| allelic polymorphism in mhc class ii b in four populations of atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | we sequenced exon 2 of the mhc class ii b gene in atlantic salmon from the baltic sea and identified 17 different exon 2 alleles among 22 different restriction fragment length polymorphism haplotypes. the sequences differed at between 1 and 34 bases. two different tests were used to estimate the importance of recombination in the generation of new alleles. recombination events appear to have occurred between three and nine times. only two pairs of sequences differed by less than five nucleotides ... | 2001 | 11491536 |
| localization of salmon cardiac peptide (scp) in the heart of salmon (salmo salar l.). | we have previously cloned and characterized a novel cardiac hormone from the salmon (salmo salar) which has a uniquely heart-specific distribution and a low structural similarity with any other known natriuretic peptides. specific antibodies were raised in goat against the salmon cardiac peptide. for localization and quantification, four different methods were applied: immunohistochemistry (avidin-biotin peroxidase), transmission electron microscopy, cryoimmunoelectron microscopy (protein a-gold ... | 2000 | 11121292 |
| apparent digestibility coefficients and accumulation of astaxanthin e/z isomers in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) and atlantic halibut (hippoglossus hippoglossus l.). | apparent astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione) digestibility coefficients (adc) and carotenoid compositions of the muscle, liver, whole kidney and plasma were compared in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and atlantic halibut (hippoglossus hippoglossus) fed a diet supplemented with 66 mg astaxanthin kg(-1) dry matter for 112 days. the astaxanthin source consisted of 75% all-e-, 3% 9z- and 22% 13z-astaxanthin, of (3r,3'r)-, (3r,3's; meso)-, and (3s,3's)-astaxanthin in a 1:2:1 rat ... | 2000 | 11126773 |
| first isolation of an aquatic birnavirus from farmed and wild fish species in australia. | during routine sampling and testing, as part of a systematic surveillance program (the tasmanian salmonid health surveillance program), an aquatic birnavirus was isolated from 'pin-head' (fish exhibiting deficient acclimatisation on transfer to saltwater) atlantic salmon salmo salar, approximately 18 mo old, farmed in net-pens located in macquarie harbour on the west coast of tasmania, australia. the isolate grows readily in a range of fish cell lines including chse-214, rtg-2 and bf-2 and is ne ... | 2000 | 11129376 |
| purification of salmon clotting factors and their use as tissue sealants. | fibrin sealant prepared from the blood of farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar) represents a potential source of well-controlled natural material with utility in a variety of clinical settings. a potential advantage of this material is a lower probability of viral or bacterial infection that has limited general approval of fibrin glues made from human or bovine proteins. this report describes the purification of fibrinogen from salmon blood, the use of fibrin glues derived from this material to p ... | 2000 | 11152934 |
| multiple paternity increases effective size of southern atlantic salmon populations. | genetic analyses were performed on the progeny of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) sampled in natural redds of three rivers flowing into the bay of biscay, the nivelle, the mandeo and the sella. these rivers are at the southern limit of the european distribution of the species and their populations are small and endangered by human activities. nine variable number of tandem repeat (vntr) loci (five minisatellites and four microsatellites) were used for parentage analysis. multiple male participa ... | 2000 | 10736027 |
| infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus antibody profiles in naturally and experimentally infected atlantic salmon salmo salar. | atlantic salmon salmo salar naturally and experimentally exposed to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in british columbia, canada, developed antibodies against the virus. more than 50% of the fish exposed to ihnv remained seropositive for several months after the ihn epizootic had subsided. the virus itself could not be detected in asymptomatic fish once the fish had recovered from ihn. the persistence of ihnv-specific antibodies in a large percentage of atlantic salmon, from 4 diff ... | 2001 | 11592705 |
| lactic acid bacteria associated with the digestive tract of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | the present study reports the effect of excessive handling stress and starvation on the lactic acid bacteria associated with the digestive tract of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). a relatively low population level (approximately 2 x 103 bacteria per gram wet tissue) of viable adherent heterotrophic bacteria was associated with the digestive tract (foregut, midgut and hindgut). of the 752 bacterial isolates isolated from diet, water and the digestive tract, 201 isolates belonged to the carnobac ... | 2000 | 10971765 |
| cloning of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase cdnas from two fish species and effect of temperature on enzyme expression in rainbow smelt (osmerus mordax). | rainbow smelt (osmerus mordax) can accumulate extreme levels of glycerol in their blood during winter. low temperatures are required for glycerol accumulation in smelt blood and the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpdh) has been suggested to play a role in glycerol production/concentration in this species. in the present study, cdna sequences encoding glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpdh) from rainbow smelt and atlantic salmon (salmo salar) were cloned. the encoded gpdh protein se ... | 2001 | 11250535 |
| a dual infection of infectious salmon anaemia (isa) virus and a togavirus-like virus in isa of atlantic salmon salmo salar in new brunswick, canada. | two viruses, infectious salmon anaemia (isa) virus and a novel togavirus-like virus, were isolated from isa disease outbreaks that were first reported as a new syndrome, haemorrhagic kidney syndrome (hks) affecting farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar l. on the east coast of canada. laboratory confirmation of isa diagnosis was initially complicated by isolation of only the togavirus-like agent using the chse-214 cell line. here we demonstrate that a clinical sample from a disease outbreak of isa c ... | 2000 | 10986640 |
| serum amyloid a transcription in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) hepatocytes is enhanced by stimulation with macrophage factors, recombinant human il-1 beta, il-6 and tnf alpha or bacterial lipopolysaccharide. | serum amyloid a (a-saa) has previously been reported to be an acute-phase protein in salmonids. hepatocytes represent a major source of a-saa in salmonids, but nothing is known about hepatocyte saa synthesis in fish. in the present work, the expression of a-saa transcripts in primary cultures of atlantic salmon hepatocytes in response to macrophage derived cytokines, human recombinant cytokines and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) was studied by northern blot analysis. the macrophage supernata ... | 2000 | 10831790 |
| the susceptibility of grayling (thymallus thymallus) to experimental infections with the monogenean gyrodactylus salaris. | the pathogenic monogenean gyrodactylus salaris infecting atlantic salmon (salmo salar) is found to attach and reproduce under laboratory conditions on several species in the subfamily salmoninae other than the atlantic salmon. the gyrodactylid species gyrodactylus thymalli infecting grayling (thymallus thymallus) in another subfamily, thymallinae, is previously said to be very similar to g. salaris based on morphometry and genetical analysis which prompted the present laboratory experiments to t ... | 2001 | 11403770 |
| cloning and identification of the infectious salmon anaemia virus haemagglutinin. | infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) is an orthomyxo-like virus that causes serious disease in atlantic salmon (salmo salar). like the orthomyxoviruses, isav has been shown to possess haemagglutinin (ha) activity. this study presents the cloning, expression and identification of the isav ha gene, which was isolated from a cdna library by immunoscreening. the ha gene contained an isav-specific conserved nucleotide motif in the 5' region and a 1167 bp open reading frame encoding a protein with a ... | 2001 | 11413388 |
| use of pfge typing for tracing contamination with listeria monocytogenes in three cold-smoked salmon processing plants. | the sites of listeria monocytogenes contamination in three cold-smoked salmon (salmo salar) processing plants were detected by sampling salmon and the plant's environment and equipment at different production stages. of the 141 samples collected from three processing plants, 59 (42%) were contaminated with l. monocytogenes. the rates of contamination varied as to the plant and the sample source. l. monocytogenes isolates from 17 various contaminated seafood products (fresh, frozen and smoked fis ... | 2001 | 11252511 |
| experimental infection of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) with marine eubothrium sp. (cestoda: pseudophyllidea): observations on the life cycle, aspects of development and growth of the parasite. | the life cycle of marine eubothrium sp. (cestoda: pseudophyllidea), from atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) was experimentally completed in one year and included only one intermediate host (acartia tonsa dana) (copepoda: calanoida). adult cestodes were collected from farmed salmon, and ripe eggs released by the cestodes were fed to acartia tonsa. ingested eggs hatched in the gut and the larvae developed in the haemocoel of the copepod for 15 days at 16 degrees c. a total of 170 seawater-reared sal ... | 2001 | 11437125 |
| a model of salmon louse production in norway: effects of increasing salmon production and public management measures. | salmon lice lepeophtheirus salmonis krøyer have caused disease problems in farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar l. since the mid-1970s in norway. high infection intensities and premature return of wild sea trout salmo trutta l. were first reported in 1992. later emaciated wild atlantic salmon smolts carrying large amounts of lice have been observed both in fjords and offshore. the norwegian animal health authority regulations to control the problem, which came into operation in 1998, included comp ... | 2001 | 11463102 |
| the one that did not get away: individual assignment using microsatellite data detects a case of fishing competition fraud. | assignment of an individual to the population from which it most probably originated based on its multilocus genotype has been widely applied in recent years. in this study, individual assignment based on microsatellite data was used to identify a case of fishing competition fraud. despite the fact that the true population of origin was most probably not among the reference populations, recent modifications of the assignment tests were used in confidently excluding (p < 0.0001) the possibility o ... | 2000 | 11467434 |
| antibodies against vibrio salmonicida lipopolysaccharide (lps) and whole bacteria in sera from atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) vaccinated during the smolting and early post-smolt period. | the antibody response to vibrio salmonicida lps was studied by elisa and immunoblot after vaccination of salmon with an aqueous vaccine containing the bacterium. the vaccination of the groups took place from february to july. antibodies to lps were present in all sera. sera from unvaccinated fish and samples collected a short time after vaccination contained low antibody levels. the antibody levels in vaccinated groups increased with time after vaccination except for fish vaccinated during the s ... | 2001 | 11271601 |
| a combined analysis of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator: implications for structure and disease models. | over the past decade, nearly 1,000 variants have been identified in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr) gene in classic and atypical cystic fibrosis (cf) patients worldwide, and an enormous wealth of information concerning the structure and function of the protein has also been accumulated. these data, if evaluated together in a sequence comparison of all currently available cftr homologs, are likely to refine the global structure-function relationship of the protein, ... | 2001 | 11504857 |
| identification and characterization of carnobacteria isolated from fish intestine. | eleven bacterial strains were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of four fish species, atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.), arctic charr (salvelinus alpinus l.), atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) and wolffish (anarhichas lupus l.). all the strains were gram-positive rods, non-sporing, catalase and oxidase-negative, able to grow at ph 9.0 but not on acetate containing media (ph < or = 5.4), and were fermentative. they had a high content of oleic acid (18:1 n-9) in cellular lipid, and were found t ... | 2001 | 11518321 |
| phagocytosis of loma salmonae (microsporidia) spores in atlantic salmon (salmo salar), a resistant host, and chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha), a susceptible host. | the in vitro phagocytosis of loma salmonae spores by macrophages of atlantic salmon and two strains of chinook salmon were investigated. opsonisation of l. salmonae with plasma factors increased uptake by head kidney macrophages. macrophages of atlantic salmon, which are resistant to the parasite, had a significantly higher phagocytic index (pi) than those of chinook salmon, a susceptible species. this may indicate a possible mechanism contributing to resistance in atlantic salmon or that l. sal ... | 2001 | 11271605 |
| comparative study of the purification and characterization of the cytosolic glutathione s-transferases from two salmonid species: atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and brown trout (salmo trutta). | in the present report, an efficient method for isolating multiple cytosolic forms of glutathione s-transferases from liver and kidney cytosolic samples of two salmonid species (brown trout and atlantic salmon) is described, and some of the multiple properties of these enzymes are presented. glutathione s-transferases were partially purified by low-pressure affinity chromatography on a column with glutathione coupled to agarose, which retained an average of 89.47% of the total activity. the gst a ... | 2002 | 11879788 |
| an epidemiological study of cataracts in seawater farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar. | cataracts in farmed atlantic salmon have been known for many years, but the aetiology and importance of the disease have not been clarified. a cross-sectional field study of 51 cages of atlantic salmon at 49 randomly selected sea sites was performed during the summer of 1998. the target population was spring and autumn entry groups of the 1997 generation salmon. approximately 15 fish from each cage, altogether 777 fish, were autopsied by the same person. each eye of the fish was scored for catar ... | 2001 | 11558732 |
| gyrodactyloides bychowskii (monogenea: gyrodactylidae) from sea-caged atlantic salmon salmo salar in scotland: occurrence and ribosomal rna sequence analysis. | gyrodactyloides bychowskii has been recorded in scottish waters for the first time. the parasite was found on the gills of atlantic salmon reared in seawater. an integrated morphological and molecular examination of the parasite was carried out. prevalence of the parasite was greatest in february and declined to 0 by june in 1999. during 2000, parasites were located in march and november. an overdispersion of parasites was recorded, with intensity of infection reaching over 200 parasites per gil ... | 2001 | 11560167 |
| light scattering in normal and cataractous lenses of farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar): a slit lamp and scheimpflug photographic study. | to investigate normal light scattering and cataract formation, the anterior eye segments of farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar) reared in fresh water and sea water were documented in vivo for the first time with a topcon sl-45 scheimpflug camera. a total of 40 fish from the fresh-water-rearing period, obtained from 2 groups of identical age but showing a different growth rate, and 24 fish from the sea-water-rearing period, sampled from 2 groups with identical age but being fed different food br ... | 2001 | 11586059 |
| age and longevity in fish, with consideration of the ferox trout. | in the first part of this paper, we review the evolutionary aspects of age and longevity in fish and then summarize the theory of maturity due to ray beverton. this theory allows one to predict age at maturity (and thus a putative point for the onset of senescence) from information on growth rate and mortality rate. we illustrate the application of this theory with data on tilapia species and then discuss the limitations of the theory. in the second part of the paper, we develop an individual ba ... | 2001 | 11295513 |
| association between major histocompatibility complex class iib alleles and resistance to aeromonas salmonicida in atlantic salmon. | we have tested the importance of genetic variation in the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class iib in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) for survival after challenge with a highly virulent bacterial pathogen. forty juvenile full siblings from each of 120 families were infected with the bacterium aeromonas salmonicida, which causes high mortality in salmon due to furunculosis. fishes from high-resistance (hr, < 35% mortality) and low-resistance (l,r, > 80% mortality) families were screened for ... | 2001 | 11296859 |
| microbial spoilage and formation of biogenic amines in fresh and thawed modified atmosphere-packed salmon (salmo salar) at 2 degrees c. | to evaluate the microbial spoilage, formation of biogenic amines and shelf life of chilled fresh and frozen/thawed salmon packed in a modified atmosphere and stored at 2 degrees c. | 2002 | 11966922 |
| relevance of incubation temperature for vibrio salmonicida vaccine production. | to investigate the relationships between water temperature, bacterial growth, virulence and antigen expression in vibrio salmonicida, the causal agent of cold water vibriosis in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | 2002 | 12010549 |
| foodborne pathogenic bacteria in prepackaged fresh retail portions of farmed rainbow trout and salmon stored at 3 degrees c. | twelve lots of fresh unskinned fillets of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and 10 lots of fresh sliced salmon (salmo salar) prepacked in trays wrapped with an oxygen-permeable film were obtained immediately after packing from two supermarkets having in-plant facilities for packaging wet fish. during storage at 3 degrees c, listeria innocua was detected in eight lots of trout fillets after 4 days storage. l. monocytogenes was recovered from a single lot also contaminated with l. innocua. initi ... | 2002 | 12038570 |
| replacement of fish oil with rapeseed oil in diets of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) affects tissue lipid compositions and hepatocyte fatty acid metabolism. | duplicate groups of atlantic salmon post-smolts were fed five practical-type diets in which the added lipid was 100% fish oil [fo; 0% rapeseed oil (0% ro)], 90% fo + 10% ro (10% ro), 75% fo + 25% ro (25% ro), 50% fo + 50% ro (50% ro) or 100% ro, for a period of 17 wk. there were no effects of diet on growth rate or feed conversion nor were any histopathological lesions found in liver, heart, muscle or kidney. the greatest accumulation of muscle lipid was in fish fed 0% ro, which corresponded to ... | 2001 | 11340112 |
| diversity of the immunoglobulin heavy chain in the atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) is contributed by genes from two parallel igh isoloci. | immunoglobulin heavy chain (igh) variable (v) region cdnas from the atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., have been isolated and analysed with respect to diversity and transcription of the two parallel igh isoloci in this species. a total of nine v(h) families were defined according to the 80% identity criterion, of which seven were highly related (>80% identity) to the v(h) families defined in rainbow trout and arctic charr. the variability of the cdr1 and 2 was low, although mutational hot-spot con ... | 2001 | 11356220 |
| identification of infectious salmon anaemia virus in atlantic salmon from nova scotia (canada): evidence for functional strain differences. | infectious salmon anaemia (isa) is a serious disease responsible for high morbidity in farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar in norway, scotland and new brunswick, canada. recent attempts to identify different strains of isa virus (isav) based on nucleotide sequence variation have shown that the norwegian and scottish samples are similar to one another but markedly different from new brunswick samples. these data may suggest the presence of different strains on each side of the atlantic but no func ... | 2001 | 11383564 |
| [characteristics of the parasite fauna of the atlantic salmon fry (salmo salar l.) in the teno river system of north finland]. | the diversity of parasite fauna of the atlantic salmon parr from the teno river and its tributaries recovered in 1993-1995 is discribed. 35 parasite species were found, the majority of them are represented by the parasites with a direct cycle of development. high prevalence of infection with chloromyxum januaricus wes detected. | 2001 | 11605460 |
| alternative mating strategies in atlantic salmon and brown trout. | by screening variable number of tandem repeat (vntr) loci, multiple paternity within clutches has been found in wild populations of southern european atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and brown trout (salmo trutta). for atlantic salmon, we determined the relative contribution of alternative male phenotypes to the next generation. individual males that are morphologically juvenile yet sexually mature fertilized a large proportion of eggs, and they thereby contributed to an increase of genetic variabi ... | 2001 | 11396572 |
| the two myostatin genes of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) are expressed in a variety of tissues. | two myostatin isoforms were identified in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) by rt-pcr, and genomic sequences encoding this negative muscle growth factor were for the first time isolated from a nonmammalian species. salmon myostatin isoform i is transcribed in white skeletal muscle as a 2346-nucleotide mrna species that encodes a precursor protein of 373 amino acids. salmon myostatin i shows 93% sequence identity with isoform ii which was isolated from white muscle as a partial cdna sequence of 1409 ... | 2001 | 11606186 |
| histone h1: an antimicrobial protein of atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | antimicrobial activity was detected in acid extracts of liver, intestine, and stomach of healthy atlantic salmon (salmo salar). an antimicrobial protein was isolated from salmon liver using acid extraction followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation, large-scale gel filtration chromatography, reverse-phase hplc, and size exclusion hplc. the salmon antimicrobial (sam) protein was found to have a molecular mass of 20,734 da by maldi tof mass spectrometry. peptide mass fingerprinting and partial seq ... | 2001 | 11396934 |
| regio-specific hydroxylation of nonylphenol and the involvement of cyp2k- and cyp2m-like iso-enzymes in atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | previously, it has been demonstrated that nonylphenol (np) has a dual function in regulating reproductive hormones by: (1) increasing the activity of steroid metabolizing enzymes at low concentration, that does not induce vitellogenin (vtg) and zona radiata proteins and (2) decreasing the activity of these enzymes at higher concentration [environ. health perspect. 105 (1997) 109; environ. toxicol chem. 16 (1997) 2576]. to more precisely understand the estrogenic effects of np in fish and a possi ... | 2002 | 11792434 |
| experimental susceptibility of atlantic salmon salmo salar and turbot scophthalmus maxim us to european freshwater and marine isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. | a number of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) virus isolates of european marine origin were shown to be of low pathogenicity or non-pathogenic to atlantic salmon parr by water-borne infection. a reference freshwater vhs virus isolate known to be highly pathogenic to rainbow trout was also of low pathogenicity to atlantic salmon. virus was detected in some mortalities, however, demonstrating viral entry and replication. european marine vhs virus isolates do not appear to pose an imminent threa ... | 2001 | 11797912 |
| experimental infection models and susceptibility of atlantic salmon salmo salar to a scottish isolate of infectious salmon anaemia virus. | infection models for both fresh and seawater salmon were established using a scottish isolate of infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav). modes of infection were intra-peritoneal injection, cohabitation and immersion exposure, and a range of doses was tested. development of these models using a scottish isolate of isav provided an approximation of the minimum infective dose leading to mortality under different infection regimens. the models also allow prediction of the time to first mortality and ... | 2001 | 11804415 |
| detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) by rt-pcr after cohabitant exposure in atlantic salmon salmo salar. | a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used to study the early phase of infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) infection in atlantic salmon salmo salar l. the detection threshold for the rt-pcr was estimated to be 0.01 to 0.1 tcid50. a protocol that closely mimics the conditions in populations of farmed salmon was used. the major port of isav entry was most likely the gills, but oral entry could not be excluded. the gills and heart were rt-pcr positive 5 d post infection ... | 2001 | 11804416 |
| host specificity dynamics: observations on gyrodactylid monogeneans. | the directly transmitted viviparous gyrodactylids have high species richness but low morphological and biological diversity, and many species are recorded from only a single host. they therefore constitute a guild of species ideal for studies of the evolutionary significance of host specificity. the group has the widest host range of any monogenean family, being found on 19 orders of bony fish. however, individual species range from narrowly specific (71% of 402 described species recorded from a ... | 2002 | 11835970 |
| temperature and ca(2+)-dependence of the sarcoplasmic reticulum ca(2+)-atpase in haddock, salmon, rainbow trout and zebra cichlid. | temperature dependence of ca(2+)-atpase from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr) in rabbit muscle has been widely studied, and it is generally accepted that a break point in arrhenius plot exist at approximately 20 degrees c. whether the break point arises as a result of temperature dependent changes in the enzyme or its membrane lipid environment is still a matter of discussion. in this study we compared the temperature dependence and ca(2+)-dependence of sr ca(2+)-atpase in haddock (melanogrammus ... | 2002 | 12223210 |
| chromosome painting supports lack of homology among sex chromosomes in oncorhynchus, salmo, and salvelinus (salmonidae). | the sex chromosome pair has been identified previously as the largest submetacentric pair in the genome in several species of the genus salvelinus (eastern trouts and chars) including s. namaycush (lake trout) and as a large subtelocentric/acrocentric pair in several species of the genus oncorhynchus (pacific trouts and salmon). sex chromosomes have not been identified in salmo (atlantic salmon and brown trout). two paint probes, one specific for the short arm (yp) and the other for the long arm ... | 2001 | 11841160 |
| ocean migration and recaptures of tagged, triploid, mixed-sex and all-female atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) released from rivers in ireland. | fiftyfour thousand diploid and triploid atlantic salmon were tagged with coded-wire micro-tags and released to the sea as smolts from two freshwater sites in ireland in 1996 and 1997. over 36,000 were mixed-sex groups in which the triploids (ms3n) were treated batches and the diploids (ms2n) were untreated batches of a single group of fertilized eggs at each site and year class. over 17,000 were all-females, the triploids (af3n) being treated batches and the diploids (af2n) untreated batches of ... | 2001 | 11841166 |
| pathogenesis and immune response in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) parr experimentally infected with salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv). | atlantic salmon parr were injected intraperitoneally with salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv) grown on chse-214 cells. the viraemia, the histopathological changes in target organs and some immune parameters were taken at intervals up to 30 days post-infection (dpi). the earliest kind of lesion was necrosis of exocrine pancreas, appearing as soon as 2 dpi. it progressed towards complete tissue breakdown at 9 dpi before resolving gradually. concurrent to this necrosis, a strong inflammatory respo ... | 2002 | 11866132 |
| mature atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) male parr are attracted to ovulated female urine but not to ovarian fluid. | the behavioral responses to urine and ovarian fluids from conspecific and heterospecific ovulated females were studied in mature atlantic salmon (salmo salar) male parr in a two-choice fluviarium. the males reacted differently to the stimulants. they spent more time in water scented by urine from salmon or brown trout (salmo trutta l.) females compared to the time in water with ovarian fluids from salmon females. furthermore, the males were attracted to salmon female urine (different from an ind ... | 2002 | 11868677 |
| a process risk model for the shelf life of atlantic salmon fillets. | the shelf life of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) portions produced for retail distribution is examined and the dominant aerobic spoilage organism is identified. characterization of the harvesting and processing operations allow the development of a stochastic mathematical model, a process risk model (prm), which predicts the range of the possible shelf life for the portions under normal retail and distribution. the considered risk is the failure to achieve the nominal 'use by' date. bacterial cou ... | 2002 | 11885573 |
| the major histocompatibility class i locus in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.): polymorphism, linkage analysis and protein modelling. | a cdna library screening using the conserved exon 4 of atlantic salmon mhc class i as probe provided the basis for a study on mhc class i polymorphism in a breeding population. twelve different alleles were identified in the 82 dams and sires studied. no individual expressed more than two alleles, which corresponded to the diploid segregation patterns of the polymorphic marker residing within the 3'-untranslated tail. close linkage between the sasa-uba and sasa-tap2b loci strengthens the claim t ... | 2002 | 12439620 |
| bioavailability of selenium from raw or cured selenomethionine-enriched fillets of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) assessed in selenium-deficient rats. | the bioavailability of se from raw and cured selenomethionine-enriched (se-enriched) salmon fillets was assessed in se-deficient male albino rats (mol: wist). a low-se torula yeast feed was supplemented with 0, 50, 100, 150 or 200 microg se/kg as sodium selenite or as se from raw or cured se-enriched salmon. the diets were fed to weanling rats for 10 and 30 d. bioavailability of se was assessed by metabolic balance, se accumulation in femur, muscle, liver and plasma, and induction of se-dependen ... | 2002 | 11895311 |
| identification of the origin of an atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) population in a recently recolonized river in the baltic sea. | the founder event in a recently recolonized salmon population in the baltic sea (gulf of finland) was investigated. to identify the origin of the founders, four wild populations and two hatchery stocks were analysed using six microsatellite loci. the results of assignment tests and factorial correspondence analysis suggest that the initial recolonizers of the river selja originated from the geographically nearest (7 km) wild population (river kunda) but as the result of stocking activities, inte ... | 2001 | 11903899 |
| cloning of a salmo salar interleukin-1 receptor-like cdna. | the interleukin-1 receptor/toll-like receptor (il-1r/tlr) superfamily, defined by a cytosolic toll/il-1r (tir) signalling domain, participates in host responses to injury and infection. we describe in this study the cloning of a cdna encoding a salmo salar interleukin-1 receptor-like protein (salil-1rlp). salil-1rlp comprises a potential signal peptide, three extracellular immunoglobulin domains, a short transmembrane region and an intracellular region that contains the tir domain. the predicted ... | 2002 | 11906722 |
| estrogen mimics bind with similar affinity and specificity to the hepatic estrogen receptor in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | a variety of organic chemicals have been documented to bind to and activate the estrogen receptor (er) and consequently induce estrogenic effects in different animals. although the function of the er seems phylogenetically conserved in vertebrates, a considerable interspecies variation in the structure of the er has been demonstrated. in this study, the hepatic er from atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and rainbow trout (oncorhunchus mykiss) were partly characterized, and the ligand-binding preferen ... | 2002 | 11944962 |
| bisucaberin--a dihydroxamate siderophore isolated from vibrio salmonicida, an important pathogen of farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | a siderophore of the bacterial fish pathogen, vibrio salmonicida, was isolated from low-iron culture supernatant and structurally characterized as bisucaberin by fticr- and fab-ms, nmr and gc-ms analysis of the hydrolysis products. although the cyclic dihydroxamate bisucaberin has previously been isolated from a marine bacterium, alteromonas haloplanktis, its involvement in cold-water vibriosis of atlantic salmon (salmon salar) is novel. bisucaberin production in iron-limited media was highest a ... | 2002 | 12046923 |
| production of rabbit antisera against recombinant mhc class ii beta chain and identification of immunoreactive cells in atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | in the present work, rabbit antisera recognising the atlantic salmon (salmo salar) mhc class ii beta chain polypeptide were produced and used in immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and immunogold electron microscopy. a construct encoding the beta1 and beta2 domains fused to the e. coli protein thioredoxin was used to express the recombinant mhc class ii beta chain. immunoblotting revealed a band of approximately 30kda in total protein samples from head kidney, spleen, gills, thymus and blood le ... | 2003 | 12526876 |
| pasteurella skyensis sp. nov., isolated from atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | from four separate incidents of disease in farmed atlantic salmon over a four-year period, gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria were consistently isolated by culture on sea-water blood agar. biochemical and physiological tests indicated that the organism was related to the family pasteurellaceae, and this was confirmed from the 16s rrna gene sequence. comparison of the 16s rrna gene sequence with those of 45 members of the pasteurellaceae showed that the closest phylogenetic relationship was with a ... | 2002 | 12054228 |
| polyvalent cation receptor proteins (cars) are salinity sensors in fish. | to determine whether calcium polyvalent cation-sensing receptors (cars) are salinity sensors in fish, we used a homology-based cloning strategy to isolate a 4.1-kb cdna encoding a 1,027-aa dogfish shark (squalus acanthias) kidney car. expression studies in human embryonic kidney cells reveal that shark kidney senses combinations of ca(2+), mg(2+), and na(+) ions at concentrations present in seawater and kidney tubules. shark kidney is expressed in multiple shark osmoregulatory organs, including ... | 2002 | 12093923 |
| dynamics of na(+),k(+),2cl(-) cotransporter and na(+),k(+)-atpase expression in the branchial epithelium of brown trout (salmo trutta) and atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | the dynamics of branchial na(+),k(+),2cl(-) cotransporter (nkcc) and na(+),k(+)-atpase (nka) expression were investigated in brown trout and atlantic salmon during salinity shifts and the parr-smolt transformation, respectively. in the brown trout, western blotting revealed that nkcc and nka abundance increased gradually and in parallel (30- and ten-fold, respectively) after transfer to seawater (sw). the nka hydrolytic activity increased ten-fold after sw-transfer. following back-transfer to fr ... | 2002 | 12115907 |
| investigation into the susceptibility of saithe pollachius virens to infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) and their potential role as a vector for viral transmission. | wild-caught saithe pollachius virens were experimentally exposed to an isolate of infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) of norwegian origin. mortality attributable to isav did not occur following exposure by intra-peritoneal (i.p.) injection of virus or by cohabitation with isav-infected atlantic salmon salmo salar. despite the individual testing of 120 isav-exposed saithe, isav was not detectable using rt-pcr, the most sensitive isav diagnostic tool demonstrated to date. furthermore, saithe ex ... | 2002 | 12152900 |
| histone-like proteins from atlantic cod milt: stimulatory effect on atlantic salmon leucocytes in vivo and in vitro. | this study was carried out to reveal some characteristics of cationic proteins from atlantic cod (gadus morhua) milt chromatin and to investigate their ability to activate atlantic salmon (salmo salar) macrophages. cationic proteins extracted from cod milt chromatin were fractionated on a cation exchange chromatography column. sds-page and amino acid analyses of the resulting fractions indicated that these proteins are similar to calf thymus histones. two cationic protein fractions were used to ... | 2003 | 12628372 |
| evidence for a carrier state of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha. | in british columbia, canada, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is prevalent in wild sockeye salmon oncorhynchus nerka and has caused disease in seawater net-pen reared atlantic salmon salmo salar. in this study, chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha experimentally exposed to an isolate of ihnv found in british columbia became carriers of the virus. when atlantic salmon were cohabited with these virus-exposed chinook salmon, ihnv was isolated from the atlantic salmon. identificatio ... | 2001 | 11710551 |
| temperature dependent siderophore production in vibrio salmonicida. | vibrio salmonicida is the causative agent of cold water vibriosis, a haemorrhagic septicaemia of atlantic salmon (salmo salar). the disease is observed only at low water temperatures and not normally above 10 degrees c. siderophore production and iron regulated outer membrane protein expression was studied at various temperatures. although in iron-limited media optimal cell growth was identified at 12 degrees c, significant quantities of a single hydroxamate siderophore were produced only at 10 ... | 2001 | 11710841 |
| infectious pancreatic necrosis virus infection in atlantic salmon salmo salar post-smolts affects the outcome of secondary infections with infectious salmon anaemia virus or vibrio salmonicida. | infectious pancreatic necrosis (ipn) virus (ipnv) infection in atlantic salmon salmo salar l. post-smolts and its influence on the outcome of secondary infections with infectious salmon anaemia (isa) virus (isav) or vibrio salmonicida were studied. the infections with isav or v salmonicida were performed both in a period of acute ipn and in the following ipnv carrier stage, 3 and 6 to 8 wk after experimental ipnv challenge, respectively. an ipnv carrier condition at low virus titre did not influ ... | 2001 | 11775792 |
| perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorinated hydrocarbons in marine mammals, fishes, and birds from coasts of the baltic and the mediterranean seas. | perfluorooctanesulfonate (pfos; c8f17so3-), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (fosa; c8f17so2nh2), perfluorohexanesulfonate (pfhxs; c6f13so3-), and perfluorooctanoate (pfoa; c7f15co2-) were detected in 175 samples of liver and blood of bluefin tuna (thunnus thynnus), swordfish (xiphias gladius), common cormorants (phalacrocorax carbo), bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus), striped dolphins (stenella coeruleoalba), common dolphins (delphinus delphi), fin whales (balenoptera physalus), and long-finne ... | 2002 | 12188342 |
| in silico and in situ characterization of the zebrafish (danio rerio) gnrh3 (sgnrh) gene. | gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh) is responsible for stimulation of gonadotropic hormone (gth) in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (hpg). the regulatory mechanisms responsible for brain specificity make the promoter attractive for in silico analysis and reporter gene studies in zebrafish (danio rerio). | 2002 | 12188930 |
| analysis of two igm isotypes in atlantic salmon and brown trout. | atlantic salmon (salmo salar) possesses two distinct subpopulations of polymeric igm which are separable by anion exchange chromatography. consistent with this finding there are two isotypic igm heavy chain genes, cmua and cmub, in the genome of this species, presumably as a result of ancestral tetraploidy. in the present study it was shown that igm of brown trout (salmo trutta) is also separated into two subpopulations by anion exchange chromatography, while igm of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus m ... | 2002 | 12220889 |
| purification and characterization of biliverdin ixalpha from atlantic salmon (salmo salar) bile. | biliverdin ixalpha was purified from the bile of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) using a silica gel (wakogel c-200) column. the yield was 49.5 mg per 100 ml of fresh bile and purity 95.3%. the biliverdin ixalpha in the bile was quite stable when the bile was frozen at -80 degrees c for a period of 40 days. however, 7.1% of the biliverdin ixalpha was lost when the bile was stored at 4 degrees c for 20 days. the purified biliverdin ixalpha appeared as a single spot with rf value of 0.25-0.27 on thin ... | 2002 | 12223093 |
| islet amyloid polypeptide is expressed in the pancreatic islet parenchyma of the teleostean fish, myoxocephalus (cottus) scorpius. | the comparative endocrinology of the 37-amino-acid-residue islet amyloid polypeptide (iapp) is poorly known, possibly due to the fact that available antisera, raised against mammalian iapp, fail to give immunoreactivity with islet parenchymal cells of non-mammalian vertebrates. using reverse transcriptase-linked polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers, iapp was identified, and its deduced amino-acid sequence partially characterized, in three species of teleostean fish, i.e. danio rerio ... | 2002 | 12223219 |
| replacement of fish oil with sunflower oil in feeds for atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.): effect on growth performance, tissue fatty acid composition and disease resistance. | dietary sunflower oil (sfo) was used to gradually replace fish oil (fo) in six diets (which also contained fish meal) for atlantic salmon parr (initial mass: 21.7 g). the effect on growth performance, tissue fatty acid profiles and disease resistance was monitored after 63 days. at the conclusion of the trial, no significant differences were detected in growth between any of the feeds. fatty acid composition of whole carcass, dorsal muscle and liver generally reflected that of the diets. forty p ... | 2003 | 12892753 |
| putative virulence factors of atypical aeromonas salmonicida isolated from arctic charr, salvelinus alpinus (l.), and european grayling, thymallus thymallus (l.). | atypical aeromonas salmonicida (aas) causes generalized lethal infections in farmed arctic charr, salvelinus alpinus (l.), and european grayling, thymallus thymallus (l.), and is thus a serious threat for culture of these fish species. virulence factors were studied among isolates of aas from arctic charr (n = 20), european grayling (n = 19) and other fish species (n = 20), of which 48 were of finnish and 11 of swedish origin. all isolates produced an a-layer. extracellular products (ecp) of the ... | 2003 | 12899410 |
| pasteurellosis in atlantic salmon, salmo salar l.: immunohistochemistry of the naturally-occurring disease. | | 2003 | 12899413 |
| serological evidence of infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) infection in farmed fishes, using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). | antibody detection tests are rarely used for diagnostic purposes in fish diseases. infectious salmon anaemia (isa) caused by isa virus (isav) is an emerging disease of atlantic salmon salmo salar l. the virus has also been isolated from diseased coho salmon oncorhynchus kisutch in chile. an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that should facilitate serodiagnosis of isav infection, the study of epidemiology, and the control of isa in farmed fishes has been developed using purified ... | 2002 | 12240966 |
| mitochondrial dna variation in pleistocene and modern atlantic salmon from the iberian glacial refugium. | current understanding of the postglacial colonization of nearctic and palearctic species relies heavily on inferences drawn from the phylogeographic analysis of contemporary generic variants. modern postglacial populations are supposed to be representative of their pleistocene ancestors, and their current distribution is assumed to reflect the different colonization success and dispersal patterns of refugial lineages. yet, testing of phylogeographic models against ancestral genomes from glacial ... | 2002 | 12296947 |
| immunological detection of kudoa thyrsites spores in muscle tissues of farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. | | 2003 | 12946013 |
| spinal deformities in farmed atlantic salmon. | spinal deformities in farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar) are often observed in intensive farming systems and result in production losses. many putative factors have been implicated with the formation of spinal deformities in larger salmon. this condition has been described as broken back syndrome, curvy back disease, and short tails. | 2002 | 12395761 |
| experimental evidence for major histocompatibility complex-allele-specific resistance to a bacterial infection. | the extreme polymorphism found at some major histocompatibility complex (mhc) loci is believed to be maintained by balancing selection caused by infectious pathogens. experimental support for this is inconclusive. we have studied the interaction between certain mhc alleles and the bacterium aeromonas salmonicida, which causes the severe disease furunculosis, in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). we designed full-sibling broods consisting of combinations of homozygote and heterozygote genotypes wi ... | 2002 | 12396502 |
| cloning and characterization of cdna clones encoding cd9 from atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | in comparison to mammals, relatively few of the molecules involved in teleost immune responses have been isolated and characterized. a rapid method of isolating molecules important for immune function is subtractive hybridization. one such experiment using infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus-infected atlantic salmon produced several cdna clones with similarity to mammalian immune-specific genes, including granzyme m (accession no. af434669) and cd9. after cloning the rainbow trout version of ... | 2002 | 12439625 |
| crystal structure and nucleotide sequence of an anionic trypsin from chum salmon (oncorhynchus keta) in comparison with atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and bovine trypsin. | the nucleotide sequence and crystal structure of chum salmon trypsin (cst) are now reported. the cdna isolated from the pyloric caeca of chum salmon encodes 222 amino acid residues, the same number of residues as the anionic atlantic salmon trypsin (ast), but one residue less than bovine beta-trypsin (bt). the net charge on cst determined from the sum of all charged amino acid side-chains is -3. there are 79 sequence differences between cst and bt, but only seven sequence differences between cst ... | 2002 | 12445776 |
| concentrations and enantiomer fractions of organochlorine compounds in baltic species hit by reproductive impairment. | concentrations and enantiomer fractions (efs) of organochlorine compounds (ocs) were determined in tissues of gray seal (halichoerus grypus) and salmon (salmo salar) originating from the baltic sea. the selected seal specimens ranged from starved to unstarved animals, and some of them suffered from a disease complex, while the salmon samples originated from individuals, which were known to produce offspring with and without the m74 syndrome. significant differences in residue levels and efs were ... | 2002 | 12463547 |
| restricted matrilineal gene flow and regional differentiation among atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) populations within the bay of fundy, eastern canada. | matrilineal phylogenetic divergence among atlantic salmon stocks of the bay of fundy in south eastern canada is investigated. sequence variation in two regions of the mitochondrial nd1 gene, encompassing 710 base pairs, is described for 168 salmon from 11 rivers. mean overall haplotype and nucleotide diversity (h and pi) observed are 0.5014 and 0.00095, respectively. nested clade analysis (nca) and molecular analysis of variance (amova) both point to highly restricted gene flow among rivers and ... | 2002 | 12466990 |
| cardiac performance in salmo salar with infectious salmon anaemia (isa): putative role of nitric oxide. | infectious salmon anaemia (isa) is a viral disease which targets the vascular and endocardial endothelial cells. an in vitro preparation of the spontaneously beating working heart of salmo salar l. (i.e. able to generate physiological values of output pressure, cardiac output, ventricle work and power) was used to study cardiac performance under basal (i.e. in the absence of stimuli) and loading (i.e. frank-starling response) conditions in both control and isav-affected fish. in contrast to cont ... | 2002 | 12517001 |
| the relationship between flesh quality and numbers of kudoa thyrsites plasmodia and spores in farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. | atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., were exposed to kudoa thyrsites (myxozoa, myxosporea)-containing sea water for 15 months, and then harvested and assessed for parasite burden and fillet quality. at harvest, parasites were enumerated in muscle samples from a variety of somatic and opercular sites, and mean counts were determined for each fish. after 6 days storage at 4 degrees c, fillet quality was determined by visual assessment and by analysis of muscle firmness using a texture analyzer. fillet ... | 2003 | 14513969 |
| absence of nematodes in farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) in norway. | in the present study, a total of 1,180 samples of muscle or viscera from norwegian-farmed salmon (salmo salar l.) were examined for the presence of nematode larvae. the samples represented all salmon-producing counties in norway. the method applied was based on the degradation of fish soft tissue in an acidified pepsin enzyme solution. none of the samples examined in this study contained nematodes. | 2003 | 12540192 |
| in vivo effects of beta-glucan and lps on regulation of lysozyme activity and mrna expression in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | the present study was undertaken to compare the effects of intraperitoneally injected bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) and yeast beta-glucan on lysozyme activity in atlantic salmon, and to explore what organ(s) are responsible for the increase in plasma lysozyme activity induced by the compounds. the results indicated that lps stimulates plasma lysozyme activity at least as efficiently as beta-glucan. the lysozyme gene was shown to be transcribed in head kidney, spleen, liver and intestine, an ... | 2003 | 12547625 |
| comparative genome analysis of the primary sex-determining locus in salmonid fishes. | we compared the y-chromosome linkage maps for four salmonid species (arctic charr, salvelinus alpinus; atlantic salmon, salmo salar; brown trout, salmo trutta; and rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss) and a putative y-linked marker from lake trout (salvelinus namaycush). these species represent the three major genera within the subfamily salmoninae of the salmonidae. the data clearly demonstrate that different y-chromosomes have evolved in each of the species. arrangements of markers proximal to ... | 2003 | 12566405 |
| increased susceptibility of atlantic salmon salmo salar to infections with gyrodactylus derjavini induced by dexamethasone bath treatment. | dexamethasone, a known immunosuppressant, was administered by bath or injection to atlantic salmon salmo salar (conon stock) to study if this treatment could affect the susceptibility of fish to infections with a danish strain of gyrodactylus derjavini (monogenea). three groups of s. salar (conon stock) were immersion treated either with 10, 60 or 240 microg dexamethasone l-1 water, respectively. in addition, one group (positive control) was treated intraperitoneally with 200 microg dexamethason ... | 2003 | 12590667 |
| mitochondrial dna variation of gyrodactylus spp (monogenea, gyrodactylidae) populations infecting atlantic salmon, grayling, and rainbow trout in norway and sweden. | approximately 800 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i (coi) gene were sequenced from 76 gyrodactylus specimens of 32 salmonid host populations, i.e. from salmo salar, thymallus thymallus, and oncorhynchus mykiss in norway, sweden and latvia. the coi sequences indicated a substantial intraspecific differentiation of gyrodactylus salaris and gyrodactylus thymalli. in total, 12 haplotypes were identified which group into five well supported clades, three clades with parasites from atlantic ... | 2003 | 14572510 |
| comparative susceptibility of two races of salmo salar (baltic lule river and atlantic conon river strains) to infection with gyrodactylus salaris. | the susceptibility of various races of salmonids towards infections with the skin parasitic monogenean gyrodactylus salaris malmberg, 1957, differs markedly. norwegian and scottish salmon strains are known as extremely susceptible to infection, whereas baltic salmon races such as the neva strain (russian origin) and the indals river (swedish origin) salmon have been characterized as relatively resistant. however, the status of the many other baltic strains has remained unknown. the present study ... | 2003 | 12650249 |
| field trials in norway with slice (0.2% emamectin benzoate) for the oral treatment of sea lice infestation in farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar. | four commercial salmon farms on the west coast of norway were recruited to a programme of field trials in which the efficacy of slice (0.2% emamectin benzoate; schering-plough animal health) was compared with a commercially available product, ektobann (teflubenzuron 2 g kg(-1); skretting a/s) in treating natural sea lice lepeophtheirus salmonis infections in atlantic salmon salmo salmar l. at each test site, 3 fish pens were treated with each product. in total, nearly 1.2 million first-year-clas ... | 2002 | 12152902 |
| a comparison of epidemiological patterns of salmon lice, lepeophtheirus salmonis, infections on farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., in norway and scotland. | this paper examines two large national data sets collected over several years and contrasts the patterns of sea lice, lepeophtheirus salmonis (krøyer, 1837), infections, the use of treatments and the occurrence of chalimus peaks between norwegian and scottish farms. infection levels in scotland were significantly higher in general over the period under study. for the chalimus stage group in the first quarter of the year, norwegian mean abundance stayed below 10 lice per m2 while scottish means r ... | 2003 | 14575372 |
| detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) by in situ hybridisation. | an in situ hybridisation method was developed to detect infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) in fixed tissues from atlantic salmon salmo salar l. three dna probes detected isav in heart, liver, kidney, spleen, caeca, and mid-gut from infected farmed atlantic salmon obtained from a natural outbreak of isa. the strongest signals were obtained using probe s8, from segment 8 of isav. hybridisation was most prominent in the endothelial cells of heart tissue. the probes reacted specifically with isa ... | 2002 | 12180700 |
| unique haplotypes of co-segregating major histocompatibility class ii a and class ii b alleles in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) give rise to diverse class ii genotypes. | sequence-based typing of a breeding population (g1) consisting of 84 atlantic salmon individuals revealed the presence of 7 sasa-daa and 7 sasa-dab expressed alleles. subsequent typing of 1,182 individuals belonging to 33 families showed that sasa-daa and sasa-dab segregate as haplotypes. in total seven unique haplotypes were established, with frequencies in the population studied ranging from 0.01 to 0.49. each haplotype is characterized by a unique minisatellite marker size embedded in the 3' ... | 2002 | 12185536 |
| cardiomyopathy syndrome in farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar: occurrence and direct financial losses for norwegian aquaculture. | cardiomyopathy syndrome (cms) was first diagnosed in the mid-1980s in farmed atlantic salmon in norway, and later also in scotland and the faeroe islands. in norway the number of diagnosed cases increased from 25 to 103 in the period from 1998 to 2001 according to the national veterinary institute (nvi) records. very little is known about the causes of the disease and there is no documentation of its impact on the farmed salmon industry. this field survey was performed to collect information on ... | 2003 | 14667036 |
| pharmacokinetic model of daily selenium intake from contaminated seafood in taiwan. | contaminated seafood has been reported as an important source of human exposure to metals in taiwan. seafood represents a non-negligible source of selenium in the human diet. this study was designed to determine the concentration of selenium in different types of seafood and predict the concentration of selenium in the blood of taiwanese using a one-compartment steady-state pharmacokinetic (pk) model. samples involved three subgroups, including fish, crustaceans and bivalve molluscs. quantitativ ... | 2003 | 12826383 |
| fitness reduction and potential extinction of wild populations of atlantic salmon, salmo salar, as a result of interactions with escaped farm salmon. | the high level of escapes from atlantic salmon farms, up to two million fishes per year in the north atlantic, has raised concern about the potential impact on wild populations. we report on a two-generation experiment examining the estimated lifetime successes, relative to wild natives, of farm, f(1) and f(2) hybrids and bc(1) backcrosses to wild and farm salmon. offspring of farm and "hybrids" (i.e. all f(1), f(2) and bc(1) groups) showed reduced survival compared with wild salmon but grew fas ... | 2003 | 14667333 |
| differential reproductive success and heritability of alternative reproductive tactics in wild atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | a critical step in understanding the evolution and maintenance of alternative reproductive tactics is to obtain accurate comparisons of their fitness and to determine factors influencing individual status. in this study, we first used individual multilocus genotypic information to compare reproductive success between two alternative reproductive tactics of anadromous atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) in their natural environments. we also documented the effects of the quality of the rearing envir ... | 2003 | 12836829 |
| isolation and partial characterization of a novel paramyxovirus from the gills of diseased seawater-reared atlantic salmon (salmo salar l). | a formerly undescribed virus has been isolated from the gills of farmed atlantic salmon post-smolts in norway suffering from gill disease. cytopathic effects appeared in rtgill-w1 cells 9 weeks post-inoculation with gill tissue material. virus production continued for an extended period thereafter. light and electron microscopic examination revealed inclusions and replication in the cytoplasm. the viral nucleocapsid consisted of approximately 17 nm thick filaments in a herringbone pattern. certa ... | 2003 | 12867650 |
| cloning and characterisation of a putative st2l homologue from atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | the st2l receptor is a member of the interleukin-1 (il-1) receptor family and has previously been cloned from human, mouse, rat and chicken. this orphan receptor has no known physiological role but has been implicated in t helper cell type 2 effector function. we describe in this report the cloning and characterisation of a cdna encoding a homologue of st2l in atlantic salmon (salmo salar). the salmon st2l cdna is 2364bp in length and has an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 582 amino ... | 2003 | 12892743 |
| osmotic cataract causes reduced vision in wild atlantic salmon postsmolts. | osmotic cataracts were diagnosed in all of 191 atlantic salmon salmo salar l. postsmolts caught during 8 trawl hauls on the western side of the vøringsplateau, norwegian sea, in june 2001. the changes varied from a hazy opacity in the anterior part of the lens to cataracts affecting the whole lens. severely affected lenses appeared swollen and large vacuoles were visible in the opaque areas. large vacuoles in otherwise clear lenses were diagnosed in 1 of 4 adult salmon examined. histologically, ... | 2003 | 12911063 |
| aggressiveness is associated with genetic diversity in landlocked salmon (salmo salar). | the amount of intraindividual genetic variation has often been found to have profound effects on life history traits. however, studies concerning the relationship between behaviour and genetic diversity are scarce. aggressiveness is an important component of competitive ability in juvenile salmonids affecting their later performance and survival. in this study, we used an experimental approach to test the prediction that juveniles with low estimated genetic diversity should be less aggressive th ... | 2003 | 12919477 |