| glossina morsitans morsitans: mortalities caused in adults by experimental infection with entomopathogenic fungi. | various strains of the entomopathogenic fungi: beauveria bassiana, metarhizium anisopliae, paecilomyces fumosoroseus and p. farinosus were found to be pathogenic for adult tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans but b. bassiana and m. anisopliae were the most pathogenic, often causing mortalities of up to 100%. dose-mortality relationships were demonstrated for both b. bassiana and m. anisopliae and male tsetse were observed to be more susceptible to infection than females. pure cultures of b. bass ... | 1989 | 2565071 |
| genetics of two populations of glossina morsitans centralis (diptera: glossinidae) from zambia. | glossina morsitans centralis machado was collected from the main fly belt west of mumbwa zambia and from the apparently isolated 'keembe pocket' and 11 gene-enzyme systems were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. there were no significant differences in allele frequencies among flies collected entering a vehicle, from fly-rounds, or from f3 traps in the main fly belt. mean heterozygosity per locus is slightly higher in flies from the main fly belt than it is in flies from the 'keembe ... | 1989 | 2566257 |
| monoclonal antibodies that distinguish trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax and t. brucei. | monoclonal antibodies (moabs) were derived against in-vitro-propagated procyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. brucei brucei and t.b. rhodesiense in order to identify antigens for use in immunodiagnosis of african trypanosomiasis. the antibodies have been tested against procyclic and bloodstream form trypanosomes of 13 t. congolense, six t. vivax six t.b. brucei, four t.b. rhodesiense, five t.b. gambiense and three t. simiae isolates from different geographical areas by indirect ... | 1987 | 3306569 |
| the trypanosome surface glycoprotein procyclin is expressed only on tsetse fly vector stages of the parasite. | | 1989 | 2616568 |
| a model of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomiasis. | the data needed to develop analytical models of trypanosomiasis transmission have become available only recently. by making some simplifying assumptions, models of the dynamics of the disease in vector, cattle and wild mammal populations can be constructed in order to determine criteria for successful disease control by mass and targetted chemotherapy, and by vector control. the heterogeneity in transmission due to tsetse fly feeding preferences and the variability of immunological characteristi ... | 1988 | 3362578 |
| mechanical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense by glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera:glossinidae). | interrupted feedings of teneral, laboratory-reared glossina morsitans morsitans were used to study mechanical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. intervals between exposure of individual flies on parasitaemic rats and refeeding on clean rats were varied from five minutes to 24 hours. direct transmissions were demonstrated at each interval up to 160 minutes after exposure. proboscis dissections showed that active trypanosomes were present up to 320 minutes after exposure. no mechanica ... | 1989 | 2619386 |
| development of trypanosoma congolense, t vivax and t brucei in the skin reaction induced in goats by infected glossina morsitans centralis: a light and electron microscopical study. | the development and distribution of trypanosoma congolense, t vivax and t brucei in the skin of goats was examined after the animals were bitten by infected glossina morsitans centralis. following the tsetse bite, the trypanosomes in the skin multiplied, reaching maximum numbers when the skin reaction (chancre) of the host attained its maximum size. in goats infected with t vivax and t brucei, trypanosomes were observed circulating in the blood before the peak of the chancre, while in t congolen ... | 1988 | 3387665 |
| the role of lectins and trypanosome genotype in the maturation of midgut infections in glossina morsitans. | feeding d + glucosamine to glossina morsitans throughout their life significantly reduced the proportions of midgut infections which developed into mature infections with three different stocks of trypanosoma congolense. in one stock of t. congolense, maturation was completely blocked by this carbohydrate, which is known to specifically inhibit tsetse midgut lectin activity. similar experiments with t. brucei showed that d + glucosamine also inhibited maturation and, when combined with results f ... | 1988 | 3387828 |
| factors influencing the duration of isometamidium chloride (samorin) prophylaxis against experimental challenge with metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense. | the duration of a single isometamidium chloride (samorin) prophylactic treatment against trypanosoma congolense ilnat. 3.1 and t. congolense il 285 was examined in 24 boran steers with regard to (1) the dose of drug, (2) the level of metacyclic challenge and (3) the influence of infection with an unrelated serodeme at the time of treatment. the cattle were repeatedly challenged at monthly intervals between 2 and 7 months following treatment, either by five infected glossina morsitans centralis o ... | 1988 | 3388736 |
| prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle in south-west zambia. | a trypanosomiasis survey was conducted in south-west zambia. from a total of 3,346 cattle sampled 342 cattle showed a positive trypanosomiasis parasitaemia. during the survey trypanosome species and pcv values were also recorded. with simple statistical analysis populations with higher and lower prevalence rates were differentiated. the results indicated that the kwando river basin tsetse fly belt and the kafue river basin tsetse fly belt infested a larger area than originally assumed and that a ... | 1988 | 3400114 |
| [comparison of the longevity of tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850) infected with trypanosomes (trypanosoma nannomonas congolense broden, 1904) and uninfected tsetse flies]. | this preliminary note results from a comparative study on susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides of tsetse flies infected and not with trypanosomes. trypanosoma infection increases the susceptibility to insecticides as previous study showed it (golder et al., 1982, 1984). moreover, infected control flies showed a significant lower longevity than uninfected ones. | 1988 | 3421645 |
| procyclin gene expression and loss of the variant surface glycoprotein during differentiation of trypanosoma brucei. | in the mammalian host, the unicellular flagellate trypanosoma brucei is covered by a dense surface coat that consists of a single species of macromolecule, the membrane form of the variant surface glycoprotein (mfvsg). after uptake by the insect vector, the tsetse fly, bloodstream-form trypanosomes differentiate to procyclic forms in the fly midgut. differentiation is characterized by the loss of the mfvsg coat and the acquisition of a new surface glycoprotein, procyclin. in this study, the chan ... | 1989 | 2645304 |
| lectin mediated establishment of midgut infections of trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei in glossina morsitans. | d+glucosamine, which has been shown in vitro to specifically inhibit tsetse midgut lectin activity, when fed to glossina morsitans morsitans with the infective feed significantly increased midgut infection rates of trypanosoma congolense and t. brucei rhodesiense. all flies infected with t.b. rhodesiense and maintained on a diet of blood with d+glucosamine throughout their lives developed midgut infections. midgut extracts from flies bred for refractoriness to infection with trypanosomes showed ... | 1987 | 3432950 |
| failure of trypanosoma vivax to generate protective immunity in goats against transmission by glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1987 | 3445345 |
| trypanosome sociology and antigenic variation. | survival of the trypanosome (trypanosoma brucei) population in the mammalian body depends upon paced stimulation of the host's humoral immune response by different antigenic variants and serial sacrifice of the dominant variant (homotype) so that minority variants (heterotypes) can continue the infection and each become a homotype in its turn. new variants are generated by a spontaneous switch in gene expression so that the trypanosome puts on a surface coat of a glycoprotein differing in antige ... | 1989 | 2682484 |
| peripheral blood leucocytes subpopulation dynamics during trypanosoma congolense infection in boran and n'dama cattle: an analysis using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. | a panel of monoclonal antibodies (moab) with specificities for bovine leucocyte subsets were used in conjunction with routine haematological procedures to analyse sequential changes in peripheral blood leucocyte populations during the course of tsetse fly-transmitted trypanosoma congolense infection in trypanotolerant n'dama and trypanosusceptible boran cattle. subsequent to the first parasitaemic wave, the n'dama cattle maintained packed cell volumes (pcv) above 22 and lower levels of parasitae ... | 1987 | 3496577 |
| effect of samorin administered to a bovine host on the survival and reproductive performance of female glossina morsitans centralis. | | 1987 | 3503652 |
| a history of sleeping sickness in kenya. | gambian sleeping sickness entered what is now kenya from uganda in about 1901 and quickly spread along the kenyan shores and islands of lake victoria, reaching tanzania in 1902. by 1910 the disease had spread 25 miles inland along the kuja and migori rivers and their tributaries. sleeping sickness waxed and waned in these areas despite attempts to control tsetse fly populations by various methods. it was not until 1950, when the use of insecticides (ddt) applied by backpack sprayer proved succes ... | 1989 | 2694984 |
| analysis of trypanosome variable antigen types in cultures of metacyclic and mammalian forms of trypanosoma congolense. | cultured metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense display a characteristic repertoire of metacyclic variable antigen types (m-vats) similar to that exhibited in vitro in the tsetse fly. there appeared to be no change in expression of m-vats in cultures of two stocks of t. congolense even after several passages, cryopreservation or long-term cultivation in vitro. metacyclic forms transformed into mammalian forms when transferred to cultures of bovine aorta endothelial cells and whilst one stock ... | 1986 | 3528995 |
| differential protein synthesis during the life cycle of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei. | two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used to analyze changes in protein content and protein synthesis in three stages of the life cycle of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei. the stages examined were slender and stumpy mammalian bloodstream forms and procyclic forms, which are analogous to the tsetse fly midgut stage. two-dimensional gels of 35s-methionine-labeled proteins were examined by autoradiography to analyze newly synthesized protein, and gels were stained w ... | 1987 | 3572842 |
| trypanosoma congolense: host responses following tsetse transmitted infection of kilifi isolates in goats. | east african x galla goats, when infected with trypanosoma congolense isolates from the kilifi area of kenya by glossina morsitans centralis, did not develop the characteristic chancre reaction at the bite sites, whereas bites of tsetse infected with the cloned t. congolense il.1180 from serengeti, tanzania, resulted in chancres in the same goats. histological changes could not be observed in skin biopsies collected 8 or 9 days after infection with kilifi isolates. however, all goats became para ... | 1987 | 3582569 |
| potential value of localized skin reactions (chancres) induced by trypanosoma congolense transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis for the analysis of metacyclic trypanosome populations. | goats infected with trypanosoma congolense transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis and then treated with the trypanocidal drug diminazene aceturate are immune to tsetse-transmitted infection with a homologous, but not heterologous trypanosome clone. immune animals fail to develop localized skin reactions (chancres) and do not become infected, whereas on heterologous challenge chancres appear followed by parasitaemia. in this study, the feasibility of using chancre reactions to characterize s ... | 1987 | 3601446 |
| effects of gamma irradiation on the midgut ultrastructure of glossina palpalis subspecies. | in the sterile insect technique, insects are sterilized prior to release in areas where they are pests. the sterile males compete for and with fertile wild individuals for mates, thus reducing the population's reproductive rate. tsetse fly (glossina spp.) populations have been eradicated after release of laboratory-bred flies sterilized by gamma irradiation. however, no studies exist on radiation-induced damage to the midgut morphology and function of the radiation-sterilized insects. after g. p ... | 1989 | 2727263 |
| [a community battle against a tropical endemic disease: supernatural beliefs and tsetse fly traps in the congo]. | community participation in the control of tropical diseases is of major importance nowadays, particularly for sleeping sickness (gambian trypanosomiasis). indeed, the authoritarian measures used with success to control this disease during the colonial period are difficult to apply now. moreover, in the congo, cultural and financial restrictions are such that patients sometimes refuse treatment. thus, it has become highly desirable for vector control to be carried out at the same time as the trea ... | 1989 | 2734626 |
| trypanosoma brucei: posttranscriptional control of the variable surface glycoprotein gene expression site. | the arrest of variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) synthesis is one of the first events accompanying the differentiation of trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms into procyclic forms, which are characteristic of the insect vector. this is because of a very fast inhibition of vsg gene transcription which occurs as soon as the temperature is lowered. we report that this effect is probably not controlled at the level of transcription initiation, since the beginning of the vsg gene expression site, ab ... | 1989 | 2779574 |
| use of species-specific dna probes for detection and identification of trypanosome infection in tsetse flies. | species- and subspecies-specific trypanosome dna hybridization probes have been employed in the detection and identification of trypanosome infections in glossina morsitans centralis. several ways of sample preparation including the use of tsetse organ suspensions, proboscides and dissected midguts, as well as tsetse abdominal content touch-blots were explored. the results of hybridization of radio-isotope-labelled species-specific dna probes to tsetse samples indicated that it was possible to d ... | 1987 | 3670893 |
| trypanosoma congolense: lack of correlation between the resistance of cattle subjected to experimental cyclic infection or to field challenge. | twelve male cattle of the baoulé breed were exposed to natural trypanosome challenge in an area of high glossina density, to characterize them as trypanoresistant or trypanosensitive. weekly blood samples were taken for the determination of parasitemia and packed cell volume, as a measure of anemia. seven zebu cattle were also exposed to challenge at the same time. the zebu proved to be trypanosensitive with high parasitemia, pronounced anemia and died or were drug treated in extremis. five baou ... | 1987 | 3678447 |
| high frequency of antigenic variation in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections. | rates at which trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense trypanosomes switch from expression of one variable antigen type (vat) to that of another have been determined in cloned populations that have been recently tsetse-fly transmitted. switching rates have been determined between several, specific pairs of vats in each population. high rates of switching were observed in 2 cloned trypanosome lines, each derived from a separate cyclical transmission of the same parental stock and each expressing a differe ... | 1989 | 2797873 |
| culture form and tsetse fly midgut form procyclic trypanosoma brucei express common proteins. | proteins expressed by culture form and tsetse fly midgut form procyclic trypanosomes were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic techniques. analysis of the proteins of the two forms of procyclic organisms was performed by comparison of autoradiographs of high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels prepared using [35s]methionine-labelled parasites. only eight spots were found to differ between autoradiographs of culture form and tsetse fly midgut form parasites. seven of these di ... | 1987 | 3696176 |
| comparative study on the infection rates of different glossina species for east and west african trypanosoma vivax stocks. | teneral male glossina morsitans centralis, g. austeni, g. palpalis palpalis, g. p. gambiensis, g. fuscipes fuscipes, g. tachinoides and g. brevipalpis were fed on the flanks of boran calves infected with trypanosoma vivax stock ilrad 2241 isolated from a cow in likoni, kenya; stock ilrad 2337 isolated from a cow in galana, kenya; stock ilrad 1392 isolated from a cow in nigeria; or, stock eatro 1721 isolated from g. m. submorsitans in nigeria. the tsetse were fed on the infected hosts for 24 days ... | 1987 | 3696778 |
| characterization of cyclically transmitted trypanosoma (t.) brucei isolates from man. | four different trypanosome isolates from human patients isolated in 1979 during the epidemic of sleeping sickness in busoga, south-east uganda, were characterized by the following methods: isoenzyme analyses of bloodstream forms by isoelectric focusing; in vitro tests of human serum resistance of bloodstream as well as metacyclic forms; tsetse fly transmission through glossina morsitans centralis and glossina morsitans morsitans to compare the above characteristics of parasite populations before ... | 1986 | 2872784 |
| parasite kinetics and immune responses in efferent prefemoral lymph draining skin reactions induced by tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense. | localised skin reactions (chancres) occurred on the flanks of cattle at the sites of deposition by tsetse flies of metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense. marked enlargement of the draining prefemoral lymph nodes accompanied the development of the skin reactions. lymph from these nodes was collected through polyethylene cannulae inserted into the efferent lymphatics, and examined for trypanosomes, cells and antibody content. within 6-9 days after infected tsetse fly bite, trypanosomes were d ... | 1986 | 3705421 |
| susceptibility and immune responses of zebu and taurine cattle of west africa to infection with trypanosoma congolense transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis. | following tsetse-transmitted infection with trypanosoma congolense, major differences in development of localised skin reactions, the ability to control parasitaemia, the degree of anaemia and in antibody response to trypanosomes were found between the reputedly trypanotolerant breeds of cattle (n'dama, n'dama/baoule crosses, baoule) and the trypanosusceptible west african zebu. the local skin reactions that developed in the zebu were large and severe while those that occurred in the other breed ... | 1986 | 3716196 |
| cultivation of the life cycle stages of trypanosoma brucei sspp. | a culture system was devised for the production of the various stages in the developmental cycle of trypanosoma brucei brucei and t. b. rhodesiense. the bloodstream forms were grown at 37 degrees c on a feeder layer of fibroblasts from embryos of microtus montanus or cd-1 mice in hepes-buffered minimum essential medium with earle's salts, supplemented with 15% heat-inactivated rabbit serum. when they were transferred to hepes-buffered cunningham's medium and incubated at 27 degrees c, they trans ... | 1988 | 2896444 |
| extrachromosomal inheritance of susceptibility to trypanosome infection in tsetse flies. ii. susceptibility of selected lines of glossina morsitans morsitans to different stocks and species of trypanosome. | two lines of glossina m. morsitans, selected for susceptibility and refractoriness to infection with a single stock of trypanosoma congolense, have now been shown to be susceptible or refractory to different stocks of t. congolense and, also, to different stocks of t. b. brucei and t. b. gambiense. the mean midgut infection rates of the susceptible line obtained in different experiments with t. congolense, t. b. brucei and t. b. gambiense were, respectively, 66%, 56% and 55%; the corresponding m ... | 1986 | 3729601 |
| a behavioural bioassay to identify attractive odours for glossinidae. | 1. a behavioural bioassay, based on antennal movement responses, was developed using glossina morsitans morsitans westwood for screening chemical attractancy to tsetse. 2. chemicals found to be attractive to male tsetse were acetone, formaldehyde, methylethylketone, methylvinylketone, 1-octen-3-ol and pentanal but not acetophenone, hexanal, lactic acid or urea. 3. female tsetse also responded to all these chemicals in a similar fashion. overall responses of females were, however, less than those ... | 1987 | 2979547 |
| interference between different serodemes of trypanosoma congolense in the establishment of superinfections in goats following transmission by tsetse. | when domestic ruminants cyclically infected with trypanosoma congolense are superinfected with a different serodeme of the same species, an interference phenomenon occurs which delays the development of the second cyclical infection. experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of the time interval between the two infections on the degree of interference and to follow the course of the superinfection clinically, serologically and histologically. goats infected with tsetse-transmitte ... | 1986 | 3748602 |
| apparent exhaustion of the variable antigen repertoires of trypanosoma vivax in infected cattle. | three groups of cattle, each group comprising six animals, were inoculated intravenously with populations of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma vivax. the first group received t. vivax clone ildat 1.3 derived from an isolate from nigeria, while the other two received t. vivax stocks il 1875 or il 2133 isolated from coast province, kenya. one animal from the group that was infected with il 1875 died 8 weeks postinfection. the remaining 17 animals became aparasitemic in 8 to 12 weeks without interve ... | 1986 | 3770950 |
| juvenile hormone mimics as effective sterilants for the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | the development of puparia of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood was disrupted by topical applications of the juvenile hormone mimics s-methoprene (the resolved enantiomer of 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoic acid 1-methyl ester) (zoecon), s21149 (propionaldoxime-0-4-phenoxyphenoxyethylether) (sumitomo), or s31183 (2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine) (sumitomo) dissolved in acetone. puparia so treated during the first 4 days of life suffered developmental abnormalitie ... | 1988 | 2980157 |
| further analysis of intraspecific variation in trypanosoma brucei using restriction site polymorphisms in the maxi-circle of kinetoplast dna. | we have compared the maxi-circle kinetoplast dna of 21 trypanosoma brucei sp. stocks by analysis of restriction sites for nine restriction endonucleases. the analysis shows most of these stocks to have a maxi-circle sequence similar to that of 11 previously analysed stocks, with a difference of less than 3% between any two stocks. however, seven stocks stand out from the rest with at least two sites lost or gained for six of the nine restriction enzymes used. these seven distinctive stocks fall ... | 1985 | 2985985 |
| [ecology of tsetse flies in the preforested area of the ivory coast. relation to human trypanosomiasis and possibilities for control]. | this paper gives the results of a tsetse fly research program in the preforested area of ivory coast. the main investigation tool was the challier-laveissière's biconical trap. the ecodistribution, resting and pupal sites of the principal tsetse species, g. palpalis, g. pallicera and g. nigrofusca were described in the t. b. gambiense sleeping sickness focus of vavoua. population dynamics, host preferences, activity cycles were compared between tsetse populations in plantations and village surro ... | 1985 | 2998259 |
| tsetse fly rdna: an analysis of structure and sequence. | a genomic library of glossina morsitans morsitans (tsetse fly) has been constructed in the phage vector embl 4 and a complete rdna unit isolated by using a d. melanogaster rdna clone as a probe. the overall organisation is typical of higher eukaryotes, including an intergenic spacer consisting of a subrepeating structure. atypically, however, the 45s precursor rna promoter was shown to lie within the last subrepeat by s1 mapping; i.e. the last subrepeat extends 90 bp into the ets. the sequence o ... | 1987 | 3029668 |
| biology of african trypanosomes in the tsetse fly. | african trypanosomes present several features of interest to cell biologists. these include: a repressible single mitochondrion with a large mass of mitochondrial dna, the kinetoplast; a special organelle, the glycosome, which houses the enzymes of the glycolytic chain; a surface coat of variable glycoprotein which enables the parasite to evade the mammalian host's immune response; and a unique flagellum-to-host attachment mechanism associated with novel cytoskeletal elements. trypanosome develo ... | 1988 | 3067793 |
| evolution of the secondary structures and compensatory mutations of the ribosomal rnas of drosophila melanogaster. | this paper examines the effects of dna sequence evolution on rna secondary structures and compensatory mutations. models of the secondary structures of drosophila melanogaster 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) and of the complex between 2s, 5.8s, and 28s rrnas have been drawn on the basis of comparative and energetic criteria. the overall au richness of the d. melanogaster rrnas allows the resolution of some ambiguities in the structures of both large rrnas. comparison of the sequence of expansion segmen ... | 1988 | 3136295 |
| loss of variable antigen during transformation of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense from bloodstream to procyclic forms in the tsetse fly. | a pleomorphic line of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense expressing a single variable antigen was used to quantify the rate of loss of the surface coat from bloodstream forms transforming to procyclics in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, and in in vitro culture. loss of variable antigen occurred at similar rates in the crop and anterior portion of the midgut of tsetse flies and in in vitro culture, but in the posterior portion of the fly midgut it occurred 2-3 times faster. the posterior portion ... | 1988 | 3194363 |
| properties of a novel dna virus from the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes. | virus particles were isolated from hypertrophied salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes collected near mombasa, kenya. purified virus particles were rod-shaped, 57 nm wide by 700 to 1300 nm long. particle lengths fell into two size classes, with 'short' particles averaging 869 nm and 'long' particles 1175 nm. the virus particles morphologically resembled elongated baculovirus nucleocapsids although, unlike baculoviruses, no fully enveloped virions were found in purified preparati ... | 1986 | 3950581 |
| [breeding of glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead, 1910 (diptera-glossinidae in the crta of bobo-dioulasso, burkina faso. i. adaptation of a wild strain to the laboratory breeding conditions on feeding hosts]. | | 1988 | 3194566 |
| mechanical transmission of rift valley fever virus by hematophagous diptera. | experimental studies were conducted to determine if hematophagous diptera were capable of mechanical transmission of rift valley fever (rvf) virus to laboratory animals. all species tested (glossina morsitans, aedes aegypti, aedes taeniorhynchus, culex pipiens, stomoxys calcitrans, lutzomyia longipalpis, and culicoides variipennis) mechanically transmitted the virus to hamsters. mechanical transmission rates for g. morsitans ranged from 0-100%, with the probability of mechanical transmission pos ... | 1985 | 3970308 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: enhancement of infection rates in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, by feeding artificial bloodmeal mixtures. | low mature salivary gland (sg) infection rates (6%) in less than 24-hour-old flies fed on blood containing bloodform trypanosomes can be significantly enhanced by feeding flies an artificial mixture containing procyclic forms in a red cell: culture medium mixture (procyclic mixture, sg rate = 21.0%). however, enhancement is not solely a function of the use of procyclic forms since blood forms fed to flies in the same red cell: culture medium mixture produce sg rates (15.4%) intermediate to those ... | 1985 | 3970311 |
| comparative study on the susceptibility of different glossina species to trypanosoma brucei brucei infection. | teneral glossina morsitans centralis, g. austeni, g. palpalis palpalis, g. p. gambiensis, g. fuscipes fuscipes, g. tachinoides and g. brevipalpis from laboratory-bred colonies, were allowed to feed simultaneously for 34 days on the flanks of ten goats infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei isolated in tanzania or in nigeria, and then the tsetse were dissected. the seven tsetse species and subspecies showed salivary glands infections over the range of 0% to 40.4%. survival of the tanzanian and n ... | 1988 | 3194664 |
| probing by glossina morsitans centralis infected with pathogenic trypanosoma species. | | 1985 | 3992628 |
| induction of systemic and local basophil and eosinophil responses in guinea pigs by the feeding of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans. | guinea pigs infested with glossina morsitans weekly for 5 weeks exhibited marked peripheral blood basophil and eosinophil responses to each infestation, with a dominant cutaneous basophil response to challenge infestation. g. morsitans feeding was completed within 3--10 min, depending upon prior exposure, and flies were reluctant to feed and probed longer on hyperexposed animals. blood basophil responses exhibited the greatest increases over controls (up to 12-fold) compared to eosinophils (up t ... | 1985 | 4002604 |
| laboratory testing of repellents against the tsetse glossina morsitans (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1985 | 4009624 |
| detection of antigens common to salivary glands and other tissues of tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae). | the study demonstrates the common antigens to salivary gland, fat body, mesenteron, thorax muscle, native whole body, and dried whole body homogenates of tsetse flies, g. palpalis palpalis. the possibilities of their origin and the role in hypersensitivity induction and its propagation are discussed. | 1988 | 3198018 |
| extrachromosomal inheritance of susceptibility to trypanosome infection in tsetse flies. i. selection of susceptible and refractory lines of glossina morsitans morsitans. | differences in susceptibility to infection with trypanosoma congolense between f1 families of glossina morsitans morsitans indicated that susceptibility is maternally inherited in this species of tsetse fly. twelve f1 families, six selected for susceptibility and six selected for refractoriness to infection, have been bred for up to 13 generations. the reciprocal differences demonstrated in the f1 generation persisted in these selected families over many generations, indicating that susceptibili ... | 1985 | 4026443 |
| the timing and frequency of hybrid formation in african trypanosomes during cyclical transmission. | the frequency of hybrid formation between two trypanosoma brucei clones during cyclical transmission through glossina morsitans centralis was analyzed. in two independent experiments, teneral g. m. centralis were infected with an equal mixture of two t. brucei clones showing different homozygous isoenzyme patterns for isocitrate dehydrogenase (icd; e.c.1.1.1.42) and alkaline phosphatase (ap; e.c. 3.1.3.1). trypanosomes were cyclically transmitted to mice from 23 infective flies and the subsequen ... | 1988 | 3237678 |
| field studies on animal trypanosomiasis in mozambique. i. effectiveness of the prophylactic drugs isometamidium chloride and pyrithidium bromide. | the efficacy of the trypanocides samorin and prothidium to protect beef cattle in areas of different trypanosome challenge was studied in muabsa, mozambique during an 18 month period. the performance of two groups of 1.5- to 3-year old bulls was observed, the first group in an area of high tsetse density, the second in an area of low to medium tsetse density. glossina morsitans and g. pallidipes were present and their respective densities were determined using standard fly rounds, a mobile elect ... | 1988 | 3238772 |
| suppression of trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax and t. brucei infection rates in tsetse flies maintained on goats immunized with uncoated forms of trypanosomes grown in vitro. | significant suppression in the incidence of cyclical development of trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax and t. brucei occurred in glossina morsitans centralis maintained on goats immunized with in vitro-propagated uncoated forms of t. congolense, t. vivax and t. brucei, respectively. this was observed when tsetse given a t. congolense-infected feed were subsequently maintained on uninfected immunized goats and also when uninfected tsetse were fed on immunized goats infected with t. congolense, t. v ... | 1985 | 4034247 |
| import of fructose bisphosphate aldolase into the glycosomes of trypanosoma brucei. | the glycolytic enzymes of trypanosomatids are compartmentalized within peroxisome-like microbodies called glycosomes. fructose bisphosphate aldolase is synthesized on free polysomes and imported into glycosomes within 5 min. peptide mapping reveals no primary structural differences between the in vivo-synthesized protein and that made in vitro from a synthetic template. however, native aldolase from glycosomes is partially protease resistant, whereas the in vitro translation product is not. puls ... | 1987 | 3320052 |
| the humoral defense system in tsetse: differences in response due to age, sex and antigen types. | inoculation of live escherichia coli into tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, stimulated a higher antibacterial immune response in females than in males. it increased with age in females from emergence to approximately 2 weeks and thereafter declined. in males, there was also a significant decrease in immune response with aging. inoculation of killed bacteria failed to stimulate antibacterial activity but stimulated a lysozyme response which was weaker than that stimulated by live bacter ... | 1988 | 3384155 |
| cell adhesion in trypanosoma: in vitro studies of the interaction of trypanosoma vivax with immobilized organic dyes. | certain bloodstream forms of trypanosoma vivax have been shown to attach to amicon matrex gel green a dye beads in a manner similar to the in vivo binding of t. vivax to the inner surface of the tsetse fly proboscis. we now report an in vitro assay for trypanosome-bead attachment and show that only the 9,10-anthraquinone portion of the dye molecule is involved in the binding of trypanosomes to beads and that bead-bound dyes with similar structures also support binding to differing degrees. the b ... | 1987 | 3430412 |
| trypanotolerance in east african orma boran cattle. | comparative studies on two types of large east african zebu (bos indicus) boran cattle, on a beef ranch in kenya, have indicated that a boran type bred by the orma tribe has a superior response to tsetse fly challenge. the orma boran when compared with an improved boran was found to have lower trypanosome infection rates and, when untreated, better control of anaemia and decreased mortality. | 1985 | 4090214 |
| survival and reproductive performance of female glossina morsitans morsitans when maintained on livestock infected with salivarian trypanosomes. | | 1985 | 4096568 |
| evidence for haploidy in metacyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei. | the parasitic flagellate trypanosoma brucei undergoes a series of morphologic and metabolic changes during its passage in the digestive organs of its insect vector, a glossina or tsetse fly. this morphogenesis ends by the differentiation, in the salivary gland of the fly, of the metacyclic form, which will be transmitted in the bloodstream of the mammalian host. on the basis of dna microfluorometric measurements, we propose that these metacyclic trypanosomes have a haploid amount of dna, compare ... | 1986 | 3461475 |
| procyclic tsetse fly midgut forms and culture forms of african trypanosomes share stage- and species-specific surface antigens identified by monoclonal antibodies. | procyclic culture form (pcf) trypanosomes were established from a bloodstream form population of cloned trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and were used to immunize mice for hybridoma production. indirect immunofluorescence was used to select 10 hybridomas which secreted antibodies that bound to the surface of homologous living pcf. the antibodies reacted with pcf of several clones of t.b. brucei, t.b. gambiense, and t.b. rhodesiense, but not with pcf of t. congolense or t. vivax, or with promastigo ... | 1986 | 3512712 |
| [a new glossina from the congo: glossina (austenina) frezili sp. nov. (diptera: glossinidae)]. | the male and female genitalia of glossina frezili sp. nov., a new tsetse fly occurring in the mangrove forest of the congo and gabon are described. g. frezili is related to g. medicorum but clearly distinct from this species by its habitat and the morphology of the genitalia. | 1987 | 3629143 |
| studies on the amino acids of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, maintained on in vitro and in vivo feeding systems. | | 1974 | 4153811 |
| bacteroids in the ovaries of a tsetse fly. | | 1974 | 4208431 |
| lipid content and composition of the tse-tse fly, glossina morsitans westwood. | | 1969 | 4310397 |
| carbohydrate metabolism in flight muscle of the tsetse fly (glossina) and the blowfly (sarcophaga). | | 1969 | 4312541 |
| oxaloacetic carboxylase in flight musculature of the tsetse fly. | | 1965 | 4379552 |
| onset of expression of the variant surface glycoproteins of trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly studied using immunoelectron microscopy. | the acquisition of the variant surface glycoprotein (variable antigen) coat by metacyclic stage trypanosoma brucei in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, has been studied in situ by transmission and scanning electron microscopy using monoclonal antibodies raised against metacyclic variable antigen types and complexed with horseradish peroxidase or colloidal gold. the coat is acquired after binary fission has ceased but while the parasite is still attached to the gland epit ... | 1987 | 3654788 |
| oocyte differentiation and vitellogenesis in glossina morsitans westw. | | 1971 | 4400310 |
| a novel arrangement of sequence elements surrounding the rdna promoter and its spacer duplications in tsetse species. | variation in organization and sequence of the rdna of six species of tsetse fly (glossina) has been investigated. several novel tsetse-specific features have been uncovered. like many other species the spacer is composed of subrepeats, which in some species contain duplications of the true promoter at the spacer-ets boundary. in tsetse, however, the first 90 base-pairs of the external transcribed spacer (ets) (that is, +1 to +90 after transcription initiation) is the 3' end of the last subrepeat ... | 1987 | 3656412 |
| sterility from crosses between sub-species of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans. | | 1972 | 4404251 |
| ultrastructural study of the midgut mycetome-bacteroids of the tsetse flies glossina morsitans, g. fuscipes, and g, brevipalpis (diptera, brachycera). | | 1972 | 4404253 |
| infectivity of trypanosoma rhodesiense cultivated at 28 degrees c with various tsetse fly tissues. | metacyclic trypanosomes developed in populations of procyclic forms of four stocks of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cultivated at 28 degrees c in a liquid medium containing explants of tsetse fly head-salivary glands, alimentary tract, abdominal body wall, or thoracic muscle. the cultures became infective for mice 7-16 days after they were prepared, and infective trypanosomes were present for prolonged periods. in the culture series of stock trum 545, infectivity persisted for 138 days when the ... | 1986 | 3735153 |
| opposite effects of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone on in vitro uterus motility of a tsetse fly. | in order to examine the possible effects of ecdysteroids on parturition, we studied in vitro the influence of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone on the motility of isolated uterus from virgin and pregnant female tsetse fly (glossina fuscipes). ecdysone initiates phasic uterine contractions or enhances the frequency of preexisting contractile activity. in contrast, uterine contractions are decreased or abolished by 20-hydroxyecdysone. pharmacological data indicate that tsetse fly uterus exhibits myo ... | 1986 | 3796208 |
| expression of a polypeptide containing a dipeptide repeat is confined to the insect stage of trypanosoma brucei. | the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei is transmitted between mammalian hosts by the tsetse fly (glossina spp.). trypanosomes ingested by the fly undergo a number of changes in the insect midgut during differentiation to procyclic forms. these include the loss of the variant specific glycoprotein (vsg) coat and the appearance of a common set of procyclic surface antigens. in order to investigate genes other than vsg genes which are expressed only at certain stages of the life cycle, the first ... | 1987 | 3808022 |
| productivity of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood maintained in the laboratory, with particular reference to the sterile-insect release method. | glossina morsitans is of great economic importance in africa and if a mass-rearing project were to be undertaken with a view to control by the release of sterilized males it would be necessary to know the productivity that could be obtained from this species in the laboratory. data for life tables and age-specific fecundity schedules of g. m. morsitans fed on goats or lop-eared rabbits are used to calculate outputs of viable pupae or of young adult males that would be available for disposal.for ... | 1972 | 4537332 |
| the role of game animals in the maintenance of endemic and enzootic trypanosomiases in the lambwe valley, south nyanza district, kenya. | rhodesian sleeping sickness and bovine trypanosomiasis were endemic in the lambwe valley of western kenya, where the vector of both diseases was a tsetse fly glossina pallidipes. since a large resident population of game animals also inhabited the valley, a programme was designed to assess the relationships between game animals, tsetse, and trypanosome populations and the results were collated with some aspects of local human ecology and the general epidemiological situation in the valley. of 13 ... | 1972 | 4544824 |
| sub-lethal effect of sulphaquinoxaline on the tsetse fly, glossina austeni newst. | | 1973 | 4584191 |
| letter: trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei in the haemolymph of experimentally infected young glossina morsitans. | | 1973 | 4596375 |
| lesions and saliva-specific antibody responses in rabbits with immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the bites of glossina morsitans centralis. | rabbits exposed to feeding tsetse flies developed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to fly bites. these responses had characteristics of immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity. saliva components from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans centralis were electrophoretically separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. major salivary proteins of 160, 92, 66, 64, 55, 42, 33, 28, and 15 kilodaltons were identified. separated salivary components were transferred to nitro ... | 1986 | 3811131 |
| susceptibility of buffaloes, cattle and goats to infection with different stocks of trypanosoma vivax transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis. | a comparison was made of the susceptibility of buffaloes, cattle and goats to infection with trypanosoma vivax transmitted either by glossina morsitans centralis or by syringe inoculation. three different isolates of t vivax (two from east africa, one from west africa) were used to compare skin reactions, parasitaemia, anaemia and the development of trypanosome-specific antibodies in buffaloes, cattle and goats. african buffaloes reared in captivity in an area free from trypanosomiasis proved to ... | 1986 | 3827994 |
| the infection of glossina morsitans weid by trypanosoma brucei in relation to the parasitaemia in the mouse host. | | 1972 | 4671473 |
| polytene chromosomes of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1973 | 4682086 |
| glycogen in the proventriculus of the tsetse fly. | | 1973 | 4705253 |
| trypanosome hybrids generated in tsetse flies by nuclear fusion. | genetic exchange may occur between two particular trypanosoma brucei clones simultaneously transmitted by the same tsetse fly. we report here that this exchange takes place in the fly, through nuclear fusion. the resulting hybrids appear to be sub-tetraploid, some particular dna sequences from one of the parental stocks being lost before enough cloned hybrid trypanosomes could be harvested for dna analysis. a further reduction of the dna content of these hybrids occurs gradually upon growth and ... | 1986 | 3830130 |
| mouthpart sensilla of the tsetse fly and their function. ii. labial sensilla. | | 1973 | 4723209 |
| mouthpart sensilla of the tsetse fly and their function. 3. labrocibarial sensilla. | | 1973 | 4723210 |
| [efficacy against glossina morsitans submorsitans of screens of different colors, with or without addition of black mosquito netting]. | | 1985 | 3837926 |
| changes in the content of glycogen, sugars, nucleic acids, protein and free amino acids in the pupa of glossina morsitans during its development. | | 1973 | 4727857 |
| the mode of attachment of trypanosoma vivax in the proboscis of the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes: an ultrastructural study of the epimastigote stage of the trypanosome. | | 1973 | 4731343 |
| sex ratio distortion and semi-sterility in the progeny of irradiated glossina morsitans. | | 1973 | 4735819 |
| high and low responsiveness of bovine lymphocytes to trypanosoma brucei in vitro: lack of correlation with resistance to trypanosomiasis. | bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) were stimulated to proliferate in vitro by live, irradiated or freeze-thawed trypanosoma brucei, but not by the isolated variant surface glycoprotein. the optimal dose was 10(5) trypanosomes per 5 x 10(5) lymphocytes in 0.2 ml. maximal proliferation was at day 5. of the 98 cattle tested, 36 were high-responders (stimulation indexes 20-104), 49 were low or non-responders (si 1-10) and 13 were intermediate. the responder status of individual animals did no ... | 1985 | 3871728 |
| uric acid metabolism in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans. | | 1973 | 4763293 |
| independent expression of the metacyclic and bloodstream variable antigen repertoires of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | the variable antigen repertoire expressed by metacyclic trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is not influenced by the anamnestic expression whereby the variable antigen type (vat) ingested by a tsetse fly is present at high levels in early bloodstream populations of fly-infected mice. this has been demonstrated by feeding to glossina morsitans a trypanosome line expressing a vat which is normally a component of the metacyclic repertoire. the vat did not constitute a significantly increased proportion ... | 1986 | 3960594 |
| neutralization of individual variable antigen types in metacyclic populations of trypanosoma brucei does not prevent their subsequent expression in mice. | the trypanosoma brucei metacyclic population in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly displays a characteristic set of variable antigen types (vats) which represents only a restricted part of the parasite's total vat repertoire. after introduction into the mammalian host by fly bite, the metacyclics transform into bloodstream forms which retain expression of the metacyclic vats. specific antibodies, both polyvalent and monoclonal, have been used to neutralize separately 4 individual vats from me ... | 1985 | 3982856 |
| characteristics of trypanosome variant antigen genes active in the tsetse fly. | trypanosoma brucei contains a repertoire of more than 100 different genes for variant surface glycoproteins (vsgs). a small and strain-specific fraction of these genes is expressed in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly (m-genes), giving rise to metacyclic variable antigen types (m-vats). antibodies produced in a chronic trypanosome infection initiated by syringe inoculation of bloodstream forms into mammals (i.e. against b-vats), will react with most of the m-vats suggesting that these b-vats ... | 1985 | 4022771 |