| the perception of rational, goal-directed action in nonhuman primates. | humans are capable of making inferences about other individuals' intentions and goals by evaluating their actions in relation to the constraints imposed by the environment. this capacity enables humans to go beyond the surface appearance of behavior to draw inferences about an individual's mental states. presently unclear is whether this capacity is uniquely human or is shared with other animals. we show that cotton-top tamarins, rhesus macaques, and chimpanzees all make spontaneous inferences a ... | 2007 | 17823353 |
| the cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus) has five beta-microseminoprotein genes, two of which are pseudogenes. | beta-microseminoprotein (msp) is one of the most abundant proteins in human seminal plasma and is secreted from the prostate gland. its evolution can be traced from primates down to nonvertebrate species such as amphioxus, despite substantial differences in the primary structure. most mammals are known to have one single msp gene, but we have previously shown that the cotton-top tamarin and the common marmoset-two new world monkeys-carry several msp genes. in this study we continue our character ... | 2008 | 18020964 |
| monkey see, monkey plan, monkey do: the end-state comfort effect in cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus). | the way human adults grasp objects is typically influenced by their knowledge of what they intend to do with the objects. this influence is reflected in the end-state comfort effect: actors adopt initially uncomfortable postures to accommodate later task demands. although many experiments have demonstrated this effect, to the best of our knowledge its phylogenetic roots have not been investigated. in two experiments, we tested whether 9 cotton-top tamarin monkeys would show the end-state comfort ... | 2007 | 18031413 |
| grammatical pattern learning by human infants and cotton-top tamarin monkeys. | there is a surprising degree of overlapping structure evident across the languages of the world. one factor leading to cross-linguistic similarities may be constraints on human learning abilities. linguistic structures that are easier for infants to learn should predominate in human languages. if correct, then (a) human infants should more readily acquire structures that are consistent with the form of natural language, whereas (b) non-human primates' patterns of learning should be less tightly ... | 2008 | 18082676 |
| cerebral amyloid-beta protein accumulation with aging in cotton-top tamarins: a model of early alzheimer's disease? | alzheimer's disease (ad) is the most common progressive form of dementia in the elderly. two major neuropathological hallmarks of ad include cerebral deposition of amyloid-beta protein (abeta) into plaques and blood vessels, and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles in brain. in addition, activated microglia and reactive astrocytes are often associated with plaques and tangles. numerous other proteins are associated with plaques in human ad brain, including apo e and ubiquitin. the amyloid pre ... | 2008 | 18341428 |
| captive-born cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) respond similarly to vocalizations of predators and sympatric nonpredators. | what types of cues do callitrichid primates use to detect and respond to predators? do they respond to predator-specific cues or to more general cues? the evidence for these questions remains conflicting. we presented captive-born and reared cotton-top tamarins with no previous exposure to predators (or predator cues) with vocalizations from three potential predators of cotton-top tamarin in the wild (white hawk, jaguar, and tayra) and with vocalizations from sympatric nonpredators (black-faced ... | 2008 | 18473378 |
| fecal short-chain fatty acids associated with inflammation in cotton-top tamarin model for idiopathic colitis. | this study measured fecal levels of short-chain fatty acids (scfas) relative to the severity of colitis in the cotton-top tamarin model of colitis and colon cancer. severity of colitis was classified as mild, moderate, or severe by subjective scoring of colonic mucosal biopsies and quantification of inflammatory cell infiltrates in the lamina propria. scfas were determined by gas chromatography of scfas extracted from fresh feces. tamarins with moderate or severe colitis had significantly reduce ... | 1996 | 8769289 |
| forelimb proportions and kinematics: how are small primates different from other small mammals? | the crouched limb posture of small mammals enables them to react to unexpected irregularities in the support. small arboreal primates would benefit from these kinematics in their arboreal habitat but it has been demonstrated that primates display certain differences in forelimb kinematics to other mammals. the objective of this paper is to find out whether these changes in forelimb kinematics are related to changes in body size and limb proportions. as primates descended from small ancestors, a ... | 2008 | 19043050 |
| immunisation of common marmosets with vaccinia virus expressing epstein-barr virus (ebv) gp340 and challenge with ebv. | epstein-barr virus (ebv) is the cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with a variety of life-threatening diseases in humans. therefore the development of an effective vaccine is an important objective. many of the initial studies of vaccine efficacy analyse the ability of vaccine preparations to prevent the induction of lymphomas in cottontop tamarins by the b95-8 strain of ebv. we used a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing gp340, vma1, tested previously in the cotton-top tamarin ... | 1996 | 8923292 |
| captive cotton-top tamarins' (saguinus oedipus oedipus) use of landmarks to localize hidden food items. | seventeen captive cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus oedipus) were individually tested on their use of spatial relationships between landmarks to locate multiple hidden food items. in two experiments, the tamarins were presented with a spatial-foraging task in which positions of hidden food rewards were fixed in relation to an array of visual cues. in experiment 1, the cues+hidden food configuration was rotated 90 degrees and the tamarins were successful in locating the food items significant ... | 2009 | 19130479 |
| the functional correlates of jaw-muscle fiber architecture in tree-gouging and nongouging callitrichid monkeys. | common (callithrix jacchus) and pygmy (cebuella pygmaea) marmosets and cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) share broadly similar diets of fruits, insects, and tree exudates. marmosets, however, differ from tamarins in actively gouging trees with their anterior dentition to elicit tree exudates flow. tree gouging in common marmosets involves the generation of relatively wide jaw gapes, but not necessarily relatively large bite forces. we compared fiber architecture of the masseter and temporal ... | 2009 | 19140215 |
| two different primate species express an identical functional mhc class i allele. | the products of the highly polymorphic and variable major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i loci play a crucial role in host defenses against infectious disease. while similar alleles have been found in closely related species, sharing of a functional mhc class i allele between two species has never been reported. here we show that an identical functional mhc class i molecule is present in two different primate species with an approximate divergence time of 0.7 million years. lymphocytes ... | 1998 | 9435338 |
| is a sense of inequity an ancestral primate trait? testing social inequity in cotton top tamarins (saguinus oedipus). | to address a controversy in the literature concerning whether monkeys show an aversion to inequity, individuals of a new world monkey species, cotton top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) were tested in an offering task and in a bartering task. at issue was whether the monkeys rejected rewards because of a violation of expectancy of the preferred reward, or whether they rejected rewards because of a sensitivity to socially mediated inequity. the data from both tasks indicated that the subjects were mo ... | 2009 | 19236140 |
| pheochromocytoma in six new world primates. | six new world primates, including 2 golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia), 2 cotton-top tamarins (saguinus o. oedipus), 1 black howler monkey (alouatta caraya), and 1 black-handed spider monkey (ateles g. geoffroyi), were diagnosed with unilateral (4/6) or bilateral (1/6) adrenal or extra-adrenal (1/6) pheochromocytoma by light microscopy and immunohistochemical staining for chromogranin a. overt invasive behavior or metastases were not observed in any primate, and thus these neoplasms w ... | 2009 | 19276065 |
| variations in male parenting behavior and physiology in the common marmoset. | infant survival and wellbeing is dependent upon good parenting skills. in some species of primates, fathers are necessary to ensure both positive developmental and social outcomes for their offspring. common marmosets and the related cotton-top tamarin monkeys provide extensive paternal care of multiple offspring and are essential for infant survival. however, we have found significant variation in a father's motivation to respond to infant stimuli. additionally, marmoset males who are experienc ... | 2009 | 19367571 |
| litter size and infant survivorship in wild groups of cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) in colombia. | cotton-top tamains (saguinus oedipus) are a critically endangered primate found only in colombia. efforts to conserve this species are centered on developing effective management plans that integrate biological information regarding population dynamics and factors that influence their survival. this study documented infants born to wild cotton-top tamarin females from 1994-2008 at two distinct field sites in northern colombia. our studies have shown that wild cotton-top tamarins typically give b ... | 2009 | 19382151 |
| clavulanic acid: a competitive inhibitor of beta-lactamases with novel anxiolytic-like activity and minimal side effects. | clavulanic acid is a member of the beta lactam family of antibiotics with little or no intrinsic antibacterial activity of its own; instead, it is used to enhance the activity of antibiotics by blocking bacterial beta-lactamases. because clavulanic acid by itself is very safe, orally active and shows good brain penetrance, we sought to determine if it had any potential as a psychotherapeutic. clavulanic acid was a tested across three mammalian species, hamsters, rats and cotton-top tamarin monke ... | 2009 | 19394358 |
| general intelligence in another primate: individual differences across cognitive task performance in a new world monkey (saguinus oedipus). | individual differences in human cognitive abilities show consistently positive correlations across diverse domains, providing the basis for the trait of "general intelligence" (g). at present, little is known about the evolution of g, in part because most comparative studies focus on rodents or on differences across higher-level taxa. what is needed, therefore, are experiments targeting nonhuman primates, focusing on individual differences within a single species, using a broad battery of tasks. ... | 2009 | 19536274 |
| evidence of an evolutionary precursor to human language affixation in a non-human primate. | human language, and grammatical competence in particular, relies on a set of computational operations that, in its entirety, is not observed in other animals. such uniqueness leaves open the possibility that components of our linguistic competence are shared with other animals, having evolved for non-linguistic functions. here, we explore this problem from a comparative perspective, asking whether cotton-top tamarin monkeys (saguinus oedipus) can spontaneously (no training) acquire an affixation ... | 2009 | 19586963 |
| hysteresis effects in a motor task with cotton-top tamarins (sanguinus oedipus). | the way human adults grasp an object is influenced by their recent history of motor actions. previously executed grasps are often more likely to reoccur on subsequent grasps. this type of hysteresis effect has been incorporated into cognitive models of motor planning, suggesting that when planning movements, individuals tend to reuse recently used plans rather than generating new plans from scratch. to the best of our knowledge, the phylogenetic roots of this phenomenon have not been investigate ... | 2009 | 19594287 |
| molecular and cytogenetic analysis of lymphoblastoid and colon cancer cell lines from cotton-top tamarin (sagiunus oedipus). | the cotton-top tamarin (ctt) (sagiunus oedipus) has been used as an animal model to investigate the etiology and pathophysiology of several human diseases, including ulcerative colitis and its associated colorectal carcinoma (crc). little is known, however, about genetic synteny between ctt and humans, and about chromosome aberrations in ctt crc. to address these issues, we have analyzed ctt lymphoblastoid and crc cell lines using cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (zoo-fish), and ... | 2000 | 10913670 |
| a monoclonal antibody selection for immunohistochemical examination of lymphoid tissues from non-human primates. | non-human primates (nhps) offer valuable animal models for basic research into human diseases and for the preclinical validation of new therapeutics. detailed in situ examination of the involved cell types using immunohistochemistry is often hampered by the lack of cross-reactive antibodies (abs). in the current study, we have tested a large panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against human leukocyte differentiation and activation markers for cross-reactivity on cryosections of lymphoid tissue ... | 2009 | 19729671 |
| the phonetic potential of nonhuman vocal tracts: comparative cineradiographic observations of vocalizing animals. | for more than a century it has been noted that the adult human vocal tract differs from that of other mammals, in that the resting position of the larynx is much lower in humans. while animals habitually breathe with the larynx inserted into the nasal cavity, adult humans are unable to do this. this anatomical difference has been cited as an important factor limiting the vocal potential of nonhuman animals, because the low larynx of humans allows a wider range of vocal tract shapes and thus form ... | 2000 | 10992141 |
| social dynamics and individual plasticity of infant care behavior in cooperatively breeding cotton-top tamarins. | individual variation in infant caretaking behavior is prevalent among marmoset and tamarin monkeys. although most group members participate in infant care, the timing and amount provided differs greatly. in this study, we quantified general trends in infant carrying behavior by using a longitudinal database that included 11 years of instantaneous scan observations following 80 births of cotton-top tamarins. using detailed focal observations on a subset of the same families (10 births) we identif ... | 2010 | 20014011 |
| donor payoffs and other-regarding preferences in cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus). | helping others at no cost to oneself is a simple way to demonstrate other-regarding preferences. yet, primates exhibit mixed results for other-regarding preferences: chimpanzees and tamarins do not show these effects, whereas capuchin monkeys and marmosets preferentially give food to others. one factor of relevance to this no-cost food donation is the payoff to the donor. though donors always receive the same payoffs regardless of their choice, previous work varies in whether they receive either ... | 2010 | 20130946 |
| gastrointestinal tract antigenic profile of cotton-top tamarin, saguinus oedipus, is similar to that of humans with inflammatory bowel disease. | as an animal model for human inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, the cotton-top tamarin remains controversial. demonstration of antigenic similarity to the human would enhance its validity. using colonic extracts and washings, we compared binding of seven monoclonal antibodies reactive with bowel and cancer antigens in both tamarins and humans with inflammatory bowel disease. additionally, telomerase activity was tested for. expression of a mucin antigen specific to human cancer wa ... | 2000 | 11258547 |
| the nucleotide sequences of the parathyroid gene in primates (suborder anthropoidea). | nucleotide sequences of the parathyroid (pth) gene of 12 species of primates belonging to suborder anthropoidea were examined. the pth gene contains one intron that separates two exons that code the sequence of prepro and pth, respectively. the intron of the pth gene in cebus apella, callithrix jacchus, and saguinus oedipus was 102 bp long, whereas a 103-bp intron was observed in the remaining species. phylogenetic analysis using the nucleotide sequences of pth revealed that these 12 species of ... | 2002 | 11825036 |
| chromosome phylogeny of the subfamily pitheciinae (platyrrhini, primates) by classic cytogenetics and chromosome painting. | the new world monkey (platyrrhini) subfamily pitheciinae is represented by the genera pithecia, chiropotes and cacajao. in this work we studied the karyotypes of pithecia irrorata (2n = 48) and cacajao calvus rubicundus (2n = 45 in males and 2n = 46 in females) by g- and c-banding, nor staining and chromosome painting using human and saguinus oedipus whole chromosome probes. the karyotypes of both species were compared with each other and with chiropotes utahicki (2n = 54) from the literature. | 2010 | 20565908 |
| colorectal cancer in the cotton top tamarin (saguinus oedipus): how do they evade liver metastasis? | a major cause of cancer-related deaths is the development of liver metastasis. to better understand the metastatic process, we studied the cotton top tamarin as an animal model, which spontaneously develops colorectal cancer but rarely liver metastasis. | 2011 | 20645001 |
| campylobacter-induced enteritis and diarrhea in captive cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) during the first year of life. | a prospective study of 43 cotton-top tamarins, from infancy to 6 to 17 months of age, was conducted to determine the epidemiology of campylobacter spp. infection. nine infants followed for one year in an isolation unit, where attendants wore protective clothing, did not become infected. in the main facility where 32 of 34 animals had repeated infections with c. coli, 6% of the infections developed initially in incubators, 66% in the nursery room, and 28% after transfer to the main colony. fiftee ... | 2001 | 11924782 |
| increased positive selection pressure within the complementarity determining regions of the t-cell receptor ß gene in new world monkeys. | because of the long-term co-evolution of tcr and mhc molecules, numerous nucleotide substitutions have accumulated within the domains of tcrß genes. we previously found that nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions occurred more frequently in complementarity determining region (cdr)ß than in cdra, even though only a limited number of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and human t-cell receptor ß variable (trbv) sequences were compared. this interesting finding raised the question of whether the ... | 2011 | 21769905 |
| herpesvirus saimiri infection of rhesus macaques: a model for acute rhadinovirus-induced t-cell transformation and oncogenesis. | herpesvirus saimiri (hvs) causes acute lymphoma and leukemia upon experimental infection of various monkey species. hvs strain c488 is also capable of transforming human t-lymphocytes to stable growth in culture. the most susceptible species for oncogenesis are new world primates, in particular the cottontop tamarin (saguinus oedipus). however, old world monkeys such as macaques are the most used animal model for the close-to-human situation. the limited data on hvs infection in old world monkey ... | 2011 | 21915869 |
| three spontaneous lymphomas in a colony of cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus). | cotton-top tamarins are well known for their prevalence to idiopathic colitis and adenocarcinomas. at the same time, information on the incidence of spontaneous lymphomas in this highly endangered species is rare. records, 212 in total, of cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) necropsied at the german primate centre between 1979 and 1998 were viewed to establish the prevalence of lymphoid neoplasms. neoplastic lymphoid cell growth was mentioned in three necropsy records. immunohistology was per ... | 2001 | 11990532 |
| chromosome banding patterns and nucleolar organizing regions in three species of callithricidae (saguinus oedipus, saguinus fuscicollis, and callithrix jacchus). | chromosome complements of three species of callithricidae, saguinus oedipus, saguinus fuscicollis and callithrix jacchus, were analyzed by various banding techniques. morphometric data are presented. a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 46 is reconfirmed for all three species. several interesting interspecies chromosomal variations were demonstrated by g- and c-band patterns. active nucleolar organizing regions (nors) were revealed by the ag-as silver histochemical stain. | 2000 | 101664 |
| chronic hepatitis associated with gb virus b persistence in a tamarin after intrahepatic inoculation of synthetic viral rna. | progress in understanding the pathogenesis of hepatitis c virus (hcv) has been slowed by the absence of tractable small animal models. whereas gb virus b (gbv-b, an unclassified flavivirus) shares a phylogenetic relationship and several biologic attributes with hcv, including hepatotropism, it is not known to cause persistent infection, a hallmark of hcv. here, we document persistent gbv-b infection in one of two healthy tamarins (saguinus oedipus) inoculated intrahepatically with infectious syn ... | 2003 | 12907703 |
| disseminated lethal encephalitozoon cuniculi (genotype iii) infections in cotton-top tamarins (oedipomidas oedipus)--a case report. | for the first time, encephalitozoon (e.) cuniculi genotype iii ('dog strain') was verified in two cotton-top tamarins (oedipomidas oedipus) by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, pcr and sequencing. the animals had a disseminated lethal infection with this protist. in earlier reports, genotype iii had been found only in domestic dogs, man, emperor tamarins (saguinus imperator) and golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia). this investigation establishes now that the ... | 2004 | 14984833 |
| investigation of marmoset hybrids (cebuella pygmaea x callithrix jacchus) and related callitrichinae (platyrrhini) by cross-species chromosome painting and comparative genomic hybridization. | we report on the cytogenetics of twin offspring from an interspecies cross in marmosets (callitrichinae, platyrrhini), resulting from a pairing between a female common marmoset (callithrix jacchus, 2n = 46) and a male pygmy marmoset (cebuella pygmaea, 2n = 44). we analyzed their karyotypes by multi-directional chromosome painting employing human, saguinus oedipus and lagothrix lagothricha chromosome-specific probes. both hybrid individuals had a karyotype with a diploid chromosome number of 2n = ... | 2005 | 15545729 |
| quantifying remaining forested habitat within the historic distribution of the cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus) in colombia: implications for long-term conservation. | landsat thematic mapper (tm) data were used to classify forested areas within the historic distribution of the endangered cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus) in colombia. this species continues to be threatened by habitat destruction, and we observed a 31% decrease of the forested habitat within the tamarins' historic distribution in 1990-2000. it is estimated that since the establishment of some protected areas for cotton-top tamarins and other native colombian wildlife (parque nacional natur ... | 2004 | 15580586 |
| the role of speech rhythm in language discrimination: further tests with a non-human primate. | human newborns discriminate languages from different rhythmic classes, fail to discriminate languages from the same rhythmic class, and fail to discriminate languages when the utterances are played backwards. recent evidence showing that cotton-top tamarins discriminate dutch from japanese, but not when utterances are played backwards, is compatible with the hypothesis that rhythm discrimination is based on a general perceptual mechanism inherited from a primate ancestor. the present study furth ... | 2005 | 15647064 |
| disseminated encephalitozoonosis in captive, juvenile, cotton-top (saguinus oedipus) and neonatal emperor (saguinus imperator) tamarins in north america. | disseminated encephalitozoonosis was diagnosed in 2 sibling, juvenile, cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) and 3 sibling, neonatal, emperor tamarins (s. imperator) by use of histologic examination, histochemical analysis, electron microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis with nucleotide sequencing. all tamarins were captive born at zoos in north america and died with no premonitory signs of disease. the main pathologic findings were myocarditis (4/5), hepatitis (3/5), intersti ... | 2006 | 16846985 |
| isolation and characterization of a novel helicobacter species, helicobacter jaachi sp. nov., from common marmosets (callithrix jaachus). | purpose-bred common marmosets from domestic sources housed in a us research facility, and used in multiple drug discovery programmes, were noted to have a high incidence of spontaneous inflammatory bowel disease and sporadic cholecystitis and cholangiohepatitis. inflammatory infiltrates increased in incidence and severity with age. because helicobacter spp. have been linked to gastrointestinal diseases, samples from the gastrointestinal tracts of 39 marmosets were screened for helicobacter spp. ... | 2015 | 26297446 |
| helicobacter saguini, a novel helicobacter isolated from cotton-top tamarins with ulcerative colitis, has proinflammatory properties and induces typhlocolitis and dysplasia in gnotobiotic il-10-/- mice. | a urease-negative, fusiform, novel bacterium named helicobacter saguini was isolated from the intestines and feces of cotton-top tamarins (ctts) with chronic colitis. helicobacter sp. was detected in 69% of feces or intestinal samples from 116 ctts. the draft genome sequence, obtained by illumina miseq sequencing, for h. saguini isolate mit 97-6194-5, consisting of ∼2.9 mb with a g+c content of 35% and 2,704 genes, was annotated using the ncbi prokaryotic genomes automatic annotation pipeline. h ... | 2016 | 27245408 |
| when quantity trumps number: discrimination experiments in cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) and common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). | the capacity for non-linguistic, numerical discrimination has been well characterized in non-human animals, with recent studies providing careful controls for non-numerical confounds such as continuous extent, density, and quantity. more poorly understood are the conditions under which animals use numerical versus non-numerical quantification, and the nature of the relation between these two systems. here we test whether cotton-top tamarins and common marmosets can discriminate between two quant ... | 2007 | 17354004 |
| spontaneous pathology of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and tamarins (saguinus oedipus, saguinus mystax). | marmosets and tamarins are increasingly used in research, but their pathology remains poorly defined compared with old world primates. | 2009 | 19522731 |
| phylogenetic studies of the genus cebus (cebidae-primates) using chromosome painting and g-banding. | chromosomal painting, using whole chromosome probes from humans and saguinus oedipus, was used to establish karyotypic divergence among species of the genus cebus, including c. olivaceus, c. albifrons, c. apella robustus and c. apella paraguayanus. cytogenetic studies suggested that the species of this genus have conservative karyotypes, with diploid numbers ranging from 2n = 52 to 2n = 54. | 2008 | 18534011 |
| the effects of unequal reward distributions on cooperative problem solving by cottontop tamarins (saguinus oedipus). | cooperation among non-human animals has been the topic of much theoretical and empirical research, but few studies have examined systematically the effects of various reward payoffs on cooperative behaviour. here, we presented heterosexual pairs of cooperatively breeding cottontop tamarins with a cooperative problem solving task. in a series of four experiments, we examined how the tamarins' cooperative performance changed under conditions in which (a) both actors were mutually rewarded, (b) bot ... | 2008 | 19122748 |
| implicit chaining in cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus). | in implicit learning, human subjects are exposed to patterned information, but they are not informed about the pattern. typically, they demonstrate learning of that pattern, but little awareness of the experimental contingencies. in a nonhuman analog of this procedure, two cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) were presented with a five-element chain that consisted of the same icon presented serially at different locations on a touchscreen. the tamarins had to touch the icon at each location to ... | 2009 | 19159167 |
| immunodominance of a single ctl epitope in a primate species with limited mhc class i polymorphism. | mhc class i molecules play a crucial role in immunity to viral infections by presenting viral peptides to cytotoxic t lymphocytes. one of the hallmarks of mhc class i genes in outbred populations is their extraordinary polymorphism, yet the significance of this diversity is poorly understood. certain species with reduced mhc class i diversity, such as the cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus), are more susceptible to fatal viral infections. to explore the relationship between this primate's limi ... | 1997 | 9233634 |
| distribution of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in a german zoological garden determined by is900 semi-nested and quantitative real-time pcr. | little data concerning the distribution of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) in zoological gardens is available. the presence of map in captured wildlife might provide further information on non-ruminant hosts and expand the list of animals susceptible to map being potential sources of map transmission. therefore, a german zoological garden with recent history of clinical paratuberculosis in barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia) and an alpaca (lama pacos) was selected to estimate the d ... | 2013 | 23298700 |
| cerebrospinal angiostrongyliasis in five captive tamarins (sanguinus spp). | four cotton-top tamarins (sanguinus oedipus oedipus) and one emperor tamarin (s imperator subgrisescens) housed in a zoo became depressed, anorexic, paraparetic and eventually paralysed. the animals died within 5 days to 18 months of the appearance of clinical signs. histological examination showed nonsuppurative and eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, and metastrongyle nematode larvae were found within subarachnoid spaces of all animals and within the spinal cord of one. intact larvae with featur ... | 1998 | 9578750 |
| colitis and colon cancer in cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus oedipus) living wild in their natural habitat. | the cotton-top tamarin is a nonhuman primate noted for susceptibility to juvenile onset colitis and subsequent colon cancer. about 80% develop colitis in captive environments outside the tropics. the aim was to determine the prevalence of colitis and colorectal cancer in tamarins living wild in their tropical habitat. endoscopic biopsy was used to compare severity of colitis, inflammatory/immune cell densities, mucosal dysplasia, and occurrence of cancer in wild tamarins in a tropical habitat wi ... | 1998 | 9690378 |
| three different mhc class i molecules bind the same ctl epitope of the influenza virus in a primate species with limited mhc class i diversity. | one of the most remarkable features of the mhc class i loci of most outbred mammalian populations is their exceptional diversity, yet the functional importance of this diversity remains to be fully understood. the cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus) is unusual in having mhc class i loci that exhibit both limited polymorphism and sequence variation. to investigate the functional implications of limited mhc class i diversity in this outbred primate species, we infected five tamarins with influen ... | 1999 | 10201917 |
| species-specific tt viruses and cross-species infection in nonhuman primates. | viruses resembling human tt virus (ttv) were searched for in sera from nonhuman primates by pcr with primers deduced from well-conserved areas in the untranslated region. ttv dna was detected in 102 (98%) of 104 chimpanzees, 9 (90%) of 10 japanese macaques, 4 (100%) of 4 red-bellied tamarins, 5 (83%) of 6 cotton-top tamarins, and 5 (100%) of 5 douroucoulis tested. analysis of the amplification products of 90 to 106 nucleotides revealed ttv dna sequences specific for each species, with a decreasi ... | 2000 | 10627523 |
| evidence that colitis is initiated by environmental stress and sustained by fecal factors in the cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus). | parallel changes in spontaneously occurring inflammation in colonic thiry-vella loops and the in-line colon of cotton-top tamarins were studied in a colitis-inducing environment at 8 and 15 months following surgical preparation of the loops. gross disease severity and numbers of inflammatory/immune cells per unit area of lamina propria in histological sections from endoscopic biopsies were analyzed. cell counts and severity of colitis declined over time in the thiry-villa loops while the disease ... | 2000 | 10711456 |
| adrenal gland tumours in two cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus oedipus). | two adrenal gland tumours in captive born cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus oedipus) are described. one was a pheochromocytoma in a 14-year-old male, the other one a cortical adenoma in a 7.5-year-old female. both were associated with morphological signs of myocardial damage and circulatory problems. the findings are discussed and compared to adrenal gland tumours in man. | 2000 | 10759374 |
| carcinoembryonic antigen family of adhesion molecules in the cotton top tamarin (saguinus oedipus). | humans and the cotton top tamarin, a model for colitis and colorectal cancer, share carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) moieties. we quantified cea in colonic washings and extracts in both, and cea bands were confirmed by western blot. we compared cea-family expression in tissues and serum in the tamarin with that of the common marmoset, which develops colitis but not cancer. cea levels are higher in tamarin washings compared with humans, and higher than in marmosets extracts (p<0.005). cea molecular ... | 2000 | 10893441 |
| developing an effective community conservation program for cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) in colombia. | developing effective conservation programs that positively impact the survival of a species while considering the needs of local communities is challenging. here we present an overview of the conservation program developed by proyecto tití to integrate local communities in the conservation of colombia's critically endangered primate, the cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus). our comprehensive assessment of the threats effecting the long-term survival of the cotton-top tamarin allowed us to esta ... | 2010 | 19998392 |
| characteristics of implicit chaining in cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus). | in human cognition there has been considerable interest in observing the conditions under which subjects learn material without explicit instructions to learn. in the present experiments, we adapted this issue to nonhumans by asking what subjects learn in the absence of explicit reinforcement for correct responses. two experiments examined the acquisition of sequence information by cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) when such learning was not demanded by the experimental contingencies. an im ... | 2010 | 20140693 |
| evolutionary roots of motor planning: the end-state comfort effect in lemurs. | humans (homo sapiens) anticipate the consequences of their forthcoming actions. for example, they grasp objects with uncomfortable grasps to afford comfortable end positions-the end-state comfort (esc) effect. when did such sophisticated motor planning abilities emerge in evolution? we addressed this question by asking whether humans' most distant living primate relatives-lemurs-also exhibit the esc effect. we presented 6 species of lemurs (lemur catta, eulemur mongoz, eulemur coronatus, eulemur ... | 2010 | 20476823 |
| the bony labyrinth of the early platyrrhine primate chilecebus. | we document the morphology of the bony labyrinth of chilecebus carrascoensis, one of the best preserved early platyrrhines known, based on high resolution ct scanning and 3d digital reconstruction. the cochlea is low and conical in form, as in other anthropoids, but has only 2.5 spiral turns. when the allometric relationship with body mass is considered, cochlear size is similar to that in extant primates. the relative size of the semicircular canals, which is well within the range of other prim ... | 2010 | 20952046 |
| type-c virus particles in placenta of the cottontop marmoset (saguinus oedipus). | electron microscopy of near-term placentas of two cottontop marmosets (saguinus oedipus) revealed, in one placenta, the presence of budding and mature c-type virus particles associated with the basal trophoblast. the particles were morphologically similar to those observed by other investigators in placentas of other primate species. | 1996 | 163321 |
| product-inhibition of testicular steroidogenic enzymes in the marmoset saguinus oedipus. | | 1999 | 116088 |
| features of female reproductive senescence in tamarins (saguinus spp.), a new world primate. | cyclical changes in concentration of plasma progesterone, urinary oestrone-conjugates and urinary luteinizing hormone (lh) were compared in young and older cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) and saddle-backed tamarins (s. fuscicollis). a group of six young adult tamarin females (4-5 years of age) was sampled over eight periods of 6-8 weeks and six older (14-20 years of age) females were sampled over thirteen periods. there was hormonal evidence of ovulation in all of the sampling periods for ... | 2005 | 1317448 |
| natural history and pathology of colon cancer in saguinus oedipus oedipus. | | 2013 | 3933926 |
| kin preference in marmosets and tamarins: saguinus oedipus and callithrix jacchus (callitrichidae, primates). | field studies on callitrichid primates have suggested that some species may exhibit a communal breeding system in which two or more males mate with a single female and cooperatively participate in infant rearing. however, high levels of aggression have been observed between males under both laboratory and field conditions. in avian models for communal breeding, cooperating males are often closely related. in a laboratory test of a hypothesis of the amelioration of aggression based on kinship, fo ... | 2011 | 3147598 |
| chronic colitis in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarins (saquinus oedipus). | | 2011 | 3122405 |
| polymorphisms of the group-specific component (gc) in three species of tamarins (saguinus oedipus, s. labiatus, s. mystax). | | 2006 | 2117093 |
| septic tularemia in 2 cottontop tamarins(sanguinus oedipus). | two captive cottontop tamarins (sanguinus oedipus) died within 5 d of each other from systemic infection by francisella tularensis (tularemia). one tamarin experienced mild clinical signs, including malaise, anorexia, and a mucoid nasal discharge for 4 d before death, whereas the other experienced a more rapid progression of disease that lasted less than 24 h. differential diagnoses included gram-negative septicemia by an organism such as escherichia coli, salmonella, or yersinia; protozoal infe ... | 2012 | 22776056 |
| fatal angiostrongylus dujardini infection in callitrichid monkeys and suricates in an italian zoological garden. | this paper reports four fatal cases of metastrongylid nematode angiostrongylus dujardini infection observed in a saguinus oedipus and a callimico goeldii monkey and in two suricates (suricata suricatta). all animals were kept in captivity in a zoo of central italy. the two monkeys died with no premonitory signs, while the two-month-old suricates showed malaise, anorexia and tachypnea for a few days prior to death. cardiomegaly and/or granulomatous pneumonia were the major anatomo-pathological fi ... | 2016 | 27094227 |
| bifidobacterium aerophilum sp. nov., bifidobacterium avesanii sp. nov. and bifidobacterium ramosum sp. nov.: three novel taxa from the faeces of cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus l.). | forty-five microorganisms were isolated on bifidobacteria selective medium from one faecal sample of an adult subject of the cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus l.). all isolates were gram-positive, catalase-negative, anaerobic, fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase positive, and asporogenous rod-shaped bacteria. in this study, only eight out of the forty-five strains were characterized more deeply, whereas the others are still currently under investigation. they were grouped by box-pcr into thr ... | 2016 | 27236565 |
| fatal cowpox virus infection in cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) in germany. | cowpox virus (cpxv) was isolated from a fatal outbreak among cotton-top tamarins. samples from healthy common marmosets in contact were also cpxv genome positive. the cpxv isolated from the cotton-top tamarins exhibited a unique hemagglutinin sequence. pathogenicity investigations using a wistar rat model characterized the isolate as low pathogenic. | 2014 | 24689730 |
| identification of igh gene rearrangement and immunophenotype in an animal model of epstein-barr virus-associated lymphomas. | epstein-barr virus (ebv) is a human oncogenic herpesvirus associated with lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. because the susceptible hosts of eb virus are limited to human and cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus), there have been no appropriate animal models until the lymphoma model induced by ebv in human peripheral blood lymphocyte (hu-pbl)/scid chimeric mice was reported. however, it is still controversial whether the ebv-associated lymphoma induced in hu-pbl/scid mice is a monoclonal t ... | 2016 | 26991077 |
| learning generalization in problem solving by a blue-fronted parrot (amazona aestiva). | pepperberg (the alex studies: cognitive and communicative abilities of gray parrots. harvard university press, cambridge;1999) showed that some of the complex cognitive capabilities found in primates are also present in psittacine birds. through the replication of an experiment performed with cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus oedipus) by hauser et al. (anim behav 57:565-582; 1999), we examined a blue-fronted parrot's (amazona aestiva) ability to generalize the solution of a particular proble ... | 2008 | 18575906 |
| histologic and immunohistochemical characterization of pheochromocytoma in 6 cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus). | pheochromocytomas are uncommon neoplasms of the adrenal medulla that are most frequently reported in rats and select mouse strains. in many cases, especially those in man, pheochromocytoma is associated with familial tumor syndromes, because of inherited mutations in a variety of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. nonhuman primates are valuable animal models for a variety of human diseases because of their similar anatomy and physiology; however, cases of pheochromocytomas have only rar ... | 2009 | 19605896 |
| successive radiations, not stasis, in the south american primate fauna. | the earliest neotropical primate fossils complete enough for taxonomic assessment, dolichocebus, tremacebus, and chilecebus, date to approximately 20 ma. these have been interpreted as either closely related to extant forms or as extinct stem lineages. the former hypothesis of morphological stasis requires most living platyrrhine genera to have diverged before 20 ma. to test this hypothesis, we collected new complete mitochondrial genomes from aotus lemurinus, saimiri sciureus, saguinus oedipus, ... | 2009 | 19321426 |
| species specificities among primates probed with commercially available fluorescence-based multiplex pcr typing kits. | to assess species specificities among primates of signals from short tandem repeat (str) loci included in two commercially available kits, mainly the ampflstr identifiler kit and additionally the geneprint powerplex 16 system, we analyzed 69 dna samples from 22 nonhuman primate species representing apes, old world monkeys (owms), new world monkeys (nwms), and prosimians. each prosimian species and the nwm cotton-top tamarin apparently lacked all str loci probed. only one peak, the amelogenin-x p ... | 2015 | 25899252 |
| characterization of circulating natural killer cells in neotropical primates. | despite extensive use of nonhuman primates as models for infectious diseases and reproductive biology, imprecise phenotypic and functional definitions exist for natural killer (nk) cells. this deficit is particularly significant in the burgeoning use of small, less expensive new world primate species. using polychromatic flow cytometry, we identified peripheral blood nk cells as cd3-negative and expressing a cluster of cell surface molecules characteristic of nk cells (i.e., nkg2a, nkp46, nkp30) ... | 2013 | 24244365 |
| pulmonary arterial disease associated with right-sided cardiac hypertrophy and congestive heart failure in zoo mammals housed at 2,100 m above sea level. | subacute and chronic mountain sickness of humans and the related brisket disease of cattle are characterized by right-sided congestive heart failure in individuals living at high altitudes as a result of sustained hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. adaptations to high altitude and disease resistance vary among species, breeds, and individuals. the authors conducted a retrospective survey of right-sided cardiac hypertrophy associated with pulmonary arterial hypertrophy or arteriosclerosis in zoo mam ... | 2015 | 26667539 |
| major histocompatibility complex class ii polymorphisms in primates. | in the past decade, the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii region of several primate species has been investigated extensively. here we will discuss the similarities and differences found in the mhc class ii repertoires of primate species including humans, chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, cotton-top tamarins and common marmosets. such types of comparisons shed light on the evolutionary stability of mhc class ii alleles, lineages and loci as well as on the evolutionary origin and biolog ... | 1999 | 10319272 |
| environmental complexity and feeding enrichment can mitigate effects of space constraints in captive callitrichids. | non-human primates housed in zoos and laboratories often exhibit reduced activity and this poses welfare concerns. we examined the effects of enclosure types of differing size and environmental complexity on the activities of two species of callitrichids. we found that cotton-top tamarins housed in an enclosure of larger size and more environmental complexity showed higher activity levels, which was mainly contributed by more feeding/foraging activity. by contrast, goeldi's monkeys housed in an ... | 2016 | 26025915 |
| perseveration, inhibition and the prefrontal cortex: a new look. | perseverative actions are often the result of inhibitory problems; however, inhibitory problems do not always lead to perseverative actions. some problems of inhibition have been attributed to immaturity of, or severe damage to, the prefrontal cortex. research in this area has generally failed both to take into account species differences in prefrontal function that lead to different perseverative errors and to distinguish between perseverative errors that arise from a failure to inhibit salient ... | 1999 | 10322177 |
| social effects via olfactory sensory stimuli on reproductive function and dysfunction in cooperative breeding marmosets and tamarins. | most primates are social species whose reproduction is influenced by their social relationships. the cotton-top tamarin, saguinus oedipus, and the common marmoset, callithrix jacchus, are cooperative breeding species where the family structure alters reproductive function in many ways. while primates receive social effects on reproduction via all sensory stimuli, the marmosets and tamarins are particularly influenced by olfactory/chemosensory stimuli. the olfactory sensory processing is the "soc ... | 2013 | 22890774 |
| quantitative molecular assessment of chimerism across tissues in marmosets and tamarins. | marmosets are playing an increasingly large and important role in biomedical research. they share genetic, anatomical, and physiological similarities with humans and other primate model species, but their smaller sizes, reproductive efficiency, and amenability to genetic manipulation offer an added practicality. while their unique biology can be exploited to provide insights into disease and function, it is also important that researchers are aware of the differences that exist between marmosets ... | 2012 | 22429831 |
| the morphology of the masticatory apparatus facilitates muscle force production at wide jaw gapes in tree-gouging common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). | common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) generate wide jaw gapes when gouging trees with their anterior teeth to elicit tree exudate flow. closely related cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) do not gouge trees but share similar diets including exudates. maximizing jaw opening theoretically compromises the bite forces that marmosets can generate during gouging. to investigate how jaw-muscle architecture and craniofacial position impact muscle performance during gouging, we combine skull and jaw-m ... | 2009 | 19946083 |
| pregnancy weight gain: marmoset and tamarin dads show it too. | paternal behaviour is critical for the survival of offspring in many monogamous species. common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus) fathers spend as much or more time caring for infants than mothers. expectant males of both species showed significant increases in weight across the pregnancy whereas control males did not (five consecutive months for marmoset males and six months for cotton-top tamarin males). expectant fathers might be preparing for the energet ... | 2006 | 16810338 |
| comparative analysis of masseter fiber architecture in tree-gouging (callithrix jacchus) and nongouging (saguinus oedipus) callitrichids. | common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) (callitrichidae, primates) share a broadly similar diet of fruits, insects, and tree exudates. common marmosets, however, differ from tamarins by actively gouging trees with their anterior teeth to elicit tree exudate flow. during tree gouging, marmosets produce relatively large jaw gapes, but do not necessarily produce relatively large bite forces at the anterior teeth. we compared the fiber architecture of the mas ... | 2004 | 15281057 |
| callitrichid nutrition and food sensitivity. | captive callitrichids are prone to developing intestinal problems. their captive and natural diets differ enormously, and diet has been suggested to play a major role in wasting marmoset syndrome. proteins in wheat, soy and milk are included in callitrichid diets of most colonies and have been linked to an immune reaction in saguinus oedipus and callithrix jacchus. in the present study of 23 males and females of the two species, wheat protein was tested but soy and milk products were excluded. o ... | 2001 | 11515674 |
| prolactin levels of fathers and helpers related to alloparental care in common marmosets, callithrix jacchus. | previous studies have suggested that prolactin may play a role in regulating allocare behaviour in cotton-top tamarins, saguinus oedipus. in this study, we investigate the prolactin profile of 3 groups of captive common marmosets, callithrix jacchus. carrying behaviour in this species was observed after parturition. prolactin assays of blood samples of both fathers and helpers (sub-adult non-fathers) in 3 family groups were taken for 8 weeks before and after birth of the infants. the after-birth ... | 2006 | 10686484 |
| metabolism of reproductive steroids during the ovarian cycle in two species of callitrichids, saguinus oedipus and callithrix jacchus, and estimation of the ovulatory period from fecal steroids. | gonadal steroids were measured in daily fecal samples providing comparative data on steroid metabolism in two genera of new world primates. circulating bioactive lh and progesterone concentrations and fecal progesterone, pregnanediol, estradiol, and estrone concentrations were measured by collecting blood and daily fecal samples from four captive common marmoset females and four cotton-top tamarin females for 30 days. high recoveries (> 80%) of labeled steroids that were added directly to the fe ... | 1996 | 8838005 |
| molecular mass and isoelectric properties of pituitary and urinary gonadotrophins in callitrichid primates. | in this study, the molecular masses and isoelectric characteristics of pituitary lh and fsh in two species of callitrichid primate, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and the cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus), were determined. comparative data for urine samples from callithrix jacchus are also presented. the separation of gonadotrophins from pituitary extracts and urine was performed under nonreducing conditions using sds-page and isoelectric focusing procedures. hormone activity in ge ... | 1994 | 7861403 |
| measurement of faecal steroids for monitoring ovarian function in new world primates, callitrichidae. | measurement of immunoreactive progesterone, pregnanediol and oestradiol in faeces collected throughout ovarian cycles in three species of callitrichid primates is reported. faecal hormone concentrations were compared with plasma progesterone profiles during pgf2 alpha-controlled (n = 7) and natural (n = 8) cycles in callithrix jacchus and saguinus fuscicollis, respectively, and with urinary oestrone conjugates during five cycles in saguinus oedipus. unconjugated steroids, which predominated over ... | 1993 | 8283445 |
| effect of various biological factors on spontaneous marmoset and tamarin colitis. a retrospective histopathologic study. | histological sections of colons from 69 tamarins (46 saguinus oedipus and 23 saguinus fuscicollis illigeri) and 27 marmosets (callithrix jacchus) that died between 1979 and 1984 were examined for colitis. evaluated biological factors were species, age at death, source of animals, manner of death, presence of colon cancer, and time after importation. most normal colons were found in young animals (dead at less than 1 years of age). nearly all (approximately 96%) animals had colitis; 70-80% of mos ... | 1988 | 3134175 |
| stick-weaving: innovative behavior in tamarins (saguinus oedipus). | some captive cotton-top tamarins spontaneously weave sticks in the mesh of their enclosures so that the stick is lodged between two mesh openings. sticks are broken from natural branches placed in the enclosures and often modified by biting them in the center before weaving through the mesh. to investigate this further, we systematically surveyed all animals in our colony and found that all successful stick-weaving tamarins were descendants from only 2 of the 16 breeding groups contributing to t ... | 2017 | 28277719 |
| reproductive performance of three species of callitrichidae. | the reproductive performance of three species of callitrichidae housed under identical conditions, including relatively spacious caging and visual screening, was compared. the three species were callithrix jacchus, saguinus fuscicollis, and saguinus oedipus. callithrix jacchus was the most reliable breeder, with the lowest percentage of stillborn and the highest post-weaning survival. while the reproductive performance of s oedipus was better than that generally reported for other colonies, the ... | 1984 | 6431191 |
| competition for a desired food in family groups of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and the cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus). | four captive groups of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and three groups of cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) were each presented with a desired food and their consumption was monitored. inequalities in consumption between individuals were found for each group of each species. generally, adult females consumed most of the desired food, followed by juveniles, and finally adult males. high consumption levels by all individuals during isolated feedings indicated that consumption inequalit ... | 1981 | 6789003 |
| husbandry and breeding of a newly-established colony of cotton-topped tamarins (saguinus oedipus oedipus). | from november 1976 to february 1979 a total of 8 litters were born to 6 females. of the 14 infants, 10 were successfully reared by their parents. housing, nutrition, a balance between environmental stability and stimulation, and female multiparity are seen as factors contributing to the breeding success of this colony. a controlled male and female pairing programme provided information on mating behavior and gestation length. one gestation of at least 166 days was observed, longer than that of t ... | 1981 | 6790834 |
| indoor-outdoor housing systems for a self-sustaining marmoset breeding colony. | indoor-outdoor housing of three types was designed, constructed, used and evaluated for housing a breeding colony of common (callithrix jacchus) and cottontop (saguinus oedipus) marmosets. all types were relatively inexpensive to construct, required minimal care, simulated a natural environment and allowed for some isolation between units and between individual runs within units. | 1979 | 119116 |
| the involucrin genes of the white-fronted capuchin and cottontop tamarin: the platyrrhine middle region. | in all anthropoid species, the coding region of the involucrin gene contains a segment of short tandem repeats that were added sequentially, beginning in a common anthropoid ancestor. the involucrin coding region of each of two platyrrhine species, the white-fronted capuchin (cebus albifrons) and the cottontop tamarin (saguinus oedipus), has now been cloned and sequenced. these genes share with the genes of the catarrhines the repeats added in the common anthropoid lineage (the early region). af ... | 1991 | 1766360 |
| non-human primates avoid the detrimental effects of prenatal androgen exposure in mixed-sex litters: combined demographic, behavioral, and genetic analyses. | producing single versus multiple births has important life history trade-offs, including the potential benefits and risks of sharing a common in utero environment. sex hormones can diffuse through amniotic fluid and fetal membranes, and females with male littermates risk exposure to high levels of fetal testosterone, which are shown to have masculinizing effects and negative fitness consequences in many mammals. whereas most primates give birth to single offspring, several new world monkey and s ... | 2016 | 27434275 |
| implicit learning in cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) and pigeons (columba livia). | there is considerable interest in the conditions under which human subjects learn patterned information without explicit instructions to learn that information. this form of learning, termed implicit or incidental learning, can be approximated in nonhumans by exposing subjects to patterned information but delivering reinforcement randomly, thereby not requiring the subjects to learn the information in order to be reinforced. following acquisition, nonhuman subjects are queried as to what they ha ... | 2015 | 25673101 |