| monitoring of brevetoxins in the karenia brevis bloom-exposed eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica). | brevetoxin uptake and elimination were examined in eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) exposed to recurring blooms of the marine alga karenia brevis in sarasota bay, fl, over a three-year period. brevetoxins were monitored by in vitro assays (elisa, cytotoxicity assay, and receptor binding assay) and lc-ms, with in vivo toxicity of shellfish extracts assessed by the traditional mouse bioassay. measurements by all methods reflected well the progression and magnitude of the blooms. highest leve ... | 2008 | 18582486 |
| factors associated with the prevalence of perkinsus marinus in crassostrea virginica from the southern gulf of mexico. | the protozoan perkinsus marinus is considered the most important pathogen of the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica, causing high mortality in natural and farmed oysters on the atlantic coast of the us. in mexico, no serious p. marinus epizootic has been reported. this study describes the current state of p. marinus prevalence in terminos lagoon (mexico) associated with environmental factors including salinity, temperature, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, silica, and phosphorus. in addition, the a ... | 2008 | 18590000 |
| genetic relatedness among tdh+ and trh+ vibrio parahaemolyticus cultured from gulf of mexico oysters (crassostrea virginica) and surrounding water and sediment. | pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus (vp) (tdh(+)/trh(+)) represent a small percentage of environmental vp populations, and very little is known about this subpopulation. repetitive extragenic palindromic pcr and multilocus sequence analysis revealed heterogeneity among 41 vp containing thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and tdh-related hemolysin (trh) that were isolated from mississippi coastal environments from october 2006 to april 2007. there was no source-specific sequestering in oysters, wa ... | 2009 | 18607657 |
| effects of hypercapnic hypoxia on inactivation and elimination of vibrio campbellii in the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica. | the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica, inhabits shallow coastal waters that frequently experience periods of low dissolved oxygen (hypoxia) and elevated co(2) (hypercapnia) levels. bacteria are extremely abundant in these environments and accumulate in large numbers in filter-feeding oysters, which can act as passive carriers of human pathogens. although hypercapnic hypoxia (hh) can affect certain specific immune mechanisms, its direct effect on the inactivation, degradation and elimination ... | 2008 | 18676695 |
| effectiveness of icing as a postharvest treatment for control of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica). | the focus of this research was to investigate the efficacy of icing as a postharvest treatment for reduction of the levels of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus in commercial quantities of shellstock oysters. the experiments were conducted in june and august of 2006 and consisted of the following treatments: (i) on-board icing immediately after harvest; (ii) dockside icing approximately 1 to 2 h prior to shipment; and (iii) no icing (control). changes in the levels of pathogenic vibri ... | 2008 | 18680950 |
| effects of salinity, heavy metals and pesticides on health and physiology of oysters in the caloosahatchee estuary, florida. | the caloosahatchee estuary has been exhibiting signs of impaired ecological health due to the extensive hydrological alteration, agricultural land use, and increasing watershed development. this project investigated the responses of the american oyster, crassostrea virginica at five locations in the caloosahatchee river in relation to salinity changes, levels of heavy metals, pesticides, and pcbs in the water as well as in the oyster tissue. individual heavy metal and organochlorine pesticide co ... | 2008 | 18686029 |
| seasonal tracking of histo-blood group antigen expression and norovirus binding in oyster gastrointestinal cells. | noroviruses (nors) are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks. outbreaks are often associated with the consumption of contaminated oysters and generally occur between the months of november and march, when oysters produce the highest levels of glycogen. oyster glycogen has been proposed as playing a role in nor accumulation. recent research indicates that histo-blood group antigens (hbgas) function as viral receptors on human gastrointestinal cells. in this study, oyster glycog ... | 2008 | 18724767 |
| shellfish tissues evaluated for perkinsus spp. using the ray's fluid thioglycollate medium culture assay can be used for downstream molecular assays. | ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (rftm) culture assay is the standard, recommended method for surveillance of perkinsus spp. infections in marine molluscs. in this assay, shellfish tissues are incubated in rftm, stained with lugol's iodine solution to render perkinsus spp. cells blue-black, and evaluated microscopically to rate infection intensities. a limitation of this assay, however, is the lack of pathogen species specificity. generally, identification of perkinsus spp. requires dna sequenc ... | 2008 | 18814549 |
| bioaccumulation, retention, and depuration of enteric viruses by crassostrea virginica and crassostrea ariakensis oysters. | crassostrea ariakensis oysters are under review for introduction into the chesapeake bay. however, the human health implications of the introduction have not been fully addressed. this study evaluated rates of bioaccumulation, retention, and depuration of viruses by crassostrea virginica and c. ariakensis when the two oyster species were maintained in separate tanks containing synthetic seawater of various salinities (8, 12, or 20 ppt). oyster bioaccumulation tanks were seeded with 10(3) pfu/ml ... | 2008 | 18820067 |
| complete mitochondrial dna sequence of oyster crassostrea hongkongensis-a case of "tandem duplication-random loss" for genome rearrangement in crassostrea? | mitochondrial dna sequences are extensively used as genetic markers not only for studies of population or ecological genetics, but also for phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses. complete mt-sequences can reveal information about gene order and its variation, as well as gene and genome evolution when sequences from multiple phyla are compared. mitochondrial gene order is highly variable among mollusks, with bivalves exhibiting the most variability. of the 41 complete mt genomes sequenced so far ... | 2008 | 18847502 |
| differential localization and bacteriostasis of vibrio campbellii among tissues of the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica. | in bivalve mollusks the roles of individual tissues in antimicrobial defense remain unclear. in this study, crassostrea virginica were injected in the adductor muscle with 10(5) live vibrio campbellii. major tissues were dissected at 10, 30, 60 or 120 min postinjection (pi); in each tissue undegraded (intact) bacteria were quantified by real-time pcr and culturable bacteria were enumerated by selective plating. at 10 min pi, accumulation of bacteria varied among tissues from approximately 2.4 x ... | 2009 | 19022286 |
| reduction of vibrio vulnificus in pure culture, half shell and whole shell oysters (crassostrea virginica) by x-ray. | the purpose of this investigation was to study the inactivation effect of x-ray treatments on inoculated vibrio vulnificus in pure culture, half shell and whole shell oysters to achieve a 5.0 log reduction, which is recommended by the interstate shellfish sanitation conference and the food and drug administration. a mixed culture of three v. vulnificus strains was used to prepare the pure culture and inoculated oysters. the pure culture and inoculated oysters were treated with 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 0.7 ... | 2009 | 19217681 |
| molecular epizootiology of perkinsus marinus and p. chesapeaki infections among wild oysters and clams in chesapeake bay, usa. | perkinsus marinus and p. chesapeaki host ranges among wild chesapeake bay, usa, region bivalves were examined by surveying crassostrea virginica oysters and members of several sympatric clam species from 11 locations. perkinsus genus- and species-specific pcr assays were performed on dna samples from 731 molluscs, and species-specific in situ hybridization assays were performed on a selected subset of histological samples whose pcr results indicated dual or atypical perkinsus sp. infections. pcr ... | 2008 | 19244976 |
| inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus in pure culture, whole live and half shell oysters (crassostrea virginica) by x-ray. | to study the inactivation effect of different doses of x-ray on vibrio parahaemolyticus in pure culture, inoculated whole live and half shell oysters and to evaluate the efficacy of x-ray doses on reduction of inherent microflora on oysters. | 2009 | 19291215 |
| temperature effects on the depuration of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus from the american oyster (crassostrea virginica). | this study investigated temperature effects on depuration for reducing vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in american oyster (crassostrea virginica). raw oysters were inoculated with 5-strain cocktail of v. parahaemolyticus or v. vulnificus to levels of 10(4) to 10(5) mpn (most probable number)/g and depurated in artificial seawater (asw) at 22, 15, 10, and 5 degrees c. depuration of oysters at 22 degrees c had limited effects on reducing v. parahaemolyticus or v. vulnificus in the oy ... | 2009 | 19323759 |
| using bivalves as particle collectors with pcr detection to investigate the environmental distribution of haplosporidium nelsoni. | recently, pcr technology has been applied to search for marine microorganisms in environmental samples. such sampling, however, has drawbacks, including the need to collect and filter large volumes of water, and the presence of substances in environmental samples that may destroy dna or interfere with dna isolation and amplification. we explored the possibility of using suspension-feeding bivalves in conjunction with pcr to investigate the environmental distribution of microparasites using the o ... | 2009 | 19326797 |
| a transcriptomic analysis of land-use impacts on the oyster, crassostrea virginica, in the south atlantic bight. | increasing utilization and human population density in the coastal zone is widely believed to place increasing stresses on the resident biota, but confirmation of this belief is somewhat lacking. while we have solid evidence that highly disturbed estuarine systems have dramatic changes in the resident biota (black and white if you will), we lack tools that distinguish the shades of grey. in part, this lack of ability to distinguish shades of grey stems from the analytical tools that have been ap ... | 2009 | 19457208 |
| evidence indicating the existence of a novel family of serine protease inhibitors that may be involved in marine invertebrate immunity. | a new serine protease inhibitor, designated cvsi-2, was purified and characterized from the plasma of the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica. cvsi-2 inhibited the serine protease subtilisin a in a slow-tight binding manner, with an overall dissociation constant ki* of 0.18 nm. it also inhibited perkinsin, the major extracellular protease of the oyster protozoan parasite perkinsus marinus. sequencing of cvsi-2 cloned cdna revealed an open reading frame of 258 bp encoding a polypeptide of 85 am ... | 2009 | 19464375 |
| in vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenic activities and inhibition of hormone-dependent and -independent breast cancer cells by ceramide methylaminoethylphosphonate. | ceramide methylaminoethylphosphonate (cmaepn) was isolated from eastern oyster ( crassostrea virginica ) and screened against in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis and against mcf-7 and mda-mb-435s breast cancer cell lines. in vitro angiogenesis was evaluated by the vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (huvec) tube formation assay. mcf-7 and mda-mb-435s cell viability was evaluated by the celltiter 96 aq(ueous) one solution cell proliferation assay. ... | 2009 | 19476359 |
| shellfish face uncertain future in high co2 world: influence of acidification on oyster larvae calcification and growth in estuaries. | human activities have increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide by 36% during the past 200 years. one third of all anthropogenic co(2) has been absorbed by the oceans, reducing ph by about 0.1 of a unit and significantly altering their carbonate chemistry. there is widespread concern that these changes are altering marine habitats severely, but little or no attention has been given to the biota of estuarine and coastal settings, ecosystems that are less ph buffered because of natura ... | 2009 | 19478855 |
| phase variation, capsular polysaccharide, pilus and flagella contribute to uptake of vibrio vulnificus by the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica). | vibrio vulnificus infections are associated with raw oyster consumption, and disease reservoirs are determined by the ability of this bacterium to infect and persist in oysters. surface structures, such as capsular polysaccharide (cps), pili and flagella, function as virulence factors in mouse infection models. furthermore, virulence is related to phase variation in colony morphology, which reflects cps expression and includes opaque (encapsulated, virulent), translucent (reduced encapsulation, ... | 2009 | 19689704 |
| co-localized crassostrea virginica and crassostrea ariakensis oysters differ in bioaccumulation, retention and depuration of microbial indicators and human enteropathogens. | to evaluate the bioaccumulation, retention and depuration rates of nine pathogens and surrogates when two oyster species were co-localized in tanks of seawater. | 2010 | 19735333 |
| lectins associated with the feeding organs of the oyster crassostrea virginica can mediate particle selection. | despite advances in the study of particle selection in suspension-feeding bivalves, the mechanisms upon which bivalves rely to discriminate among particles have not been elucidated. we hypothesized that particle sorting in suspension-feeding bivalves could be based, in part, on a biochemical recognition mechanism mediated by lectins within the mucus that covers the feeding organs. using crassostrea virginica, the eastern oyster, our investigations demonstrated that lectins from oyster mucus can ... | 2009 | 19875818 |
| american oyster, crassostrea virginica, expresses a potent antibacterial histone h2b protein. | an antibacterial protein was purified from acidified gill extract of a bivalve mollusk, the american oyster (crassostrea virginica). protein isolation was best accomplished by briefly boiling the tissues in a weak acetic acid solution. adding protease inhibitors while boiling did not have a major effect on activity recovery. in contrast, use of only protease inhibitors (without boiling) resulted in virtually no recovery of this activity. the amino acid sequence of this antibacterial protein was ... | 2010 | 19949827 |
| development of an in vitro assay to examine intracellular survival of perkinsus marinus trophozoites upon phagocytosis by oyster (crassostrea virginica and crassostrea ariakensis) hemocytes. | perkinsus marinus is a facultative intracellular parasite that causes "dermo" disease in the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica. although hemocytes from healthy oysters rapidly phagocytize p. marinus trophozoites, they fail to efficiently kill them. instead, trophozoites survive and proliferate, eventually overwhelming the host. because chesapeake bay oyster populations have been reduced to unprecedented levels, the introduction of the suminoe oyster, crassostrea ariakensis (synonymous c. rivu ... | 2009 | 20049995 |
| effects of heavy metals on the oyster (crassostrea virginica) at mandinga lagoon, veracruz, mexico. | the mandinga lagoon in the mexican state of veracruz is an important ecological zone that produces 32% of the oyster output in the state of veracruz, the main oyster producer in mexico. samples of water, sediment, and oysters were collected in 2003 and 2004 to study heavy metal pollution. metal concentrations were determined in water, soil, and oyster tissues from fresh and detoxified crassostrea virginica, and histology samples were analyzed. metal (cr, cd, and pb) concentrations in water were ... | 2009 | 20073327 |
| effects of cadmium exposure and intermittent anoxia on nitric oxide metabolism in eastern oysters, crassostrea virginica. | nitric oxide (no) is an intracellular signaling molecule synthesized by a group of enzymes called nitric oxide synthases (nos) and involved in regulation of many cellular functions including mitochondrial metabolism and bioenergetics. in invertebrates, the involvement of no in bioenergetics and metabolic responses to environmental stress is poorly understood. we determined sensitivity of mitochondrial and cellular respiration to no and the effects of cadmium (cd) and intermittent anoxia on no me ... | 2010 | 20086128 |
| microalgal cell surface carbohydrates as recognition sites for particle sorting in suspension-feeding bivalves. | cell surface carbohydrates play important roles in cell recognition mechanisms. recently, we provided evidence that particle selection by suspension-feeding bivalves can be mediated by interactions between carbohydrates associated with the particle surface and lectins present in mucus covering bivalve feeding organs. in this study, we used lectins tagged with fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc) to characterize carbohydrate moieties on the surface of microalgal species and evaluate the effect of oy ... | 2010 | 20203255 |
| apoptosis as a host defense mechanism in crassostrea virginica and its modulation by perkinsus marinus. | dermo disease caused by the obligatory intracellular protozoan perkinsus marinus causes extensive oyster mortalities leading to tremendous losses in the oyster industry and damage to estuarine ecosystems. to better understand the mechanisms of the parasite's evasion of the host immune defense system, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms of p.marinus-induced inhibition of apoptosis in oyster cells as a potential parasite's survival strategy. we found that p. marinus modulates apoptosis o ... | 2010 | 20371290 |
| the alveolate perkinsus marinus: biological insights from est gene discovery. | perkinsus marinus, a protozoan parasite of the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica, has devastated natural and farmed oyster populations along the atlantic and gulf coasts of the united states. it is classified as a member of the perkinsozoa, a recently established phylum considered close to the ancestor of ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans, and a key taxon for understanding unique adaptations (e.g. parasitism) within the alveolata. despite intense parasite pressure, no disease-resis ... | 2010 | 20374649 |
| filtration rate, assimilation and assimilation efficiency in crassostrea virginica (gmelin) fed with tetraselmis suecica under cadmium exposure. | crassostrea virginica is an epibentic filter-feeding bivalve of economical importance in coastal lagoons of the gulf of mexico, locations with increasing inputs of heavy metals such as cadmium that have become environmental stressors. in this study, feeding and assimilation of the species were evaluated as physiological indicators of cadmium exposure. for this purpose, the filtration rate (fr), food assimilation (a) and assimilation efficiency (ae) of oysters from the mandinga lagoon, veracruz, ... | 2010 | 20390836 |
| linking optimization and ecological models in a decision support tool for oyster restoration and management. | restoration of ecologically important marine species and habitats is restricted by funding constraints and hindered by lack of information about trade-offs among restoration goals and the effectiveness of alternative restoration strategies. because ecosystems provide diverse human and ecological benefits, achieving one restoration benefit may take place at the expense of other benefits. this poses challenges when attempting to allocate limited resources to optimally achieve multiple benefits, an ... | 2010 | 20437969 |
| the combined influence of sub-optimal temperature and salinity on the in vitro viability of perkinsus marinus, a protistan parasite of the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica. | perkinsus marinus is a major cause of mortality in eastern oysters along the gulf of mexico and atlantic coasts. it is also well documented that temperature and salinity are the primary environmental factors affecting p. marinus viability and proliferation. however, little is known about the effects of combined sub-optimal temperatures and salinities on p. marinus viability. this in vitro study examined those effects by acclimating p. marinus at three salinities (7, 15, 25 ppt) to 10 degrees c t ... | 2010 | 20600094 |
| a new lysozyme from the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica, and a possible evolutionary pathway for i-type lysozymes in bivalves from host defense to digestion. | lysozymes are enzymes that lyse bacterial cell walls, an activity widely used for host defense but also modified in some instances for digestion. the biochemical and evolutionary changes between these different functional forms has been well-studied in the c-type lysozymes of vertebrates, but less so in the i-type lysozymes prevalent in most invertebrate animals. some bivalve molluscs possess both defensive and digestive lysozymes. | 2010 | 20633278 |
| microarray analysis of gene expression in eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) reveals a novel combination of antimicrobial and oxidative stress host responses after dermo (perkinsus marinus) challenge. | dermo disease, caused by perkinsus marinus, is one of the most severe diseases of eastern oysters, crassostrea virginica. it causes serious mortalities in both wild and aquacultured oysters. using existing expressed sequence tag (est) resources, we developed a 12k in situ oligonucleotide microarray and used it for the analysis of gene expression profiles of oysters during the interactions between p. marinus and its oyster host. significant gene expression regulation was found at day 30 post-chal ... | 2010 | 20708691 |
| removal of escherichia coli, enterococcus fecalis, coliphage ms2, poliovirus, and hepatitis a virus from oysters (crassostrea virginica) and hard shell clams (mercinaria mercinaria) by depuration. | filter-feeding bivalve mollusks (shellfish) can bioaccumulate pathogenic microorganisms in up to 1000-fold higher levels than overlying waters, and therefore disease risks are associated with consuming raw or partially cooked shellfish. many of these shellfish-borne diseases are due to enteric bacteria and viruses associated with fecal contamination. to control shellfish-borne diseases, guidelines for shellfish harvest waters and shellfish meat have been devised, which include cleansing of conta ... | 2010 | 20864199 |
| upregulation in response to infection and antibacterial activity of oyster histone h4. | several histones and histone-derived peptides have been shown to have antimicrobial activity and a potential role in innate immune defenses. a histone h4 sequence was identified in a subtractive suppression library containing genes upregulated in american cupped oysters, crassostrea virginica, in response to challenge with the protozoan parasite perkinsus marinus. oyster histone h4 protein levels significantly increased in hemocyte lysates and cell free hemolymph of oysters experimentally challe ... | 2010 | 20883794 |
| interactive effects of cadmium and hypoxia on metabolic responses and bacterial loads of eastern oysters crassostrea virginica gmelin. | pollution by toxic metals including cadmium (cd) and hypoxia are important stressors in estuaries and coastal waters which may interactively affect sessile benthic organisms, such as oysters. we studied metabolic responses to prolonged hypoxic acclimation (2 weeks at 5% o2) in control and cd-exposed (30 d at 50 μg l(-1) cd) oysters crassostrea virginica, and analyzed the effects of these stressors on abundance of vibrio spp. in oysters. hypoxia-acclimated oysters retained normal standard metabol ... | 2010 | 20971492 |
| multiple antibacterial histone h2b proteins are expressed in tissues of american oyster. | we have previously identified a histone h2b isomer (cvh2b-1) from tissue extracts of the bivalve mollusk, the american oyster (crassostrea virginica). in this paper, we isolate an additional three antibacterial proteins from acidified gill extract by preparative acid-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. extraction of these proteins from tissue was best accomplished by briefly boiling the tissues in a weak acetic acid solution. additio ... | 2010 | 21145411 |
| polymorphism in a serine protease inhibitor gene and its association with disease resistance in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica gmelin). | serine protease inhibitors (spis) are a superfamily of structurally related but functionally diverse proteins found in almost all organisms ranging from viruses to humans. some of them play important roles in host defense. a recently identified spi from the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica), cvsi-1, has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of the dermo pathogen perkinsus marinus in vitro, although direct evidence linking it to disease resistance is lacking. in this study, we identified p ... | 2011 | 21215804 |
| an evolutionary legacy of sex and clonal reproduction in the protistan oyster parasite perkinsus marinus. | perkinsus marinus, a protozoan parasite of the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica, causes dermo disease which limits fecundity and causes high mortality in host populations. the long-term efficacy of management strategies for suppressing this disease in both aquaculture and restoration settings depends on the potential rate of evolutionary response by p. marinus. sexual reproduction has never been demonstrated in vitro or in previous population genetic studies. we developed high resolution mic ... | 2011 | 21256249 |
| identification, molecular characterization and expression analysis of a mucosal c-type lectin in the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica. | lectins are well known to actively participate in the defense functions of vertebrates and invertebrates where they play an important role in the recognition of foreign particles. they have also been reported to be involved in other processes requiring carbohydrate-lectin interactions such as symbiosis or fertilization. in this study, we report a novel putative c-type lectin (cvml) from the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica and we investigated its involvement in oyster physiology. the cdna of ... | 2011 | 21256965 |
| widespread survey finds no evidence of haplosporidium nelsoni (msx) in gulf of mexico oysters. | the advent of molecular detection assays has provided a set of very sensitive tools for the detection of pathogens in marine organisms, but it has also raised problems of how to interpret positive signals that are not accompanied by visual confirmation. pcr-positive results have recently been reported for haplosporidium nelsoni (msx), a pathogen of the oyster crassostrea virginica in 31 of 40 oysters from 6 sites in the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea. histological confirmation of the pcr r ... | 2011 | 21516978 |
| copper exposure affects hemocyte apoptosis and perkinsus marinus infection in eastern oysters crassostrea virginica (gmelin). | dermo disease in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) is caused by an intracellular protistan parasite perkinsus marinus. the progression and outcome of this disease is determined by a complex interplay between the host's immunity and parasite's escape mechanisms, both of which can be influenced by environmental pollutants including heavy metals such as copper (cu). the goal of the present study was to determine the effects of cu on the levels of apoptosis (which can serve as an important ... | 2011 | 21658453 |
| Water-Quality Parameters and Total Aerobic Bacterial and Vibrionaceae Loads in Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) From Oyster-Gardening Sites. | Oyster gardening is a practice designed to restore habitat for marine life and to improve water quality. This study determined physical and chemical water-quality parameters at two oyster gardening sites in the Delaware Inland Bays and compared them with total aerobic bacteria and Vibrionaceae concentrations in Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). One site was located at the end of a man-made canal, whereas the other was located in an open bay. Measured water parameters included temperature, ... | 2011 | 22183874 |
| effects of p-aminosalicylic acid on the neurotoxicity of manganese and levels of dopamine and serotonin in the nervous system and innervated organs of crassostrea virginica. | manganese is a neurotoxin causing manganism in individuals chronically exposed to elevated levels in their environment. toxic manganese exposure causes mental and emotional disturbances, and a movement disorder similar to idiopathic parkinsons disease. manganese interferes with dopamine neurons involved in control of body movements. recently, p-aminosalicylic acid (pas) is being used to alleviate symptoms of manganism, but its mechanism of action is unknown. the eastern oyster, crassostrea virgi ... | 2008 | 21841974 |
| High salinity relay as a postharvest processing strategy to reduce vibrio vulnificus levels in Chesapeake Bay oysters (Crassostrea virginica). | In 2009 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced its intention to implement postharvest processing (PHP) methods to eliminate Vibrio vulnificus from oysters intended for the raw, half-shell market that are harvested from the Gulf of Mexico during warmer months. FDA-approved PHP methods can be expensive and may be associated with unfavorable responses from some consumers. A relatively unexplored PHP method that uses relaying to high salinity waters could be an alternative strategy, ... | 2011 | 22054191 |
| hemocytes are sites of enteric virus persistence within oysters. | the goal of this study was to determine how enteric viruses persist within shellfish tissues. several lines of novel evidence show that phagocytic blood cells (hemocytes) of eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) play an important role in the retention of virus particles. our results demonstrated an association of virus contamination with hemocytes but not with hemolymph. live oysters contaminated overnight with hepatitis a virus (hav) and murine norovirus (mnv) had 56% and 80% of extractable v ... | 2011 | 21948840 |
| immune response and mechanical stress susceptibility in diseased oysters, crassostrea virginica. | eastern oysters, crassostrea virginica, naturally infected with the parasite perkinsus marinus were subjected to a mechanical stress by centrifugation, and immune parameters, pathological conditions, and gene expression of selected transcripts were compared to uninfected controls. immune parameters were assessed by flow cytometry, pathology and parasites by histotechnology and fluid thioglycollate assays, and gene expression by quantitative rt-pcr. irrespective of mechanical stress, an increased ... | 2012 | 21853237 |
| genetic and quantitative assessment of vibrio vulnificus populations in oyster (crassostrea virginica) tissues. | vibrio vulnificus is a leading cause of shellfish-associated food-borne illness. us regulations stipulate shellfish processing procedures to limit v. vulnificus densities; however, the effect of these procedures on v. vulnificus strain distribution and/or genetic diversity is unknown. vibrio vulnificus concentrations and strain diversity were analysed in various oyster tissues stored overnight at 26°c that were subsequently divided into two treatment groups: one received post-harvest processing ... | 2011 | 23761333 |
| effective reduction of vibrio vulnificus in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) using high salinity depuration. | depuration under different salinities was used to reduce the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus from eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica). individual recirculating systems were used to test the efficacy of depuration at three salinities (15, 25, and 35 psu) in four independent trials during a 14 day period. initial loads of v. vulnificus were higher than 10,000 mpn/g of oyster meat in all trials. data showed that 25 and 35 psu treatments were more efficient in reducing v. vulnificus numbers tha ... | 2012 | 23498187 |
| quantitative pcr assay to determine prevalence and intensity of msx (haplosporidium nelsoni) in north carolina and rhode island oysters crassostrea virginica. | the continuing challenges to the management of both wild and cultured eastern oyster crassostrea virginica populations resulting from protozoan parasites has stimulated interest in the development of molecular assays for their detection and quantification. for haplosporidium nelsoni, the causative agent of multinucleated sphere unknown (msx) disease, diagnostic evaluations depend extensively on traditional but laborious histological approaches and more recently on rapid and sensitive (but not qu ... | 2012 | 23269385 |
| integration of vibrio vulnificus into marine aggregates and its subsequent uptake by crassostrea virginica oysters. | marine aggregates are naturally forming conglomerations of larvacean houses, phytoplankton, microbes, and inorganics adhered together by exocellular polymers. in this study, we show in vitro that the bacterial pathogen vibrio vulnificus can be concentrated into laboratory-generated aggregates from surrounding water. we further show that environmental (e-genotype) strains exhibit significantly more integration into these aggregates than clinical (c-genotype) strains. experiments where marine aggr ... | 2012 | 23263962 |
| induced adhesion in crassostrea virginica larvae. | normal motile veliger larvae of the oyster, crassostrea virginica, were observed swimming in pairs or trios. adhesion between animals is firm and has a specific orientation. this adhesion can be induced in low frequencies by culturing larvae at high densities, and in much higher frequencies by inclusion of an antibiotic mix in the seawater culture medium. | 2003 | 166435 |
| effects of environmental parameters on the elimination of cadmium by eastern oysters, crassostrea virginica. | | 2013 | 3674978 |
| the galectin cvgal1 from the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) binds to blood group a oligosaccharides on the hemocyte surface. | the galectin cvgal1 from the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica), which possesses four tandemly arrayed carbohydrate recognition domains, was previously shown to display stronger binding to galactosamine and n-acetylgalactosamine relative to d-galactose. cvgal1 expressed by phagocytic cells is "hijacked" by the parasite perkinsus marinus to enter the host, where it proliferates and causes systemic infection and death. in this study, a detailed glycan array analysis revealed that cvgal1 prefer ... | 2013 | 23824193 |
| use of antibacterial agents to elucidate the etiology of juvenile oyster disease (jod) in crassostrea virginica and numerical dominance of an alpha-proteobacterium in jod-affected animals. | since 1988, juvenile oyster disease (jod) has resulted in high seasonal losses of cultured eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) in the northeast. although the cause of jod remains unknown, most evidence is consistent with either a bacterial or a protistan etiology. for the purpose of discerning between these hypotheses, the antibacterial antibiotics norfloxacin and sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim (romet-b) were tested for the ability to delay the onset of jod mortality and/or reduce the jod morta ... | 1999 | 10347039 |
| influence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium ssrb on colonization of eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) as revealed by a promoter probe screen. | although salmonella has been isolated from 7.4 to 8.6% of domestic raw oysters, representing a significant risk for food-borne illness, little is known about the factors that influence their initial colonization by salmonella. this study tested the hypothesis that specific regulatory changes enable a portion of the invading salmonella population to colonize oysters. an in vivo promoter probe library screen identified 19 unique regions as regulated during colonization. the mutants in the nearest ... | 2015 | 26497459 |
| structural, functional, and evolutionary aspects of galectins in aquatic mollusks: from a sweet tooth to the trojan horse. | galectins constitute a conserved and widely distributed lectin family characterized by their binding affinity for β-galactosides and a unique binding site sequence motif in the carbohydrate recognition domain (crd). in spite of their structural conservation, galectins display a remarkable functional diversity, by participating in developmental processes, cell adhesion and motility, regulation of immune homeostasis, and recognition of glycans on the surface of viruses, bacteria and protozoan para ... | 2015 | 25982395 |
| generation and analysis of ests from the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica gmelin and identification of microsatellite and snp markers. | the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica (gmelin 1791), is an economically important species cultured in many areas in north america. it is also ecologically important because of the impact of its filter feeding behaviour on water quality. populations of c. virginica have been threatened by overfishing, habitat degradation, and diseases. through genome research, strategies are being developed to reverse its population decline. however, large-scale expressed sequence tag (est) resources have bee ... | 2007 | 17559679 |
| assessment and molecular characterization of human intestinal parasites in bivalves from orchard beach, ny, usa. | bivalves have been shown to be carriers of the human intestinal parasites cryptosporidium parvum and toxoplasma gondii. the goal of this study is to determine the prevalence of protozoan parasites in mollusks of new york city using a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based assay. four species of mollusks, mya arenaria, geukensia demissa, crassostrea virginica, and mytilis edulis, were collected from orchard beach, ny in the fall of 2014, totaling 159 specimens. each individual mollusk was dissecte ... | 2016 | 27043590 |
| survey for protozoan parasites in eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) from the gulf of maine using pcr-based assays. | protozoan pathogens represent a serious threat to oyster aquaculture, since they can lead to significant production loses. moreover, oysters can concentrate human pathogens through filter feeding, thus putting at risk raw oyster consumers' health. using pcr-based assays in oysters (crassostrea virginica) from maine, we expand the northeast range in the usa for the protozoans perkinsus marinus, perkinsus chesapeaki, and haplosporidium nelsoni, and report for the first time the detection of the hu ... | 2015 | 25889457 |
| bioaccumulation and elimination of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in experimentally exposed eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) held in static tank aquaria. | a variety of human enteropathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, have been shown to bioaccumulate in suspension-feeding bivalve shellfish. cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that has been detected in many shellfish species within both fecally contaminated and clean oyster growing areas across the globe. for this study, c. parvum oocysts (1000 and 10,000) were spiked into 10 l of water in static tank systems housing crassostrea virginica. oysters were either he ... | 2014 | 24412961 |
| effect of high hydrostatic pressure processing on freely suspended and bivalve-associated t7 bacteriophage. | the effectiveness of hydrostatic pressure processing (hpp) for inactivating viruses has been evaluated in only a limited number of studies, and most of the work has been performed with viruses freely suspended in distilled water. in this work, hpp inactivation of freely suspended and shellfish-associated bacteriophage t7 was studied. t7 was selected in hopes that it could serve as a model for animal virus behavior. clams (mercenaria mercenaria) and oysters (crassostrea virginica) were homogeneou ... | 2008 | 18326185 |
| surveillance of enteric viruses and microbial indicators in the eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) and harvest waters along louisiana gulf coast. | noroviruses are the most common causative agent of viral gastroenteritis in humans, and are responsible for major foodborne illnesses in the united states. filter-feeding molluscan shellfish exposed to sewage-contaminated waters bioaccumulate viruses, and if consumed raw, transmit the viruses to humans and cause illness. we investigated the occurrence of norovirus gi and gii and microbial indicators of fecal contamination in the eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) and water from commercial h ... | 2015 | 25899121 |
| static tank depuration and chronic short-term experimental contamination of eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) with giardia duodenalis cysts. | cysts of the protozoan parasite giardia have been detected in many bivalve shellfish species worldwide. the detection of zoonotic giardia duodenalis assemblages a and b is of public health concern, yet there is limited data available demonstrating the bioaccumulation and elimination of giardia cysts in bivalve shellfish. this study quantified g. duodenalis cysts that were filtered and retained by oysters (crassostrea virginica) over a one week chronic exposure period, or 24 hour exposure followe ... | 2015 | 25305439 |
| performance characteristics of polymerase chain reaction and histological methods for the detection of haplosporidium nelsoni in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica). | fitness for purpose and validation are increasingly becoming a benchmark in the development of test methods for the diagnosis of infectious diseases in aquatic animals. the design of the evaluation and the analysis of data are critical to demonstrate test method performance characteristics and fitness for purpose, as stated in the world organization for animal health pathway for test validation. three test methods for the detection of the oyster parasite haplosporidium nelsoni were selected for ... | 2015 | 26179094 |
| genetic improvement for disease resistance in oysters: a review. | oyster species suffer from numerous disease outbreaks, often causing high mortality. because the environment cannot be controlled, genetic improvement for disease resistance to pathogens is an attractive option to reduce their impact on oyster production. we review the literature on selective breeding programs for disease resistance in oyster species, and the impact of triploidy on such resistance. significant response to selection to improve disease resistance was observed in all studies after ... | 2015 | 26037230 |
| thermal inactivation of enteric viruses and bioaccumulation of enteric foodborne viruses in live oysters (crassostrea virginica). | human enteric viruses are among the main causative agents of shellfish-associated outbreaks. in this study, the kinetics of viral bioaccumulation in live oysters and the heat stabilities of the predominant enteric viruses were determined both in tissue culture and in oyster tissues. a human norovirus (hunov) gii.4 strain, hunov surrogates (murine norovirus [mnv-1], tulane virus [tv]), hepatitis a virus (hav), and human rotavirus (rv) bioaccumulated to high titers within oyster tissues, with diff ... | 2016 | 26826225 |
| susceptibility of murine norovirus and hepatitis a virus to electron beam irradiation in oysters and quantifying the reduction in potential infection risks. | consumption of raw oysters is an exposure route for human norovirus (nov) and hepatitis a virus (hav). therefore, efficient postharvest oyster treatment technology is needed to reduce public health risks. this study evaluated the inactivation of hav and the nov research surrogate, murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1), in oysters (crassostrea virginica) by electron beam (e-beam) irradiation. the reduction of potential infection risks was quantified for e-beam irradiation technology employed on raw oysters ... | 2013 | 23584781 |
| temperature-dependent persistence of human norovirus within oysters (crassostrea virginica). | this study characterizes the persistence of human norovirus in eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) held at different seawater temperatures. oysters were contaminated with human norovirus gi.1 (norwalk strain 8fiia) by exposing them to virus-contaminated water at 15 °c, and subsequently holding them at 7, 15, and 25 °c for up to 6 weeks. viral rna was extracted from oyster tissue and hemocytes and quantitated by rt-qpcr. norovirus was detected in hemocytes and oysters held at 7 and 15 °c for ... | 2016 | 26983441 |
| galectin cvgal2 from the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) displays unique specificity for abh blood group oligosaccharides and differentially recognizes sympatric perkinsus species. | galectins are highly conserved lectins that are key to multiple biological functions, including pathogen recognition and regulation of immune responses. we previously reported that cvgal1, a galectin expressed in phagocytic cells (hemocytes) of the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica), is hijacked by the parasite perkinsus marinus to enter the host, where it causes systemic infection and death. screening of an oyster hemocyte cdna library revealed a novel galectin, which we designated cvgal2, ... | 2015 | 26158802 |
| epizootiology of perkinsus marinus, parasite of the pleasure oyster crassostrea corteziensis, in the pacific coast of mexico. | the protozoan parasite perkinsus marinus is the etiological agent of "dermo disease". this pathogen is considered by the world organization for animal health (oie) as reportable due to the high mortalities that it produces in the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica in the us. in 2006, this parasite was detected in the pleasure oyster crassostrea corteziensis in nayarit on the pacific coast of mexico, indicating a new host and an extension of its known distribution. epizootiological data of p. m ... | 2016 | 27403560 |
| effects of air-exposure gradients on spatial infection patterns of perkinsus marinus in the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica. | spatial distributions of species can be shaped by factors such as parasites, mortality, and reproduction, all of which may be influenced by differences in physical factors along environmental gradients. in nearshore tidal waters, an elevational gradient in aerial exposure during low tide can shape the spatial distributions of benthic marine organisms. the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica is an ecologically and economically important species that can dominate both subtidal and intertidal habi ... | 2016 | 26912044 |
| landscape-level variation in disease susceptibility related to shallow-water hypoxia. | diel-cycling hypoxia is widespread in shallow portions of estuaries and lagoons, especially in systems with high nutrient loads resulting from human activities. far less is known about the effects of this form of hypoxia than deeper-water seasonal or persistent low dissolved oxygen. we examined field patterns of diel-cycling hypoxia and used field and laboratory experiments to test its effects on acquisition and progression of perkinsus marinus infections in the eastern oyster, crassostrea virgi ... | 2015 | 25671595 |
| physiological and pathological changes in the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica infested with the trematode bucephalus sp. and exposed to the toxic dinoflagellate alexandrium fundyense. | effects of experimental exposure to alexandrium fundyense, a paralytic shellfish toxin (pst) producer known to affect bivalve physiological condition, upon eastern oysters, crassostrea virginica with a variable natural infestation of the digenetic trematode bucephalus sp. were determined. after a three-week exposure to cultured a. fundyense or to a control algal treatment with a non-toxic dinoflagellate, adult oysters were assessed for a suite of variables: histopathological condition, hematolog ... | 2015 | 25660636 |
| differential expression of serine protease inhibitors 1 and 2 in crassostrea corteziensis and c. virginica infected with perkinsus marinus. | proliferation of perkinsus marinus (dermo) in vitro is inhibited by the action of 2 serine protease inhibitors belonging to the i-84 family. we compared the levels of expression of serine protease inhibitors 1 and 2 (spi-1 and spi-2) in 2 oyster species (crassostrea virginica and c. corteziensis) inoculated with the parasite p. marinus. c. virginica is well known to be susceptible to this parasite, whereas c. corteziensis is apparently more tolerant. oysters were inoculated with trophozoites (1 ... | 2015 | 25590769 |
| identification of potential general markers of disease resistance in american oysters, crassostrea virginica through gene expression studies. | several diseases have a significant impact on american oyster populations in the atlantic coasts of north america. knowledge about the responses of oysters to pathogenic challenge could help in identifying potential markers of disease resistance and biomarkers of the health status of an oyster population. a previous analysis of the transcriptome of resistant and susceptible american oysters in response to challenge with the bacterial pathogen roseovarius crassostreae, as well as sequencing of su ... | 2014 | 24973516 |
| pallial mucus of the oyster crassostrea virginica regulates the expression of putative virulence genes of its pathogen perkinsus marinus. | perkinsus marinus is a pathogen responsible for severe mortalities of the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica along the east and gulf coasts of the united states. when cultivated, the pathogenicity of this microorganism decreases significantly, hampering the study of its virulence factors. recent investigations have shown a significant increase of the in vivo virulence of p. marinus exposed to oyster pallial mucus. in the current study, we investigated the effect of pallial mucus on p. marinus ... | 2014 | 24560916 |
| host-parasite interactions: marine bivalve molluscs and protozoan parasites, perkinsus species. | this review assesses and examines the work conducted to date concerning host and parasite interactions between marine bivalve molluscs and protozoan parasites, belonging to perkinsus species. the review focuses on two well-studied host-parasite interaction models: the two clam species, ruditapes philippinarum and r. decussatus, and the parasite perkinsus olseni, and the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica, and the parasite perkinsus marinus. cellular and humoral defense responses of the host i ... | 2013 | 23871855 |
| hemocytes and plasma of the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) display a diverse repertoire of sulfated and blood group a-modified n-glycans. | the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) has become a useful model system for glycan-dependent host-parasite interactions due to the hijacking of the oyster galectin cvgal1 for host entry by the protozoan parasite perkinsus marinus, the causative agent of dermo disease. in this study, we examined the n-glycans of both the hemocytes, which via cvgal1 are the target of the parasite, and the plasma of the oyster. in combination with hplc fractionation, exoglycosidase digestion, and fragmentation ... | 2013 | 23824194 |
| early host-pathogen interactions in a marine bivalve: crassostrea virginica pallial mucus modulates perkinsus marinus growth and virulence. | perkinsus marinus is an important protistan parasite of the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica. recent findings showed that oyster pallial organs (mantle, gills) are a major portal of entry for the parasite. therefore, mucus covering these organs represents the first host effectors encountered by p. marinus. this study consisted of several experiments designed to investigate the effect of oyster pallial mucus on the growth, protease production and infectivity of p. marinus. in each experiment, ... | 2013 | 23759561 |
| a review of current state of knowledge concerning perkinsus marinus effects on crassostrea virginica (gmelin) (the eastern oyster). | the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica (gmelin), is both an important component of our estuaries and an important farmed food animal along the east and south coasts of the united states. its populations have been significantly diminished in the wild due to decades of overfishing beginning in the 1890 s. unfortunately, in 1950, a new disease in eastern oysters caused by the protistan agent, perkinsus marinus, was identified. the disease, resulting from infection with this protozoan, leads to h ... | 2013 | 23462867 |
| a restoration suitability index model for the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) in the mission-aransas estuary, tx, usa. | oyster reefs are one of the most threatened marine habitats on earth, with habitat loss resulting from water quality degradation, coastal development, destructive fishing practices, overfishing, and storm impacts. for successful and sustainable oyster reef restoration efforts, it is necessary to choose sites that support long-term growth and survival of oysters. selection of suitable sites is critically important as it can greatly influence mortality factors and may largely determine the ultimat ... | 2012 | 22792410 |
| mutation in promoter region of a serine protease inhibitor confers perkinsus marinus resistance in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica). | protease inhibitors from the host may inhibit proteases from invading pathogens and confer resistance. we have previously shown that a single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp198c) in a serine protease inhibitor gene (cvsi-1) is associated with perkinsus marinus resistance in the eastern oyster. as snp198 is synonymous, we studied whether its linkage to polymorphism at the promoter region could explain the resistance. a 631 bp fragment of the promoter region was cloned by genome-walking and resequenc ... | 2012 | 22683517 |
| effects of field-contaminated sediments and related water soluble components on haemocyte function and perkinsus marinus susceptibility and expression in oysters. | this paper reviews and discusses our recent findings on the effects of contaminated sediments (css) and related water-soluble fractions (wsfs) on haemocyte function/activity and the onset and progression of an infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite, perkinsus marinus (dermo) in the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica. sediments used to generate wsfs and sediments used for the whole cs exposure experiments were collected in different areas of the southern branch of the elizabeth ri ... | 1999 | 23902398 |
| the chemiluminescence response of bivalve haemocytes: utility in screening for immunomodulators and as a biomarker. | resistance to infectious diseases in bivalves depends primarily on the vigour and efficacy of haemocyte-dependent antimicrobial defence mechanisms. like other phagocytes, haemocytes seem to rely on oxygen-independent (lysosomal hydrolases, lysozyme) and oxygen-dependent (reactive oxygen species) mechanisms to destroy ingested microorganisms. the generation of cytotoxic oxyradicals by haemocytes can be precisely quantified by means of a simple chemiluminescence (cl) assay using luminol or other c ... | 1999 | 23902397 |
| glucose metabolism and polysaccharide accumulation in the marine bacterium, shewanella colwelliana. | shewanella colwelliana, a marine bacterium isolated in association with the oyster crassostrea virginica, produces an abundant exopolysaccharide with potential commercial value as an adhesive under aqueous conditions. its utilization of glucose was modulated by stoichiometric concentrations of yeast extract. in brain heart infusion medium containing glucose, growth was diauxic with delayed glucose utilization and incorporation into exopolysaccharide. data from radio-respirometry protocols indica ... | 1994 | 24421130 |
| a galectin from the kuruma shrimp (marsupenaeus japonicus) functions as an opsonin and promotes bacterial clearance from hemolymph. | galectins are a lectin family characterized by a conserved sequence motif in the carbohydrate recognition domain, which preferential binds to galactosyl moieties. however, few studies about the biological roles of galectins in invertebrates have been reported except for the galectin (cvgal1) from the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica. furthermore, galectins have been described in only a few crustacean species, and no functional studies have been reported so far. in this study, we identified a ... | 2014 | 24618590 |
| application of chitosan microparticles for reduction of vibrio species in seawater and live oysters (crassostrea virginica). | human vibrio infections associated with consumption of raw shellfish greatly impact the seafood industry. vibrio cholerae-related disease is occasionally attributed to seafood, but v. vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus are the primary targets of postharvest processing (php) efforts in the united states, as they pose the greatest threat to the industry. most successful php treatments for vibrio reduction also kill the molluscs and are not suitable for the lucrative half-shell market, while nonlet ... | 2015 | 25381244 |
| abundance of vibrio cholerae, v. vulnificus, and v. parahaemolyticus in oysters (crassostrea virginica) and clams (mercenaria mercenaria) from long island sound. | vibriosis is a leading cause of seafood-associated morbidity and mortality in the united states. typically associated with consumption of raw or undercooked oysters, vibriosis associated with clam consumption is increasingly being reported. however, little is known about the prevalence of vibrio spp. in clams. the objective of this study was to compare the levels of vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters and clams harvested concurrently from long island sound ... | 2014 | 25281373 |
| mortalities of eastern and pacific oyster larvae caused by the pathogens vibrio coralliilyticus and vibrio tubiashii. | vibrio tubiashii is reported to be a bacterial pathogen of larval eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) and pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) and has been associated with major hatchery crashes, causing shortages in seed oysters for commercial shellfish producers. another bacterium, vibrio coralliilyticus, a well-known coral pathogen, has recently been shown to elicit mortality in fish and shellfish. several strains of v. coralliilyticus, such as atcc 19105 and pacific isolates re22 and re98 ... | 2015 | 25344234 |
| high salinity relaying to reduce vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in chesapeake bay oysters (crassostrea virginica). | cases of vibrio infections in the united states have tripled from 1996 to 2009 and these infections are most often associated with the consumption of seafood, particularly oysters (crassostrea virginica). information is needed on how to reduce numbers of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in bi-valve molluscan shellfish (for example, oysters). the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of high salinity relaying or treatment in recirculating aquaculture systems (rass) ... | 2017 | 28099766 |
| establishment and validation of rna-based predictive models for understanding survival of vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters stored at low temperatures. | this study developed rna-based predictive models describing the survival of vibrio parahaemolyticus in eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) during storage at 0, 4, and 10°c. postharvested oysters were inoculated with a cocktail of five v. parahaemolyticus strains and were then stored at 0, 4, and 10°c for 21 or 11 days. a real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assay targeting expression of the tlh gene was used to evaluate the number of surviving v. parahaemolyticus cells, which was the ... | 2017 | 28087532 |
| the hot oyster: levels of virulent vibrio parahaemolyticus strains in individual oysters. | vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis and is most commonly transmitted by raw oysters. consequently, detection of virulent strains of this organism in oysters is a primary concern for seafood safety. vibrio parahaemolyticus levels were determined in 110 individual oysters harvested from two sampling sites in sc, usa. the majority of oysters (98%) contained low levels of presumptive v. parahaemolyticus however, two healthy oysters contained presumptive ... | 2017 | 27827805 |
| [growth and survival of total and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus in american oyster (crassostrea virginica) under cold storage]. | to quantify vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in american oyster (crassostrea virginica) under cold storage. | 2017 | 26302123 |
| suspension of oysters reduces the populations of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio parahaemolyticus (vp) and vibrio vulnificus (vv) are associated with the consumption of raw oysters and cause illnesses ranging from simple gastroenteritis to life-threatening septicaemia. these halophilic bacteria are frequently found in marine and estuarine systems, accumulating within the tissues of a number of aquatic organisms and passing on to humans after consumption, through contaminated water, or via open wounds. as benthic organisms capable of filtering 40 gallons of water per h ... | 2015 | 26031606 |
| environmental parameters influence on the dynamics of total and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in crassostrea virginica harvested from mexico's gulf coast. | the influence of environmental parameters on the total and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus seasonal densities in american oysters (crassostrea virginica) was evaluated for 1 year. harvesting site a yielded the highest mean densities of v. parahaemolyticus tlh+, tdh+/trh-, tdh-/trh+ and tdh+/trh+ during spring season at 2.57, 1.74, 0.36, and -0.40 log10 mpn/g, respectively, and tdh+/orf8+ during winter season (0.90 log10 mpn/g). v. parahaemolyticus tlh+ densities were associated to salinity (r ... | 2015 | 25510545 |
| temperature effect on high salinity depuration of vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus from the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica). | vibrio vulnificus (vv) and vibrio parahaemolyticus (vp) are opportunistic human pathogens naturally associated with the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica. the abundances of both pathogens in oysters are positively correlated with temperature, thus ingestion of raw oysters during the warm summer months is a risk factor for contracting illness from these bacteria. current post-harvest processing (php) methods for elimination of these pathogens are expensive and kill the oyster, changing their o ... | 2015 | 25310264 |
| snapshot of vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in open and closed shellfish beds in coastal south carolina and mississippi. | vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram negative, halophilic bacterium that is ubiquitous in warm, tropical waters throughout the world. it is a major cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis and is generally associated with consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, especially oysters. this study presents a snapshot of total v. parahaemolyticus densities in surface waters and shellstock american oysters (crassostrea virginica) from open and closed shellfish harvesting areas, as well as "more rural ... | 2014 | 25106119 |