| comparison of blood smear and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques in detection of haemoparasite infections in trade cattle in nigeria. | the incidence of blood parasites in trade cattle was surveyed with emphasis on tick-borne parasites, using blood smears and immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) techniques. with the blood smear method, about 9 and 8.9% of cattle examined were found positive for babesia bigemina and anaplasma marginale, respectively. percentage infections with other parasites were 3.33, 1.92, 0.75, 0.75 and 0.58, respectively, for babesia bovis, trypanosoma brucei, anaplasma centrale, eperythrozoon and theileria spec ... | 1984 | 6369761 |
| an update of the isolation and characterization of culture-derived soluble antigens of babesia bovis. | in this paper recent progress concerning the identification of soluble antigens from cultures of babesia bovis parasites is reviewed. soluble antigens present in the supernatant of b. bovis cultures have been shown to be efficient immunogens for induction of protective immunity against bovine babesiosis. immunochemical analysis of culture supernatants has demonstrated that at least 3 parasite antigens are released in vitro. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that at ... | 1984 | 6382780 |
| serological prevalence of bovine babesiosis in mali. | a serological survey of cattle in mali was carried out to determine the prevalence of antibody activity to babesia bovis and b. bigemina. it was found that the level of b. bovis infection as indicated by antibody activities was too low to be of immediate concern. however, the serological prevalence of b. bigemina was high and this may indicate a potential disease problem. it was also found that when zebu and n'dama cattle grazed together the n'dama were twice as likely to have positive titres to ... | 1984 | 6385427 |
| increased activity of bovine adcc effector cells during acute babesia bovis infection. | mononuclear effector cells from the peripheral blood of babesia bovis-infected cattle responded during initial infection and destroyed fc-bearing target cells. the activity of these cells was measured in an antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (adcc) assay utilizing chicken erythrocytes coated with bovine anti-chicken erythrocyte antibody as targets. the activity of these effector cells was enhanced during the parasitemic crisis and returned to normal levels of activity following the r ... | 1984 | 6395478 |
| the lysate from bovine erythrocytes infected with babesia bovis. analysis of antigens and a report on their immunogenicity when polymerized with glutaraldehyde. | a group of babesia bovis antigens obtained by a lengthy biochemical procedure involving disruption of infected erythrocytes has previously been shown to be highly protective. this study shows that these antigens can be found in a simple lysate of infected erythrocytes. the antigens have been characterized by gel filtration and nitrocellulose transfer and consist of a wide spectrum of molecular sizes. some of the antigens exist in complex form and are easily dissociated. the lysate was polymerize ... | 1983 | 6414195 |
| the characterisation of an esterase derived from babesia bovis and its use as a vaccine. | an esterase was isolated from a crude extract of babesia bovis by affinity chromatography, using soy bean trypsin inhibitor as a ligand. in native form this enzyme had a molecular weight greater than 200 000, but on denaturing gels major bands were observed with molecular weights of 20 000, 10 000 and 7 000. western transfer analysis revealed a major band with a molecular weight of 19 000-20 000. both bovine and rabbit antisera avidly stained infected red cells, using indirect immunofluorescence ... | 1983 | 6419487 |
| babesia bovis: vaccination of cattle against heterologous challenge with fractions of lysate from infected erythrocytes. | the distilled water lysate of erythrocytes infected with babesia bovis was separated by gel filtration on sephadex g200. the void volume fraction or a pool of retained fractions which had immunodiffusion activity were injected into two groups of five cattle. these were challenged 2 weeks after the final vaccination with a heterologous strain of b. bovis. a control group of five cattle was similarly challenged. two of the five control animals died from the challenge, whereas none of the vaccinate ... | 1984 | 6429962 |
| protein phosphorylation by intact babesia bovis. | babesia bovis rapidly incorporated [32p]orthophosphate into more than 30 polypeptide chains, the majority of which appeared to be membrane or particle bound. phosphorylation occurred more rapidly in free parasites than in parasitized erythrocytes, suggesting the acceptor polypeptides were either babesial in origin or erythrocyte proteins were intimately associated with the parasite. some characteristics of the phosphorylation system are described. the phosphorylation was little affected by dibut ... | 1984 | 6482904 |
| immune responses of cattle following vaccination with living and non-living babesia bovis antigens. | twenty-four yearling hereford (bos taurus) cattle were vaccinated against babesia bovis using either live parasites or non-living antigens obtained from the supernatant of in vitro cultures. a single dose of live parasites was given subcutaneously, while the non-living supernatant antigen (nlsa) was combined with saponin and 2 doses given, 2 weeks apart. following vaccination with live parasites, serum antibodies remained at high levels for 6 months, but the lymphocyte transformation response wa ... | 1984 | 6542722 |
| babesia bovis: proteins of virulent and avirulent parasites passaged through ticks and splenectomized or intact calves. | passage of the avirulent vaccine (k) strain of babesia bovis (ka) through either boophilus microplus ticks, intact calves, or intact calves and then ticks, resulted in two distinct protein and protein antigen profiles as analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of biosynthetically labeled proteins and immunoprecipitates. different degrees of expression of two major acidic antigens of ka designated ka1 (mr 47,500) and ka2 (mr 43,000) were observed. ka1 was apparently lost following passage ... | 1983 | 6617805 |
| cloning of babesia bovis by in vitro cultivation. | a procedure for cloning babesia bovis was developed. the procedure was used to establish and cultivate homogeneous populations of parasites and to isolate b. bovis from carrier animals. three different clone lines of b. bovis based on in vitro growth rates were established. | 1983 | 6618662 |
| serological response of cattle to infection with babesia bigemina and babesia bovis in southern africa. | the indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to measure the antibody response of cattle for 8 weeks after infection with either babesia bigemina or babesia bovis, or a combination of both species. serological cross-reactions were observed between the 2 species, but these were most marked when b. bigemina antigen was used. in animals infected with both babesia spp., the b. bigemina reaction appeared to suppress the b. bovis reaction. | 1983 | 6634084 |
| comparison of tick and blood challenge for assessing immunity to babesia bovis. | | 1983 | 6639533 |
| development of a babesia rodhaini mouse assay for quality control of the serum component of a bovine babesiosis vaccine. | the rodent babesia, babesia rodhaini, survived equally well in basal medium containing either 10 per cent rat serum or 10 per cent bovine serum. as a result, a b rodhaini mouse assay is now performed routinely to determine the suitability of batches of bovine serum for use in a commercial babesia bovis vaccine issued in australia. heat inactivation of bovine serum at 56 degrees c for two hours did not affect the survival of either b bovis or b rodhaini. | 1983 | 6665317 |
| [existence of tropical babesiasis caused by babesia bovis in guadeloupe (french antilles)]. | | 1983 | 6672884 |
| hypocholesterolemia and hypocortisolemia in acute and terminal babesia bovis infections. | sera from babesia bovis-infected cross-bred cows and purebred steers were evaluated throughout the course of acute babesia bovis infection for cholesterol and cortisol concentrations. cholesterol and cortisol values of surviving cattle became markedly reduced (less than 50% of normal values) during the acute phase of the disease, days 10-15 postinoculation, and returned to essentially normal values by the end of the 35 day experimental period. the combined control group values were approximately ... | 1983 | 6683035 |
| the use of tick transmission by boophilus microplus to isolate pure strains of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma marginale from cattle with mixed infections. | pure strains of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma marginale were isolated from cattle infected with all 3 species as well as theileria sp. and eperythrozoon teganodes, using only transmission by the tick, boophilus microplus. unengorged adult ticks transferred to susceptible cattle transmitted a. marginale, but not babesia. engorged adults gave rise to progeny that transmitted babesia, b. bovis by larvae and b. bigemina by male ticks. the theileria and e. teganodes were not transmitt ... | 1983 | 6686384 |
| clinical and serological evidence of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in st. lucia. | one hundred fifty-nine holstein calves were imported into st. lucia from the u.s.a. an outbreak of babesiosis occurred 17 days post-arrival, and an outbreak of anaplasmosis occurred 5 months after importation. sera obtained 3, 6, and 12 months post-importation revealed a high prevalence of ifa titres to babesia bovis and b. bigemina 3 months after arrival and an increase in titres to anaplasma marginale 6 months after arrival. sera obtained from native cattle from several places on the island in ... | 1982 | 6753317 |
| use of cerebellar brain smears in the diagnosis of babesiosis (babesia bovis) in cattle. | cerebral and cerebellar smears were made from 4 animals acutely reacting to babesia bovis and 94 animals free from clinical babesiosis. the brain smears were stained by the giemsa method and examined for the presence of b. bovis parasites. in animals showing clinical babesiosis capillaries congested with parasitised erythrocytes were abundant in cerebral and cerebellar smears. results obtained from both types of brain smears in animals free from clinical babesiosis agreed closely (83% conformity ... | 1982 | 6760504 |
| the bovine immune response to tick-derived babesia bovis infection: serological studies of isolated immunoglobulins. | a cryopreserved stabilate was prepared from babesia bovis-infected boophilus microplus ticks. the stabilate was used to infect a group of mature bos taurus-bos indicus cows. the survivors of the initial infection were rechallenged with the homologous stabilate 65 days later. all cows reacted parasitologically after primary challenge, and most responded serologically. with the exception of two cows, those not responding serologically died of acute babesiosis. the two that survived the primary cha ... | 1982 | 6761951 |
| a microplate enzyme immunoassay for detecting and measuring antibodies to babesia bovis in cattle serum. | a microplate enzyme immunoassay (eia) is described for measuring igg antibody to babesia bovis in cattle serum. b. bovis antibody status (whether positive or negative) and the amount of b. bovis antibody (eia score), were measured by comparison with reference serums. the eia was shown to be specific for b. bovis, and eia score correlated well with eia titre. comparison of eia with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) showed more than 95% agreement between the methods and disagreement in ... | 1982 | 6762198 |
| babesia bovis (argentina): studies on the composition and location of antigen associated with infected erythrocytes. | | 1980 | 6768683 |
| acute babesia bovis infections: metabolic and blood gas changes during infection. | | 1982 | 6800561 |
| babesia, theileria and anaplasma spp. infecting sable antelope, hippotragus niger (harris, 1838), in southern africa. | some observations are recorded on blood parasites of sable antelopes. blood smears of 124 of these antelopes from south africa and zimbabwe were examined and 7 were found to be positive for a babesia sp., identified as babesia irvinesmithi martinaglia 1936. a total of 70 of the smears were positive for theilerial piroplasms, while 1 smear had macroschizonts (with cytomeres) and microschizonts of a theileria (= cytauxzoon) sp. one blood smear was positive for an anaplasma sp. attempts to isolate ... | 1982 | 6817250 |
| babesia bovis: attachment of infected erythrocytes to heparin-sepharose columns. | | 1983 | 6827443 |
| failure of boophilus microplus to transmit irradiated babesia bovis. | | 1983 | 6836174 |
| ultrastructure of babesia bovis sexual stages as observed in boophilus microplus cell cultures. | propagation of babesia bovis in a boophilus microplus cell line resulted in the appearance of the sexual stage of the parasite normally found only within tick intestine. these sexual stages, which possessed spike-like projections containing microtubules, were present in the medium and within cultured cells. other ultrastructural characteristics of this sexual stage are described. | 1983 | 6857000 |
| epidemiology of tick-borne diseases of cattle in zimbabwe. i. babesiosis. | a survey on the incidence of antibodies to babesia bigemina and babesia bovis in one to three year old calves at 274 localities in zimbabwe revealed that b. bigemina occurred throughout the country together with its main vector, boophilus decoloratus. the distribution of b. bovis followed closely that of its vector boophilus microplus which is limited to the eastern part of the country. enzootic stability for b. bigemina was recorded in most of the communal tribal areas where regular dipping of ... | 1983 | 6868134 |
| babesia bovis: computer simulation of the relationship between the tick vector, parasite, and bovine host. | components contributing to the survival of babesia bovis in its tick vector (boophilus microplus) and bovine host were identified and their relationship simulated with an interactive basic computer program. estimates for major independent variables (host-finding success, feeding success, filial infection rate, recovery rate) were derived from published laboratory and field data. values for dependent variables (tick burden, inoculation rate, tick and bovine infection rates) were calculated during ... | 1983 | 6873224 |
| the effect of tick control on the epidemiology of bovine babesiosis. | the effect of tick control on the infection rates of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina are reported for 6 geographical regions in south africa. under conditions of poor tick control the situation for b. bovis was one of apparent enzootic instability in the 2 regions where its presence was recorded. under similar conditions the situation for b. bigemina was generally stable. with good tick control b. bovis infection rates were reduced to very low levels, with minimal losses being recorded. in th ... | 1983 | 6877790 |
| description of lesions in cattle in a natural outbreak of babesia bovis infection in brazil. | this paper describes the pathologic features of a natural infection by babesia bovis (b. argentina) in brazil. microscopic examination of cerebrum, midbrain, cerebellum, liver, kidney, heart and spleen of five fatal cases revealed variable degrees of congestion, particularly in the brain, liver and kidney. the packing of erythrocytes, the majority of which were parasitized, was most marked in the capillaries of brain, kidney and less in liver. lymphocytic glomerulonephritis was observed. variabl ... | 1982 | 6892174 |
| a comparison of direct fluorescent antibody and giemsa staining for the post-mortem diagnosis of anaplasmosis. | direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) and giemsa staining of anaplasma marginale were compared in smears collected serially at post-mortem (pm) from 11 experimentally infected calves. once smears had been prepared and air-dried they could be held for at least 5 days before staining with either technique with no noticeable change in staining quality. dfa staining was more sensitive in detecting anaplasms in smears than giemsa staining. anaplasma spp could be differentiated from babesia bovis and b. b ... | 1980 | 7002139 |
| virulent and avirulent strains of babesia bovis: the relationship between parasite protease content and pathophysiological effect on the strain. | a virulent strain of babesia bovis ("l" strain) was rendered avirulent by irradiation with 35 krads with a gamma source. another virulent strain of b. bovis ("c" strain) was made avirulent by rapid blood passage through 12 splenectomised calves. both the parent virulent and their respective avirulent strains were injected into susceptible cattle. a nonfatal disease was observed in those intact cattle that had received avirulent parasites; however, a fatal disease was produced in those animals th ... | 1981 | 7019417 |
| serological prevalence of bovine babesiosis in guyana. | the serological prevalence of bovine babesiosis in guyana was determined utilising the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) and the complement fixation (cf) tests. babesia bigemina ifa and cf antibody activity was detected in 80% and 40% respectively of the sera from native cattle while ifa and cf antibody activity to babesia bovis was observed in 61% and 16% of the sera. the prevalence of antibody was compared between calves less than 6 months of age and mature cattle. there was little differenc ... | 1981 | 7020193 |
| efficacy of a nonviable culture-derived babesia bovis vaccine. | tissue culture-derived soluble babesia bovis antigens were combined with a saponin adjuvant and used to vaccinate 3 adult cows and 8 yearling heifers. each animal was vaccinated twice at a 3-week interval between vaccinations. two adult cattle were premunized with an attenuated b bovis. all vaccinated cattle and premunized cattle along with 3 nonvaccinated adult cattle and 8 nonvaccinated yearling heifers were challenge exposed 4 weeks after the 2nd vaccine dose by im inoculation of an estimated ... | 1982 | 7046534 |
| development of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for antibody to antigens of babesia bovis infected bovine erythrocytes. | | 1982 | 7076382 |
| preparation and laboratory testing of a frozen vaccine containing babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma centrale. | procedures used to prepare and test frozen vaccine against bovine tick fever are described. blood from splenectomised calves infected separately with babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma centrale was diluted in the ratio of 3:1 with 8 m dimethyl sulphoxide in phosphate buffered saline and cooled at rates between 5 degrees c and 110 degrees c per minute to -196 degrees c. after varying periods of storage up to 369 days, blood was thawed by immersing containers in a 40 degrees c water bat ... | 1982 | 7079601 |
| cryopreservation of babesia bovis for in vitro cultivation. | the most efficient procedure for cryopreserving viable babesia bovis organisms for in vitro cultivation consists of freezing extracellular parasites in a solution of 10% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp) using a cooling rate of 20 degrees c/min. although cultures can be established from thawed infected erythrocytes, the plating efficiency is relatively low. freezing extracellular parasites resulted in plating efficiency up to 25%, when thawed and placed in culture. glycerin or dimethyl sulphoxide ... | 1982 | 7099713 |
| anaplasmosis and babesiosis in el salvador. | a serological survey was carried out in the central american state of el salvador to determine the distribution and prevalence of anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and babesia bovis. the results suggest that the parasites are widely distributed throughout the country and prevalence rates of 78.5% for a. marginale, 70.5% for b. bigemina and 73.5% for b. bovis were obtained. tick counts suggest that boophilus microplus is the main blood parasite vector. epidemiological studies showed that init ... | 1982 | 7101466 |
| variable and common antigens of babesia bovis parasites differing in strain and virulence. | virulent and avirulent k strain (kv and ka) and virulent l strain (lv) babesia bovis parasites were biosynthetically labeled with 35s-methionine. labeled proteins, extracted in detergent from infected cultures, were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. protein antigens common to these forms of babesia and those specific for strain and correlating with the degree of virulence were identified by immunoprecipitation with antisera. dominant labeled protein antigens were found to differ b ... | 1982 | 7108225 |
| some effects of time, temperature and feeding on infection rates with babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in boophilus microplus larvae. | | 1982 | 7118375 |
| age resistance in bovine babesiosis: role of blood factors in resistance to babesia bovis. | in vitro cultivation of babesia bovis in erythrocyte cultures demonstrated that blood from young animals contains a factor(s) responsible for their resistance to severe babesiosis. this factor is independent of antibody, is present in the serum of all young animals tested, and is dialyzable. the presence of this factor results in inhibition of parasite multiplication and the eventual death of the parasite while inside the erythrocyte. | 1982 | 7129632 |
| virulence and heterologous strain immunity of south african and australian babesia bovis strains with reduced pathogenicity. | a south african babesia bovis strain showed loss of virulence after 10 rapid passages in splenectomized calves. the virulence was comparable with that of an attenuated australian vaccine strain. vaccination of cross-bred bos indicus cattle with the local strain resulted in a solid immunity to heterologous challenge. the degree of protection afforded by the australian vaccine strain was adequate for controlling challenge with a virulent south african strain, but somewhat less than the degree conf ... | 1982 | 7177589 |
| the irradiation of babesia bovis. ii. the immunogenicity of irradiated blood parasites for intact cattle and splenectomised calves. | intraerythrocytic forms of b. bovis were exposed to 350 grays (gy) gamma irradiation and were then injected intravenously into intact two and three year old hereford steers. one of 15 steers died on initial infection and subsequently six steers were given a virulent heterologous challenge three weeks after recovery; all six animals were highly immune. the remaining eight animals were kept under quarantine conditions for 10 months and were then challenged with a different virulent heterologous st ... | 1982 | 7179723 |
| serological studies of babesiosis and anaplasmosis of cattle. | bos indicus-crossbred calves exposed to natural babesia bovis infection in wet and dry tropical environments in northern queensland were tested for antibodies using the indirect haemagglutination (iha) test. there was evidence of maternal antibodies suggesting endemicity of b. bovis in the 2 environments. within one year 35.3 to 94.6% of the calves had acquired b. bovis infection. the highest titres and most rapid conversion rates were observed just after the wet season when the tick population ... | 1982 | 7181776 |
| acute babesia bovis infections: plasma creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine levels and associated muscle damage. | two groups of five two-year-old hereford steers were infected with two virulent strains of b. bovis. the plasma concentrations of creatine kinase (ck), lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), and creatinine rose early in infection and showed highly significant increases terminally. extensive skeletal muscle degeneration was observed terminally as was degeneration of myocardium, although this was much less extensive. terminal clinical signs included posterior muscle wasting, weakness, and recumbency. it was ... | 1981 | 7194548 |
| transmission of babesia bovis, using undifferentiated embryonic cells from boophilus microplus tick eggs. | | 1981 | 7196719 |
| bovine babesiosis: protection of cattle with culture-derived soluble babesia bovis antigen. | adult hereford (bos taurus) cattle were protected from severe reactions and death caused by the tick-borne protozoan hemoparasite babesia bovis, 3 months after vaccination with a cell culture--derived immunogen. the immunogen consisted of filtered, freeze-dried supernatant fluid collected from long-term cultures of babesia bovis in vitro. it was reconstituted with saponin adjuvant and injected twice subcutaneously at 2-week intervals. serum collected from vaccinated cattle caused thickening of t ... | 1981 | 7209532 |
| bovine babesiosis: pathogenicity and heterologous species immunity of tick-borne babesia bovis and b bigemina infections. | a total of 22 nonsplenectomized hereford, holstein-friesian, and cross-bred 18-month-old cattle were used to assess the degree of protection conferred by previous infection with babesia bovis or b bigemina against infection and disease from tick-borne challenge exposure with the heterologous species. prior infection with b bigemina or b bovis did not significantly (p less than 0.05) reduce the susceptibility of cattle to tick-borne infection and disease caused by the heterologous species. carrie ... | 1980 | 7212429 |
| optimization of the suspension culture method for in vitro cultivation of babesia bovis. | an evaluation of some system variables for the suspension-culture method of in vitro babesia bovis cultivation has identified some variables as critical and suggested optimum values for others. growth of babesia was not affected by siliconizing the culture vessels or including hepes buffer in the culture medium. the culture ph, however, markedly influenced the growth rate. when supplemented with a large amount of serum, even hanks's balanced salt solution was an adequate medium to support growth ... | 1980 | 7212439 |
| isolation and partial characterization of culture-derived soluble babesia bovis antigens. | immunochemical analyses of soluble antigens derived from microaerophilous stationary phase cultures of babesia bovis demonstrated that at least three parasite antigens were released in vitro. these antigens have molecular weights within the range of 37,000 to 40,000, fast electrophoretic mobility in the albumin and alpha 1 regions, and are proteinaceous in nature as determined by the sensitivity to proteolytic enzymes trypsin and papain. purification of these antigens should allow complete chara ... | 1981 | 7216450 |
| reduction in pathogenicity of babesia bovis for its tick vector, boophilus microplus, after rapid blood passage in splenectomized calves. | two strains of babesia bovis that had been serially blood passaged in splenectomized calves 27 to 33 times, a procedure known to have reduced their virulence for normal cattle, were shown to have low pathogenicity for replete, female boophilus microplus. in comparison with a strain of b. bovis unmodified by repeated blood passage, the two modified strains infected higher proportions of ticks and produced comparable numbers of morphologically similar parasites in their haemolymph, but killed sign ... | 1981 | 7222925 |
| detection of babesia bovis infections in boophilus geigyi with egg crushings, larval smears, and haemolymph puncture. | investigations regarding the detection of babesia bovis infections in boophilus geigyi revealed that: (a) by the egg crushing method, babesia bovis infection in ticks is detected from the 5th day onward and up to the 22nd or 24th day before disappearing. (b) by means of haemolymph puncture, infection could only be noticed from the 5th or 6th day up to the 14th day. (c) babesia bovis infection can be easily detected from days 1-4 in the larvae of 'infected' ticks. 'uninfected' ticks which show ne ... | 1981 | 7268748 |
| babesia bovis (argentina): studies of plasma lipids and lipoproteins during acute infections in cattle. | preliminary studies have demonstrated changes to the lipid metabolism of cattle acutely infected with babesia bovis. total lipid, total cholesterol, and phospholipids decreased significantly during infection. associated with this was a decrease in concentration of serum lipoproteins and a loss of their electrophoretic heterogeneity. these changes are discussed in relation to the pathophysiological changes during infection. | 1981 | 7314809 |
| initial characterization of cryoprecipitates in cattle recovering from acute babesia bovis (argentina) infection. | the plasma of cattle recovering from severe babesia bovis infection contained cold precipitable protein which consisted of immune complexes formed in antibody excess. the major immunoglobulin in the complexes was igm although igg1 and igg2 were also present at lower concentrations. in addition, fibrinogen, alpha 2 macroglobulin and c3 component of complement were detected. as the complexes were produced after parasiteamia fell below the detectable level and the inflammatory response to b. bovis ... | 1981 | 7325885 |
| changes in conglutinin, immunoconglutinin, complement c3 and fibronectin concentrations in cattle acutely infected with babesia bovis. | further pathophysiological studies of the hypotensive shock syndrome associated with acute babesia bovis infection in cattle have demonstrated changes in the plasma concentrations of conglutinin, complement c3, fibronectin and immunoconglutinin. decreases in the first three components are presumably due to their contribution towards intravascular sludging of infected erythrocytes within the microvascular system during the acute phase of infection. in contrast, the increase in fibronectin and imm ... | 1981 | 7325886 |
| antibody kinetics in response to vaccination against babesia bovis. | the kinetics of specific indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test titers and total serum immunoglobulin (ig) g and igm values were determined in cattle vaccinated with culture-derived soluble babesia organisms. nineteen days after challenge exposure (postinoculation day 67), vaccinated cattle had a strong anamnestic response and mean ifa titers reached 1:48,710. serum igg and igm concentrations were increased after vaccination and after challenge exposure. a nonspecific suppression of total igg ... | 1981 | 7337297 |
| the transmission of babesia bovis in herds of european and zebu x european cattle infested with the tick, boophilus microplus. | transmission of babesia bovis by the tick boophilus microplus was studied in 4 breeding herds of european and zebu x european cattle under different levels of tick infestation. the observations consisted of weekly counts of female ticks on the cattle, monthly serological tests for antibodies to b. bovis, examination of tick larvae from the pasture to determine b. bovis infection rates and comparison of the suitability of paddocks for tick reproduction. the rate of transmission (inoculation rate) ... | 1981 | 7337597 |
| antibody formation to babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale in calves in bolivia. | | 1981 | 7344191 |
| bovine babesiosis: the immunization of cattle with fractions of erythrocytes infected with babesia bovis (syn b. argentina). | soluble antigen which protected susceptible cattle against challenge with babesia bovis was extracted from b. bovis-infected erythrocytes by sonic disintegration and separation of the soluble from the insoluble matter by ultracentrifugation. the material was then fractionated by the precipitation of fibrinogen-like proteins. the precipitate contained the babesial antigens that were located on the stroma of the infected erythrocytes. antigen originally located on the parasite remained in solution ... | 1981 | 7344266 |
| babesia bovis: continuous cultivation in a microaerophilous stationary phase culture. | the protozoan parasite babesia bovis, a causative agent of bovine babesiosis, has been continuously cultivated in a settled layer of bovine erythrocytes. lowered oxygen tension within the layer of host erythrocytes results in a darkening of infected cultures and provides a rapid means of evaluating parasite growth. deprivation of carbon dioxide causes the merozoites to accumulate in the medium rather than involving new erythrocytes. when separated from the culture, these extraerythrocytic parasi ... | 1980 | 7355284 |
| prevalence of antibodies to babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale in dairy cattle in bolivia. | | 1980 | 7368318 |
| changes in the haemolytic activity of serum complement during acute babesia bovis infection in cattle. | the haemolytic activity of serum complement was measured in cattle during acute babesia bovis infection. the level fell significantly on day 5 post infection (p.i.) and was not detectable by day 10 p.i. after clinical recovery between days 15 and 20 p.i. haemolytic activity was again detected in serum and gradually returned to the pre-infection level. the components of both classical and alternative pathways were involved in complement depletion and factors such as protease secretion by the para ... | 1980 | 7395306 |
| comparison of the surface proteins and glycoproteins on erythrocytes of calves before and during infection with babesia bovis. | | 1980 | 7400998 |
| regression of mouse sarcoma m(52)b treated with bovine fascia lata extract from animals previously inoculated with babesia bovis and b. bigemina. | mice with induced tumours of mouse sarcoma m(52)b were treated by injections of extract of bovine fascia lata from two animals which had been inoculated with a mixture of babesia bovis and b. bigemina--in one case 6 weeks previously and in the second case 8 weeks previously. as a control a further series of mice was injected with an extract of bovine fascia lata taken from a splenectomized animals reared in the laboratory to ensure that it had not come into contact with ticks and was free of bab ... | 1980 | 7404219 |
| bovine babesiosis in northern mexico. | the occurrence of boophilus microplus infections accompanied by bovine babesiosis was confirmed for 2 locations in northern mexico. the confirmation at one location was made by transferring whole blood to a splenectomised calf which subsequently developed an acute babesia bovis infection. examination of thin blood smears from a suspect animal at the second location revealed b. bovis-infected erthrocytes. a serological survey of other herd members at both locations showed antibody activity agains ... | 1980 | 7434473 |
| continuous in vitro cultivation of babesia bovis. | babesia bovis was isolated from an experimentally infected calf (no. 1) and was maintained in vitro for 32 days by subculturing 14 times, using a total dilution of 192,000. a splenectomized calf was inoculated with subculture babesia (isolate b). the agent (isolate c) was isolated and maintained in vitro for 17 days prior to inoculation of a third splenectomized calf. babesia organisms (isolate d) were isolated and retained in vitro for 270 days. after 85 days in vitro, organisms from this third ... | 1980 | 7436112 |
| babesia bovis (argentina): analysis of paracoagulation proteins in acutely infected cattle. | the proteins in plasma and serum from cattle infected with babesia bovis that react with protamine sulphate and ethanol have been characterized. their sizes and chain structures suggest they are intermediates in the conversion of fibrinogen to cross-linked fibrin. in addition, comparison with reference proteins and in vitro systems strongly indicate the proteins are, in the main, the products of thrombin activation in vivo and not those of fibrinolysis. | 1980 | 7436877 |
| short term cultivation of babesia species. | a method based on the candle jar technique was used for the cultivation of babesia bovis, b bigemina and b rodhaini in vitro. all three parasites multiplied within their host red blood cells and were well maintained for up to 96 h in culture. regular changes of medium and subculture at 24 h were essential for optimal parasite survival. a 40 per cent suspension of red blood cells was found to give better results than the 10 to 12 per cent suggested by jensen and trager for the cultivation of plas ... | 1980 | 7455338 |
| serum carboxypeptidase b levels during acute and mild babesia bovis and acute babesia bigemina infections of cattle. | serum carboxypeptidase b (scpb) levels were measured in splenectomised calves and in non-splenectomised cattle infected with three virulent and one avirulent strains of babesia bovis, and in splenectomised calves infected with virulent babesia bigemina parasites. scpb levels commenced falling three days post-infection in animals infected with virulent b. bovis strains and fell significanttly terminally. in animals infected with the avirulent b. bovis strain, the scpb levels were not significantl ... | 1980 | 7456644 |
| a plasmodium falciparum gene encoding a high mobility group protein box. | | 1995 | 7477107 |
| seasonal incidence and hemoparasite infection rates of ixodid ticks (acari: ixodidae) detached from cattle in costa rica. | to determine the tick species hindering the cattle industry in costa rica and to assess infection rates of ticks with three important hemoparasite species, cattle were monitored during a period of six months (october 1992-march 1993). four farms were located in the dry pacific region of the canton of tilarán and a fifth farm on the slopes of the poás volcano in a cool tropical cloud-forest ecosystem. on each farm 3 to 5 animals of 6 to 24 months of age were selected at random. all ticks were rem ... | 1994 | 7501871 |
| functional and phenotypic characterization of wc1+ gamma/delta t cells isolated from babesia bovis-stimulated t cell lines. | functional studies with wc1+ gamma/delta t cell lines were performed to clarify the role of this subpopulation of gamma/delta t cells in the in vitro immune response to babesia bovis. as cd4+ t cells decreased and gamma/delta t cells increased in b. bovis-stimulated t cell lines, antigen-specific proliferation declined to background levels. one irradiated gamma/delta t cell line inhibited proliferation of autologous th1 cells, although unirradiated gamma/delta t cells either synergized with or h ... | 1994 | 7507005 |
| cd4+ t-cell clones obtained from cattle chronically infected with fasciola hepatica and specific for adult worm antigen express both unrestricted and th2 cytokine profiles. | the well-established importance of helper t (th)-cell subsets in immunity and immunoregulation of many experimental helminth infections prompted a detailed study of the cellular immune response against fasciola hepatica in the natural bovine host. t-cell lines established from two cattle infected with f. hepatica were characterized for the expression of t-cell surface markers and proliferative responses against f. hepatica adult worm antigen. parasite-specific t-cell lines contained a mixture of ... | 1994 | 7509319 |
| interstrain conservation of babesial rap-1 surface-exposed b-cell epitopes despite rap-1 genomic polymorphism. | members of the babesial rhoptry-associated protein 1 (rap-1) family express surface-exposed b-cell epitopes and are candidate antigens for vaccine development. the relationship between rap-1 genomic polymorphism and surface-exposed b-cell epitope expression was analyzed by comparison of biological clones of mexico strain babesia bigemina and babesia bovis with strains isolated in argentina. despite genomic polymorphism between strains, including sequences located within the open reading frame, d ... | 1994 | 7518810 |
| isolation of babesia bigemina and babesia bovis merozoites by ammonium chloride lysis of infected erythrocytes. | 1. we describe the isolation of viable merozoites from erythrocytes infected with babesia bovis or babesia bigemina organisms by ammonium chloride lysis. 2. parasite morphology was examined by both light and transmission electron microscopy. erythrocyte-free parasites maintain their viability and infectivity, retain their antigenicity and are suitable for use in the indirect fluorescent antibody assay. | 1994 | 7549981 |
| use of monoclonal antibodies in immunoelectron microscopy. | | 1995 | 7550674 |
| epidemiology of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in south and central america. | babesiosis (babesia bovis and babesia bigemina) and anaplasmosis (anaplasma marginale) affect native cattle from uruguay and northern argentina to guatemala. the distribution of babesia follows the dissemination of the tick vector. seroepidemiological studies showed that enzootic instability exist in herds in several areas of the region. however, clinical cases occurred less frequently than expected. the babesial tick infection rate is related to the vector abundance which in turn is regulated b ... | 1995 | 7597777 |
| targeting ticks for control of selected hemoparasitic diseases of cattle. | development in and transmission of hemoparasites by tick vectors are phenomena closely synchronized with the tick feeding cycle. in all known life cycles, initial infection of tick tissues occurs in midgut epithelial cells and transmission is effected as ticks feed after parasites have developed and multiplied in salivary glands. many factors reviewed affect development and transmission of hemoparasites by ticks including age of ticks, artificial temperature, climate and/or season, tick stage or ... | 1995 | 7597779 |
| strategies for the control of one-host ticks and relationship with tick-borne diseases in south america. | a variety of hemoparasites occurs in ruminants of south america (12 degrees 00'n-56 degrees 00's), but there is consensus on the significant economic impact of babesiosis (babesia bovis and babesia bigemina) and anaplasmosis (anaplasma marginale). the tick vector for the babesia spp. for the whole region is boophilus microplus which has been the most important target in control/eradication programs. boophilus microplus and many different hematophagous diptera species are considered vectors of a. ... | 1995 | 7597780 |
| identification of candidate vaccine antigens of bovine hemoparasites theileria parva and babesia bovis by use of helper t cell clones. | current vaccines for bovine hemoparasites utilize live attenuated organisms or virulent organisms administered concurrently with antiparasitic drugs. although such vaccines can be effective, for most hemoparasites the mechanisms of acquired resistance to challenge infection with heterologous parasite isolates have not been clearly defined. selection of potentially protective antigens has traditionally made use of antibodies to identify immunodominant proteins. however, numerous studies have indi ... | 1995 | 7597783 |
| live vaccines against hemoparasitic diseases in livestock. | live vaccines against hemoparasitic diseases in livestock are based on parasites derived from culture (theileria annulata), from blood of infected animals (babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, anaplasma centrale, (attenuated) anaplasma marginale and cowdria ruminantium), and from ticks (theileria parva). the t. annulata attenuated cultured schizont vaccine is safe for all varieties of cattle. blood derived vaccines are recommended mainly for young cattle, the age limit varying with the different vac ... | 1995 | 7597786 |
| molecular basis for vaccine development against anaplasmosis and babesiosis. | immunization of livestock against the erythroparasitic pathogens anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina, and babesia bovis with safe and effective killed vaccines is not yet feasible on a practical basis. however, the immune protection afforded by recovery from natural infection and premunition indicates that microbial epitopes capable of inducing immunity exist and that the bovine immune system can be primed appropriately. induction of protection by immunization with killed parasite fractions, e ... | 1995 | 7597787 |
| small extrachromosomal nucleic acid segments in protozoan parasites. | viruses have been described in the following protozoa: babesia spp., trichomonas vaginalis, giardia lamblia, leishmania braziliensis and eimeria spp. in order to study the babesia bovis virus, merozoites have been prepared from the blood of infected cattle. agarose gel electrophoresis of nucleic extracts from the bovine protozoa b. bovis and babesia bigemina were separated into genomic dna and at least two additional nucleic acids. one molecule with a relative mobility of 5.5 kilobase pairs (kbp ... | 1995 | 7597793 |
| current state and future trends in the diagnosis of babesiosis. | an overview is given of the currently available methods to diagnose babesiosis in livestock. microscopic techniques are still the only appropriate techniques to diagnose acute disease. thin or thick blood films stained with giemsa's stain are sufficient. the sensitivity ranges from 10(-5) to 10(-6), i.e. one parasite per 10(5)-10(6) erythrocytes can be detected. thick films stained with acridine orange (sensitivity approximately 10(-7)) and the quantitative buffy coat (qbc) analysis tube system ... | 1995 | 7597794 |
| expression and biological activities of bovine interleukin 4: effects of recombinant bovine interleukin 4 on t cell proliferation and b cell differentiation and proliferation in vitro. | interleukin 4 (il-4) is a pleotropic cytokine affecting a wide range of cell types in both the mouse and the human. these activities include regulation of the growth and differentiation of both t and b lymphocytes. the activities of il-4 in nonprimate, nonmurine systems are not well established. herein, we demonstrate in the bovine system that il-4 upregulates production of igm, igg1, and ige in the presence of a variety of costimulators including anti-igm, staphylococcus aureus cowan strain i, ... | 1995 | 7606798 |
| identification of babesia bovis merozoite antigens separated by continuous-flow electrophoresis that stimulate proliferation of helper t-cell clones derived from b. bovis-immune cattle. | to characterize babesia bovis merozoite antigens that stimulate anamnestic t helper (th)-cell responses from b. bovis-immune cattle, b. bovis-specific th-cell lines and clones, previously assigned to different antigenic groups (w. c. brown, s. zhao, a. c. rice-ficht, k. s. logan, and v. m. woods, infect. immun. 60:4364-4372, 1992), were tested in proliferation assays against fractionated merozoite antigens. the antigenic groups were determined by the patterns of response of th clones to differen ... | 1995 | 7622238 |
| experimental studies of the rate of infection of boophilus microplus eggs with babesia bovis. | babasia bovis infection in the eggs of boophilus microplus was investigated by examining the total output of eggs by 10 engorged female ticks with a level of haemolymph infection with b bovis ranging from 0.2 to 20.6 kinetics per microscope field. the ticks were fed on infected calves, with a parasitaemia ranging from 0.01 per cent to 0.02 per cent, inoculated with a stabilate of b microplus larvae containing the protozoa. infected eggs, 9.5 per cent of the total eggs laid, were detected from th ... | 1995 | 7659857 |
| identification of two th1 cell epitopes on the babesia bovis-encoded 77-kilodalton merozoite protein (bb-1) by use of truncated recombinant fusion proteins. | previous studies have demonstrated the serologic and t-cell immunogenicity for cattle of a recombinant form of the apical complex-associated 77-kda merozite protein of babesia bovis, designated bb-1. the present study characterizes the immunogenic epitopes of the bb-1 protein. a series of recombinant truncated fusion proteins spanning the majority of the bb-1 protein were expressed in escherichia coli, and their reactivities with bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and t-cell clones derive ... | 1993 | 7678098 |
| immunogenic b-cell epitopes of babesia bovis rhoptry-associated protein 1 are distinct from sequences conserved between species. | babesia bovis merozoite apical membrane polypeptide bv60 was found to be rhoptry associated by immuno-electron microscopy and was redesignated rhoptry-associated protein 1 (rap-1). the n-terminal 300 amino acids of rap-1 have a high level of sequence similarity to the same n-terminal region of p58, its homolog from babesia bigemina. however, the interspecies conserved sequences did not include rap-1 surface-exposed b-cell epitopes as defined by monoclonal antibodies. furthermore, neither heterol ... | 1993 | 7687587 |
| genetic and antigenic characterization of babesia bovis merozoite spherical body protein bb-1. | a babesia bovis merozoite protein, bb-1, was localized by immunoelectron microscopy to an apical organelle known as the spherical body. this unique structure appears to be analogous to dense granules of other apicomplexan protozoa. similar to previously described dense granule proteins of plasmodium spp., bb-1 is secreted during or just after invasion of host erythrocytes and becomes associated with the cytoplasmic face of the infected cell. the amino terminal sequence of bb-1 contains a predict ... | 1995 | 7770080 |
| immunization of cattle with recombinant babesia bovis merozoite surface antigen-1. | cattle immunized with a recombinant merozoite surface antigen-1 molecule (msa-1) produced high-titered antibody that reacted with the surface of the parasite and neutralized merozoite infectivity in vitro. however, recombinant msa-1 immunization did not confer protection against challenge with virulent babesia bovis. these results indicate that antibody-mediated neutralization of merozoite infectivity in vitro, at least for msa-1-specific antibody, does not reflect in vivo protective immunity to ... | 1995 | 7806376 |
| seroepidemiological studies of bovine babesiosis caused by babesia ovata, b. bigemina and b. bovis in peninsular malaysia. | cattle in peninsular malaysia were examined for evidence of infection with babesia ovata, b. bigemina and b. bovis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to the three babesia species. all of the test samples when assayed with b. ovata antigen, resulted in low value indicating low probability of cattle infected with b. bigemina, 74.4% were positive for b. bovis and 72.6% were positive for both babesia species. in addition, a serological survey with regard to age differe ... | 1994 | 7865596 |
| a review on vaccination against protozoa and arthropods of veterinary importance. | the recent advances in immunology and biotechnology have stimulated much research on the control of parasitic diseases through vaccination. this is a review of the state of the art regarding important protozoan and arthropod veterinary parasites. a live oocyst vaccine for avian coccidiosis is still in use but much work has been done on the identification, cloning, and assay of protective antigens. the sporozoites of eimeria tenella have been the preferred subject and at least four recombinant an ... | 1994 | 7886919 |
| babesia bovis-specific cd4+ t cell clones from immune cattle express either the th0 or th1 profile of cytokines. | the central role of t cells in the immune response against hemoprotozoan parasites, both as helper cells for t-dependent antibody production, and as effector cells acting directly or indirectly on intracellular parasites through the elaboration of cytokines, has prompted us to investigate the bovine cellular immune response against b. bovis antigens. t cell clones generated from four b. bovis-immune cattle by in vitro stimulation with soluble or membrane associated merozoite antigen were charact ... | 1993 | 7907805 |
| detection of antibodies to babesia bovis using an elisa test. | an enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) is described for the detection of antibodies to babesia bovis using a partially purified antigen. the optimum conditions required to perform the test were determined and 210 serum samples were comparatively tested using elisa and indirect immunofluorescence (ifa) tests, finding a diagnostic coincidence of 96.1%, a relative sensitivity of 96%, and a relative specificity of 96.4%. | 1994 | 7919817 |
| bovine babesiosis: a review of recent advances. | bovine babesiosis, caused by parasites of the genus babesia, is one of the world's most severe tick-borne problems of cattle in temperate to tropical areas. in the americas babesia bovis and b. bigemina are the causative agents, with the former considered to produce the greatest economic impact. the great complexity of the relationships causal agent-vector-host has severely hindered the efforts towards the production of a safe, long-lasting, solid-protection inducing vaccine. recent important co ... | 1994 | 7919821 |
| development of a babesia bovis live attenuated vaccine. | babesia bovis is the blood parasite causing the highest morbidity and mortality of cattle in cuba. thus a control program based on immunization with a vaccine using an attenuated strain of the parasite was developed. for this purpose, a virulent b. bovis strain was isolated and then attenuated by the traditional method in which biological characteristics, proteolytic activity and vector transmissibility were studied. the protection conferred by the vaccine was measured by vaccinating cattle whic ... | 1994 | 7919825 |
| interleukin-10 is expressed by bovine type 1 helper, type 2 helper, and unrestricted parasite-specific t-cell clones and inhibits proliferation of all three subsets in an accessory-cell-dependent manner. | murine interleukin-10 (il-10) is produced by type 2 helper (th2) cells and selectively inhibits cytokine synthesis by type 1 helper (th1) cells, whereas human il-10 is produced by and inhibits proliferation and cytokine synthesis by both th1 and th2 subsets. this study reports that bovine il-10 mrna is expressed by th0, th1, and th2 clones of bovine t cells specific for either babesia bovis or fasciola hepatica but not by two cd8+ t-cell clones. the antigen-induced proliferative responses of all ... | 1994 | 7927745 |
| polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic assay to detect cattle chronically infected with babesia bovis. | from a b. bovis gene sequence coding for a 60 kda merozoite surface protein previously published, two sets of primers were designed for the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. primer set bof/bor was used to prime taq polymerase dna amplification of a 350 bp fragment of the target b. bovis dna. primer set bofn/born was used to prepare a pcr-synthesized, digoxigenin-dutp-labeled probe (291 bp) which would hybridize to a sequence within the pcr-amplified parasite target dna. pcr amplification of ... | 1994 | 7938942 |