| continuous up-regulation of heat shock proteins in larvae, but not adults, of a polar insect. | antarctica's terrestrial environment is a challenge to which very few animals have adapted. the largest, free-living animal to inhabit the continent year-round is a flightless midge, belgica antarctica. larval midges survive the lengthy austral winter encased in ice, and when the ice melts in summer, the larvae complete their 2-yr life cycle, and the wingless adults form mating aggregations while subjected to surprisingly high substrate temperatures. here we report a dichotomy in survival strate ... | 2006 | 16968769 |
| evidence for an inactive transposable mariner-like element in anopheles albimanus. | transposable elements may eventually be used as transformation vectors of anti-plasmodium genes in natural populations of anopheles mosquitoes. the mariner transposable element is widespread in most animal phyla and we wished to test for its presence in the important latin american malaria vector, anopheles albimanus. degenerate primers were designed from the consensus of insect mariner elements and used in a polymerase chain reaction to amplify a fragment of the predicted size from an. albimanu ... | 1999 | 10612609 |
| experimental infection of the neotropical malaria vector anopheles darlingi by human patient-derived plasmodium vivax in the peruvian amazon. | malaria transmission from humans to mosquitoes is modulated by human host immune factors. understanding mechanisms by which the human host response may impair parasite infectivity for mosquitoes has direct implications for the development of transmission-blocking vaccines. we hypothesized that despite a low transmission intensity of malaria in the peruvian amazon region of iquitos, transmission-blocking immunity against plasmodium vivax might be common, given an unexpectedly high proportion of a ... | 2006 | 17038681 |
| [a malarial attack on return from a voyage to the french antilles. discussion of the mode of transmission]. | malaria has been considered to be eradicated from the french west indies for over 25 years. in this report we describe a patient who was hospitalized and successfully treated in paris for severe plasmodium falciparum malaria after returning form a brief trip to guadeloupe. several modes of transmission are possible. given the presence of a reservoir of plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in the haitian immigrant community and persistent breeding of anopheles albimanus in the french west indies, th ... | 1999 | 10472584 |
| characterization of hemocytes from the mosquitoes anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti. | hemocytes are an essential component of the mosquito immune system but current knowledge of the types of hemocytes mosquitoes produce, their relative abundance, and their functions is limited. addressing these issues requires improved methods for collecting and maintaining mosquito hemocytes in vitro, and comparative data that address whether important vector species produce similar or different hemocyte types. toward this end, we conducted a comparative study with anopheles gambiae and aedes ae ... | 2006 | 17098164 |
| a retrospective examination of secondary sporozoite- and trophozoite-induced infections with plasmodium falciparum: development of parasitologic and clinical immunity following secondary infection. | a retrospective study was made of clinical records to determine parasitemia and episodes of fever of 59 patients reinfected with plasmodium falciparum for treatment of neurosyphilis, which was considered standard medical care at the time. records were collected at the national institutes of health laboratories in columbia, south carolina and milledgeville, georgia during the period 1940 to 1963. nineteen patients were infected via the bites of anopheles albimanus, an. quadrimaculatus, or an. fre ... | 1999 | 10432042 |
| genetic structures of geographically distinct plasmodium vivax populations assessed by pcr/rflp analysis of the merozoite surface protein 3beta gene. | the recent resurgence of plasmodium vivax malaria requires close epidemiological surveillance and monitoring of the circulating parasite populations. in this study, we developed a combination of polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr/rflp) method to investigate the genetic diversity of the p. vivax merozoite surface protein 3beta (pvmsp3beta) gene among four asian parasite populations representing both tropical and temperate strains with dramatic divergent re ... | 2006 | 17129568 |
| independent selection of multiple mechanisms for pyrethroid resistance in guatemalan anopheles albimanus (diptera: culicidae). | isofemale lines were established containing either, both, or neither of the elevated esterase and oxidase resistance mechanisms conferring pyrethroid resistance in a guatemalan strain of anopheles albimanus (wiedemann). plots of esterase and oxidase levels for individual mosquitoes from these single families correlated with data obtained using oxidase and esterase synergists in bioassays run in the bottle format. mixed populations of pyrethroid-resistant a. albimanus adult females were selected ... | 1999 | 10333749 |
| effect of novaluron (rimon 10 ec) on the mosquitoes anopheles albimanus, anopheles pseudopunctipennis, aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus and culex quinquefasciatus from chiapas, mexico. | dengue fever is a serious problem in mexico and vector control has not been effective enough at preventing outbreaks. malaria is largely under control, but it is important that new control measures continue to be developed. novaluron, a novel host-specific insect growth regulator and chitin synthesis inhibitor, has proved to be effective against agricultural pests, but its efficacy against larval mosquito vectors under field conditions remains unknown. in accordance with the world health organiz ... | 2006 | 17199749 |
| genetic and fitness changes accompanying adaptation of an arbovirus to vertebrate and invertebrate cells. | the alternating host cycle and persistent vector infection may constrain the evolution of arboviruses. to test this hypothesis, eastern equine encephalitis virus was passaged in bhk or mosquito cells, as well as in alternating (both) host cell passages. high and low multiplicities were used to examine the effect of defective interfering particles. clonal bhk and persistent mosquito cell infections were also evaluated. fitness was measured with one-step growth curves and competition assays, and m ... | 1999 | 10196330 |
| an insight into the sialome of anopheles funestus reveals an emerging pattern in anopheline salivary protein families. | anopheles funestus, together with anopheles gambiae, is responsible for most malaria transmission in sub-saharan africa, but little is known about molecular aspects of its biology. to investigate the salivary repertoire of this mosquito, we randomly sequenced 916 clones from a salivary-gland cdna library from adult female f1 offspring of field-caught an. funestus. thirty-three protein sequences, mostly full-length transcripts, are predicted to be secreted salivary proteins. we additionally descr ... | 2007 | 17244545 |
| an elaborated feeding cycle model for reductions in vectorial capacity of night-biting mosquitoes by insecticide-treated nets. | insecticide treated nets (itns) are an important tool for malaria control. itns are effective because they work on several parts of the mosquito feeding cycle, including both adult killing and repelling effects. | 2007 | 17254339 |
| efficiency of salivary gland invasion by malaria sporozoites is controlled by rapid sporozoite destruction in the mosquito haemocoel. | for successful transmission to the vertebrate host, malaria sporozoites must migrate from the mosquito midgut to the salivary glands. here, using purified sporozoites inoculated into the mosquito haemocoel, we show that salivary gland invasion is inefficient and that sporozoites have a narrow window of opportunity for salivary gland invasion. only 19% of sporozoites invade the salivary glands, all invasion occurs within 8h at a rate of approximately 200 sporozoites per hour, and sporozoites that ... | 2007 | 17275826 |
| gp35 anoal, an abundant acidic glycoprotein of female anopheles albimanus saliva. | salivary glands of female mosquitoes produce proteins, not completely described yet, that participate in carbohydrate and blood feeding. here, we report an acidic glycoprotein of 35 kda (gp35 anoal) secreted in the saliva of the malaria vector mosquito anopheles albimanus. gp35 anoal is produced exclusively in the distal lateral lobes of adult female salivary glands, it has a pi of 4.45 and is negatively stained by regular silver stain. an 888 bp cdna clone encoding a predicted product of 240 am ... | 2007 | 17298558 |
| indoor collections of the anopheles funestus group (diptera: culicidae) in sprayed houses in northern kwazulu-natal, south africa. | insecticide resistance in malaria vector mosquitoes presents a serious problem for those involved in control of this disease. south africa experienced a severe malaria epidemic during 1999/2000 due to pyrethroid resistance in the major vector anopheles funestus. subsequent monitoring and surveillance of mosquito populations were conducted as part of the malaria vector control programme. | 2007 | 17359529 |
| synergy between repellents and non-pyrethroid insecticides strongly extends the efficacy of treated nets against anopheles gambiae. | to manage the kdr pyrethroid-resistance in anopheline malaria vectors, new compounds or new strategies are urgently needed. recently, mixing repellents (deet) and a non-pyrethroid insecticide (propoxur) was shown to be as effective as deltamethrin, a standard pyrethroid, under laboratory conditions, because of a strong synergy between the two compounds. in the present study, the interactions between two repellents (deet and kbr 3023) and a non-pyrethroid insecticide (pyrimiphos methyl or pm) on ... | 2007 | 17394646 |
| an insight into the sialome of the oriental rat flea, xenopsylla cheopis (rots). | the salivary glands of hematophagous animals contain a complex cocktail that interferes with the host hemostasis and inflammation pathways, thus increasing feeding success. fleas represent a relatively recent group of insects that evolved hematophagy independently of other insect orders. | 2007 | 17437641 |
| the surface protein pvs25 of plasmodium vivax ookinetes interacts with calreticulin on the midgut apical surface of the malaria vector anopheles albimanus. | malaria parasite transmission-blocking control strategies within the mosquito vector require an adequate understanding of the parasite mosquito interaction at the molecular level. the ookinete p25-p28 surface proteins are required for the transition from ookinete to oocyst in the mosquito midgut; however, their respective molecular interactions in the mosquito are largely unknown. we used recombinant pvs25 and pvs28 as probes for identification of potential anopheles albimanus midgut ligands. a ... | 2007 | 17442413 |
| effect of rice cultivation patterns on malaria vector abundance in rice-growing villages in mali. | irrigation for rice cultivation increases the production of anopheles gambiae, the main vector of malaria in mali. mosquito abundance is highly variable across villages and seasons. we examined whether rice cultivation patterns mapped using remotely sensed imagery can account for some of this variance. we collected entomologic data and mapped land use around 18 villages in the two cropping seasons during two years. land use classification accuracy ranged between 70% and 86%. the area of young ri ... | 2007 | 17488907 |
| genomic and evolutionary analyses of tango transposons in aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae and other mosquito species. | tango is a transposon of the tc1 family and was originally discovered in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. here we report a systematic analysis of the genome sequence of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, which uncovered three distinct tango transposons. we name the only an. gambiae tango transposon agtango1 and the three ae. aegypti tango elements aetango1-3. like agtango1, aetango1 and aetango2 elements both have members that retain characteristics of autonomous elements ... | 2007 | 17506852 |
| remote and field level quantification of vegetation covariates for malaria mapping in three rice agro-village complexes in central kenya. | we examined algorithms for malaria mapping using the impact of reflectance calibration uncertainties on the accuracies of three vegetation indices (vi)'s derived from quickbird data in three rice agro-village complexes mwea, kenya. we also generated inferential statistics from field sampled vegetation covariates for identifying riceland anopheles arabiensis during the crop season. all aquatic habitats in the study sites were stratified based on levels of rice stages; flooded, land preparation, p ... | 2007 | 17550620 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of the complete acetylcholinesterase gene (ace1) from the mosquito aedes aegypti with implications for comparative genome analysis. | insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ache) has been shown to be responsible for resistance to organophosphates and carbamates in a number of arthropod species. some arthropod genomes contain a single ace gene, while others including mosquitoes contain two genes, but only one confers insecticide resistance. here we report the isolation of the full-length cdna and characterization of the complete genomic dna sequence for the ace1 gene in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. the ace1 homolog in o ... | 2007 | 17550823 |
| plasmodium malariae in haitian refugees, jamaica. | since 1963, reported malaria transmission in haiti has been restricted to plasmodium falciparum. however, screening of haitian refugees in jamaica in 2004, by microscopic examination, identified p. falciparum, p. vivax, and p. malariae. pcr confirmed the p. malariae and p. falciparum but not p. vivax infections. dna sequencing and rrna gene sequences showed transmission of p. malariae. this report confirms that p. malariae is still being transmitted in haiti. | 2007 | 17553241 |
| a low-cost repellent for malaria vectors in the americas: results of two field trials in guatemala and peru. | the cost of mosquito repellents in latin america has discouraged their wider use among the poor. to address this problem, a low-cost repellent was developed that reduces the level of expensive repellent actives by combining them with inexpensive fixatives that appear to slow repellent evaporation. the chosen actives were a mixture of para-menthane-diol (pmd) and lemongrass oil (lg). | 2007 | 17678537 |
| effects of anticoagulants on plasmodium vivax oocyst development in anopheles albimanus mosquitoes. | artificial membrane feeding (amf) assays are used to determine malaria transmission-blocking activity in anopheles. the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the most widely used anticoagulants, edta and heparin, on development of the plasmodium vivax sporogonic cycle. blood samples collected from 60 patients carrying p. vivax infections were used to feed an. albimanus using amf. seven days after feeding, mosquitoes were dissected to assess mosquito infection. mosquitoes fed with ... | 2007 | 17690393 |
| purification and cloning of the salivary peroxidase/catechol oxidase of the mosquito anopheles albimanus. | salivary homogenates of the adult female mosquito anopheles albimanus have been shown previously to contain a vasodilatory activity associated with a catechol oxidase/peroxidase activity. we have now purified the salivary peroxidase using high-performance liquid chromatography. the pure enzyme is able to relax rabbit aortic rings pre-constricted with norepinephrine. the peroxidase has a relative molecular mass of 66 907 as estimated by mass spectrometry. amino-terminal sequencing allowed us to d ... | 1999 | 10069970 |
| influence of biological and physicochemical characteristics of larval habitats on the body size of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) along the kenyan coast. | the number and productivity of larval habitats ultimately determine the density of adult mosquitoes. the biological and physicochemical conditions at the larval habitat affect larval development hence affecting the adult body size. the influence of biological and physicochemical characteristics on the body size of anopheles gambiae was assessed in jaribuni village, kilifi district along the kenyan coast. | 2007 | 17722866 |
| a mark release-recapture study to define the flight behaviors of anopheles vestitipennis and anopheles albimanus in belize, central america. | the recapture rates of wild-caught, unengorged anopheles vestitipennis and anopheles albimanus females were determined at 0, 400, and 800 m from a fixed release point in belize, central america. three sampling trials, each consisting of two 12-hour collections, were performed at each distance during september-october 2003. a total of 1,621 an. vestitipennis and 1,326 an. albimanus were marked and released during the course of the study. the recapture rate of an. vestitipennis was greatest at 0 m ... | 2007 | 17939506 |
| monitoring the operational impact of insecticide usage for malaria control on anopheles funestus from mozambique. | indoor residual spraying (irs) has again become popular for malaria control in africa. this combined with the affirmation by who that ddt is appropriate for use in the absence of longer lasting insecticide formulations in some malaria endemic settings, has resulted in an increase in irs with ddt as a major malaria vector control intervention in africa. ddt was re-introduced into mozambique's irs programme in 2005 and is increasingly becoming the main insecticide used for malaria vector control i ... | 2007 | 17973989 |
| construction and characterization of an expressed sequenced tag library for the mosquito vector armigeres subalbatus. | the mosquito, armigeres subalbatus, mounts a distinctively robust innate immune response when infected with the nematode brugia malayi, a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis. in order to mine the transcriptome for new insight into the cascade of events that takes place in response to infection in this mosquito, 6 cdna libraries were generated from tissues of adult female mosquitoes subjected to immune-response activation treatments that lead to well-characterized responses, and from aging, n ... | 2007 | 18088419 |
| ovipositional periodicity of caged anopheles gambiae individuals. | abstract: | 2008 | 18221544 |
| prevalence of plasmodium falciparum infection in rainy season, artibonite valley, haiti, 2006. | we conducted a population-based survey to estimate the prevalence of plasmodium falciparum infection among persons older than 1 month in the artibonite valley of haiti during the high malaria transmission season in 2006. results from pcr for 714 persons showed a prevalence of 3.1% for p. falciparum infection. | 2007 | 18257993 |
| [bioecology in haiti of anopheles albimanus wiedemann, 1820 (diptera:culicidae)]. | hispaniola has the highest malaria rate in the west indies. a study of the bio-ecology of the major vector anopheles albimanus was carried out in haïti. our observations concerned the length of pre-imaginal stages, biting rates and the gonotrophic cycle. a table of its complete life cycle, stage by stage, was produced as well as a graph illustrating its whole larval development in its natural habitat. results in the field and insectarium were compared. in the laboratory, the development was shor ... | 1998 | 9846229 |
| genomic resources for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens, and the role of vectorbase. | high-throughput genome sequencing techniques have now reached vector biology with an emphasis on those species that are vectors of human pathogens. the first mosquito to be sequenced was anopheles gambiae, the vector for plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. further mosquitoes have followed: aedes aegypti (yellow fever and dengue fever vector) and culex pipiens (lymphatic filariasis and west nile fever). species that are currently in sequencing include the body louse pediculus humanus (typhus ... | 2009 | 18262474 |
| colonization and laboratory maintenance of anopheles albimanus wiedemann in venezuela. | anopheles albimanus is one of the main vectors of malaria in central america and the caribbean, based on its importance, there are previous reports of the successful colonization of this species in latin america countries. mosquitoes were collected in the aragua state of venezuela colonized in the laboratory, using a simple and efficient maintenance method. based on life table calculations under well established laboratory conditions, the survival rate probability was constant and always close t ... | 1998 | 9830731 |
| the enhancement of arbovirus transmission and disease by mosquito saliva is associated with modulation of the host immune response. | arthropod-borne (arbo-) viruses have emerged as a major human health concern. viruses transmitted by mosquitoes are the cause of the most serious and widespread arbovirus diseases worldwide and are ubiquitous in both feral and urban settings. arboviruses, including dengue and west nile virus, are injected into vertebrates within mosquito saliva during mosquito feeding. mosquito saliva contains anti-haemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecules that facilitate the acquisition of a ... | 2008 | 18342898 |
| local adaptation and vector-mediated population structure in plasmodium vivax malaria. | plasmodium vivax in southern mexico exhibits different infectivities to 2 local mosquito vectors, anopheles pseudopunctipennis and anopheles albimanus. previous work has tied these differences in mosquito infectivity to variation in the central repeat motif of the malaria parasite's circumsporozoite (csp) gene, but subsequent studies have questioned this view. here we present evidence that p. vivax in southern mexico comprised 3 genetic populations whose distributions largely mirror those of the ... | 2008 | 18385220 |
| prostaglandin e2 modulates the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the fat body and midgut of anopheles albimanus. | prostaglandins (pgs) participate in the regulation of vertebrate and in at least six insect orders' immune responses. we identified pge2 in midgut, fat body, malpighian tubules, and ovarioles of anopheles albimanus (aa) mosquitoes. our data indicate that pge2 synthesis in cultured midguts responds to the presence of two bacterial species, micrococcus luteus and klebsiella pneumoniae. the production of mrna coding for antimicrobial peptides aa-attacin, aa-cecropin, and aa-gambicin was observed in ... | 2008 | 18412259 |
| a comparison of two collection methods for estimating abundance and parity of anopheles albimanus in breeding sites and villages of southern mexico. | the abundance and age structure of anopheles albimanus populations were estimated by uv updraft light traps and human landing catches within villages and in nearby breeding sites of southern méxico. four villages and 5 breeding sites were selected for the study. light trap and human landing catches were simultaneously carried out in each breeding site and each village. anopheles albimanus was the most abundant malaria vector caught in breeding sites and in villages. significant differences in ov ... | 1997 | 9383764 |
| hydrocarbon variations/discrimination between two strains of anopheles albimanus wied from el salvador. | | 1997 | 9329986 |
| conserved mosquito/parasite interactions affect development of plasmodium falciparum in africa. | in much of sub-saharan africa, the mosquito anopheles gambiae is the main vector of the major human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum. convenient laboratory studies have identified mosquito genes that affect positively or negatively the developmental cycle of the model rodent parasite, p. berghei. here, we use transcription profiling and reverse genetics to explore whether five disparate mosquito gene regulators of p. berghei development are also pertinent to a. gambiae/p. falciparum inter ... | 2008 | 18483558 |
| natural infectivity of anopheles species from the pacific and atlantic regions of colombia. | malaria is an important public health problem in colombia. among the major vectors in colombia, anopheles albimanus is recognized for its importance on the pacific coast where it is the predominant species; it is also found in the atlantic coast, although its vectorial role in this region is not clear. we examined the occurrence of an. albimanus in four localities of the pacific and three of the atlantic coast. morphological identification of problematic specimens was confirmed by a molecular as ... | 2008 | 18554564 |
| temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of west nile virus by culex pipiens mosquitoes. | the distribution and intensity of transmission of vector-borne pathogens can be strongly influenced by the competence of vectors. vector competence, in turn, can be influenced by temperature and viral genetics. west nile virus (wnv) was introduced into the united states of america in 1999 and subsequently spread throughout much of the americas. previously, we have shown that a novel genotype of wnv, wn02, first detected in 2001, spread across the us and was more efficient than the introduced gen ... | 2008 | 18584026 |
| a physiological time analysis of the duration of the gonotrophic cycle of anopheles pseudopunctipennis and its implications for malaria transmission in bolivia. | the length of the gonotrophic cycle varies the vectorial capacity of a mosquito vector and therefore its exact estimation is important in epidemiological modelling. because the gonotrophic cycle length depends on temperature, its estimation can be satisfactorily computed by means of physiological time analysis. | 2008 | 18655724 |
| characterization of aquatic mosquito habitat, natural enemies, and immature mosquitoes in the artibonite valley, haiti. | this paper characterizes water body types harboring immature mosquitoes in a low-lying area of haiti and investigates the relationship between immature anopheles albimanus abundance and aquatic predator presence. larval an. albimanus were found in permanent and semi-permanent groundwater habitats including (in order of greatest abundance) hoof/footprints, ditches, rice fields, and ground pools. high levels of species co-occurrence were observed in habitats. among water bodies positive for immatu ... | 2008 | 18697323 |
| establishment of a large semi-field system for experimental study of african malaria vector ecology and control in tanzania. | medical entomologists increasingly recognize that the ability to make inferences between laboratory experiments of vector biology and epidemiological trends observed in the field is hindered by a conceptual and methodological gap occurring between these approaches which prevents hypothesis-driven empirical research from being conducted on relatively large and environmentally realistic scales. the development of semi-field systems (sfs) has been proposed as the best mechanism for bridging this ga ... | 2008 | 18715508 |
| cyanobacterial toxins as allelochemicals with potential applications as algaecides, herbicides and insecticides. | cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae") from marine and freshwater habitats are known to produce a diverse array of toxic or otherwise bioactive metabolites. however, the functional role of the vast majority of these compounds, particularly in terms of the physiology and ecology of the cyanobacteria that produce them, remains largely unknown. a limited number of studies have suggested that some of the compounds may have ecological roles as allelochemicals, specifically including compounds that may in ... | 2008 | 18728763 |
| cross-tolerances of dieldrin-resistant flies and mosquitos to various cyclodiene insecticides. | nineteen cyclodiene insecticides incorporating major and minor structural variations of the chlorinated bridged bicycloheptene structure were evaluated against susceptible and dieldrin-resistant houseflies, and against larvae and adults of susceptible culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say and dieldrin-resistant anopheles albimanus wied. determinations of ld(50) or lc(50) values demonstrated cross-resistance to all of the cyclodienes studied. this cross-resistance was very marked for most compounds, ... | 1962 | 13935172 |
| mosquitoes and transmission of malaria parasites - not just vectors. | the regional malaria epidemics of the early 1900s provided the basis for much of our current understanding of malaria epidemiology. colonel gill, an eminent malariologist of that time, suggested that the explosive nature of the regional epidemics was due to a sudden increased infectiousness of the adult population. his pertinent observations underlying this suggestion have, however, gone unheeded. here, the literature on plasmodium seasonal behaviour is reviewed and three historical data sets, c ... | 2004 | 15533243 |
| [malaria in haiti today]. | haiti is the only caribbean island where malaria, practically always due to plasmodium falciparum, persists in an epidemic-endemic state. in 1995 haitian strains of p. falciparum were still sensitive to chloroquine. the principal vector is anopheles albimanus, but the recent introduction in the south of haiti of an. pseudopunctipennis, which is an effective vector of p. falciparum in central america, requires appropriate entomological surveillance. essentially rural and seasonal, malaria is incr ... | 2004 | 15745868 |
| effect of nitric oxide on dengue virus replication in aedes aegypti and anopheles albimanus. | dengue virus (denv) is transmitted to humans by aedes sp. mosquitoes. little is known about the cellular and molecular interactions between the virus and the mosquito. the identification of resistance mechanisms could provide insight for the development of control strategies based on genetic manipulation. | 2008 | 19023217 |
| pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector anopheles arabiensis from gwave, a malaria-endemic area in zimbabwe. | insecticide resistance can present a major obstacle to malaria control programmes. following the recent detection of ddt resistance in anopheles arabiensis in gokwe, zimbabwe, the underlying resistance mechanisms in this population were studied. | 2008 | 19038063 |
| plasmodium vivax: who cares? | more attention is being focused on malaria today than any time since the world's last efforts to achieve eradication over 40 years ago. the global community is now discussing strategies aimed at dramatically reducing malarial disease burden and the eventual eradication of all types of malaria, everywhere. as a consequence, plasmodium vivax, which has long been neglected and mistakenly considered inconsequential, is now entering into the strategic debates taking place on malaria epidemiology and ... | 2008 | 19091043 |
| detection of rna from a novel west nile-like virus and high prevalence of an insect-specific flavivirus in mosquitoes in the yucatan peninsula of mexico. | as part of our ongoing surveillance efforts for west nile virus (wnv) in the yucatan peninsula of mexico, 96,687 mosquitoes collected from january through december 2007 were assayed by virus isolation in mammalian cells. three mosquito pools caused cytopathic effect. two isolates were orthobunyaviruses (cache valley virus and kairi virus) and the identity of the third infectious agent was not determined. a subset of mosquitoes was also tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (r ... | 2009 | 19141845 |
| [entomological observations of a malarial outbreak during an intensive surveillance stage in albaisa, camagüey]. | an entomological study of the species of anopheles genus existing in albaisa, a rural area located in camagüey province, was conducted through catching on human bait during an intensive surveillance stage of a malarial outbreak. this study was made from november to december 1990. the species anopheles albimanus contributed the highest values of abundance and parity. by evaluating the last biotic variable, it will be possible to achieve a reliable assessment of the infective capacity of this spec ... | 2002 | 15849938 |
| insight into the sialome of the black fly, simulium vittatum. | adaptation to vertebrate blood feeding includes development of a salivary "magic potion" that can disarm host hemostasis and inflammatory reactions. within the lower diptera, a vertebrate blood-sucking mode evolved in the psychodidae (sand flies), culicidae (mosquitoes), ceratopogonidae (biting midges), simuliidae (black flies), and the frog-feeding corethrellidae. sialotranscriptome analyses from several species of mosquitoes and sand flies and from one biting midge indicate divergence in the e ... | 2009 | 19166301 |
| an insect farnesyl phosphatase homologous to the n-terminal domain of soluble epoxide hydrolase. | in insects, farnesyl pyrophosphate (fpp) is converted to juvenile hormone (jh) via a conserved pathway consisting of isoprenoid-derived metabolites. the first step of this pathway is presumed to be hydrolysis of fpp to farnesol in the ring gland. based on alignment of putative phosphatases from drosophila melanogaster with the phosphatase domain of soluble epoxide hydrolase, phos2680 and phos15739 with conserved phosphatase motifs were identified, cloned and purified. both d. melanogaster phosph ... | 2009 | 19168029 |
| [biolarvicide bacillus sphaericus-2362(griselesf) for the control of malaria in a health area of the republic of honduras]. | the results of the application of biolarvicide bacillus sphaericus-2362(griselesf) for the reduction of larval densities of anopheles albimanus as the impact on the epidemiological situation of the disease in health area 2, sanitary region 1 of the ministry of health care of honduras. the biolarvicide was applied in 1999 in five health units which were the most affected by this tropical disease (ojo del agua, villa de san francisco, san juan de flores, moroceli and el jicarito). the dose used wa ... | 2002 | 15849940 |
| the salivary transcriptome of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) larvae: a microarray-based analysis. | in spite of the many recent developments in the field of vector sialomics, the salivary glands of larval mosquitoes have been largely unexplored. we used whole-transcriptome microarray analysis to create a gene-expression profile of the salivary gland tissue of fourth-instar anopheles gambiae larvae, and compare it to the gene-expression profile of a matching group of whole larvae. we identified a total of 221 probes with expression values that were (a) significantly enriched in the salivary gla ... | 2009 | 19328852 |
| a supervised land cover classification of a western kenya lowland endemic for human malaria: associations of land cover with larval anopheles habitats. | a supervised land cover classification was developed from very high resolution ikonos satellite data and extensive ground truth sampling of a ca. 10 sq km malaria-endemic lowland in western kenya. the classification was then applied to an investigation of distribution of larval anopheles habitats. the hypothesis was that the distribution and abundance of aquatic habitats of larvae of various species of mosquitoes in the genus anopheles is associated with identifiable landscape features. | 2009 | 19371425 |
| chloroquine-resistant haplotype plasmodium falciparum parasites, haiti. | plasmodium falciparum parasites have been endemic to haiti for >40 years without evidence of chloroquine (cq) resistance. in 2006 and 2007, we obtained blood smears for rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) and filter paper blots of blood from 821 persons by passive and active case detection. p. falciparum infections diagnosed for 79 persons by blood smear or rdt were confirmed by pcr for the small subunit rrna gene of p. falciparum. amplification of the p. falciparum cq resistance transporter (pfcrt) g ... | 2009 | 19402959 |
| implication of the mosquito midgut microbiota in the defense against malaria parasites. | malaria-transmitting mosquitoes are continuously exposed to microbes, including their midgut microbiota. this naturally acquired microbial flora can modulate the mosquito's vectorial capacity by inhibiting the development of plasmodium and other human pathogens through an unknown mechanism. we have undertaken a comprehensive functional genomic approach to elucidate the molecular interplay between the bacterial co-infection and the development of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum i ... | 2009 | 19424427 |
| the anopheles gambiae salivary protein gsg6: an anopheline-specific protein with a blood-feeding role. | the anopheles gambiae salivary gland protein 6 (gsg6) is a small protein specifically found in the salivary glands of adult female mosquitoes. we report here the expression of a recombinant form of the protein and we show that in vivo gsg6 is expressed in distal-lateral lobes and is secreted with the saliva while the female mosquito probes for feeding. injection of gsg6 dsrna into adult a. gambiae females results in decreased gsg6 protein levels, increased probing time and reduced blood feeding ... | 2009 | 19442731 |
| carbonic anhydrases and anion transport in mosquito midgut ph regulation. | mosquito larvae use a digestive strategy that is relatively rare in nature. the anterior half of the larval mosquito midgut has a luminal ph that ranges between 10.5 and 11.5. most other organisms, both large and small, initiate digestion in an acid medium. the relative uniqueness of the highly alkaline digestive strategy has been a long-standing research focus in larval lepidopterans. more recently, the disease vector potential of mosquitoes has fueled specific interest in larval mosquito biolo ... | 2009 | 19448076 |
| bacterial diversity analysis of larvae and adult midgut microflora using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods in lab-reared and field-collected anopheles stephensi-an asian malarial vector. | mosquitoes are intermediate hosts for numerous disease causing organisms. vector control is one of the most investigated strategy for the suppression of mosquito-borne diseases. anopheles stephensi is one of the vectors of malaria parasite plasmodium vivax. the parasite undergoes major developmental and maturation steps within the mosquito midgut and little is known about anopheles-associated midgut microbiota. identification and characterization of the mosquito midgut flora is likely to contrib ... | 2009 | 19450290 |
| role of fish as predators of mosquito larvae on the floodplain of the gambia river. | we examined the potential of using native fish species in regulating mosquitoes in the floodplain of the gambia river, the major source of mosquitoes in rural parts of the gambia. fishes and mosquito larvae were sampled along two 2.3-km-long transects, from the landward edge of the floodplain to the river from may to november 2005 to 2007. a semifield trial was used to test the predatory capacity of fish on mosquito larvae and the influence of fish chemical cues on oviposition. in the field, the ... | 2009 | 19496426 |
| genome-wide transcriptomic profiling of anopheles gambiae hemocytes reveals pathogen-specific signatures upon bacterial challenge and plasmodium berghei infection. | the mosquito anopheles gambiae is a major vector of human malaria. increasing evidence indicates that blood cells (hemocytes) comprise an essential arm of the mosquito innate immune response against both bacteria and malaria parasites. to further characterize the role of hemocytes in mosquito immunity, we undertook the first genome-wide transcriptomic analyses of adult female an. gambiae hemocytes following infection by two species of bacteria and a malaria parasite. | 2009 | 19500340 |
| the vasa regulatory region mediates germline expression and maternal transmission of proteins in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae: a versatile tool for genetic control strategies. | germline specific promoters are an essential component of potential vector control strategies which function by genetic drive, however suitable promoters are not currently available for the main human malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | 2009 | 19573226 |
| an insight into the transcriptome and proteome of the salivary gland of the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans. | adult stable flies are blood feeders, a nuisance, and mechanical vectors of veterinary diseases. to enable efficient feeding, blood sucking insects have evolved a sophisticated array of salivary compounds to disarm their host's hemostasis and inflammatory reaction. while the sialomes of several blood sucking nematocera flies have been described, no thorough description has been made so far of any brachycera, except for a detailed proteome analysis of a tabanid (xu et al., 2008). in this work we ... | 2009 | 19576987 |
| practical pcr genotyping protocols for plasmodium vivax using pvcs and pvmsp1. | plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent malaria parasite affecting more than 75 million people each year, mostly in south america and asia. in addition to major morbidity this parasite is associated with relapses and a reduction in birthweight. the emergence and spread of drug resistance in plasmodium falciparum is a major factor in the resurgence of this parasite. p. vivax resistance to drugs has more recently emerged and monitoring the situation would be helped, as for p. falciparum, by ... | 2005 | 15854233 |
| dihydronepetalactones deter feeding activity by mosquitoes, stable flies, and deer ticks. | the essential oil of catmint, nepeta cataria l., contains nepetalactones, that, on hydrogenation, yield the corresponding dihydronepetalactone (dhn) diastereomers. the dhn diastereomer (4r,4ar,7s,7as)-4,7-dimethylhexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-1(3h)-one, dhn 1) was evaluated as mosquito repellent, as was the mixture of diastereomers {mostly (4s,4ar,7s,7ar)-4,7-dimethylhexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-1(3h)-one, dhn 2} present after hydrogenation of catmint oil itself. the repellency of these materials t ... | 2009 | 19645285 |
| adaptation and evaluation of the bottle assay for monitoring insecticide resistance in disease vector mosquitoes in the peruvian amazon. | the purpose of this study was to establish whether the "bottle assay", a tool for monitoring insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, can complement and augment the capabilities of the established who assay, particularly in resource-poor, logistically challenging environments. | 2009 | 19728871 |
| expression of metallothionein and alpha-tubulin in heavy metal-tolerant anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (diptera: culicidae). | anopheles mosquitoes have been shown to adapt to heavy metals in their natural habitats. in this study we explored the possibility of using anopheles gambiae sensu stricto as bio-reporters for environmental heavy metal pollution through expressions of their metal-responsive metallothionein and alpha-tubulin genes. the study was undertaken with third instar larvae after selection by cadmium, copper, or lead at lc(30) through five successive generations. expression levels were determined in the 5t ... | 2010 | 19735939 |
| experimental hut evaluation of bednets treated with an organophosphate (chlorpyrifos-methyl) or a pyrethroid (lambdacyhalothrin) alone and in combination against insecticide-resistant anopheles gambiae and culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. | pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes are becoming increasingly common in parts of africa. it is important to identify alternative insecticides which, if necessary, could be used to replace or supplement the pyrethroids for use on treated nets. certain compounds of an earlier generation of insecticides, the organophosphates may have potential as net treatments. | 2005 | 15918909 |
| a mechanistic approach for accurate simulation of village scale malaria transmission. | malaria transmission models commonly incorporate spatial environmental and climate variability for making regional predictions of disease risk. however, a mismatch of these models' typical spatial resolutions and the characteristic scale of malaria vector population dynamics may confound disease risk predictions in areas of high spatial hydrological variability such as the sahel region of africa. | 2009 | 19799793 |
| transgenesis and paratransgenesis to control insect-borne diseases: current status and future challenges. | insect-borne diseases cause significant human morbidity and mortality. current control and preventive methods against vector-borne diseases rely mainly on insecticides. the emergence of insecticide resistance in many disease vectors highlights the necessity to develop new strategies to control these insects. vector transgenesis and paratransgenesis are novel strategies that aim at reducing insect vectorial capacity, or seek to eliminate transmission of pathogens such as plasmodium sp., trypanoso ... | 2010 | 19819346 |
| successful sporozoite challenge model in human volunteers with plasmodium vivax strain derived from human donors. | successful establishment of a plasmodium vivax sporozoite challenge model in humans is described. eighteen healthy adult, malaria-naïve volunteers were randomly allocated to groups a-c and exposed to 3 +/- 1, 6 +/- 1, and 9 +/- 1 bites of anopheles albimanus mosquitoes infected with p. vivax, respectively. seventeen volunteers developed signs and symptoms consistent with malaria, and geometric mean prepatent periods of 11.1 days (9.3-11) for group a; 10.8 days (9.8-11.9) for group b; and 10.6 da ... | 2009 | 19861603 |
| ethical, legal and social aspects of the approach in sudan. | the global malaria situation, especially in africa, and the problems frequently encountered in chemical control of vectors such as insecticide resistance, emphasize the urgency of research, development and implementation of new vector control technologies that are applicable at regional and local levels. the successful application of the sterile insect technique (sit) for the control of the new world screwworm cochliomyia hominivorax and several species of fruit flies has given impetus to the us ... | 2009 | 19917073 |
| transgenic technologies to induce sterility. | the last few years have witnessed a considerable expansion in the number of tools available to perform molecular and genetic studies on the genome of anopheles mosquitoes, the vectors of human malaria. as a consequence, knowledge of aspects of the biology of mosquitoes, such as immunity, reproduction and behaviour, that are relevant to their ability to transmit disease is rapidly increasing, and could be translated into concrete benefits for malaria control strategies. amongst the most important ... | 2009 | 19917077 |
| male mating biology. | before sterile mass-reared mosquitoes are released in an attempt to control local populations, many facets of male mating biology need to be elucidated. large knowledge gaps exist in how both sexes meet in space and time, the correlation of male size and mating success and in which arenas matings are successful. previous failures in mosquito sterile insect technique (sit) projects have been linked to poor knowledge of local mating behaviours or the selection of deleterious phenotypes during colo ... | 2009 | 19917078 |
| field site selection: getting it right first time around. | the selection of suitable field sites for integrated control of anopheles mosquitoes using the sterile insect technique (sit) requires consideration of the full gamut of factors facing most proposed control strategies, but four criteria identify an ideal site: 1) a single malaria vector, 2) an unstructured, relatively low density target population, 3) isolation of the target population and 4) actual or potential malaria incidence. such a site can exist in a diverse range of situations or can be ... | 2009 | 19917079 |
| population structure analyses and demographic history of the malaria vector anopheles albimanus from the caribbean and the pacific regions of colombia. | anopheles albimanus is an important malaria vector in some areas throughout its distribution in the caribbean and the pacific regions of colombia, covering three biogeographic zones of the neotropical region, maracaibo, magdalena and chocó. | 2009 | 19922672 |
| characterization of expression, activity and role in antibacterial immunity of anopheles gambiae lysozyme c-1. | there are eight lysozyme genes in the anopheles gambiae genome. transcripts of one of these genes, lysc-1, increased in anopheles gambiae cell line 4a3b by 24 h after exposure to heat-killed micrococcus luteus. lysozyme activity was also identified in conditioned media from the cell line from which the protein was purified to homogeneity using ion exchange and gel filtration. mass spectrometric analysis of the purified protein showed 100% identity to lysozyme c-1. purified lysozyme c-1 was teste ... | 2010 | 19932188 |
| an alpha-amylase is a novel receptor for bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis cry4ba and cry11aa toxins in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles albimanus (diptera: culicidae). | bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis (bti) produces four cry toxins (cry4aa, cry4ba, cry10aa and cry11aa), and two cyt proteins (cyt1aa and cyt2ba), toxic to mosquito-larvae of the genus aedes, anopheles and culex, important human disease vectors that transmit dengue virus, malaria and filarial parasites respectively. previous work showed that bti is highly toxic to anopheles albimanus, the main vector for transmission of malaria in mexico. in this work, we analysed the toxicity of isolated c ... | 2010 | 20002140 |
| species composition and natural infectivity of anthropophilic anopheles (diptera: culicidae) in the states of córdoba and antioquia, northwestern colombia. | malaria is a serious health problem in the states of córdoba and antioquia, northwestern colombia, where 64.4% of total colombian cases were reported in 2007. because little entomological information is available in this region, the aim of this work was to identify the anopheles species composition and natural infectivity of mosquitoes distributed in seven localities with highest malaria transmission. a total of 1,768 anopheles mosquitoes were collected using human landing catches from march 200 ... | 2009 | 20140372 |
| laboratory estimation of the effects of increasing temperatures on the duration of gonotrophic cycle of anopheles albimanus (diptera: culicidae). | the increase of malaria transmission in the pacific coast of colombia during the occurrence of el niño warm event has been found not to be linked to increases in the density of the vector anopheles albimanus, but to other temperature-sensitive variables such as longevity, duration of the gonotrophic cycle or the sporogonic period of plasmodium. the present study estimated the effects of temperature on duration of the gonotrophic cycle and on maturation of the ovaries of an. albimanus. blood fed ... | 2005 | 16184229 |
| anopheles aquasalis infected by plasmodium vivax displays unique gene expression profiles when compared to other malaria vectors and plasmodia. | malaria affects 300 million people worldwide every year and is endemic in 22 countries in the americas where transmission occurs mainly in the amazon region. most malaria cases in the americas are caused by plasmodium vivax, a parasite that is almost impossible to cultivate in vitro, and anopheles aquasalis is an important malaria vector. understanding the interactions between this vector and its parasite will provide important information for development of disease control strategies. to this e ... | 2010 | 20339545 |
| comparative susceptibility of three species of anopheles from belize, central america, to plasmodium falciparum (nf-54). | in august of 2000, a comparative susceptibility study was conducted using 3 species of anopheles mosquitoes from belize, central america, and a standard species used in laboratory infection studies, anopheles stephensi. test populations were fed human blood infected with cultured plasmodium falciparum (nf-54 strain) parasites via a membrane feeder. the control species, an. stephensi, exhibited the highest infections, with 73.8% of dissected specimens positive for sporozoites in the salivary glan ... | 2005 | 16252518 |
| single concentration tests show synergism among bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis toxins against the malaria vector mosquito anopheles albimanus. | bioassays of insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis with larvae of the malaria vector mosquito anopheles albimanus showed that the cytolytic protein cyt1aa was not toxic alone, but it increased the toxicity of the crystalline proteins cry4ba and cry11aa. synergism also occurred between cry4ba and cry11aa toxins. whereas many previous analyses of synergism have been based on a series of toxin concentrations leading to comparisons between expected and observed values ... | 2010 | 20361977 |
| sequence variation of ookinete surface proteins pvs25 and pvs28 of plasmodium vivax isolates from southern mexico and their association to local anophelines infectivity. | the polymorphism of pvs25 and pvs28 ookinete surface proteins, their association to circumsporozoite protein repeat (cspr) genotypes (vk210 and vk247) and their infectivity to local anopheles albimanus and anopheles pseudopunctipennis were investigated in plasmodium vivax-infected blood samples obtained from patients in southern mexico. the pvs25 and pvs28 complete genes were amplified, cloned and sequenced; and the cspr genotype was determined by pcr amplification and hybridization. the amino a ... | 2010 | 20363376 |
| detection of flaviviruses and orthobunyaviruses in mosquitoes in the yucatan peninsula of mexico in 2008. | a total of 191,244 mosquitoes from 24 species were collected in the yucatan peninsula of mexico from january to december 2008, and tested for the presence of cytopathic virus by virus isolation in vero cells. eighteen virus isolates were obtained, all of which were orthobunyaviruses. these were identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and nucleotide sequencing as cache valley virus (n=17) and south river virus (n=1). a subset (n=20,124) of culex quinquefasciatus col ... | 2010 | 20370430 |
| biological cost of tolerance to heavy metals in the mosquito anopheles gambiae. | the global rate of heavy metal pollution is rapidly increasing in various habitats. anopheles malaria vector species (diptera: culicidae) appear to tolerate many aquatic habitats with metal pollutants, despite their normal proclivity for 'clean' water (i.e. low levels of organic matter). investigations were conducted to establish whether there are biological costs for tolerance to heavy metals in anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto and to assess the potential impact of heavy metal pollution on ... | 2010 | 20374478 |
| male accessory gland proteins induce female monogamy in anopheline mosquitoes. | the role of male accessory gland (mag) secretions in inducing refractoriness to further mating in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) was established in the late 1960s. in a set of simple experiments, mag extract was injected intra-thoraxically into the hemocoel of virgin aedes aegypti (l.), culex pipiens pipiens (l.) and anopheles quadrimaculatus say females. this subsequently caused most females to remain unmated when exposed to males. for anophelines these findings were later challenged by a stud ... | 2010 | 20377737 |
| suppressing aedes albopictus, an emerging vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses, by a novel combination of a monomolecular film and an insect-growth regulator. | the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus (skuse) is rapidly increasing its global range and importance in transmission of chikungunya and dengue viruses. we tested pellet formulations of a monomolecular film (agnique) and (s)-methoprene (altosid) under laboratory and field conditions. in the laboratory, agnique provided 80% control for 20 days, whereas altosid, in combination with agnique, provided 80% control for > 60 days. during field trials, the 1:1 pellet ratio of combined products provide ... | 2010 | 20439963 |
| incrimination of the mosquito, aedes taeniorhynchus, as the primary vector of heartworm, dirofilaria immitis, in coastal yucatan, mexico. | mosquito collections were carried out on microfilaraemic dogs, positive for dirofilaria sp., for 18 consecutive nights in the coastal town of celestún, yucatan, southeast mexico, during the rainy season (august) of 2007. a total of 292 female mosquitoes representing 12 species of dipteran culicidae were collected: anopheles albimanus (wiedemann); anopheles crucians (wiedemann); anopheles pseudopunctipennis (theobald); culex coronator (dyar & knab); culex interrogator (dyar & knab); culex nigripa ... | 2010 | 20572932 |
| prevalence of plasmodium vivax vk210 and vk247 subtype in myanmar. | plasmodium vivax is divided into two subtypes, a dominant form, vk210 and a variant form, vk247. this division is dependent on the amino acid composition of the circumsporozoite (cs) protein. in this study, the prevalence of the vk247 variant form of p. vivax was investigated in myanmar. | 2010 | 20615261 |
| universal primers for the amplification and sequence analysis of actin-1 from diverse mosquito species. | we report the development of universal primers for the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) amplification and nucleotide sequence analysis of actin cdnas from taxonomically diverse mosquito species. primers specific to conserved regions of the invertebrate actin-1 gene were designed after actin cdna sequences of anopheles gambiae, bombyx mori, drosophila melanogaster, and caenorhabditis elegans. the efficacy of these primers was determined by rt-pcr with the use of total rna ... | 2010 | 20649132 |
| salivary polytene chromosome map of anopheles darlingi, the main vector of neotropical malaria. | new photomap of anopheles (nyssorhynchus) darlingi root, 1926, is described for a population from guajará-mirim, state of rondonia, brazil. the number of sections in the previous a. darlingi reference map was maintained and new subsections were added to the five chromosome arms. breakage points of paracentric inversions had been previously incorporated into the photomap of this species. an additional inversion is reported, called 3lc, totaling 14 inversions in the a. darlingi chromosome arms. th ... | 2010 | 20682862 |
| differential expression of proteins in the midgut of anopheles albimanus infected with plasmodium berghei. | the main vector for transmission of malaria in mexico is the anopheles albimanus mosquito. the midgut of disease-transmitting mosquitoes carries out a variety of functions that are related to blood feeding. we analyzed the midgut of a. albimanus infected with plasmodium berghei (resistant mosquito) using a proteomic approach to identify putative short peptides that are enriched in the midgut after blood feeding. mosquito midguts were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis to determine the c ... | 2010 | 20692341 |
| induction of transmission-blocking immunity in aotus monkeys by vaccination with a plasmodium vivax clinical grade pvs25 recombinant protein. | aotus monkeys were used to determine the immunogenicity of pvs25 protein expressed in the zygote/ookinete surface. animals were immunized in three times with 100 microg of pvs25 formulated in montanide isa-720. antibodies to pvs25 detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay appeared by day 30 after the first immunization, with a peak of antibodies levels on day 150. these antibodies were still detectable on day 300. plasma samples on day 150 from experimental group were able to completely b ... | 2005 | 16291764 |