern vietnam was conducted in december 1998, and we compared the results with our previous results in northern vietnam (hanoi area). the positive rate of fhv and fcv in domestic cats were 44% and 74%, respectively. they were rather higher than those in hanoi area, while the seropositivity of fpv (44%) was similar to that in hanoi area. in leopard cats ... | 1999 | 10651052 |
| comparison of serological and sequence-based methods for typing feline calcivirus isolates from vaccine failures. | feline calicivirus (fcv) can be typed by exploiting antigenic differences between isolates or, more recently, by the sequence analysis of a hypervariable region of the virus's capsid gene. these two methods were used to characterise fcv isolates from 20 vaccine failures which occurred after the use of a commercial, live-attenuated vaccine. using virus neutralisation, the isolates showed a spectrum of relatedness to the vaccine; depending on the criterion adopted for identity, 10 to 40 per cent o ... | 2000 | 10706329 |
| comparison between acute oral/respiratory and chronic stomatitis/gingivitis isolates of feline calicivirus: pathogenicity, antigenic profile and cross-neutralisation studies. | feline calicivirus (fcv) is a major oral and respiratory pathogen of cats, able to induce subclinical infection as well as acute disease. it is also characterized by a high degree of antigenic variation. this work sought to address the question of the existence of distinct biotypes of fcv. eight french, 6 british and 9 american fcv isolates, responsible for acute oral/respiratory disease or chronic gingivitis/stomatitis, were compared for their pathogenicity, antigenic profiles and serological r ... | 2000 | 10752551 |
| enhanced antiviral benefit of combination therapy with lamivudine and famciclovir against whv replication in chronic whv carrier woodchucks. | cell culture studies in our laboratory and others have previously demonstrated synergistic antiviral activity for combinations of 3tc (lamivudine) and penciclovir against hepatitis b virus (hbv) replication and the duck hepatitis b virus (dhbv). based on these results, a study was designed to determine if an enhanced antiviral effect with combinations of 3tc and famciclovir (fcv, oral prodrug of penciclovir) could be demonstrated in vivo using the woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv)/woodchuck experi ... | 2000 | 10774587 |
| an isolated epizootic of hemorrhagic-like fever in cats caused by a novel and highly virulent strain of feline calicivirus. | an isolated epizootic of a highly fatal feline calicivirus (fcv) infection, manifested in its severest form by a systemic hemorrhagic-like fever, occurred over a 1-month period among six cats owned by two different employees and a client of a private veterinary practice. the infection may have started with an unowned shelter kitten that was hospitalized during this same period for a severe atypical upper respiratory infection. the causative agent was isolated from blood and nasal swabs from two ... | 2000 | 10781727 |
| safety and efficacy of a recombinant felv vaccine combined with a live feline rhinotracheitis, calicivirus and panleukopenia vaccine. | | 2000 | 10803986 |
| taxonomy of the caliciviruses. | the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv) has recently approved several proposals submitted by the present caliciviridae study group. these proposals include the division of the family into 4 new genera designated lagovirus, vesivirus, "norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), and "sapporo-like viruses (slvs); the latter 2 genera were assigned temporary names until acceptable names can be determined by the scientific community. the genera have been further divided into the following species: ... | 2000 | 10804145 |
| feline herpesvirus infection in a group of semi-captive cheetahs. | clinical disease caused by feline herpesvirus type-1 in wild felid species is similar to that in domestic cats. herpesviruses are endemic in free-ranging lions in south africa but actual clinical disease due to them has not been reported in free-ranging felids. the first reports of feline herpesvirus infection associated with clinical disease in wild felids came from australia and the usa in 1970. subsequent reports of clinical disease in cheetahs and other wild felid species were limited to cap ... | 1999 | 10852685 |
| [dynamic changes of hepatitis b virus during treatment with lamivudine versus lamivudine plus famciclovir]. | to study whether combination therapy with lamivudine (lam) and famciclovir (fcv) is effective for treatment of chinese chronic hbv infection. | 2000 | 10861109 |
| feline upper respiratory tract disease. | | 2000 | 10907225 |
| isolation and identification of a calicivirus from a dog with diarrhoea. | the isolation and the characterisation of a calicivirus strain (213/95) from a dog with diarrhoea are reported. the virus grows only in cell cultures of feline origin (crandell feline kidney cells), and in neutralisation test the isolate demonstrated a slight antigenic correlation with the reference feline calicivirus strain (fcv-f9). | 2000 | 10939040 |
| recent epidemiological status of feline upper respiratory infections in japan. | epidemiology of upper respiratory infections of cats was studied. nasal, ocular, and oral swabs collected from 111 cats presented at animal hospitals during the past 2.5 years were examined. twenty-four (21.6%) and 4 (3.6%) cats were diagnosed as feline calicivirus (fcv) infection and feline viral rhinotracheitis, respectively, indicating fcv is more prevalent than feline herpesvirus-1, which revealed a considerable shift from data obtained in 1970s. cat sera immunized by using vaccines containi ... | 2000 | 10945306 |
| serologic survey of selected viral agents in recently captured wild north american river otters (lontra canadensis). | blood samples were collected from 64 wild north american river otters (lontra [lutra] canadensis) from northern and eastern new york state and analyzed for serologic evidence of exposure to selected viral agents during a 1995 1996 translocation program. no clinical signs of disease nor lesions suggestive of prior viral exposure were seen. titers were detected for antibodies against canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus-1, and canine parvovirus-2 but not for antibodies against canine adenovi ... | 2000 | 10982127 |
| the effects of antiviral therapy on the distribution of herpes simplex virus type 1 to ganglionic neurons and its consequences during, immediately following and several months after treatment. | both famciclovir (fcv) and valaciclovir (vacv) are potent inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) in a murine cutaneous infection model. the object of the present study was to determine whether either drug had an effect on the anatomical distribution of infected neurons in the peripheral nervous system and to assess the consequences for infected cells during, immediately following and several months after a 9 day period of continuous treatment. mice were inoculated via the neck with a ... | 2000 | 10993926 |
| feline chlamydia and calicivirus infections. | feline conjunctivitis is common and often presents a clinical challenge to the veterinarian. chlamydia psittaci is an important pathogen and should always be considered when evaluating cats with conjunctivitis. fcv is an infrequent cause of conjunctivitis and only causes the disease in conjunction with other clinical signs of this infection, such as oral mucosal ulcers and upper respiratory tract disease. | 2000 | 11033872 |
| antiviral therapy of herpes simplex. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections in immunocompromised patients are more severe and invasive than in non-immunocompromised patients. they are characterised by prolonged viral shedding and a tendency to heal more slowly. in addition, resistant viruses are exclusively isolated in immunocompromised patients, requiring other drugs with distinct mechanisms of action. the reference compound for the treatment of hsv infections is acyclovir (acv) that selectively inhibits hsv dna replication with lo ... | 2000 | 11053800 |
| identification and genomic mapping of the orf3 and vpg proteins in feline calicivirus virions. | two minor proteins with molecular masses of 8.5 and 15.5 kda were identified in feline calicivirus (fcv) virions. direct sequence analysis showed that the n-terminal sequence of the 8.5-kda protein was identical to that of the predicted protein encoded by open reading frame 3 (orf3) of the fcv genome. the n-terminal sequence of the 15.5-kda protein corresponded to amino acids 961-980 of the fcv orf1 polyprotein and mapped to the genomic location of the calicivirus vpg. antisera raised against re ... | 2000 | 11062050 |
| proteinase-polymerase precursor as the active form of feline calicivirus rna-dependent rna polymerase. | the objective of this study was to identify the active form of the feline calicivirus (fcv) rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp). multiple active forms of the fcv rdrp were identified. the most active enzyme was the full-length proteinase-polymerase (pro-pol) precursor protein, corresponding to amino acids 1072 to 1763 of the fcv polyprotein encoded by open reading frame 1 of the genome. deletion of 163 amino acids from the amino terminus of pro-pol (the val-1235 amino terminus) caused a threefol ... | 2001 | 11152494 |
| stability of feline caliciviruses in marine water maintained at different temperatures. | since human caliciviruses are responsible for viral gastroenteritis transmitted by contaminated foods and the viruses barely propagate in cell culture, feline caliciviruses were employed as a model for the measurement of their stability in marine water. survival of four strains of feline calicivirus in marine water was measured when the seed viruses were diluted 1/10 with marine water and maintained at 4 degrees c, 10 degrees c, and 20 degrees c respectively. among the virus strains studied, a c ... | 2001 | 11209839 |
| famciclovir vs. aciclovir in immunocompetent patients with recurrent genital herpes infections: a parallel-groups, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. | twice-daily therapy with famciclovir (fcv) was shown to be effective for episodic therapy for recurrent genital herpes in a large placebo-controlled trial. however, no study has been published to date comparing fcv and aciclovir (acv). | 2001 | 11298543 |
| detection of feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus 1 and chlamydia psittaci mucosal swabs by multiplex rt-pcr/pcr. | a single tube, multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-polymerase chain reaction (pcr)/pcr assay was developed for detection of feline herpesvirus 1 (fhv1), chlamydia psittaci and feline calicivirus (fcv) in cats with upper respiratory tract disease (urtd), incorporating a simple, rapid extraction procedure capable of extracting both dna and rna. the assay was found to be as sensitive in vitro as simplex assays that have previously been shown to be as sensitive as, or more sensitive than, culture f ... | 2001 | 11376956 |
| effect of famciclovir on herpes simplex virus type 1 corneal disease and establishment of latency in rabbits. | famciclovir (fcv) is efficacious in the treatment of acute herpes zoster and recurrent genital infections but has not been used to treat ocular herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections. we evaluated the efficacy of orally administered fcv in treating hsv-1 epithelial keratitis and determined its effects on the establishment of latency and subsequent reactivation. rabbits were inoculated with hsv-1 strain 17 syn+ and treated twice daily with increasing concentrations of fcv (60 to 500 mg/kg of body ... | 2001 | 11408221 |
| identification of conformational neutralizing epitopes on the capsid protein of canine calicivirus. | two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against canine calicivirus (cacv), which has a distinct antigenicity from feline calicivirus (fcv), were obtained. both mabs recognized conformational epitopes on the capsid protein of cacv and were used to identify these epitopes. neutralization-resistant variants of cacv were selected in the presence of individual mabs in a cell culture. cross-neutralization tests using the variants indicated that the mabs recognized functionally independent epitop ... | 2001 | 11413381 |
| endemic infection of a cat colony with a feline calicivirus closely related to an isolate used in live attenuated vaccines. | we have typed three feline calicivirus (fcv) isolates obtained over a 5-month-period from an endemically infected cat colony. sequence analysis from variable region e of the capsid gene from these isolates strongly suggests they are minor variants of a single fcv strain, and that this strain is closely related to the one used in many live-attenuated fcv vaccines. such a vaccine was last used approximately 2 months before the first of the isolates in this study was obtained. sequence differences ... | 2001 | 11483259 |
| efficacy of commonly used disinfectants for the inactivation of calicivirus on strawberry, lettuce, and a food-contact surface. | norwalk and norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are important causes of foodborne gastroenteritis in restaurant-related outbreaks. efficacy of common disinfection methods against these viruses on food-contact surfaces and fresh produce is not known partially because of their nonculturability. seven commercial disinfectants for food-contact surfaces and three sanitizers for fruits and vegetables were tested against cultivable feline calicivirus (fcv). disks of stainless steel, strawberry, and lettuce wer ... | 2001 | 11563523 |
| [experimental study on the effect of combination therapy with lamivudine and famciclovir against duck hepatitis b virus in vivo]. | to study the antiviral effect of combination therapy with the nucleoside analog lamivudine and famciclovir on duck hepatitis virus (dhbv) in vivo. | 2001 | 11602049 |
| molecular analysis of isolates of feline calicivirus from a population of cats in a rescue shelter. | two visits, six weeks apart, were made to a cat rescue shelter and single oropharyngeal swabs were taken from all the compliant cats. feline calicivirus was isolated from 14 of 45 swabs (31 per cent) taken on the first visit and 12 of 46 swabs (26 per cent) taken on the second visit. nucleotide sequences were obtained for nine isolates from the first visit, six isolates from the second visit, and for the vaccine virus used in the cattery. distance analysis showed that the majority of the isolate ... | 2001 | 11700925 |
| a study of feline upper respiratory tract disease with reference to prevalence and risk factors for infection with feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus. | a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of cats was carried out to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for respiratory tract disease, feline calicivirus (fcv) infection and feline herpesvirus (fhv) infection. seven hundred and forty cats were studied; samples for isolation of fcv and fhv were obtained from 622 (84%). data on individual cat and household variables were obtained by questionnaire for each cat and analysed using univariable and logistic regression analysis. thirty- ... | 2000 | 11716607 |
| a field trial to assess the effect of vaccination against feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus and feline panleucopenia virus in 6-week-old kittens. | a trivalent (feline panleucopenia, feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus), modified live, commercially available cat vaccine was used at either 6, 9 and 12 weeks of age (early schedule) or 9 and 12 weeks of age (conventional schedule), and the serological response to vaccination was assessed. the level of maternally derived antibody present at 6 weeks of age was also established. the use of early vaccination at 6 weeks of age induced an antibody response to each virus by 9 weeks of age in a sig ... | 2001 | 11716626 |
| capsid protein gene variation among feline calicivirus isolates. | we amplified the capsid protein gene fragments of 30 japanese isolates of feline calicivirus (fcv), including the c, d, and e regions, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), followed by direct sequencing. alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences, together with other published sequences from the isolates obtained in other countries, demonstrated a marked heterogeneity among the isolates, confirming the current definition of hypervariable regions within the capsid prot ... | 2001 | 11724270 |
| absence of rapid selection for acyclovir or penciclovir resistance following suboptimal oral prodrug therapy of hsv-infected mice. | acyclovir (acv) resistant herpes simplex virus (hsv) isolates can be readily selected in animal infection models receiving suboptimal acv treatment, however no comparative studies of the emergence of resistance following suboptimal treatment with valacyclovir (vcv) or famciclovir (fcv), the prodrugs of acyclovir and penciclovir, respectively, have been reported. | 2001 | 11749671 |
| sequence analysis of feline caliciviruses isolated from the oral cavity of clinically normal domestic cats (felis catus) in florida. | four isolates (7.3 per cent) of feline calicivirus (fcv), from oropharyngeal swabs taken from 55 unvaccinated apparently healthy cats, were identified by electron microscopy and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). a 671-bp fragment, comprising part of region b, all of regions c, d, and e and part of region f of the fcv capsid protein gene, was amplified from each isolate by rt-pcr and cloned for sequence analysis. amino acid sequence comparison of these regions revealed sig ... | 2001 | 11798299 |
| [b domain mutations in the polymerase gene of hepatitis b virus during combination therapy with thymosin alpha1 and famciclovir in chinese asymptomatic hbv carriers]. | to identify 'b domain' mutations of polymerase gene and its relationship with drug resistance during treatment with famciclovir in chinese chronic asymptomatic hbv carriers. | 2000 | 11798819 |
| analysis of the capsid protein gene of a feline-like calicivirus isolated from a dog. | the authors report the sequence analysis of the capsid protein-encoding gene (orf2) of a calicivirus strain recently isolated in italy from a pup with enteritis. sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate is highly similar to field and reference feline caliciviruses (fcvs). the isolation of a feline-like calicivirus and the results of recent serological investigations suggest that fcv infection frequently occurs in dogs, but the consequences of this interspecies infe ... | 2002 | 11856581 |
| facilitation of antibody forming responses to viral vaccine antigens in young cats by recombinant baculovirus-expressed feline ifn-gamma. | we assessed the effect of recombinant feline ifn-gamma as vaccine adjuvant for in vivo antibody responses of young 3-month-old kittens to inactivated antigens of rabies and calicivirus, both natural pathogens for cats. when compared to responses following immunization with antigen alone co-administration of baculovirus-expressed cat ifn-gamma significantly enhanced serum antibody titers to both viral antigens; to levels comparable with responses evoked by commonly known saponin and alum adjuvant ... | 2002 | 11906758 |
| dna vaccination against feline calicivirus infection using a plasmid encoding the mature capsid protein. | feline calicivirus (fcv), a member of the diverse family caliciviridae, is a respiratory and oral pathogen of cats. although conventional fcv vaccines are available, there are some safety and efficacy problems associated with their use. the potential of dna vaccination against fcv infection was therefore explored. four cats were inoculated intramuscularly with three 100 microg doses, 2 weeks apart, with a plasmid (pf9vac) containing the mature capsid protein gene of fcv strain f9. four control c ... | 2002 | 11906766 |
| mapping neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes on the capsid protein of feline calicivirus. | neutralizing epitopes on feline calicivirus (fcv) capsid protein were mapped using chimeric capsid proteins recombinant between two fcv isolates that do not show any cross-neutralization. the three chimeric proteins examined were expressed in murine l929 cells employing an mva/t7 vaccinia virus expression system and inoculated into major histocompatibility complex haplotype-matched c3/hn mice. based on the neutralizing antibody titre the neutralizing epitope(s) could be mapped to the 5' hypervar ... | 2002 | 11911594 |
| an etiological investigation of domestic cats with conjunctivitis and upper respiratory tract disease in japan. | chlamydophila felis (c. felis), feline herpesvirus-1 (fhv-1) and feline calicivirus (fcv) were detected in 39 (59.1%), 11 (16.7%) and 14 (21.2%) cats respectively, from 66 domestic cats presented with conjunctivitis and upper respiratory tract disease (urtd) in 9 prefectures of japan. dual and multiple infections were found in 7 (10.6%) cats with both c. felis and fhv-1, 10 (15.2%) cats with both c. felis and fcv, and 1 (1.5%) cat with all three agents. c. felis was isolated from 11 (28.2%) of 3 ... | 2002 | 11999440 |
| serological analysis and identification of feline calicivirus strains isolated in sicily. | the isolation and characterization of calicivirus strains from symptomatic cats are reported. the correlations between the feline calicivirus strains isolated and the vaccinal strain fcv f9 were investigated by a virus-neutralization test, suggesting a strong antigenic variability. | 2002 | 12019733 |
| feline calicivirus: recovery of wild-type and recombinant viruses after transfection of crna or cdna constructs. | the rna genome of the vaccine strain 2024 of feline calicivirus was cloned as cdna and analyzed by nucleotide sequencing. a full-length dna copy of the viral genome was established and proved to be a source of infectious crna after in vitro transcription and rna transfection. virus could also be recovered when the dna construct was introduced into cells containing phage t7 rna polymerase that was provided by vaccinia virus mva-t7. after insertion of the sequence encoding the green fluorescent pr ... | 2002 | 12021375 |
| virucidal efficacy of four new disinfectants. | virucidal efficacy was evaluated for four recently available disinfectants: chlorine dioxide, potassium peroxymonosulfate, a quaternary ammonium compound, and citricidal (grapefruit extract). sodium hypochlorite (3%) and tap water were used as positive and negative controls respectively. feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus, and feline parvovirus were exposed to the manufacturers' recommended dilutions of the evaluated disinfectants. both chlorine dioxide and potassium peroxymonosulfate comple ... | 2002 | 12022408 |
| genetic characterization of 2 novel feline caliciviruses isolated from cats with idiopathic lower urinary tract disease. | feline caliciviruses (fcvs) are potential etiologic agents in feline idiopathic lower urinary tract disease (i-lutd). by means of a modified virus isolation method, we examined urine obtained from 28 male and female cats with nonobstructive i-lutd, 12 male cats with obstructive i-lutd, and 18 clinically healthy male and female cats. all cats had been routinely vaccinated for fcv. two fcvs were isolated; i (fcv-u1) from a female cat with nonobstructive i-lutd, and another (fcv-u2) from a male cat ... | 2002 | 12041660 |
| vaccination of cats with an attenuated recombinant myxoma virus expressing feline calicivirus capsid protein. | myxoma virus, a member of the poxviridae family (genus leporipoxvirus) is the agent responsible for myxomatosis in the european rabbit. recombinant myxoma viruses expressing the capsid gene of an f9 strain of feline calicivirus (fcv) were constructed from an apathogenic, laboratory attenuated, isolate of myxoma virus. the fcv capsid genes were recombined into the myxoma growth factor (mgf) locus of the myxoma genome and expressed from synthetic poxvirus promoters. myxoma virus is unable to repli ... | 2002 | 12057600 |
| processing map and essential cleavage sites of the nonstructural polyprotein encoded by orf1 of the feline calicivirus genome. | feline calicivirus (fcv) nonstructural proteins are translated as part of a large polyprotein that undergoes autocatalytic processing by the virus-encoded 3c-like proteinase. in this study, we mapped three new cleavage sites (e(46)/a(47), e(331)/d(332), and e(685)/n(686)) recognized by the virus proteinase in the n-terminal part of the open reading frame 1 (orf1) polyprotein to complete the processing map. taken together with two sites we identified previously (e(960)/a(961) and e(1071)/s(1072)) ... | 2002 | 12072506 |
| pretreatment to avoid positive rt-pcr results with inactivated viruses. | enteric viruses that are important causes of human disease must often be detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), a method that commonly yields positive results with samples that contain only inactivated virus. this study was intended to develop a pretreatment for samples, so that inactivated viruses would not be detected by the rt-pcr procedure. model viruses were human hepatitis a virus, vaccine poliovirus 1 and feline calicivirus as a surrogate for the norwalk-lik ... | 2002 | 12088831 |
| phylogenetic analysis of field isolates of feline calcivirus (fcv) in japan by sequencing part of its capsid gene. | the molecular epidemiology of the infectious disease caused by feline calcivirus (fcv) in japan was investigated by analysing the phylogenetic relationship among 21 japanese field isolates, including the f4 strain, and 30 global isolates. parts of the capsid gene (b-f) of the isolates were amplified by rt-pcr, and the amino acid sequences were compared with those from the global isolates. thirty-seven and 14 out of a total of 51 isolates were clustered into two distinct genogroups, i and ii resp ... | 2002 | 12090292 |
| concentration and detection of caliciviruses from food contact surfaces. | outbreaks of human norwalk virus (nv) and norwalk-like viruses often originate in food service establishments. no reliable method is available for the detection of these human caliciviruses on food contact surfaces. we describe a simple method for the detection of nv from stainless steel work surfaces using cultivable feline calicivirus (fcv) as a model. stainless steel surfaces were artificially contaminated with known amounts of fcv, followed by its elution in a buffer solution. three methods ... | 2002 | 12092735 |
| the subgenomic rna of feline calicivirus is packaged into viral particles during infection. | during infection, feline calicivirus (fcv) produces an abundant subgenomic rna of 2.4 kb that is the major template for translation of the single capsid protein. feline cells infected with fcv (cfi/68 strain) at a high multiplicity of infection produced a population of lower density (ld) viral particles with a density of 1.35 g/cc as compared to the 1.39 g/cc density of the wild-type virus particle. the rna isolated from the ld particles was 2.4 kb in size, the same as that of the intracellular ... | 2002 | 12135793 |
| isolation of enzymatically active replication complexes from feline calicivirus-infected cells. | a membranous fraction that could synthesize viral rna in vitro in the presence of magnesium salt, ribonucleotides, and an atp-regenerating system was isolated from feline calicivirus (fcv)-infected cells. the enzymatically active component of this fraction was designated fcv replication complexes (rcs), by analogy to other positive-strand rna viruses. the newly synthesized rna was characterized by northern blot analysis, which demonstrated the production of both full-length (8.0-kb) and subgenom ... | 2002 | 12163578 |
| haemorrhagic fever, oedema and high mortality associated with fcv infection. | | 2002 | 12199438 |
| complete nucleotide sequence, genome organization and phylogenic analysis of the canine calicivirus. | the complete genomic sequence of canine calicivirus (cacv) isolated from feces of a dog with diarrhea was determined. the cacv genome, a positive-sense single-stranded rna, contained 8513 nucleotides excluding the poly(a) tail and was longer than that of any other calicivirus strain with a completely known sequence. there were three open reading frames (orf1, nt 12-5801; orf2, nt 5805-7880; and orf3, nt 7877-8278). orf1 encoded a polyprotein (calculated mr of 214,802) which had the conserved mot ... | 2002 | 12206310 |
| inactivation of hepatitis a virus and a calicivirus by high hydrostatic pressure. | potential application of high hydrostatic pressure processing (hpp) as a method for virus inactivation was evaluated. a 7-log10 pfu/ml hepatitis a virus (hav) stock, in tissue culture medium, was reduced to nondetectable levels after exposure to more than 450 mpa of pressure for 5 min. titers of hav were reduced in a time- and pressure-dependent manner between 300 and 450 mpa. in contrast, poliovirus titer was unaffected by a 5-min treatment at 600 mpa. dilution of hav in seawater increased the ... | 2002 | 12380746 |
| melting curve analysis of feline calicivirus isolates detected by real-time reverse transcription pcr. | a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was developed to detect feline calicivirus infection in cats. using sybr green i melting curve analysis, isolates could be distinguished by their melting temperature. the assay is sensitive, linear over a wide range of template concentrations and allows accurate quantitation of viral load. | 2002 | 12393155 |
| ultraviolet inactivation of feline calicivirus, human enteric viruses and coliphages. | norwalk and norwalk-like viruses (nlv) are major causes of food- and water-related disease in the united states. there is no host cell line in which the nlv can be tested for infectivity. feline calicivirus (fcv) and nlv both belong to the family caliciviridae. fcv can be assayed for infectivity in the crandell reese feline kidney cell line, so fcv serves as a surrogate for nlv. this study is the first report of uv inactivation of fcv and also of using the plaque technique, in contrast to the 50 ... | 2002 | 12405148 |
| survival of equine herpesvirus-4, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus in multidose ophthalmic solutions. | to determine survival over time of infectious equine herpesvirus-4, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus in three commercially available and commonly used ophthalmic solutions (eyewash, fluorescein, and proparacaine hcl). | 2002 | 12445296 |
| feline inflammatory polyps: historical, clinical, and pcr findings for feline calici virus and feline herpes virus-1 in 28 cases. | inflammatory polyps are associated with significant aural or nasopharyngeal disease in cats. it has been proposed that chronic viral infection may induce the masses. ventral bulla osteotomy (vbo) is usually recommended for definitive therapy but removal of masses from the nasopharynx or external ear canal by traction/avulsion is also used. a retrospective study of 28 cats with inflammatory polyps was conducted to correlate recurrence with mode of therapy. tissues from 41 polyps were assayed for ... | 2002 | 12468312 |
| post-exposure treatment of cats with mouse-cat chimeric antibodies against feline herpesvirus type 1 and feline calicivirus. | in order to confirm the in vivo effectiveness of anti- feline herpesvirus type 1 (fhv-1) mouse-cat chimeric antibody (fjh2), and anti-feline calicivirus (fcv) mouse-cat chimeric antibody (f1d7), cats that had been experimentally infected with fhv-1 or fcv were administered intravenously with the chimeric antibodies, and observed for clinical manifestations. the symptoms due to fhv-1 or fcv infection in the cats administered fjh2 or f1d7 were obviously decreased when compared with those of the no ... | 2002 | 12499687 |
| a feline kidney cell line-based plaque assay for feline calicivirus, a surrogate for norwalk virus. | feline calicivirus (fcv) has been used by researchers as a surrogate for norwalk virus (nv), since they share a similar genomic organization, physicochemical characteristics, and are grouped in the same family, caliciviridae. unlike nv, however, fcv can grow in established cell lines and produce a syncytial form of cytopathic effect. in this report, we describe the development and standardization of a plaque assay for fcv using monolayers of an established line of feline kidney (crfk) cells in 1 ... | 2003 | 12505630 |
| capsid functions of inactivated human picornaviruses and feline calicivirus. | the exceptional stability of enteric viruses probably resides in their capsids. the capsid functions of inactivated human picornaviruses and feline calicivirus (fcv) were determined. viruses were inactivated by uv, hypochlorite, high temperature (72 degrees c), and physiological temperature (37 degrees c), all of which are pertinent to transmission via food and water. poliovirus (pv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are transmissible via water and food, and fcv is the best available surrogate for the ... | 2003 | 12514015 |
| inactivation of feline calicivirus and adenovirus type 40 by uv radiation. | little information regarding the effectiveness of uv radiation on the inactivation of caliciviruses and enteric adenoviruses is available. analysis of human calicivirus resistance to disinfectants is hampered by the lack of animal or cell culture methods that can determine the viruses' infectivity. the inactivation kinetics of enteric adenovirus type 40 (ad40), coliphage ms-2, and feline calicivirus (fcv), closely related to the human caliciviruses based on nucleic acid organization and capsid a ... | 2003 | 12514044 |
| serologic survey for viral and bacterial infections in western populations of canada lynx (lynx canadensis). | a serologic survey for exposure to pathogens in canada lynx (lynx canadensis) in western north america was conducted. samples from 215 lynx from six study areas were tested for antibodies to feline parvovirus (fpv), feline coronavirus, canine distemper virus, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus, yersinia pestis, and francisella tularensis. a subset of samples was tested for feline immunodeficiency virus; all were negative. for all other pathogens, evidence for exposure was found in at least o ... | 2002 | 12528455 |
| recovery of feline calicivirus infectious particles and genome from water: comparison of two concentration techniques. | the aim of this work was to determine the recovery rate of feline calicivirus (fcv-f9) infectious particles and genome from water after a concentration step using either adsorption elution on glass wool or filtration through an electropositive membrane. the results showed that the membrane filtration technique allowed a 75% recovery rate of fcv-f9 infectious particles while the yield was only 5.3% for fcv-f9 genome. using the glass wool adsorption-elution technique, the recovery rate of fcv-f9 i ... | 2003 | 12639012 |
| concurrent oral shedding of feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus 1 in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis. | oral mucosal salivary samples were collected from 25 cats with chronic gingivostomatitis and 24 cats with periodontal disease. viral culture and isolation of feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus 1 were performed. eighty-eight per cent of cats with chronic gingivostomatitis were shedding both viruses, compared to 21% of cats without chronic oral inflammatory disease. cats with chronic gingivostomatitis are significantly more likely to concurrently shed both feline calicivirus and feline herp ... | 2003 | 12654105 |
| use of serologic tests to predict resistance to feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, and feline parvovirus infection in cats. | to determine whether detection of virus-specific serum antibodies correlates with resistance to challenge with virulent feline herpesvirus 1 (fhv-1), feline calicivirus (fcv), and feline parvovirus (fpv) in cats and to determine percentages of client-owned cats with serum antibodies to fhv-1, fcv, and fpv. | 2002 | 12680445 |
| caspase-mediated cleavage of the feline calicivirus capsid protein. | feline calicivirus (fcv) is responsible for an acute upper respiratory tract disease in cats. the fcv capsid protein is synthesized as a precursor (76 kda) that is post-translationally processed into the mature 62 kda capsid protein by removal of the n-terminal 124 amino acids. our previous studies have also detected a 40 kda protein, related to the fcv capsid protein, produced during infection. here we demonstrate that cleavage of the fcv capsid protein, during infection of cells in culture, wa ... | 2003 | 12692289 |
| cessation of feline calicivirus shedding coincident with resolution of chronic gingivostomatitis in a cat. | feline calicivirus (fcv) shedding and oral bacterial flora were monitored over a period of 22 months in a case of feline gingivostomatitis (fgs). the cat was treated daily with 50 mg thalidomide capsules by mouth, and 200 mg lactoferrin powder was applied directly to the lesions. clinical signs began to resolve after 11 months when, in addition to treatment, the diet had been changed to an additive-free cat food supplemented with antioxidant vitamins a, d3 and e. resolution of clinical signs of ... | 2003 | 12703869 |
| detection of nucleotide polymorphisms in feline calicivirus isolates by reverse transcription pcr and a fluorescence resonance energy transfer probe. | a fluorescence resonance energy transfer system has been developed to detect nucleotide polymorphisms in isolates of feline calicivirus (fcv). isolates with an exact match to the 28 nucleotide probe gave a melting temperature of 75 degrees c while isolates with one, two, three or four mismatches gave melting temperatures of 71, 65, 60 and 57 degrees c, respectively. the technique, which is simple, rapid and accurate, is suitable for typing field isolates of fcv. | 2003 | 12711071 |
| lamivudine and famciclovir resistant hepatitis b virus associated with fatal hepatic failure. | lamivudine (lmv) is the only nucleoside analogue approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis b (chb). lmv, as with other nucleoside analogues including famciclovir (fcv), suppresses the replication of hepatitis b virus (hbv) by targeting the viral polymerase. however, prolonged antiviral therapy results in the emergence of drug resistance hbv which can contribute to virological breakthroughs and recurrent hepatitis flares. | 2003 | 12727536 |
| pre-exposure treatment of cats with anti-fhv-1 and anti-fcv mouse-cat chimeric antibodies. | prior to pre-exposure treatment of cats with two mouse-cat chimeric antibodies, fjh2 and f1d7, having neutralizing activity to feline herpesvirus-1 (fhv-1) and cat calicivirus (fcv), respectively, these chimeric antibodies were labeled with (125)i and administered to cats to examine their blood kinetics. concentrations of the both administered chimeric antibodies in the blood reached maximum at the 48th hour post-administration, and the level was 34% for fjh2 and 54% for f1d7. then the concentra ... | 2003 | 12808206 |
| application of chimeric feline foamy virus-based retroviral vectors for the induction of antiviral immunity in cats. | in order to define the potential and applicability of replication-competent foamy virus-based vaccine vectors, recombinant feline foamy virus (ffv) vectors encoding defined segments of the feline calicivirus (fcv) capsid protein e domain were constructed. in cell cultures, these ffv-fcv vectors efficiently transduced and expressed a hybrid fusion protein consisting of the essential ffv bet protein and the attached fcv e domains. the stability of the vectors in vitro was inversely correlated to t ... | 2003 | 12829823 |
| feline calicivirus replication induces apoptosis in cultured cells. | infection of crandell-rees feline kidney (crfk) cells by feline calicivirus (fcv) causes rapid cytopathic effects followed by cell death. in this study, we observed that fcv replication in cells results in the induction of changes characteristic of apoptosis, including translocation of phosphatidyl serine to the cell outer membrane, chromatin condensation, and oligonucleosomal dna fragmentation. fcv infection was associated with increases in the activities of caspase-3, -8, and -9, with the leve ... | 2003 | 12837551 |
| presence of viral genomes in mineral water: a sufficient condition to assume infectious risk? | appropriate interpretation of a positive reverse transcription-pcr is an important issue for virus-related health hazard assessment because viral genomes and infectious viruses exhibit different behavior patterns in water. in this context, using poliovirus 1 and feline calicivirus f9 as examples of enteric viruses, first we demonstrated that the stability of infectious viruses is greatly affected by the temperature of mineral water (10, 20, and 35 degrees c) and that, in contrast, temperature ha ... | 2003 | 12839768 |
| chlorine inactivation of adenovirus type 40 and feline calicivirus. | ct values, the concentration of free chlorine multiplied by time of contact with virus, were determined for free-chlorine inactivation experiments carried out with chloroform-extracted (dispersed) and non-chloroform-extracted (aggregated) feline calicivirus (fcv), adenovirus type 40 (ad40), and polio virus type 1 (pv-1). experiments were carried out with high and low ph and temperature conditions. ct values were calculated directly from bench-scale free-chlorine inactivation experiments and from ... | 2003 | 12839771 |
| an epizootic of highly virulent feline calicivirus disease in a hospital setting in new england. | this article reports an outbreak of 24 cases of an unusually virulent feline calicivirus (fcv) infection in a small animal hospital. the circumstances and disease signs were very similar to those recently described in an outbreak of fcv hemorrhagic disease in northern california (vet. microbiol. 73 (2000) 281). the virus entered the facility through shelter cats showing upper respiratory signs. affected cats manifested high fever, anorexia, labored respirations, oral ulceration, facial and limb ... | 2003 | 12878149 |
| update on feline calicivirus: new trends. | in addition to being important upper respiratory tract pathogens of cats, fcvs are increasingly reported as a cause of a highly contagious febrile hemorrhagic syndrome. strains causing this syndrome are genetically different from the vaccine strain and other nonhemorrhagic fcv isolates. they apparently differ from one outbreak to another. the syndrome is characterized variably by fever; cutaneous edema and ulcerative dermatitis; upper respiratory tract signs; anorexia; occasionally icterus, vomi ... | 2003 | 12910742 |
| [disinfection of caliciviruses at 20 and 10 degrees c]. | five disinfectants, venno ff super, venno vet 1 super, venno oxygen, m&enno-veterinär b neu und neopredisan 135-1, were tested to evaluate their efficacy against caliciviruses at 20 and 10 degrees c. as model test virus served feline calicivirus type f9 (fcv f9). all disinfectants were tested according to guidelines of the german veterinary association (dvg). the investigations were performed in suspension tests and germ carrier tests. the suspension tests were carried out without and with prote ... | 2003 | 12910866 |