| molecular evolution of the family camelidae: a mitochondrial dna study. | we report the first molecular evolutionary analysis of the family camelidae by analysing the full dna sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. estimates for the time of divergence of the old world (camelini) and new world (lamini) tribes obtained from sequence data are in agreement with those derived from the fossil record. the dna sequence data were also used to test current hypotheses concerning the ancestors of the domesticated llama and alpaca. the results show that hybridization has ... | 1994 | 8008753 |
| amino acid composition of human milk is not unique. | to determine whether the amino acid pattern of human milk is unique, we compared the amino acid pattern of human milk with the amino acid patterns of the milks of great apes (chimpanzee and gorilla), lower primates (baboon and rhesus monkey) and nonprimates (cow, goat, sheep, llama, pig, horse, elephant, cat and rat). amino acid pattern was defined as the relative proportion of each amino acid (protein-bound plus free) (in mg) to the total amino acids (in g). total amino acid concentration was l ... | 1994 | 8027865 |
| polycythemia in a llama. | the pcv of a llama increased from 50.8 to 74.0% during a 19-month period. the llama remained clinically normal unless stressed, when it would become dyspneic and tachypneic. thoracic auscultation revealed sounds consistent with pneumonia, but were probably attributable to pulmonary congestion resulting from polycythemia. a diagnosis of secondary absolute polycythemia was made on the basis of high serum erythropoietin concentrations and no evidence of hypoxia. necropsy revealed congestion of the ... | 1994 | 8050979 |
| hyperlipemia and ketonuria in an alpaca and a llama. | an alpaca and a llama in late stages of gestation were evaluated for lethargy, anorexia, and recumbency. both camelids had cloudy, white, turbid serum, elevated serum triglyceride (1564, 5658 mg/dl, respectively) and cholesterol (158, 297 mg/dl, respectively) concentrations, and ketonuria. signs of fetal stress were evident ultrasonographically in the alpaca, and a live cria was delivered by cesarean section performed under general anesthesia. the alpaca developed severe metabolic acidosis, hepa ... | 1994 | 8064656 |
| xx sex reversal in a llama. | a 5-month-old llama was examined for evaluation of sexually ambiguous external genitalia. to determine the phenotypic, chromosomal, and gonadal sex of the llama, transrectal palpation and ultrasonography, contrast cystography, karyotype evaluation, laparoscopy, and necropsy were performed. a karyotype of 74,xx and finding of components of the müllerian duct system were suggestive of a female phenotype and chromosomal sex. on histologic evaluation, however, components of the wolffian duct system ... | 1994 | 8125809 |
| zygomycosis caused by conidiobolus coronatus in a llama (lama glama). | | 1994 | 8140718 |
| septicemic listeriosis, thrombocytopenia, blood parasitism, and hepatopathy in a llama. | | 1994 | 8144379 |
| evaluation of janeway gastrostomy in llamas. | to provide long-term gastric fistulas for collection of third-compartment gastric contents, janeway mucosal tube gastrostomy was performed, using a gastrointestinal stapling instrument, in 6 castrated adult male llamas. mean operative time (+/- sem) was 65 +/- 4.16 minutes. all llamas survived the 6-week study period. of the 6 llamas, 5 did not have signs of abdominal pain and returned to preoperative food consumption amounts within 36 hours. one llama had mild intermittent signs of abdominal pa ... | 1994 | 8172424 |
| orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation in llamas. | orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation was performed in 304 llamas and 6 alpacas during general anesthesia for surgical and diagnostic procedures. the mouth not opening wide and the presence of a prominent torus linguae make orotracheal intubation difficult, but it can be accomplished with the aid of a laryngoscope, using a technique similar to that used in small domestic ruminants. the presence of a pharyngeal diverticulum necessitates modification of nasotracheal intubation techniques to make ... | 1994 | 8175475 |
| degenerative myeloencephalopathy in two llamas. | degenerative myeloencephalopathy of unknown cause was diagnosed in 2 mature llamas. one llama had ataxia and paresis of the left limbs; whereas, the other developed tetraplegia that was not preceded by obvious ataxia or paresis. results of cranial nerve examinations were unremarkable in both llamas. cerebrospinal fluid from both llamas was normal, and hematologic and serum biochemical abnormalities were attributed to concurrent conditions and not to the myeloencephalopathy. results of cervical s ... | 1994 | 8188517 |
| morphology of blastocystis sp. isolated from circus animals. | blastocystis sp. is reported for the first time from faecal samples collected from a camel, a llama, a highland bull and a lion in a travelling circus. fresh faecal specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy, and vacuolar and cyst forms of similar morphology were present in all three ungulates. these cells were smaller than cultured vacuolar cells of blastocystis hominis isolated from humans and contained only a single vacuole in comparison to the multivacuolar cell found in fresh ... | 1993 | 8225774 |
| mycobacterium kansasii infection in a llama. | | 1993 | 8236641 |
| major infectious and non-infectious diseases of the llama and alpaca. | | 1993 | 8236765 |
| evaluation of lidocaine, xylazine, and a combination of lidocaine and xylazine for epidural analgesia in llamas. | epidural analgesia was achieved at weekly intervals in 6 adults llamas by injection of 2% lidocaine, 10% xylazine, and a combination of 2% lidocaine/10% xylazine at the sacrococcygeal junction. analgesia was determined by lack of response to pin prick or hemostat pressure in the perineal area. ataxia could not be accurately evaluated because of the llamas' tendency to assume sternal recumbency when restrained. time to onset of analgesia was not different between lidocaine (3.16 +/- 0.31 minutes) ... | 1993 | 8276706 |
| nocardiosis in a llama. | | 1993 | 8286470 |
| electro-orientation of ellipsoidal erythrocytes. theory and experiment. | the frequency-dependent orientation of human and llama erythrocytes suspended in isotonic solutions and subjected to linearly polarized electric fields is examined. human erythrocytes may be represented as oblate spheroids (3.9:3.9:1.1 microns) with two distinguishable orientations, while the llama cells are approximated as ellipsoids with three distinct axes (4.0:2.0:1.1 microns). under appropriate experimental conditions, both orientations of the human cells and all three orientations of the l ... | 1993 | 8324193 |
| acute renal failure in the llama (lama glama). | this clinical report describes 2 cases of acute renal failure in the llama (lama glama). both llamas presented with histories of administration of potentially nephrotoxic agents prior to hospitalization. it is suggested that renal function be carefully monitored in all llamas treated with nephrotoxic agents, especially when history or clinical signs indicate increased risk for renal failure. | 1993 | 8417853 |
| abdominal pain associated with an umbilical abscess in a llama. | a 3-month-old llama with a presenting complaint of lethargy, anorexia, and a painful, distended abdomen was evaluated. the llama had intermittently strained to defecate during the 3 days prior to admission. physical examination results, hematologic data and lateral abdominal radiographs were used to diagnose a large umbilical abscess, which was causing a partial obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract. under general anesthesia, 3 liters of purulent exudate were drained from the abscess. the ab ... | 1993 | 8417858 |
| diaphragmatic hernia in a llama. | a 7-year-old castrated male llama was admitted for evaluation of mild colic. exploratory celiotomy revealed a diaphragmatic hernia that was entrapping the proximal portion of the ascending colon. the hernia was reduced, and the devitalized ileum, cecum, and 45 cm of the proximal portion of the ascending colon were resected. surgical repair of the defect in the diaphragm could not be accomplished from the ventral celiotomy, and the owners declined definitive repair via left thoracotomy. the llama ... | 1993 | 8440632 |
| parasitic gastritis in a llama (lama glama) associated with inhibited larval teladorsagia spp. (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea). | a 7-year-old female llama was experimentally infected with 500 fasciola hepatica metacercariae then turned out onto pasture also grazed by domestic sheep. the llama was necropsied approximately 22 weeks post infection. routine examination of the gastrointestinal tract revealed diffusely coalescing, umbilicated nodules covering the caudal one-fifth of the third stomach compartment. microscopically, the mucosa was irregularly thickened. numerous nematode larvae were present in glandular lumens, of ... | 1993 | 8447076 |
| listerial abortion in a llama. | | 1993 | 8466966 |
| septicemic enterococcus infection in an adult llama. | | 1993 | 8466967 |
| multicentric lymphosarcoma in a llama. | | 1993 | 8466971 |
| rectal and colonic injury in the llama. anatomic considerations and surgical management in four llamas. | transrectal palpation in llamas can result in iatrogenic rectal and colonic injury. the purpose of this report is to define the caudal extent of the peritoneal cavity in llamas and to describe the surgical management of rectal or colonic injuries in four llamas. measurements were made of six adult llamas during necropsy. the mean distance from the peritoneal reflection to the anus was 3.9 +/- 0.1 cm (3.4-4.3 cm). four llamas were examined for rectal or colonic perforations. one laceration was of ... | 1993 | 8488678 |
| lama glama (the south american camelid, llama): a unique model for evaluation of xenogenic islet transplants in a cerebral spinal fluid driven artificial organ. | | 1995 | 8539964 |
| comparison of two commercially available single radial immunodiffusion kits for quantitation of llama immunoglobulin g. | immunoglobin g (igg) quantitation was performed by a commercially available single radial immunodiffusion kit on 528 plasma samples obtained from llamas. fifty samples encompassing the range of values obtained were selected for further evaluation. the igg concentration of these samples was measured by a second commercially available single radial immunodiffusion kit and a sodium sulfite precipitation kit. gamma-globulins also were measured. igg values predicted by the single radial immunodiffusi ... | 1995 | 8580175 |
| pulmonary histoplasmosis in a llama. | | 1995 | 8580189 |
| [cause of diseases and death in new world camelids]. | over a period of 25 years post mortem examination and in selected cases microbiological and/or parasitological investigations were carried out in 79 south american camelids (llama, alpaca, guanaco, vicuña). the principal findings (frequently identical with the cause of death) are retrospectively commented with regard to available anamnestic data and the literature. besides infectious and noninfectious diseases occurring in all mammalian species findings of lesser importance, but peculiar to came ... | 1995 | 8585067 |
| [intestinal perforation in a llama mare following rectal palpation (veterinary expert opinion)]. | the object of the following study is a veterinary expert opinion about a llama mare. this animal was subjected to a rectal palpation for pregnancy diagnosis during which the rectum was perforated. general guide lines for rectal palpation as well as special characteristics in llamas described in the literature are discussed. | 1995 | 8591766 |
| application of a competitive elisa for the detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in llamas and wild ruminants. | a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa), using a group-specific monoclonal antibody against bluetongue virus (btv), was applied to detect anti-btv antibodies in serum samples from two llamas (llama glama) experimentally infected with btv serotype 10. antibodies were detected in both llamas by 1 wk or 2 wk post-infection. antibodies to btv increased exponentially during the first 4 wk in both llamas and stabilized at an elevated level during the remaining 5-wk-period of the expe ... | 1995 | 8592352 |
| susceptibility of llamas (lama glama) to infection with foot-and-mouth-disease virus. | an experimental trial was conducted to evaluate the ability of foot-and-mouth-disease (fmd) virus (serotypes a79, c3, o1) to infect susceptible llamas exposed either directly to affected livestock, or indirectly to llamas that had been directly exposed to affected livestock. in addition, susceptible livestock species (cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep) were exposed to those llamas that had been both directly and indirectly exposed to the fmd virus to further look at potential transmission possibili ... | 1995 | 8594845 |
| cardiovascular responses to graded degrees of hypoxaemia in the llama fetus. | the fetal llama exposed to an intense degree of hypoxaemia did not increase cerebral blood flow, but showed a marked peripheral vasoconstriction. the same cardiovascular response is observed in fetal sheep submitted to a extremely severe hypoxaemia, when the initial compensatory vasodilatory mechanisms in brain and heart fail. to investigate whether the fetal llama responses to acute hypoxaemia are adaptive, or whether they are the result of a breakdown of mechanisms of blood flow redistribution ... | 1995 | 8606967 |
| forestomach acidosis in six new world camelids. | forestomach acidosis was diagnosed in 2 llamas and 4 alpacas. all were young, group-housed, sexually intact males. clinical signs included forestomach atony, lethargy, ataxia, diarrhea, and tachycardia. forestomach distention was observed in only 1 llama. clinicopathologic abnormalities included low forestomach fluid ph, hyperchloremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis. although camelids differ from domestic ruminants in typical management practices and behavioral, anatomic, and physiologic c ... | 1996 | 8617651 |
| urinary and plasma purine derivatives in fed and fasted llamas (lama glama and l. guanacoe). | the changes in urinary and plasma purine derivatives in response to fasting and level of feeding in llamas were examines. in one experiment, four llamas were gradually deprived of feed within 3 days and then fasted for 6 days. daily urinary excretion of purine derivatives decreased with feed intake and leveled on the last 3 days of fasting at 177 +/- 26 mumol/kg w0.75. allantoin and uric acid comprised 71% and 15% of total purine derivatives, respectively, in both fed and fasted states, but hypo ... | 1996 | 8653589 |
| concentrations of progesterone during storage of whole blood from llama (lama glama): effects of anticoagulants, storage time and temperature. | | 1996 | 8659341 |
| laparoscopic surgical approach and anatomy of the abdomen in llamas. | to describe 3 laparoscopic approaches for, and the normal laparoscopic anatomy of, the abdomen in adult llamas and to evaluate the effects of laparoscopy in those llamas. | 1996 | 8682698 |
| clostridial myonecrosis, hepatitis, and nephritis in a llama with vegetative endocarditis. | | 1996 | 8683488 |
| orthopedic conditions of small ruminants. llama, sheep, goat, and deer. | diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the foot, infectious arthritis, angular limb deformities, patellar luxation, tendon contracture and injuries, and fractures encountered in sheep, goats, llamas, and deer are reviewed. these species share similar orthopedic problems to cattle, but management conditions, particularly for pet animals, may place special demands on the veterinarian treating these disease conditions. the mild temperament and relatively small body size of these animals make them e ... | 1996 | 8705803 |
| comparison of methods for sodium and potassium determination in llama urine. | to compare results for sodium and potassium determination on llama urine, using flame emission spectrophotometry (flame photometry), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (aas), indirect ion-selective electrode potentiometry (ise), and direct ise. | 1996 | 8720233 |
| in vitro biomechanical comparison of the strength of the linea alba of the llama, using two suture patterns. | to compare the strength of the sutured linea alba, in vitro, using 2 suture patterns. | 1996 | 8725826 |
| prospective characterization of the clinicopathologic and immunologic features of an immunodeficiency syndrome affecting juvenile llamas. | the clinicopathologic and immunologic features of 15 llamas affected with juvenile llama immunodeficiency syndrome (jlids) are described. healthy adult (n = 10) and juvenile (n = 10) llamas served as controls. jlids llamas were characterized by wasting, and clinically apparent, repeated infections were frequently observed. the median age at which a health problem was first perceived was 11.6 months. all 15 affected llamas died or were killed, and jlids was confirmed at necropsy. the median durat ... | 1995 | 8746696 |
| silica urolithiasis in a male llama. | | 1995 | 8748446 |
| chemoreflex and endocrine components of cardiovascular responses to acute hypoxemia in the llama fetus. | we tested the hypothesis that the llama fetus has a blunted cardiovascular chemoreflex response to hypoxemia by investigating the effects of acute hypoxemia on perfusion pressure, heart rate, and the distribution of the combined ventricular output in 10 chronically instrumented fetal llamas at 0.6-0.7 gestation. four llama fetuses had the carotid sinus nerves sectioned. in the intact fetuses, there was a marked bradycardia, an increase in perfusion pressure, and a pronounced peripheral vasoconst ... | 1996 | 8760206 |
| the crystal structure of a llama heavy chain variable domain. | | 1996 | 8784347 |
| composition of milk from llamas in the united states. | neonatal llamas must receive supplemental milk when the dam has inadequate milk yield or fails to accept the cria. data on llama milk composition are limited, and selection of suitable milk supplements has been difficult. milk from 83 llamas on eight farms in four states (illinois, kentucky, michigan, and colorado) was collected, and milk composition was analyzed. llamas had no history or signs of mastitis, and major mastitis pathogens were not isolated from the milk. total solids were determine ... | 1995 | 8786255 |
| evaluation of vitamin d status of llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets. | to evaluate vitamin d concentrations in juvenile llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets. | 1996 | 8800263 |
| anaplastic sarcoma of the mandible in a llama. | | 1996 | 8809396 |
| prevalence of antibody to malignant catarrhal fever virus in wild and domestic ruminants by competitive-inhibition elisa. | a competitive-inhibition elisa (ci-elisa), based on a monoclonal antibody to an epitope conserved among malignant catarrhal fever virus (mcfv) strains of both wildebeest and sheep origin, was used to determine the prevalence of antibody to mcfv in selected domestic and wild ruminants, both free-ranging and captive, from the usa. we evaluated 2528 sera from 14 species between 1990 and 1995, including 80 pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana), 339 bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), 103 biston (b ... | 1996 | 8827669 |
| renal function in the chronically cannulated fetal llama: comparison with studies in the ovine fetus. | samples of maternal and fetal plasma, fetal urine, and amniotic fluid were collected from 8 chronically cannulated pregnant llamas, in the last third of gestation. the samples were obtained for up to 18 days post-surgery. osmolality, sodium (na), potassium (k), chloride (cl), and urea were measured on 40 samples collected on days 1, 2, 3, 4-5, 6-7, 8-9, and 10-19. the osmolalities of maternal and fetal plasma, fetal urine and amniotic fluid, averaged over these 7 time periods, were, respectively ... | 1995 | 8848605 |
| evaluation of udder health and mastitis in llamas. | to investigate intramammary infections in llamas, identify the pathogens responsible, and determine whether effects of intramammary infection could be detected by use of mastitis indicator tests commonly used for cows. | 1996 | 8870746 |
| fetal and maternal blood oxygen affinity: a comparative study in llamas and sheep. | we compared blood oxygen affinity (p50) and hemoglobin concentration among fetal and maternal llamas and sheep, as respective examples of species native to high and low altitudes. p50, hemoglobin concentration and blood oxygen content were determined at sea level in 16 pregnant llamas, 6 pregnant sheep and their respective fetuses. p50 was similar in fetal llamas and sheep, but maternal llamas had higher blood oxygen affinity than maternal sheep. as a consequence, the p50 difference between moth ... | 1996 | 8916548 |
| endocrine diagnosis of cryptorchidism in a llama. | | 1996 | 8937666 |
| peritonitis associated with passage of the placenta into the abdominal cavity in a llama. | following parturition, a female llama was admitted to our hospital with a tear in the dorsal area of the vagina and peritonitis. the llama was clinically normal for 7 days after which its condition started to deteriorate, and the llama died 11 days after admission. on necropsy examination, the intact placenta was found in the abdominal cavity. therefore, we suggest that in llamas with vaginal tears after parturition, it may be useful to immediately secure the fetal membranes with umbilical tape ... | 1996 | 8944808 |
| the disposition of five therapeutically important antimicrobial agents in llamas. | the disposition of five therapeutic antimicrobial agents was studied in llamas (lama glama) following intravenous bolus administration. six llamas were each given ampicillin, tobramycin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, enrofloxacin and ceftiofur at a dose of 12 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 2.2 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, with a wash out period of at least 3 days between treatments. plasma concentrations of these antimicrobial agents over 12 h following i.v. bolus dosin ... | 1996 | 8971671 |
| the anaerobic fungus neocallimastix sp. strain l2: growthand production of (hemi)cellulolytic enzymes on a range of carbohydratesubstrates | the anaerobic fungus neocallimastix sp. strain l2,isolated from the feces of a llama, was tested for growth on a range ofsoluble and insoluble carbohydrate substrates. the fungus was able to fermentglucose, cellobiose, fructose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, soluble starch,inulin, filter paper cellulose, and avicel. no growth was observed onarabinose, galactose, mannose, ribose, xylose, sorbitol, pectin, xylan,glycerol, citrate, soya, and wheat bran. the fermentation products aftergrowth were hydro ... | 1997 | 9003585 |
| suspected nutritional deficiency causing anaemia in llamas (lama glama). | a case of poor condition and recumbency in a 14-month-old female llama and a case of poor condition and ataxia in a 23-month-old male llama are described. both animals were anaemic and had low plasma copper levels. an increased intake of feed with a higher copper level and treatment with copper injections and an oral mineral solution resulted in a successful recovery. two other young llamas also had low plasma copper levels. the problem was probably due to a nutritional, particularly copper, def ... | 1997 | 9050178 |
| additional cause of mastitis in a llama. | | 1997 | 9074670 |
| multifocal polyostotic aneurysmal bone cysts in a llama. | a 3.3-year-old 125-kg castrated male llama was evaluated because of acute non-weight-bearing lameness on the left hind limb. physical examination revealed crepitus in the midportion of the femur. on radiographs, a comminuted middiaphyseal fracture was seen. there was also a region of bone lysis with cortical thinning and expansion in the distal metaphysis and epiphysis of the left femur. multiple small circular lesions were observed in the proximal metaphysis of the left femur, and the proximal ... | 1997 | 9074685 |
| fascia lata autograft for treatment of congenital cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in a llama. | an 11.4-kg female llama that had been born without assistance while its dam was under observation at the veterinary teaching hospital was observed to ambulate abnormally on its right hind limb. a cranial drawer sign could be elicited in the right stifle. cranial displacement of the tibia relative to the femur and dysplasia of the proximal end of the tibia were seen on radiographs. when the cria was 10 days old, the joint was stabilized with a fascia lata autograft. at the time of surgery, a segm ... | 1997 | 9074686 |
| [pregnancy in new world camelids]. | there is a growing number of llama- and alpacabreeders in europe. therefore veterinarians are often asked to intervene in clinical management of different problems, especially reproductive problems. in this review the authors attempt to summarize the different possibilities of pregnancy diagnosis and to give an short overview of reproduction in female llamas and alpacas. south american camelids are induced ovulators and ovulation will occur within 12 to 24 hours following a single breeding. llam ... | 1997 | 9091279 |
| tick paralysis and hepatic lipidosis in a llama. | | 1997 | 9140648 |
| x-chromosome monosomy in an infertile female llama. | a 3-year-old female llama was examined because of a history of infertility and apparent anovulation. the llama had indifferent behavior when penned with a male, but eventually would assume sternal recumbency for breeding. on examination, the llama was underweight and small in stature. the uterine horns and ovaries could not be identified during palpation or ultrasonography per rectum, and the cervix was dilated when examined with a speculum. chromosomal preparations of lymphocytes and skin fibro ... | 1997 | 9154206 |
| an ehrlichia strain from a llama (lama glama) and llama-associated ticks (ixodes pacificus). | an ehrlichia was identified in the blood of a diseased llama (lama glama). sequencing of its 16s rrna gene showed the ehrlichia to be closely related to members of the ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup. the agent was also found in a pool of ticks (ixodes pacificus) collected at the llama site. | 1997 | 9157118 |
| intraosseous hemangiosarcoma with metastasis in a three-month-old llama. | | 1997 | 9211247 |
| [seroprevalence of viral infections in llamas (lama glama) in the republic of argentina]. | this study reports the seroprevalence of bovine viral infections in llamas (lama glama) in argentina. this is the first study made in the country including 390 llamas and testing antibodies against eight viruses. samples were collected from nine farms distributed in three different provinces: buenos aires, córdoba and jujuy. the samples were tested for antibodies against eight viruses known to infect cattle: bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine adenovirus ... | 1997 | 9229724 |
| ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup rickettsiae in ixodid ticks from california collected in 1995 and 1996. | a total of 1,246 ixodid ticks collected in 1995 and 1996 from seven california counties were examined for the presence of ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup rickettsiae by using a nested pcr technique. of 1,112 adult ixodes pacificus cooley and kohls ticks tested, nine pools, each containing five ticks, were positive (minimum percentage of ticks harboring detectable ehrlichiae, 0.8%). positive ticks were limited to four of the seven counties (sonoma, el dorado, santa cruz, and orange). in santa ... | 1997 | 9230373 |
| superovulation in llamas (lama glama) with pfsh and equine chorionic gonadotrophin used individually or in combination. | the purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of pfsh and/or equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg) for inducing superovulation in llamas. sixteen adult llamas weighing on average 130 kg (range 110-140) and which had been showing signs of oestrus for 5 days were randomly allocated to three treatment groups and one control group (n = 4). llamas in group a received ecg (500 iu, i.m.) once daily for 3 days, those in group b received pfsh i.m., in decreasing doses every 12 h for 5 days f ... | 1997 | 9231267 |
| early pregnancy diagnosis in alpaca (lama pacos) and llama (lama glama) by ultrasound. | an ultrasonography study of early pregnancy diagnosis was carried out in 19 alpacas and 12 llamas, after controlled matings. the aim was to determine the earliest gestational age at which pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography could be achieved, and to generate an empirical formula for gestational sac diameter (gsd) growth as a function of gestational age (ga), allowing an estimate of ga during the first month of pregnancy. we found that pregnancy diagnosis may be carried out as earl ... | 1997 | 9233511 |
| chronic weight loss in an immunodeficient adult llama. | | 1997 | 9262665 |
| surgical and nonsurgical correction of uterine torsion in new world camelids: 20 cases (1990-1996). | to report clinical findings for new world comelids with uterine torsion and to compare results of 3 methods of correction. | 1997 | 9290829 |
| facilitated ankylosis for treatment of septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint in a llama. | | 1997 | 9325537 |
| squamous cell carcinoma originating from a cutaneous scar in a llama. | a nonhealing wound associated with a laceration in a 12-year-old llama was evaluated. initial attempts at closure were unsuccessful and biopsy revealed scar tissue. subsequent biopsies, 18 mo later, revealed squamous cell carcinoma with regional metastasis. this report describes squamous cell carcinoma, secondary to a traumatic wound in a llama. | 1997 | 9332750 |
| upper airway obstruction in a llama caused by aberrant nasopharyngeal bots (cephenemyia sp.). | a 9 month old female llama was presented with inspiratory dyspnea. radiographically, there was a large soft tissue mass nearly occluding the nasopharynx. during endoscopic examination three nasopharyngeal bots were identified embedded in the mass. the larvae were removed and the patient treated with ivermectin. the patient was discharged one week later free of clinical respiratory disease. in follow-up radiographs made 6 weeks later, only residual radiopacity in the area of the mass remained. | 1997 | 9335098 |
| evaluation of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity as a predictor of passive transfer status in crias. | to determine the relationship between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (ggt) activity and serum igg concentration in neonatal crias. | 1997 | 9364234 |
| effects of carbon dioxide insufflation combined with changes in body position on blood gas and acid-base status in anesthetized llamas (llama glama). | to study the combined effects of intra-abdominal co2 insufflation with changes in body position during laparoscopy in xylazine-ketamine-halothane anesthetized llamas. | 1997 | 9381667 |
| unilateral nephrectomy in a juvenile llama. | the purpose of this study was to describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and surgical management of a llama with an ectopic ureter. | 1997 | 9387215 |
| endogenous lipid pneumonia (alveolar histiocytosis) and hydrocephalus in an adult llama (llama glama). | | 1997 | 9392068 |
| presence of enamel on the incisors of the llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos). | attempts have been made to define the relationships among the south american camelids, the guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuna, by comparing the morphology of their incisors. the alpaca has been reported to have an incisor morphology similar to the vicuna, lacking enamel on the lingual surface. the llama and guanaco are said to have enamel on both the labial and lingual surface of their incisor teeth. these comparisons have been based on gross morphological observations and not on histologic anal ... | 1997 | 9415451 |
| timing of mating and ovarian response in llamas (lama glama) treated with pfsh. | the effect of the timing of mating on ovarian response in llamas was evaluated using 20 adult llamas weighing 90-120 kg which had been in oestrus for 5 days and were treated with 20 mg pfsh every 12 h for the following 5 days (total dose: 200 mg of fsh-nih-p1). they were randomly allocated to group a (n = 10) and mated immediately at the end of pfsh treatment or to group b (n = 10) and mated 36 h after the end of pfsh treatment. llamas of both groups were given hcg (750 iu, i.m.) immediately aft ... | 1997 | 9452884 |
| influence of llamas, horses, and hikers on soil erosion from established recreation trails in western montana, usa | / various types of recreational traffic impact hiking trails uniquely and cause different levels of trail degradation; however, trail head restrictions are applied similarly across all types of packstock. the purpose of this study was to assess the relative physical impact of hikers, llamas, and horses on recreational trails. horse, llama, and hiker traffic were applied to 56 separate plots on an existing trail at lubrecht experimental forest in western montana. the traffic was applied to plots ... | 1998 | 9465134 |
| carotid blood flow changes with behavioral states in the late gestation llama fetus in utero. | this study tested the hypothesis that in the llama fetus changes in cerebral blood flow are closely associated with changes in cerebral oxidative metabolism such as occur during transitions between electrocortical states. for the first time reported in any species, instantaneous changes in common carotid blood flow, employed as a continuous index of cerebrovascular perfusion, were related to instantaneous changes in electrocortical activity. three late gestation fetal llamas were surgically prep ... | 1997 | 9466716 |
| urinary obstruction in a hermaphroditic llama. | a 24-hour-old cria was admitted for evaluation of stranguria evident shortly after birth. on physical examination, the prepuce appeared to be normally formed and small drops of fluid dripped from it as the cria strained to urinate. testes could not be palpated. ultrasonographic examination revealed that the bladder was distended. the only abnormality detected on serum biochemical analysis was high creatinine concentration. tube cystostomy was performed, and the cria was treated with saline (0.9% ... | 1998 | 9524647 |
| surgical repair of patellar luxation in llamas: 7 cases (1980-1996). | to evaluate anatomy of the stifle in llamas and determine outcome of llamas that underwent surgery for repair of patellar luxation. | 1998 | 9530429 |
| use of computed tomography to evaluate the intestinal tract of adult llamas. | in the llama, signs of colic are obscure and may be exhibited as persistent sternal recumbency and anorexia even in the presence of a surgical lesion. diagnostic methods for evaluation of abdominal disorders are limited. as a result, surgical intervention may be prolonged and increase the risk of mortality and postoperative complications. the objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of computed tomography to evaluate the llama intestinal tract. eighteen hours prior to the compute ... | 1998 | 9548138 |
| the immunological response of llamas (lama glama) following experimental infection with mycobacterium bovis. | llamas were experimentally infected with mycobacterium bovis in order to evaluate the axillary skin test and the elisa as diagnostic procedures for tuberculosis in llamas (lama glama). six llamas were given a single intratracheal challenge with 1 of 2 doses of a recent field isolate of m. bovis and 2 llamas were left as noninfected controls. this resulted in a progressive disease in some animals with 1 mortality as early as 68 d post-infection (pi). the tuberculin skin test, at the axillary site ... | 1998 | 9553708 |
| characterization of plasma immunoglobulin g concentrations of llamas. | to develop appropriate reference ranges for plasma igg concentrations of llamas. | 1998 | 9563621 |
| chemoreflex contribution to adrenocortical function during acute hypoxemia in the llama fetus at 0.6 to 0.7 of gestation. | this study tested the hypothesis that the fetal llama, a species adapted to the chronic hypoxia of life at high altitude, demonstrates a potent carotid chemoreflex influence on adrenocortical responses during acute hypoxemia. plasma acth and cortisol concentrations, and mesencephalic and adrenal blood flows were measured during a 1-h period of acute hypoxemia in six intact and four carotid sinus-denervated llama fetuses at 0.6-0.7 of gestation. fetal pao2 was reduced from approximately 23 to abo ... | 1998 | 9564872 |
| comparison of llama vh sequences from conventional and heavy chain antibodies. | forty different pcr clones encoding a llama variable heavy chain domain were analysed. the majority of these clones are derived from heavy-chain antibody cdna in which the entire ch1 exon is absent. it appears from the amino acid within the vhh framework 1 and 3 that all the llama clones belong to the vh iii family. however, the individual llama vhh sequences differ more substantially from each other than expected for members of the same family. several remarkable amino acid substitutions in the ... | 1997 | 9566760 |
| normal reference intervals and the effects of time and feeding on serum bile acid concentrations in llamas. | fifty clinically healthy llamas, 0.5-13 years of age (22 intact males, 10 neutered males, 18 females), with no biochemical evidence of liver disease or hematologic abnormalities, were selected to establish serum bile acid reference intervals. serum samples submitted to the clinical pathology laboratory were analyzed using a colorimetric enzymatic assay to establish bile acid reference intervals. a nonparametric distribution of llama bile acid concentrations was 1-23 micromol/liter for llamas >1 ... | 1998 | 9576346 |
| surgical correction of an acquired vaginal stricture in a llama, using a carbon-dioxide laser. | an acquired vaginal stricture in a llama secondary to trauma from uterine torsion during gestation was repaired, using a carbon-dioxide laser. the procedure was accomplished by use of epidural anesthesia with the llama in a standing position. repeated dilation of the vagina was required after surgery; however, the llama subsequently mated and conceived, and a male cria was delivered by cesarean section at the end of a full-term gestation. | 1998 | 9589132 |
| gastrointestinal ulceration and pulmonary aspergillosis in a llama treated for parelaphostrongylosis. | a 9-year-old llama examined because of hind limb paresis was found to have parelaphostrongylosis. despite treatment with ivermectin, fenbendazole, cimetidine, and ceftiofur, the llama developed gastrointestinal ulceration and pulmonary aspergillosis and was euthanatized. parelaphostrongylus tenuis is a parasite of white-tailed deer, but ruminants can serve as aberrant or dead-end hosts after accidentally ingesting snails or slugs carrying third-stage larvae of the parasite. gastrointestinal ulce ... | 1998 | 9589133 |
| pancreatic necrosis in a llama. | | 1998 | 9650238 |
| ventral abdominal approach for laparoscopic ovariectomy in llamas. | to evaluate a technique for laparoscopic ovariectomy by a ventral abdominal approach in the llama. | 1998 | 9662775 |
| cardiorespiratory responses to acute hypoxemia in the chronically catheterized fetal llama at 0.7-0.9 of gestation. | the adult llama (lama glama) has several compensatory mechanisms that allow it to successfully survive at high altitude. llama fetuses at 0.6-0.7 of gestation, and near-term llama fetuses studied close to surgery, did not increase cerebral blood flow and decreased cerebral oxygen delivery during acute hypoxemia. it is not known whether these responses were the result of immaturity or surgical stress. the aim of this study was to determine whether the lack of increase in cerebral blood flow and t ... | 1998 | 9683409 |
| an overview of selected diseases and drug needs in the llama and alpaca industries. | the north american llama and alpaca industries will probably continue to expand at a rate of 20-25% per year for at least the next one to two decades. as a result, while the total population will always be small relative to the cattle and swine industries, the total numbers of alpacas and llamas will be substantial. accordingly, it is appropriate and timely to begin the process of getting drugs approved for usage in these species. four drugs that warrant consideration for nrsp-7 evaluation and a ... | 1998 | 9706687 |
| laparoscopic ovariectomy in two standing llamas. | laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed in 2 llamas that were sedated but remained standing, avoiding possible complications associated with general anesthesia. all incisions were made in the left paralumbar fossa. the only intraoperative complications encountered were difficulty in maneuvering the laparoscope ventral to the uterine body in 1 llama because of distension of the urinary bladder, and a tendency to lean on the sidebar of the stocks in the other llama. the only postoperative complicat ... | 1998 | 9713537 |
| atrioventricular septal defects in three llamas (lama glama). | two half-sibling neonatal llamas (lama glama) and one unrelated adult llama were presented with various complaints, including failure to thrive, respiratory distress, and excessive recumbency. the related camelids were born in successive years to the same dam but from unrelated sires. thoracic auscultation revealed significant systolic and diastolic murmurs on both sides of the chest in all three llamas, and arterial blood gas evaluation revealed hypoxemia in two llamas. echocardiographic examin ... | 1998 | 9732042 |
| conservative management of a ruptured gastrocnemius muscle in a male llama. | rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle was diagnosed in an obese llama using physical examination and ultrasound imaging. conservative therapy consisting of the use of a cast to immobilize the affected limb permitted the muscle to heal. only mild, residual gait abnormalities were observed on follow-up examination. | 1998 | 9818139 |
| immunohistopathological findings in an adult llama with listeriosis. | | 1998 | 9829307 |
| granulocytic ehrlichiosis: an emerging or rediscovered tick-borne disease? | the ehrlichieae are gram-negative obligately intracellular bacterial pathogens. they can be divided into at least three genogroups on the basis of 16s rrna gene sequences, but are also classified by target cell specificity. a group of granulocytic ehrlichiae primarily infect neutrophils and fall into genogroup ii. the granulocytic ehrlichiae are subdivided by their target hosts, i.e., ehrlichia phagocytophila in cattle and sheep, e. equi in horses, and the agents of human (hge) and llama (lge) g ... | 1998 | 9879965 |