| [the detection of the antigens of influenza viruses a and b in the blood of healthy donors]. | blood clots and sera were obtained from donors at a moscow city transfusion clinic during 1984-1988 and tested by indirect solid-phase enzyme immunoassay with original test-sera to hemagglutinating antigens of influenza a (h1 and h3) and b viruses. examinations of 1714 blood samples demonstrated hemagglutinating antigens of different specificity (from 0.8% to 35%), the detection rate of one or another antigen correlating with the epidemic activity of influenza virus serovariants a and b. the vir ... | 1990 | 1699358 |
| measurement of anti-influenza neuraminidase antibody using a peroxidase-linked lectin and microtitre plates coated with natural substrates. | neuraminidase-induced removal of sialic acid from natural substrates (desialylation) unmasks saccharides that are specifically recognized by the lectin peanut agglutinin (pna). we demonstrate that, when a neuraminidase substrate is coated on to the wells of a microplate, it is possible to quantitate the binding of pna to the desialylated substrate using a peroxidase-conjugated pna (po-pna). the amount of bound pna correlated directly with the amount of sialic acid removed from the substrate and ... | 1990 | 1703190 |
| [selection of antigenic variants of the influenza virus on the cells of different hosts]. | antigenic differences were found in influenza b virus variants isolated and propagated in different systems: chick embryos (e variants) and mdck cell culture (m variants). the antigenic differences in m and e variants were detected in hi tests with polyclonal mouse sera and monoclonal antibodies as well as in biological neutralization tests in chick embryos and mdck cell culture, and confirmed when m and e variants were used as antigens for antibody detection in human sera. by protein mobility i ... | 1990 | 1707196 |
| [the antigenic specificity of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza b virus reproducing in different cell systems]. | | 1990 | 1707198 |
| differential inhibitory effects of sulfated polysaccharides and polymers on the replication of various myxoviruses and retroviruses, depending on the composition of the target amino acid sequences of the viral envelope glycoproteins. | sulfated polysaccharides (i.e., dextran sulfate) and sulfated polymers (i.e., sulfated polyvinylalcohol and sulfated copolymers of acrylic acid with vinylalcohol) were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza virus type a (influenza a virus) but not of other myxoviruses (parainfluenza 3, measles, and influenza b viruses). the compounds were also inhibitory to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 and simian ... | 1991 | 1725692 |
| rapid detection of influenza-b virus in respiratory secretions by immunofluorescence during an epidemic. | a commercially available indirect immunofluorescent assay for detection of respiratory viruses in nasal secretions was compared with cell culture during an influenza-b epidemic. this assay had poor sensitivity in the detection of influenza-b virus when used directly patients specimens. | 1992 | 1730184 |
| impact of influenza virus infection as a cause of pediatric hospitalization. | from winter 1989 to spring 1990, a severe epidemic caused by influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses developed in japan. during the epidemic (december 1989 to february 1990), 244 children were admitted to the pediatric ward of nippon kokan hospital: 53 (21.7%) were hospitalized with influenza virus infection, 22 (9.0%) with rotavirus gastroenteritis, and 17 (7.0%) with respiratory syncytial virus infection. among those with influenza, 24 had type a and 29 had type b. most were young healthy children wi ... | 1992 | 1730904 |
| a novel particulate influenza vaccine induces long-term and broad-based immunity in mice after oral immunization. | the immunogenicity of a novel particulate oral influenza vaccine was examined in terms of antibody response and protection in mice. oral immunization with chicken erythrocytes (crbc) adsorbed with gamma-irradiated influenza a virus induced high levels of immunoglobulin g antibodies and protection in the lung compared with gamma-irradiated virus administered alone or crbc. immunoglobulin a antibodies were the predominant antibodies in nasal washings, and their presence did not correlate with prot ... | 1992 | 1731094 |
| the 2.2 a resolution crystal structure of influenza b neuraminidase and its complex with sialic acid. | influenza virus neuraminidase catalyses the cleavage of terminal sialic acid, the viral receptor, from carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids. we present the crystal structure of the enzymatically active head of influenza b virus neuraminidase from the strain b/beijing/1/87. the native structure has been refined to a crystallographic r-factor of 14.8% at 2.2 a resolution and its complex with sialic acid refined at 2.8 a resolution. the overall fold of the molecule is very similar t ... | 1992 | 1740114 |
| fatal influenza b virus pneumonia in pediatric patients. | | 1992 | 1741181 |
| [atypical pathogen spectrum in community-acquired infections of the lower respiratory tract in childhood]. | over a period of 14 months, we obtained nasal and throat swabs for virological examinations from patients, admitted to hospital with suspected pneumonia. fifty-five cases of perihilar bronchitis and 103 cases of pneumonia were diagnosed based on radiological criteria. in 36% (n = 57) of the children, a pathogen could be determined by antigen elisa. we found the following spectrum: respiratory syncytial virus: 42%; influenza a: 8%; influenza b: 10%; parainfluenza 1: 3%; parainfluenza 2: 10%; para ... | 1991 | 1745250 |
| influenza virus activity in papua new guinea. | influenza viruses remain a major cause of respiratory disease in both developed and developing countries. a great deal of information concerning the structure, pathology and modes of transmission of these viruses has been accumulated, but no means of successfully combating them have, as yet, been devised. the most appropriate strategy for limiting the effects of influenza is to monitor the emergence and spread of new strains carefully and warn the public and at-risk groups of impending epidemics ... | 1991 | 1750264 |
| high dose-short duration ribavirin aerosol treatment--a review. | a high-dose, short-duration treatment with ribavirin aerosol consisting of a three-fold increase in concentration of drug (60 mg versus 20 mg of ribavirin per ml in the liquid reservoir of the generator administered for about one-third the time of the standard treatment) was as effective as the standard dosage in the treatment of experimental influenza a and b infections in mice and in the treatment of experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats. despite some minor pulmonar ... | 1991 | 1756300 |
| influenza in the world. 1 october 1990-30 september 1991. | | 1991 | 1782122 |
| a new influenza surveillance system in france: the ile-de-france "grog". 2. validity of indicators (1984-1989). | the evaluation of the validity of the grog's indicators is based on the first five years of activity, four of which being epidemic ones. a virological criterion for identifying epidemics is used as the gold standard. for each non-specific indicator, the ratio of epidemic weeks to non-epidemic weeks is outlined. therefore we can define four epidemic situations in relation with the strains circulating and the non-specific indicators. influenza a epidemics, which are known as a mortality problem ca ... | 1991 | 1783052 |
| comparison of rapid immunofluorescence assay to cell culture isolation for the detection of influenza a and b viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions from infants and children. | in the hospital setting it is often critical to isolate patients appropriately in order to prevent nosocomial infection. this is especially true with respiratory infection in infants and young children. at the present time a rapid immunofluorescence assay (ifa) for respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses is routinely carried out in our laboratory. during january and february of 1990 we used monoclonal antibodies specific for influenza a and b viruses (baxter-bartels, bellevue, wa) in thi ... | 1991 | 1783676 |
| [the use of the lectin test for detecting antineuraminidase antibodies in the sera of vaccinated subjects]. | the lectin test (a microvariant) was used to study the immunogenicity of live attenuated and inactivated virion divaccines of influenza a (h1n1 + h3n2) and influenza b vaccines in children 3 to 15 years of age. a good correlation was found between the general level of seroconversion of antineuraminidase and antihemagglutinin antibodies in the sera examined. this method is simple and may be useful for titration of large numbers of sera in studies on the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines or pec ... | 1991 | 1785180 |
| [the inoculation properties of live recombinant influenza vaccine types a and b used separately and jointly in children 3 to 14]. | the reactogenicity and immunizing activity of vaccine influenza virus a (h1n1) and b strains used as mono- and bi-preparations in children of 3 to 14 years was studied. no increased reactogenicity after the use of bivaccine was observed in the children. febrile reactions as well as 9 other clinical symptoms which could indicate the reactogenicity of the vaccines were identical for mono- and bivaccine and corresponded to the requirements of the technical documents for the vaccine. the optimal con ... | 1991 | 1785181 |
| [the formation of an immune response in volunteers inoculated with a live recombinant influenza vaccine]. | the capacity of a live influenza vaccine (liv) to stimulate cytotoxic cells (adcmc and nk) was studied in 49 volunteers and 56 patients with influenza. experimental batches of liv from influenza a and b viruses prepared by genetic recombination on the basis of cold-adapted attenuation donors were used. type a and b liv were shown to stimulate the cytotoxic cell-mediated and humoral immunity; the intensity of immune response, however, depended on the molecular genetic characteristics of the vacci ... | 1991 | 1785182 |
| influenza immunization recommendations for delaware. | | 1991 | 1786842 |
| haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia in older children. | haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) is a well-recognized cause of serious infection in infants and toddlers. however, little information exists regarding hib infections in older children. this report describes serious hib infections in 23 children (eight immunocompromised; 15 immunocompetent) older than 59 months of age. data were collected over an 11-year period. the mean age of the children was 7.6 years (range, 5-15 years), and 14 were male. while three of the eight immunocompromised children ... | 1991 | 1788118 |
| comparison between three rapid methods for direct diagnosis of influenza and the conventional isolation procedure. | besides the rapid diagnostic tests based on influenza a and b antigens nucleoproteins detection, which are routinely used, the isolation of influenza strains is still required to obtain recent variant isolates for full antigenic characterization, in order to up-date the influenza vaccine composition. to increase the rapidity and the efficacy of the virus growth, we implemented a culture test in 24-well plates by centrifugation of samples on to llcmk2 cells in the presence of trypsin. this test w ... | 1991 | 1797040 |
| [a comparative study of the protective properties of live recombinant and inactivated influenza vaccines made from strain a/philippines/2/82 (h3n2) in 8- to 15-year-old children]. | a limited controlled comparative study for the evaluation of the epidemiological efficacy of live recombinant and inactivated virion vaccines from a/philippines/2/82-like strains of influenza a (h3n2) virus was carried out in schoolchildren of 8 to 15 years of age. during the influenza epidemic of 1987-1988 caused by influenza a/sichuan/2/87 (h3n2)-like strains and by influenza b virus in 8.2-17% of cases, a statistically significant efficacy index for live influenza vaccine was 1.8 for the labo ... | 1991 | 1803767 |
| [the effect of different factors on the reproduction of influenza viruses and reassortants in cell cultures]. | the influence of the maintenance medium, polyethylene glycol (peg), deae-dextran, and low temperature on reproduction of influenza a, b, and c viruses and their reassortants in diploid and continuous cell cultures was determined. lowering of ph in the maintenance medium to 6.5 was found to decrease reproduction of influenza a (h1n1) and a (h3n2) viruses and increase that of influenza b viruses. treatment of cells with peg solution increased the yield of influenza b and c but not a viruses. howev ... | 1991 | 1803770 |
| [interepidemic influenza in bulgaria based on laboratory research data]. | during the interepidemic periods of 34 years (1955-1988) the national influenza centre of bulgaria with the aid of 11 supporting stations investigated a total of 27240 nasopharyngeal washings and 42530 paired sera of patients with acute respiratory diseases. eighty strains of subtype a (h1n1) influenza virus, 60 strains of subtype a (h2n2), 148 strains of subtype a (h3n2), 3 strains of subtype a (heg2, neg2), 2 strains of subtype a (hsw1n1), 14 strains of type b, and 6 strains of type c were iso ... | 1991 | 1803771 |
| haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against influenza a and b in human sera collected from five ecological zones in nigeria. | the prevalence of antibodies to the haemagglutinins of two influenza a subtype, h1n1 and h3n2 and influenza b in sera collected from 1986 to 1988 from persons of different ages and from 10 locations in 5 ecological zones of nigeria was determined. the levels of influenza antibodies in the sera varies with age and ecological zones of the country. a total of 1,022 sera were tested, of which 732 (71.6%) were positive for influenza antibodies. the prevalence of antibodies at titre 1:10 varied betwee ... | 1991 | 1804870 |
| [the evolutionary characteristics of an influenza epidemic in a large urban center (b.) of romania between 1988 and 1990]. | the report presents the peculiar characteristics of influenza epidemics in a big urban centre (b.) of romania, between 1988 and 1990, surveyed by clinical, epidemiological and laboratory methods. among the peculiarities of the epidemics: the low rate of endemic morbidity, the seasonal and preseasonal peaks, the very high implication of infantile population in influenza a(h3n2), a(h1n1) and b virus circulation, as well as the high level of mass specific humoral protection against these viruses. e ... | 1991 | 1814431 |
| isolation and characterization of egg yolk antibodies igy from hens immunized with different influenza virus strains. | a comparison of two precipitation methods of igy from normal hen eggs was made. for method i the precipitation agent is represented by peg 6000, and for method ii by organic solvents. the comparative study of some parameters (protein concentration, ovalbumin content, presence of non-specific inhibitors, paa-gel electrophoresis) shows that method i is more efficient and more convenient than method ii. using this method, we isolated and characterized igy preparations from hens immunized with circu ... | 1991 | 1821163 |
| [usefulness of elisa and radial immunodiffusion tests for evaluation of the degree of purification of influenza diagnostic and vaccine preparations]. | it is necessary to use new diagnostic tests for careful and rapid evaluation of a degree of purification and immunogenicity of vaccine anti-influenza preparations. in this study in order to obtain this purpose a radial immunodiffusion++ test and immunoenzymatic test (elisa) were used recommended by who radial immunodiffusion++ test enable to determine a level of haemagglutinin of particular types and subtypes of influenza virus in polyvalent preparations. however, this test is time consuming the ... | 1991 | 1823376 |
| nosocomial influenza in a general hospital for indigent patients. | surveillance of influenza virus infections was maintained on the medical and pediatric wards of a general hospital serving indigent patients of harris county, texas during the winter of 1987-88. influenza a/sichuan/2/87(h3n2) was the predominant virus during the community epidemic. influenza a(h3n2) virus was isolated from six of 17 adult patients (35%) suspected to have nosocomial infections; two of these patients died of fulminating pneumonia. another patient, admitted with alcoholism and hema ... | 1991 | 1824284 |
| [serological investigation of influenza type a and b in university students, brazil]. | wide serological prevalence of influenza a and b was verified by the serological survey covering 200 students of the university of s. paulo during the 1984-1985 period. the humoral antibodies were detected by the single radial haemolysis technique, whose arithmetic titres averages were greater for both subtypes, (h1n1) and (h3n2) of the influenza a virus strains recently isolated from the population. however, the situation of this type b virus was not the same as that of type a seeing that the b ... | 1991 | 1843236 |
| acute alterations in the regulation of lipid metabolism after intravascular reexposure to a single bolus of homologous virus during influenza b infection in ferrets: possible model of epiphenomena associated with influenza. | metabolic responses occurring 24 h following the secondary haematogenous dissemination of influenza b virus during convalescence from infection were examined in the ferret as a possible model for epiphenomena which can occur following infection with influenza. among the major changes found were a further rise in the mean fasting serum free fatty acid (ffa) level to three times the control mean value and a 50% drop in the mean serum triglyceride (tg) concentration after the intravascular administ ... | 1991 | 1843259 |
| role of influenza b virus in hepatic steatosis and mitochondrial abnormalities in a mouse model of reye syndrome. | the hepatic steatosis observed in the influenza b virus mouse model of reye syndrome has been attributed to infectious virus or, alternately, to decreased food intake in the virus-treated mice or impurities in the virus preparation. to resolve this issue, 4- to 6-wk-old male balb c mice were given, by intravenous injection, 12,800 hemagglutination units of influenza b lee/40 virus in phosphate buffered saline/1% bovine serum albumin using virus prepared by ultra-centrifugation from infected alla ... | 1991 | 1846348 |
| acute peripheral facial palsy: csf findings and etiology. | csf and serum were examined in acute and convalescence phase from 56 patients with acute idiopathic peripheral facial palsy. csf protein analysis, viral and borrelia serology were performed. borrelia infection was found in 9/56 cases and was often associated with inflammatory csf findings. one patient each had serological evidence for a recent or ongoing infection with herpes simplex, varicella zoster, adeno, influenza b, echo and epstein-barr virus, but none had specific intrathecal antibody sy ... | 1991 | 1849336 |
| [hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase in influenza]. | hyaluronidase and hyaluronic acid activities are markedly changed in influenza, these changes directly depending on the severity of the inflammatory process that depends on the presence of bacterial complications in influenza. the authors' findings correlate with the literature data on the blood mucolytic system status in various infectious diseases. the results recommend measurements of hyaluronidase and hyaluronic acid activities as an additional test for the early diagnosis of influenza compl ... | 1991 | 1862370 |
| detection of influenza viruses in throat swab by using polymerase chain reaction. | an assay protocol based on exploiting the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the direct detection of influenza virus in throat swab is described. by use of the mixture of h1 and h3 primers, it was possible to determine the subtype of the influenza a viruses simultaneously. no visible band was detected after pcr of influenza b or a (h2n2) viruses with a pair of h1 or h3 primers. the dilution experiment showed that the influenza viruses, as few as 1.3-6 plaque-forming units, were sufficient for d ... | 1991 | 1870441 |
| [rapid diagnosis of influenza virus infections from nasopharyngeal secretions]. | since virus isolation consumes a lot of work and time, and virus specific antibodies are not detectable before several days after the onset of illness we developed an enzyme immunoassay (elisa) for the detection of influenza a and influenza b virus antigen in nasopharyngeal specimens (nps). this test permits antigen detection within four hours. this elisa was tested with 119 nps from children, most of these between 1-12 years old. virus isolation in mdck-cells served as control. a total of 67 in ... | 1991 | 1870599 |
| a comparison of direct immunofluorescence, shell vial culture, and conventional cell culture for the rapid detection of influenza a and b. | direct immunofluorescence (fa) and shell vial contrifugation cultures (svcs) were compared with conventional tube cultures for the rapid detection of influenza a and b by using a commercial antibody. of the 439 specimens tested, 82 were positive by conventional culture (cc). the direct smear prepared from pelleted cells or direct swab material exhibited positive fluorescence in only seven (8.5%) of these cases, whereas the svc was positive in 30 (37%). the svc method detected 12 additional posit ... | 1991 | 1873971 |
| [detection of influenza b virus antibodies in different age groups using hemagglutination inhibition tests]. | antibody levels against influenza b virus were investigated by using hemagglutination-inhibition (ha-i) tests in 402 sera obtained from different age groups. hemagglutination antigens were obtained by production of influenza b virus (b/singapur/llc 6201) in trypsinized madin darby bovine kidney (mdbk) cell cultured and they were used in tests. in 355 out of 402 sera (88.3%) antibodies against influenza b virus were detected at titers varying between 1/20 and 1/1280. however in 47 sera (11.7%) no ... | 1991 | 1881357 |
| [influenza virus proteins: preparation of a soluble m1 polypeptide by means of a stepwise deproteination of virions]. | layer by layer uncoating of influenza a and b viruses with non-ionic detergent (np-40) at fixed ph was developed. treatment of virions with np-40 at neutral or alkaline ph solubilized the lipoprotein envelope and the surface glycopolypeptides ha1 and ha2, but the internal core structures containing matrix protein m1 remained. exposition of the cores in acidic media (ph 4,5 and lower) selectively solubilized protein m1 and released viral ribonucleoprotein (rnp). the resulting m1 sedimented in a g ... | 1991 | 1881394 |
| [the acceleration of experimental influenza b infection under the influence of gangliosides]. | the influence of mono-, di-, and trisialogangliosides on the dynamics of influenza b virus reproduction in human embryo fibroblast (hef) cell culture and human diploid cells was established. the cells were treated with neuraminidase of non-cholera vibrio for removal of natural receptors followed by treatment with gangliosides. virus reproduction was assessed by infectious titres for chick embryos and ha test of the culture fluid at certain intervals. gangliosides restored influenza virus recepti ... | 1991 | 1882518 |
| [the use of the immunofluorescence method for the rapid diagnosis of influenza during 1968-1988 in bulgaria]. | | 1991 | 1882525 |
| cross-reactive antibodies induced by a monovalent influenza b virus vaccine. | influenza viruses related to the markedly antigenically divergent strains b/yamagata/16/88 and b/victoria/2/87 are circulating in human populations. adults develop cross-reacting antibodies against recent and earlier influenza b virus strains after vaccination with b/yamagata/16/88, probably because of previous influenza b virus infections or immunizations. vaccines containing b/yamagata/16/88 should adequately protect adults against b/victoria/2/87 infections. | 1991 | 1885750 |
| principles of selective inactivation of viral genome. vi. inactivation of the infectivity of the influenza virus by the action of beta-propiolactone. | the kinetics of inactivation of the infectivity of the influenza virus by beta-propiolactone have been studied. rate constants have been determined for inactivation of the a/leningrad/385 (h3n2) and b/leningrad/489/80 influenza virus under the action of beta-propiolactone on a virus-containing allantoic fluid and on a purified viral suspension. the data obtained allow calculation of the time required for inactivation of the influenza virus infectivity to a given extent in virus-containing soluti ... | 1991 | 1887669 |
| [nucleic acid molecular hybridization as a method for the laboratory diagnosis of influenza: its potentials and prospects]. | experiments carried out by the present moment in a number of laboratories indicate that the method of molecular hybridization (mh) has great diagnostic potential. sufficient methodological mastery of the reaction of radioactively labeled dna probes with rna samples applied into a polymer membrane and good supply of commercially available materials make it possible to recommend this method for use in reference laboratories at specialized diagnostic centers. hybridization should be used in combina ... | 1991 | 1887705 |
| influenza virus strain identification for the 1990-1991 influenza season. | | 1991 | 1889092 |
| [the role of antibody functional activity in the protection of people against influenza]. | indices of the functional activity of specific serum antibodies (ifaa) before and after outbreaks of influenza a (h3n2) and b were determined in 164 subjects of 18-20 years of age from the military communities observed in 1987-1988. the ifaa were calculated on the basis of kinetic hi tests followed by computer processing according to the program developed by the authors. the ifaa were found to indicate the protection of human subjects against influenza, reflecting the state of resistance to infl ... | 1991 | 1891874 |
| principles of selective inactivation of viral genome. vii. some peculiarities in determination of viral suspension infectivity during inactivation by chemical agents. | when the infectivity of the influenza virus is determined by means of titration on chicken embryos, calculating the infection titre according to reed and muench, the course of inactivation with beta-propiolactone shows an anomaly - the fraction of infected embryos in a batch initially increases and then decreases as the degree of dilution of the virus-containing sample is increased. this anomaly occurs because a slight dilution lowers the agent concentration insufficiently so that inactivation g ... | 1991 | 1897304 |
| immune recognition of hla molecules downmodulates cd8 expression on cytotoxic t lymphocytes. | an hla-a2+ cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) line restricted by hla-a2 in recognition of an influenza b virus nucleoprotein (bnp) peptide uses the cd8 coreceptor in the recognition of this viral peptide. incubation of these ctl with bnp peptide in the absence of antigen-presenting cells downmodulates cd8 alpha and cd8 beta expression and reduces their ability to lyse target cells without inducing self-lysis. cd8 downmodulation was dependent on peptide concentration, time of exposure, and t cell recep ... | 1991 | 1898661 |
| immunogenic peptides of influenza virus subtype n1 neuraminidase identify a t-cell determinant used in class ii major histocompatibility complex-restricted responses to infectious virus. | six nonoverlapping peptides of the neuraminidase (na) glycoprotein of influenza virus a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) (pr8 virus) were found to be immunogenic for proliferating t cells when injected into balb/c mice in freund adjuvant. t cells elicited by peptide immunization could recognize pr8 virus in vitro. however, only one of these peptides, corresponding to residues 79 to 93 of na (na 79-93), was able to restimulate t cells of mice immunized with infectious virus. t cells that recognized this p ... | 1991 | 1898970 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, and the composition of the 1991-92 influenza vaccine. | | 1991 | 1901134 |
| community acquired pneumonia: aetiology and prognostic index evaluation. | a 10 month prospective study of all adults admitted to waikato hospital with community acquired pneumonia was performed to assess aetiology, mortality, hospital stay, and the value of a prognostic index based on that obtained from a british thoracic society study. the 92 patients in the survey had a mean age of 56 (range 13-97) years. a microbiological diagnosis was established in 72%; streptococcus pneumoniae (33%), mycoplasma pneumoniae (18%), and influenza a virus (8%) were the most common mi ... | 1991 | 1907034 |
| [fibrinolytic therapy in sudden deafness with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. hemorheologic and therapeutic effects]. | in the course of a pilot study, the effects of fibrinolysis treatment with rt-pa (actilyse, thomae, biberach; 100 mg) on the recovery of hearing and hemorheologic parameters were investigated in 12 patients suffering from sudden hearing loss. the authors' approach was based on two considerations, (1) the possibility that, in cases of sudden hearing loss, the oxygen supply to the cochlea is totally or partially blocked by a microthrombus which could be dissolved by rt-pa and (2) the fact that lys ... | 1991 | 1910364 |
| activity of cd4+ t-cell clones of type 1 and type 2 in generation of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic responses in vitro. | the activity of distinct cd4+ t-helper cell (th) clones in promoting secondary a/pr/8/34/mt.s.(h1n1) (a/pr8) influenza virus-specific, class i-restricted cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) responses in vitro was examined. cd8+ t cells which had been purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorter from spleen cells of a/pr8-primed mice were used as responders. on their own, purified cd8+ t cells were unable to generate cytotoxic activity upon in vitro culture with a/pr8-infected stimulator cells. signif ... | 1991 | 1920626 |
| some (not all) influenza watchers suggest 'bad season' lies ahead. | | 1991 | 1920733 |
| impact of influenza on morbidity in children with cystic fibrosis. | recommendations concerning annual influenza vaccination in children suffering from cystic fibrosis (cf) are not uniform. previous studies have shown that influenza causes a small proportion of episodes of acute respiratory deterioration in cf patients. during the 1989 australian winter, we studied the association between serologically proven influenza infection and acute respiratory morbidity in 20 children with cf. six children were shown to have influenza infection, four with type a and two wi ... | 1991 | 1931225 |
| the effects of influenza virus infection on fev1 in asthmatic children. the time-course study. | to study the time-course of influenza-induced asthma, we retrospectively examined fev1 from five days before to ten days after the onset of illness in 20 asthmatic children aged 8 to 12 years with tolerable respiratory symptoms. influenza infection was confirmed by a rise at least fourfold in serum complement fixation titers. fifteen of 20 patients had decrease in fev1 more than 20 percent from baseline during the acute stage. fev1 began to decrease with the onset of illness in the 15 patients w ... | 1991 | 1935277 |
| an indian hospital study of viral causes of acute respiratory infection in children. | from sept. 1986 to jan. 1989, a hospital-based study was conducted on 736 children, under 5 years of age, with acute respiratory infection. nasopharyngeal secretions were examined for viruses by culture and by immunofluorescence. viruses were detected in 22% of specimens: respiratory syncytial (5%), parainfluenza (5%), influenza a (4%), influenza b (2%), adenovirus (3%), measles (3%). the highest rates of detection were with patients diagnosed clinically as pneumonia or upper respiratory tract i ... | 1991 | 1941992 |
| from the centers for disease control. influenza activity--worldwide, 1990-91. | | 1991 | 1942390 |
| the herald waves of influenza virus infections detected in sendai and yamagata cities in 1985-1990. | the community surveillance of respiratory virus infections performed during 1985-1987 in sendai and 1988-1990 in yamagata has identified a total of five herald waves of influenza virus infections: a/h3n2 virus infections in 1985 and 1989, a/h1n1 virus infections in 1986 and 1988, and type b virus infections in 1989. to investigate the antigenic and genetic relationships between the herald wave and epidemic strains, influenza a/h1n1 viruses isolated during the 1986 and 1988 herald waves were comp ... | 1991 | 1943849 |
| update: influenza activity--worldwide, 1990-91, and influenza vaccination--united states. | during the 1990-91 influenza season, influenza occurred at relatively low levels throughout much of the world. all reporting countries (except brazil and papua new guinea, which reported epidemic levels) indicated either sporadic cases, small local outbreaks, or regional outbreaks. this report summarizes worldwide influenza activity reported from april through september 1991. | 1991 | 1944118 |
| antibody responses to influenza b viruses in immunologically unprimed children. | the cocirculation in several parts of the world of influenza viruses b/yamagata/16/88 and b/victoria/2/87, which are genetically and antigenically divergent, has prompted the question of whether immunization with one viral antigen is sufficient for protection against both strains. twenty-three high-risk infants and young children were immunized with a commercial trivalent influenza vaccine containing the antigens of influenza virus b/yamagata/16/88. when antibodies against influenza viruses b/ya ... | 1991 | 1945607 |
| immunogenicity of trivalent subunit and split influenza vaccines (1989-90 winter season) in volunteers of different groups of age. | trivalent split or subunit influenza vaccines [a/shangai/11/87 (h3n2), a/singapore/6/86 (h1n1) and b/yamagata/16/88] recommended for the 1989-90 winter season and licensed in italy, were administered to 149 volunteers of three different age groups (elderly, middle-aged and young). antibody production was determined in pre- and postvaccination sera by haemagglutinin inhibition test and the results were evaluated as protection and response rates. the split vaccine was more immunogenic than the sub ... | 1991 | 1950094 |
| [the evaluation of the reactogenicity and immunological activity of an inactivated 3-component influenza vaccine with an elevated hemagglutinin concentration in the inoculation dosage]. | in this work the reactogenic properties and antigenic potency of inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine, obtained by elution and centrifugation and containing up to 9-11 micrograms of hemagglutinin for influenza viruses a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) and up to 14 micrograms for influenza virus b, were studied. the reactogenicity of the preparation was found to correspond to the regulations. the immunogenic potency characteristics of individual batches of this trivaccine were higher than the immunogenicity ... | 1991 | 1950267 |
| influenza serosurvey for 1991-1992 season. prevalence of antibody to current influenza virus strains in a 1991 canadian serosurvey. | | 1991 | 1959137 |
| viruses associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections in children from the eastern highlands of papua new guinea (1983-1985). | this study, conducted at goroka hospital from january 1983 to june 1985, examined the viruses identified in nasopharyngeal aspirates (npa) and urines collected from 716 hospitalised children with moderate or severe pneumonia, in npa from 170 children with mild pneumonia treated as outpatients and in npa from a control group of 428 children attending the outpatient department of goroka hospital suffering from minor ailments other than upper or lower respiratory tract infections. one or more virus ... | 1990 | 1963705 |
| cross-protection against influenza b type virus infection by intranasal inoculation of the ha vaccines combined with cholera toxin b subunit. | the relationship between the antibody responses to various influenza b type virus ha vaccines and protection against live b virus infection was investigated in balb/c mice which had been inoculated intranasally with a combination of the ha vaccines and b subunit of cholera toxin (ctb) 4 weeks previously. the inoculation of ha vaccine, prepared from b/ibaraki/2/85 (b/ibaraki), b/nagasaki/1/87 (b/nagasaki) or b/aichi/5/88 (b/aichi) viruses, combined with ctb induced high levels of both nasal iga a ... | 1990 | 1965078 |
| evaluation of the toxicity and antiviral activity of carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine against respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza type 3 viruses in tissue culture and in cotton rats. | the toxicity and antiviral efficacy of carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine (cc3ado) against respiratory syncytial (rsv) and parainfluenza type 3 (piv3) virus infections were tested in tissue culture and in cotton rats. the mean median efficacious dose (ed50) of cc3ado in hep2 cells against rsv and piv3 was 9 and 14 micrograms/ml, respectively. these values were 85- and 55-fold less than the median inhibitory (toxic) dose (id50) of cc3ado in this cell line (750 micrograms/ml), and similar to values obta ... | 1990 | 1965109 |
| [the incidence of exacerbations in chronic diseases in patients hospitalized with influenza and para-influenza]. | a retrospective analysis was made of the case reports of 829 patients admitted to the infectious department with a diagnosis of influenza (592) and parainfluenza (237). in all the patients, the diagnosis was supported serologically with the aid of the hemagglutination inhibition test, with the antibody titer in the serum rising 4-fold and more. in part of the patients the indicated test was used in combination with the immunofluorescence test in studying nasopharyngeal smears, whereas in part of ... | 1990 | 1965617 |
| [respiratory viral infections in young children 1988-1990]. | from october 1988 to june 1989 the studies on viral infections of respiratory tract were done in specimens taken from 461 children, aged 0-2 years. similarly to the observations in previous epidemic seasons infections due to rs and parainfluenza type 3 viruses were dominated. these studies included also influenza type c and parainfluenza type 4 viruses with unknown epidemiology in poland. the insignificant role of these infections in small children was estimated according to the low ratio of det ... | 1990 | 1966118 |
| heterogeneity of influenza b virus strains isolated in a local area of the disease during an influenza outbreak. | ten strains of influenza b virus isolated in a local focus during an influenza outbreak were found to include 9 virus strain variants as demonstrated by different antigenicity of their haemagglutinin, ts-marker, sensitivity to heating at 56 degrees c/30 min, and to non-specific serum inhibitors. these strains induced antibodies in rats which interacted more actively with the virus isolated in earlier periods of this outbreak than with that isolated later. it might indicate that all strains origi ... | 1990 | 1975979 |
| influenza virus detection in clinical specimens. | the authors compared the results of influenza a (h1n1) and influenza a (h3n2) virus detection in nasopharyngeal swabs from flu patients by molecular hybridization (mh), elisa, virus isolation and seroconversion. using the immunofluorescence (if) technique influenza virus was detected in cell suspensions from the first chick embryo passage. altogether 63 swabs from various epidemic seasons were separated into 3 groups according to specimen sampling and storage. it was shown that influenza virus r ... | 1990 | 1981455 |
| surfactant-potentiated increases in intracranial pressure in a mouse model of reye's syndrome. | severe encephalopathy, the usual cause of death in reye's syndrome (rs), is characterized by cerebral edema with associated increases in intracranial pressure (icp). in previous studies, we have shown that exposure of neonatal mice to nontoxic doses of an industrial surfactant and subsequent infection with mouse-adapted influenza b (lee) virus result in a significant increase in mortality rate and that this is associated with several of the characteristic features of human rs. in the present stu ... | 1991 | 1984438 |
| sequence and crystallization of influenza virus b/beijing/1/87 neuraminidase. | influenza b/beijing/1/87 neuraminidase heads were isolated from virus via trypsin digestion and characterized by page, n-terminal sequencing, electron microscopy, and enzyme activity. the heads were crystallized into two crystal forms; tetragonal plates, like other neuraminidase crystals described before, that diffract to medium resolution (3 a) and a new form consisting of trigonal prisms or needles that diffract to high resolution (at least 2 a). the gene segment coding for neuraminidase was s ... | 1991 | 1984652 |
| direct isolation in eggs of influenza a (h1n1) and b viruses with haemagglutinins of different antigenic and amino acid composition. | influenza a (h1n1) and influenza b viruses from clinical samples were isolated in the amniotic cavity of embryonated hens' eggs by classical techniques and propagated in the allantoic cavity. virus progeny from different eggs which had been inoculated with virus material from the same clinical sample possessed antigenically distinguishable haemagglutinins (has). virus progeny of some eggs possessed has which were serologically identical to those of virus isolated in parallel in mammalian (mdck) ... | 1991 | 1990062 |
| age distribution of patients with medically-attended illnesses caused by sequential variants of influenza a/h1n1: comparison to age-specific infection rates, 1978-1989. | since influenza a/h1n1 viruses reappeared during the 1977-1978 season, this subtype has contributed 27% of 6,609 documented influenza infections of persons with acute respiratory disease presenting to clinics serving as surveillance sites of the influenza research center in houston for the 12-year period ending june 1989. wide differences in the distribution of h1n1 viruses occurred by age group: more than 50% of h1n1 infections were detected among persons aged 10-34 years, compared with 28% for ... | 1991 | 2000847 |
| influenza vaccines. | | 1991 | 2008259 |
| safety and immunogenicity of live attenuated cold-adapted influenza b/ann arbor/1/86 reassortant virus vaccine in infants and children. | a cold-adapted (ca) influenza b reassortant vaccine consisting of two genes encoding the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from wild-type influenza b/ann arbor/1/86 virus and the six internal rna segments from influenza b/ann arbor/1/66 ca virus was evaluated in 18 seropositive and 57 seronegative infants and children. the ca reassortant was infectious in seronegative vaccinees, with an estimated 50% human infectious dose of 10(2.5) tcid50. nasal wash specimens from vaccinees retained the temperat ... | 1991 | 2010627 |
| from the centers for disease control. influenza activity--united states and worldwide, and composition of 1991-92 influenza vaccine. | | 1991 | 2016824 |
| reconstitution by mhc-restricted peptides of hla-a2 heavy chain with beta 2-microglobulin, in vitro. | cytotoxic t lymphocytes kill virally infected cells when they detect antigenic fragments presented by class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc) antigens (hla in humans). the crystal structures of hla-a2 and hla-aw68 reveal that peptide-antigen forms an integral part of the hla structure, being retained in a prominent groove even after purification and crystallization. here we report that the heavy chain and beta 2-microglobulin of hla-a2, after separation and fractionation in denaturants, r ... | 1991 | 2017257 |
| recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 1991-1992 season. | | 1991 | 2018726 |
| prevention and control of influenza recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee (acip). | | 1991 | 2034207 |
| influenza type a and b infections in hospitalized pediatric patients. who should be immunized? | medical records of 99 hospitalized pediatric patients whose respiratory viral cultures yielded influenza type a or b during the winter of 1988/1989 were reviewed. we compared the records of patients considered to be at high risk (n = 43) with those of patients considered to be at low risk (n = 56) to determine differences in morbidity and mortality and if vaccination was warranted. sixty-six percent of high-risk patients had chronic pulmonary disease. forty-four percent of the high-risk and 11% ... | 1991 | 2035490 |
| in elderly persons live attenuated influenza a virus vaccines do not offer an advantage over inactivated virus vaccine in inducing serum or secretory antibodies or local immunologic memory. | in a double-blind, randomized trial, 102 healthy elderly subjects were inoculated with one of four preparations: (i) intranasal bivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine containing cold-adapted a/kawasaki/86 (h1n1) and cold-adapted a/bethesda/85 (h3n2) viruses; (ii) parenteral trivalent inactivated subvirion vaccine containing a/taiwan/86 (h1n1), a/leningrad/86 (h3n2), and b/ann arbor/86 antigens; (iii) both vaccines; or (iv) placebo. to determine whether local or systemic immunization augmente ... | 1991 | 2037667 |
| serological responses in volunteers to inactivated trivalent subunit influenza vaccine: antibody reactivity with epidemic influenza a and b strains and evidence of a rapid immune response. | a study of the immunogenicity of the inactivated trivalent subunit influenza vaccine for the 1989/90 season was performed in what proved to be an influenza epidemic year. one hundred student volunteers at the london hospital medical college participated in the study and the findings indicated that there was an excellent serological match between the epidemic strain of influenza a (h3n2) and the vaccine strain. before vaccination, the geometric mean titre (gmt) to a/england/308/89, a representati ... | 1991 | 2051142 |
| an influenza a virus containing influenza b virus 5' and 3' noncoding regions on the neuraminidase gene is attenuated in mice. | influenza a and b viruses have not been shown to form reassortants. it had been assumed that the lack of genotypic mixing between influenza virus types reflected differences in polymerase and packaging specificity. in this study, we show that an influenza a virus polymerase transcribes and replicates a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene flanked by the nontranslated sequences of an influenza b virus gene. although the transcription level of this cat gene was several times lower than tha ... | 1991 | 2052599 |
| electron microscopic evidence for the association of m2 protein with the influenza virion. | immunogold electron microscopy revealed that site-specific antibodies elicited by a synthetic peptide representing the n-terminal sequence (residues 2-10) of influenza virus m2 protein were capable of binding to the surface of virions. antibody binding was observed with two human influenza virus strains but not with an avian virus strain which has amino acid substitutions in the appropriate sequence of m2. these results provide direct evidence for the presence of m2 in the influenza virion. | 1991 | 2069504 |
| nosocomial pneumonia in a canadian tertiary care center: a prospective surveillance study. | to determine the contribution of etiologic agents, including legionella pneumophila and respiratory viruses to nosocomial pneumonia at a tertiary care center. | 1991 | 2071878 |
| evaluation of the anti-influenza virus activities of 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylcyanamide (ly217896) and its sodium salt. | 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylcyanamide (ly217896) and its sodium salt were shown to be effective against influenza a and b viruses in vitro and in the mouse model. in nondividing confluent mdck cells, the 50% inhibitory concentration of ly217896 ranged from 0.37 to 1.19 micrograms/ml against various strains of influenza a virus and from 0.75 to 1.54 micrograms/ml against various strains of influenza b virus, with no apparent cytotoxicity. however, at a concentration of 0.31 microgram/ml, ly217896 inhibi ... | 1990 | 2073106 |
| [surveillance of influenza in tananarive. 1989]. | the authors report results of epidemiological survey of influenza in tananarive. this survey is based on respiratory morbidity observed in an interprofessional health center, and virus isolation. two viruses have circulated in 1989: b virus (b/victoria/2/87) during first half-year, and a: a/victoria/36/88 (h1n1) virus during dry season with a pick in november. influenzae has been responsible of grouped sporadic cases without epidemic diffusion. | 1990 | 2078081 |
| anti-influenza virus activity of the compound ly253963. | the compound ly253963 (1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylcyanamide) inhibited the in vitro replication of representative influenza a and b viruses in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells at concentrations of 1-3.2 micrograms/ml. the yield of an influenza a (h3n2) virus in primary rhesus monkey kidney (rmk) cells was inhibited at 0.1-0.3 micrograms/ml. however, similar concentrations were inhibitory for the growth of uninfected mcdk or rmk cells. combination drug studies generally found indifferent interact ... | 1990 | 2080866 |
| [acute respiratory infections of viral origin in the children of algiers, algeria based on a seroepidemiological study]. | 401 double serum samples from 0 to 14 year old children with acute respiratory diseases (ard) were analysed in view to establish the viral etiology. 198 (49.4%) out of the 401 were positive. the syncytial respiratory virus (srv) was the most frequent (29.8%) among the positives, followed by the parainfluenzae virus type 3 (24.7), the influenza a virus (23.7%), the parainfluenzae type 1 (8.5%), the influenza b (7%) and the parainfluenza type 2 (2%). seven samples out of 109 were positive for aden ... | 1990 | 2099830 |
| [the virological study of a certified focus of acute respiratory diseases in a half-closed community]. | an acute respiratory disease outbreak appeared during february and march 1988 in a half-closed community. virologic investigations were conducted and an influenza virus type b strain was isolated, antigenically like b/victoria 2/87. administration of the anti-influenza vaccine in the fifth day of the outbreak evolution led to considerable reduction of the new cases and to outbreak extinction after 48 hours. | 1990 | 2099831 |
| [profile of influenza viruses in poland 1986-1990]. | during the years 1986 through 1990 we isolated 69 strains of influenza viruses of which 43 were a(h3n2), 22--a(h1n1) and 4 b strains. influenza a(h3n2) viruses isolated in 1986, 1988, 1989 and 1990 were similar to a/mississippi 1/85, a/inverness 3491/85, a/sichuan 2/87 and a/oms 5389/88. influenza a(h1n1) viruses isolated in 1987 and 1989 were similar to a/taiwan 1/86 and a/singapore 6/86 strains. influenza b viruses isolated in 1988 were similar to b/victoria 2/87 and b/beijing 1/87 strains. | 1990 | 2100811 |
| [haemophilus influenzae type b: subtyping of strains isolated from respiratory infections using the outer membrane protein profiles]. | sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) applied to outer membrane protein (omp), extracted by a micromethod, was employed to subtype h. influenza b type i. a total of 37 h. influenzae b strains were isolated from children under 4 years of age, either with lower acute respiratory infection (lari), or asymptomatic carriers matched according sex, socioeconomic level and seasonality. twenty seven out of the 37 h. influenzae b strains belonged to biotype i. on the basis ... | 1990 | 2102010 |
| [community viral pneumonia in the adult population: a prospective multicenter study of 62 cases. the pneumonia study group of the community of valencia]. | the present work prospectively analyzes, in a multicentric study, viral pneumonias acquired in the community during one year. were studied 510 patients diagnosed of pneumonia in hospital, or whom 62 (12.1%) had a viral origin. influenza virus a and b were the most common causative agents (47.6% and 20.6% respectively). smoking habit was present in 44% of patients, previous ocfa in 45% and other previous pathology in 64.4%. the greatest number of registered cases was during december. the most fre ... | 1990 | 2102533 |
| [diagnosis of influenza virus type a and b infections]. | | 1990 | 2113124 |
| eukaryotic coupled translation of tandem cistrons: identification of the influenza b virus bm2 polypeptide. | previous nucleotide sequence analysis of rna segment 7 of influenza b virus indicated that, in addition to the reading frame encoding the 248 amino acid m1 protein, there is a second overlapping reading frame (bm2orf) of 585 nucleotides that has the coding capacity for 195 amino acids. to search for a polypeptide product derived from bm2orf, a genetically engineered beta-galactosidase-bm2orf fusion protein was expressed in escherichia coli and a polyclonal rabbit antiserum was raised to the puri ... | 1990 | 2114979 |
| influenza surveillance--wales, 1988-89. | important functions of influenza surveillance include early detection of epidemics-enabling immunization of persons not previously covered by routine immunization programs, notification of health providers to prepare for the possible impact on clinical workloads and hospital admissions, and characterization of prevalent strains to permit the timely production of appropriate vaccines. in 1986, a general-practice-based surveillance system was established in wales to facilitate reporting of infecti ... | 1990 | 2123515 |
| nucleotide sequence and some biological properties of the ns gene of a newly isolated influenza b virus mutant which has a long carboxyl terminal deletion in the ns1 protein. | by a heterotypic cross between influenza viruses a/wsn (h1n1) and b/yamagata/1/73, we obtained a mutant of b/yamagata (awby-234), which expressed a greatly truncated ns1 protein with molecular weight of 13,500. direct sequencing of the ns gene of the mutant revealed a deletion of a single uridine base at the position 310, 311, or 312 of the plus sense rna, giving rise to a new stop codon at the position 314-316. the resulting ns1 protein was predicted to be composed of only 90 amino acids, compa ... | 1990 | 2136779 |