| inactivated orf virus (parapoxvirus ovis) induces antitumoral activity in transplantable tumor models. | orf virus (orfv, parapoxvirus ovis) possesses strong immunomodulating activity including the induction of interferon gamma (ifn-γ) and interleukin-12 (il-12) expression. antiviral effects have been described which appeared to be facilitated by an orfv-induced type 1 helper t-cell (th1-type) immune response. in this study, we investigated the potential antitumoral activity of inactivated orfv in transplantable tumor models. we show that parenteral administration of inactivated orfv mediates antit ... | 2011 | 22199278 |
| severe oesophagitis in an adult bull caused by bovine papular stomatitis virus. | | 2011 | 21926143 |
| recurrent localised cutaneous parapoxvirus infection in three cats. | three cats were presented with single proliferative lesions affecting one foot, which failed to heal after medical treatment, and recurred despite surgical resection. pathological findings: histologically, the lesions were proliferative and papillary. there was marked acanthosis, rete peg formation, and compact orthokeratosis, with large numbers of bacteria in the orthokeratotic scale. some biopsies had multifocal keratinocyte swelling of the stratum granulosum, and amphophilic intracytoplasmic ... | 2008 | 18690256 |
| nested-multiplex pcr detection of orthopoxvirus and parapoxvirus directly from exanthematic clinical samples. | orthopoxvirus (opv) and parapoxvirus (ppv) have been associated with worldwide exanthematic outbreaks. some species of these genera are able to infect humans and domestic animals, causing serious economic losses and public health impact. rapid, useful and highly specific methods are required to detect and epidemiologically monitor such poxviruses. in the present paper, we describe the development of a nested-multiplex pcr method for the simultaneous detection of opv and ppv species directly from ... | 2009 | 19747382 |
| Development of orf virus as a bifunctional recombinant vaccine: Surface display of Echinococcus granulosus antigen EG95 by fusion to membrane structural proteins. | The parapoxvirus, orf virus (ORFV) causes superficial skin lesions in infected sheep. Unattenuated ORFV is used globally to vaccinate against orf. Recombinant poxviruses are proven delivery systems and we investigated strategies to express the immunogenic Echinococcus granulosus peptide EG95 from ORFV with the aim of developing a recombinant bivalent vaccine. EG95 is an oncosphere protein of the cestode E. granulosus, a parasite responsible for causing cystic hydatid disease in a wide range of h ... | 2012 | 22085551 |
| Zoonotic transmission of bovine papular stomatitis virus. | | 2011 | 21873394 |
| phylogenetic analysis of parapoxviruses and the c-terminal heterogeneity of viral atpase proteins. | two outbreaks of orf virus (a parapoxvirus) infection in goats found in nantou and taiping of central taiwan were investigated. the nucleotide and the amino acid sequences of viral b2l, e3l and a32l genes in these two outbreaks were analyzed, and each of their phylogenetic trees were also constructed. in the a32l gene, an unexpected deletion of 24 nucleotides was found in the taiping strain. the a32l gene can encode an atpase and is supposed to be involved in virion dna packaging. the 24 nucleot ... | 2009 | 19061942 |
| investigation of orf virus structure and morphogenesis using recombinants expressing flag-tagged envelope structural proteins: evidence for wrapped virus particles and egress from infected cells. | orf virus (orfv) is the type species of the genus parapoxvirus, but little is known about the structure or morphogenesis of the virus. in contrast, the structure and morphogenesis of vaccinia virus (vacv) has been extensively studied. vacv has two main infectious forms, mature virion (mv) and extracellular virion (ev). the mv is wrapped by two additional membranes derived from the trans-golgi to produce a wrapped virion (wv), the outermost of which is lost by cellular membrane fusion during vira ... | 2009 | 19218206 |
| orf virus-encoded chemokine-binding protein is a potent inhibitor of inflammatory monocyte recruitment in a mouse skin model. | the parapoxvirus orf virus causes pustular dermatitis in sheep and is transmissible to humans. the virus encodes a secreted chemokine-binding protein (cbp). we examined the ability of this protein to inhibit migration of murine monocytes in response to cc inflammatory chemokines, using chemotaxis assays, and its effects on monocyte recruitment into the skin, using a mouse model in which inflammation was induced with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. cbp was shown to bind murine chemokines ccl2, ccl3 ... | 2009 | 19264645 |
| multicolour, multiplex real-time pcr assay for the detection of human-pathogenic poxviruses. | after eradication of variola virus, one of the most dangerous infectious diseases affecting mankind, today other poxviruses of different genera can cause infection in humans. these viruses include human-specific molluscipoxviruses as well as zoonotic orthopoxviruses and parapoxviruses. while non-variola orthopoxvirus infections mostly cause mild symptoms in immunocompetent persons, they can evoke severe disease in immunocompromised patients. since the typical poxviral skin lesions are rarely dia ... | 2010 | 19879351 |
| [orf of the hand]. | the orf is a zoonotic infection which can be transmitted to humans. | 2009 | 19927769 |
| [a painful and exophytic hand lesion]. | | 2009 | 20004322 |
| the chemokine-binding protein encoded by the poxvirus orf virus inhibits recruitment of dendritic cells to sites of skin inflammation and migration to peripheral lymph nodes. | orf virus (orfv) is a zoonotic parapoxvirus that induces acute pustular skin lesions in sheep and humans. orfv can reinfect its host and the discovery of several secreted immune modulatory factors that include a chemokine-binding protein (cbp) may explain this phenomenon. dendritic cells (dc) are professional antigen presenting cells that induce adaptive immunity and their recruitment to sites of infection in skin and migration to peripheral lymph nodes is critically dependent on inflammatory an ... | 2010 | 20039877 |
| molecular and virological studies on contagious pustular dermatitis isolates from egyptian sheep and goats. | orf virus was clinically diagnosed from different field cases of sheep and goat in hawamdia, giza, egypt during the summer 2006. skin scabs were collected and used for virus isolation, electron microscopy, pcr and sequencing for confirmation, and differential diagnosis. the aetiological virus was fruitfully isolated on the chorio-allantoic membrane of spf embryonated chicken eggs indicated by expressing the characteristic pock lesions of poxviridae family. electron microscopy examination exposed ... | 2010 | 20304450 |
| production and efficacy of an attenuated live vaccine against contagious ovine ecthyma. | contagious ecthyma is caused by the orf virus, a member of the family poxviridae, genus parapoxvirus. morbidity in affected sheep flocks is approximately 100%, while mortality varies between 1% and 10%. a live attenuated vaccine was produced by the istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale dell'abruzzo e del molise 'g. caporale'. quality control was performed in accordance with the european pharmacopoeia. a wild virus strain was attenuated through serial passages on primary chicken embryo fibroblast ... | 2008 | 20405450 |
| epidemiology of squirrelpox virus in grey squirrels in the uk. | the dramatic decline of the native red squirrel in the uk has been attributed to both direct and disease-mediated competition with the grey squirrel where the competitor acts as a reservoir host of squirrelpox virus (sqpv). sqpv is threatening red squirrel conservation efforts, yet little is known about its epidemiology. we analysed seroprevalence of antibody against sqpv in grey squirrels from northern england and the scottish borders in relation to season, weather, sex, and body weight using g ... | 2010 | 20412610 |
| molecular diagnostics of parapox virus infections. | the diagnosis of parapox virus infections relies primarily on a history of contact with infected animals. the clinical presentation is usually a non-specific necrotic ulcer. the histology may also be non-specific, especially with older lesions. negative-staining electron microscopy (em) is a fast and reliable diagnostic tool, but is not widely available. serological tests and the time-consuming viral culture are also rarely used in europe. | 2010 | 20497283 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of the chemokine-binding protein from orf virus (poxviridae). | the parapoxvirus orf virus (orfv) encodes a chemokine-binding protein (cbp) that functions to downregulate the host's immune response at the site of infection by blocking the chemokine-induced recruitment of immune cells. in order to shed light on the structural determinants of cbp-chemokine binding, orfv cbp was crystallized as part of an ongoing structure-function study on this protein. orfv cbp crystals were obtained by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion technique using ammonium citrate as a p ... | 2010 | 20606282 |
| conservation and variation of the parapoxvirus gm-csf-inhibitory factor (gif) proteins. | the gif protein of orf virus (orfv) binds and inhibits the ovine cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) and interleukin-2 (il-2). an equivalent protein has so far not been found in any of the other poxvirus genera and we therefore investigated whether it was conserved in the parapoxviruses. the corresponding genes from both the bovine-specific pseudocowpox virus (pcpv) and bovine papular stomatitis virus (bpsv) were cloned and sequenced. the predicted amino acid sequ ... | 2009 | 19264672 |
| [expanding papillomatous nodule on forearm with acute lymphangitis. case of diagnosis]. | ecthyma contagiosum (orf) is a dermatosis commonly seen in those in contact with sheep. it is caused by parapoxvirus ovis (orf virus), an oval epitheliotropic dna parapox virus. the skin disease develops in stages starting as a macule or papule, becoming nodular, and then regressing. diagnosis is based on history and histology, as well as identifying the virus through cell culture or specified polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the treatment of this self-limited disease is usually symptomatic. | 2009 | 19387592 |
| phylogenetic analysis of croatian orf viruses isolated from sheep and goats. | the orf virus (orfv) is the prototype of the parapoxvirus genus and it primarily causes contagious ecthyma in goats, sheep, and other ruminants worldwide. in this paper, we described the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the b2l gene of orfv from two natural outbreaks: i) in autochthonous croatian cres-breed sheep and ii) on small family goat farm. | 2010 | 21073725 |
| novel deer-associated parapoxvirus infection in deer hunters. | parapoxviruses are a genus of the double-stranded dna family of poxviruses that infect ruminants, and zoonotic transmission to humans often results from occupational exposures. parapoxvirus infection in humans begins with an incubation period of 3 to 7 days, followed by the development of one or more erythematous maculopapular lesions that evolve over the course of several weeks into nodules. in 2009, parapoxvirus infection was diagnosed in two deer hunters in the eastern united states after the ... | 2010 | 21190456 |
| molecular and biological characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor of parapoxviruses isolated from wild japanese serows (capricornis crispus). | contagious dermatitis in domestic and wild ruminants caused by parapoxvirus (ppv) occurs worldwide. although ppv infections appear in cattle, sheep and goats, the papular, nodular, pustular and ulcerated skin lesions of wild japanese serows (capricornis crispus) are significantly more severe than those of other animals. to determine the factors involved in the severity of these skin lesions, we compared the molecular characteristics of 4 ppv isolates from japanese serows and 2 isolates from shee ... | 2010 | 19716664 |
| effects of inactivated parapoxvirus ovis on the cumulative incidence of pneumonia and cytokine secretion in foals on a farm with endemic infections caused by rhodococcus equi. | the objectives of the present study were to determine if administration of inactivated parapoxvirus ovis (ippvo) can decrease the cumulative incidence of pneumonia and increase the number of ifn-?- and il-4-secreting cells among foals. fifty-nine foals were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups (ippvo or placebo) prior to birth. at 24-48 h of age, foals received 2 ml of either ippvo or a placebo by intramuscular injection. injections were repeated 24h and 8 days later. the number of ifn-?- and ... | 2011 | 21255847 |
| characterization of immunostimulatory components of orf virus (parapoxvirus ovis). | inactivated orf virus (orfv, parapoxvirus ovis) induces antiviral activity in animal models of acute and chronic viral infections and exerts strong effects on human immune cells. orfv activates antigen presenting cells (apc) via cd14 and, probably, toll-like receptor signalling, and triggers the release of ifn-? that has been identified as the key mediator of the antiviral activity. after delineating virus proteins as being the most likely active constituent, we aimed to characterize the orfv pr ... | 2011 | 21346027 |
| genus specific evolution of codon usage and nucleotide compositional traits of poxviruses. | poxviruses are complex in their nucleotide compositional features of the coding regions. the codon usages in poxviruses are in accordance with their compositional bias. in the poxviridae family, codon usage patterns and nucleotide compositional traits are widely divergent across species but some conservation was observed within a genus. viruses from six chordopox genera, i.e., avipoxvirus, capripoxvirus, cervidpoxvirus, orthopoxvirus, suipoxvirus, yatapoxvirus, and one entomopox genus- betaentom ... | 2011 | 21369827 |
| orf parapoxvirus infection from a cat scratch. | a 53-year-old woman presented with an enlarging, tender, ulcerated nodule on her dorsal hand after being scratched by a stray kitten. histology was consistent with orf parapoxvirus infection. the lesion resolved without scarring after several weeks of treatment with imiquimod 5 percent cream. orf is a zoonosis transmitted to humans from sheep and goats by direct contact or by fomites. transmission by cat scratch has not been previously described in the literature. | 2011 | 21549084 |
| validation of a high-throughput real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of capripoxviral dna. | capripoxviruses, which are endemic in much of africa and asia, are the aetiological agents of economically devastating poxviral diseases in cattle, sheep and goats. the aim of this study was to validate a high-throughput real-time pcr assay for routine diagnostic use in a capripoxvirus reference laboratory. the performance of two previously published real-time pcr methods were compared using commercially available reagents including the amplification kits recommended in the original publication. ... | 2011 | 22138682 |
| Generation of recombinant Orf virus using an enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene as a selectable marker. | ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Reporter genes are often used as a selectable marker for generation of recombinant viruses in order to investigate the mechanism of pathogenesis and to obtain candidate vaccine viruses. Routine selection of the recombinant parapoxvirus is time-consuming and labor intensive. Therefore, developing a novel method for selection is critical. RESULTS: In this study, we developed a rapid method to generate recombinant Orf viruses (ORFV) based on the enhanced green fluorescent p ... | 2011 | 22192523 |
| novel immune-modulator identified by a rapid, functional screen of the parapoxvirus ovis (orf virus) genome. | abstract: background: the success of new sequencing technologies and informatic methods for identifying genes has made establishing gene product function a critical rate limiting step in progressing the molecular sciences. we present a method to functionally mine genomes for useful activities in vivo, using an unusual property of a member of the poxvirus family to demonstrate this screening approach. results: the genome of parapoxvirus ovis (orf virus) was sequenced, annotated, and then used to ... | 2012 | 22243932 |
| molecular analysis of parapoxvirus from a spotted seal phoca largha in japan. | a spotted seal phoca largha with nodular and scab lesions on the whole body was brought to an aquarium in nagoya, japan. we extracted dna from the lesions and used the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for detecting orthopoxvirus and parapoxvirus dna. parapoxvirus but not orthopoxvirus dna was detected. the partial nucleotide sequence of the envelope gene was determined from the pcr product, and the sequence was seen to be closely related to 2 parapoxvirus strains from spotted seals in alas ... | 2011 | 22235590 |
| orfv: a novel oncolytic and immune stimulating parapoxvirus therapeutic. | replicating viruses for the treatment of cancer have a number of advantages over traditional therapeutic modalities. they are highly targeted, self-amplifying, and have the added potential to act as both gene-therapy delivery vehicles and oncolytic agents. parapoxvirus ovis or orf virus (orfv) is the prototypic species of the parapoxvirus genus, causing a benign disease in its natural ungulate host. orfv possesses a number of unique properties that make it an ideal viral backbone for the develop ... | 2012 | 22273579 |
| a new recombinant orf virus (orfv, parapoxvirus) protects rabbits against lethal infection with rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv). | this report describes the generation of a new recombinant orf virus (orfv; parapoxvirus) expressing the major capsid protein vp1 (vp60) of the calicivirus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv). authentic expression of vp1 could be demonstrated in cells infected with the recombinant d1701-v-vp1 without the need for production of infectious orfv progeny. notably, infected cells also released empty calicivirus-like particles (vlps). challenge experiments showed that even a single immunization wi ... | 2011 | 22001119 |
| phylogenetic analysis of strains of orf virus isolated from two outbreaks of the disease in sheep in greece. | abstract: background: although orf is endemic around the world, there are few descriptions of orf virus strains and comparisons of these strains. we report the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the partial b2l gene of orf virus from two outbreaks of the disease in greece. the first was an outbreak of genital form of the disease in a flock imported from france, whilst the second was an outbreak of the disease in the udder skin of ewes and around the mouth of lambs in an indigenous flock. res ... | 2012 | 22260526 |