| comparative physiology of two protozoan parasites, leishmania donovani and trypanosoma brucei, grown in chemostats. | cultures of the insect stage of the protozoan parasites leishmania donovani and trypanosoma brucei were grown in chemostats with glucose as the growth rate-limiting substrate. l. donovani has a maximum specific growth rate (mu max) of 1.96 day-1 and a ks for glucose of 0.1 mm; the mu max of t. brucei is 1.06 day-1 and the ks is 0.06 mm. at each steady state (specific growth rate, mu, equals d, the dilution rate), the following parameters were measured: external glucose concentration (glcout), ce ... | 1992 | 1569022 |
| heparin enhances the interaction of infective leishmania donovani promastigotes with mouse peritoneal macrophages. a fluorescence flow cytometric analysis. | human visceral leishmaniasis results from the infection of macrophages by the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani. both forms of the parasite, the extracellular promastigote and the obligate intracellular amastigote, require cell surface molecules to ensure their recognition and uptake by the host cell, the macrophage. we have proposed previously that the heparin-binding protein on the surface of promastigotes is an adhesion molecule. the present report provides experimental evidence to suppo ... | 1992 | 1573275 |
| identification of basic fibroblast growth factor-like proteins in african trypanosomes and leishmania. | basic fibroblast growth factor (bfgf) is a multifunctional, heparin-binding, mitogenic polypeptide found in all tissues or cells of multicellular organisms so far examined. here we report that trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense procyclic culture forms (pcf) and leishmania donovani promastigotes grown in serum-containing and serum-free medium, contained peptides of 15-34 kda which bound heparin-sepharose with high affinity and which reacted in immunoblots with several preparations of antibodies speci ... | 1992 | 1574077 |
| identification and isolation of the leishmania transferrin receptor. | in a previous report, we have presented several lines of evidence, derived from widely different methodologies, suggesting that leishmania has specific receptors for transferrin with a kd similar to the mammalian transferrin receptor. this paper describes the identification, purification, and biochemical characterization of leishmania transferrin receptor. the leishmania transferrin receptor, detected on intact parasites by immunoperoxidase staining, was first identified by sodium dodecyl sulfat ... | 1992 | 1577747 |
| experimental efficiency of phlebotomus papatasi in maintaining development of four species of leishmania. | experimental infections were carried out to evaluate the capability of 3 species of phlebotomus to acquire and allow development of 4 species of leishmania. the sand-flies were allowed to feed on infective blood by a membrane feeding technique and infected vertebrate hosts. the species of phlebotomus experimented with were p. papatasi (egyptian and indian strains), p. dubosqi (sinegal strain), and p. perniciosus (french strain). the species of leishmania used were l. tropica (afganistanian strai ... | 1992 | 1578171 |
| in vitro tryptophan catabolism by leishmania donovani donovani promastigotes. | metabolism of tryptophan by promastigotes of leishmania donovani donovani was investigated in cells suspended in a simple buffer solution supplemented with glucose. metabolites from supernatant and lysed cell pellets were analyzed by capillary gas liquid chromatography and 13c nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, with structural confirmation by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. tryptophan does not appear to serve as a carbon energy source for l. d. donovani promastigotes since par ... | 1992 | 1578411 |
| biosynthesis of lipophosphoglycan from leishmania donovani: characterization of mannosylphosphate transfer in vitro. | lipophosphoglycan (lpg) is the major surface glycoconjugate of leishmania donovani promastigotes and is composed of a capped polymer of repeating po4-6gal(beta 1,4)man alpha 1 disaccharide units linked via a phosphosaccharide core to a lyso-1-o-alkylphosphatidylinositol anchor. an exogenous acceptor composed of the glycolipid anchor portion of lpg was shown to stimulate the enzymatic synthesis of the repeating phosphorylated disaccharide units of lpg in a cell-free system. using the exogenous ac ... | 1992 | 1586160 |
| the activity of platinum, iridium and rhodium drug complexes against leishmania donovani. | the activities of twenty seven platinum, rhodium and iridium drug complexes were determined against leishmania donovani amastigotes in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. eight compounds showed antileishmanial activity of which only three, rh(iii)-mepacrine, ir(iii) pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and ir(iii) diethyl dithiocarbamate had ed50 values of less than 1 microm. the two iridium complexes produced, respectively, a 50% and 39% suppression of l. donovani amastigotes in the liver of balb/c m ... | 1992 | 1598504 |
| drug targeting with polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles: in vitro activity of primaquine-loaded nanoparticles against intracellular leishmania donovani. | the efficacy of primaquine-loaded polyisohexylcyanoacrylate (pihca) nanoparticles was evaluated using j774g8 macrophage-like cells infected with leishmania donovani: as an in vitro model of visceral leishmaniasis. the in vitro antileishmanial activity of primaquine-loaded nanoparticles showed a 21-fold increase in ed50 compared with free primaquine. although unloaded pihca nanoparticles also exhibited a significant anti-leishmanial effect, the loaded nanoparticles showed a synergistic effect com ... | 1992 | 1616394 |
| effect of osmolality on 86rb+ uptake and release by leishmania donovani. | promastigotes from late-log phase cultures of leishmania donovani were washed and resuspended in hanks' balanced salt solution without glucose or phenyl red but with 20 mm (n-[2-hydroxyethyl] piperazine-n'-[2-ethanesulfonic acid]) (hepes) (hbss-, 305 mosm/kg). they were then added to a solution containing 86rb such that the final osmolality and ionic composition was as desired. samples were taken at known times and the amount of intracellular 86rb was measured. similarly, experiments were perfor ... | 1992 | 1618913 |
| isolation and characterization of a cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase from leishmania donovani. | we describe here a protein kinase from the promastigote form of the parasitic protozoan, leishmania donovani, purified to near homogeneity to a single-subunit, 34-kda protein. this enzyme does not require a cofactor, and has several characteristics in common with the catalytic subunit of mammalian camp-dependent protein kinase, for example, preference for kemptide as a substrate, phosphorylation of serine residues of protamine and inhibition by the mammalian heat-stable inhibitor. the leishmania ... | 1992 | 1620159 |
| active site thiol(s) in leishmania donovani adenosine kinase: comparison with hamster enzyme and evidence for the absence of regulatory adenosine binding site. | adenosine kinase (atp, adenosine 5'-phosphotransferase, e.c. 2.7.1.20) from leishmania donovani, unlike adenosine kinase from other known eukaryotic sources, does not elicit an inhibitory response at high concentrations of adenosine. the mechanistic basis for this unique catalytic behavior of the parasite enzyme has been probed with the help of chemical modification and enzyme inhibition kinetics experiments. the use of cysteine-directed reagents has shown that chemical integrity of cysteinyl re ... | 1992 | 1625705 |
| visceral leishmaniasis and malaria prevalence in west pokot district, kenya. | the prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis and malaria in the human population of west pokot district of kenya was studied in 1986. a total of 2139 people was proportionately screened for the two diseases according to four age categories (0-4, 5-14, 15-44 and greater than 45 years). diagnostic methods included the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and leishmanin skin test for visceral leishmaniasis, and parasitological examination for malaria. the epidemiological value of the spleen rate w ... | 1992 | 1628545 |
| visceral leishmaniasis: a model for infection-induced cachexia. | parasitic infections and malnutrition coexist in many tropical and subtropical areas. studies of leishmania donovani and of experimentally infected syrian hamsters have provided important insights into the complex interrelationships between malnutrition and this parasitic disease. malnutrition, which adversely affects cell-mediated immunity, is associated with the development of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in children living in endemic areas. in turn, l. donovani can cause wasting as well ... | 1992 | 1632476 |
| ten years of kala-azar in west bengal, part i. did post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis initiate the outbreak in 24-parganas? | following resurgence in bihar of epidemic kala-azar, outbreaks of the disease were identified simultaneously in two separate foci about 500 km apart in west bengal in 1980. while the outbreak in one of these foci, in northern west bengal, was the result of a direct extension of the bihar epidemic, the source of parasite in the other (in the village of bandipur in the south of west bengal) remained unknown until a case of nodulo-ulcerative post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) was located in ... | 1992 | 1638662 |
| adaptation of a radioactive l. donovani complex dna probe to a chemiluminescent detection system gives enhanced sensitivity for diagnostic and epidemiological applications. | the cdna probe, lmet2, was labelled with digoxigenin and used in a chemiluminescent system to detect fewer than 100 membrane-immobilized leishmania parasites. the probe was found to hybridize primarily with members of the l. donovani complex but a slight cross-reaction was also observed with greater than 5 x 10(4) l. major. this cross-reaction was reduced by hybridizations in 50% formamide at 37 degrees c. formamide also significantly reduced non-specific binding of the digoxigenin-labelled prob ... | 1992 | 1641241 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in a 6-week-old infant: possible congenital transmission. | | 1992 | 1641898 |
| canine leishmaniasis in the gargano promontory (apulia, south italy). | we examined 444 dogs by visiting farms and peripheral districts on the gargano promontory (province of foggia, apulia, south italy). clinical examination and immunofluorescence antibody test for leishmaniasis were performed. bone marrow and lymph node samples obtained from 25 dogs with positive serological test were cultured on tobie-evans medium. the results obtained show both a higher seropositivity rate for canine leishmaniasis (14.4%) and a higher percentage of asymptomatic dogs with positiv ... | 1992 | 1644148 |
| positive response to sodium antimony gluconate administration in visceral leishmaniasis seropositive patients. | in a prospective study conducted in mymensingh district of bangladesh, 1, 273 patients were assessed for the presence of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). sodium antimony gluconate (sag) was successfully administered to 715 patients with parasitologically confirmed infection. in the remaining 558, although there was clinical indication of vl, leishmania donovani parasites could not be demonstrated. administration of sag in this group was on the grounds of the prevailing symptoms, exclusion of malaria ... | 1991 | 1645929 |
| evaluation of different assay techniques to assess the interaction between leishmania major and l. infantum promastigotes and u937 cells. | adherence of leishmania major and l. infantum promastigotes to u937 cells was determined by microscopic observation or by using radiolabelled parasites. with both methods l. infantum showed a greater adherence. aspecific attachment to plastic was greater for l. major. the possible implications of these findings in connection with disease pathogenesis are briefly discussed. | 1991 | 1648163 |
| a cloned kinetoplast dna mini-circle fragment from a leishmania spp. specific for post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis strains. | dna-dna hybridization techniques have been found to be very useful in the classification and identification of leishmania parasites. we report here the cloning of a mini-circle from leishmania strain ur6 in a plasmid and subcloning of the mini-circle fragments in m13 mp9. clone mlurk32, containing a 560 bp fragment of mini-circle, has been found to have unique specificity. application of this specific probe in identifying different leishmania isolates reveals that the probe reacted only with str ... | 1991 | 1649427 |
| post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: a case report strikingly resembling lepromatous leprosy. | an adult man with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis who had lessons distributed in a manner strikingly similar to lepromatous leprosy is described. he was mistakenly treated with multidrug therapy as recommended by the who expert committee on leprosy. all investigations including slit-skin smears, histopathology, culture for leishmania donovani and an indirect fluorescent antibody test to confirm post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis proved futile. the diagnosis was ultimately based on the previ ... | 1991 | 1651437 |
| surgical pathology of the liver in hiv infection. | in the 6-year period 1984-1989, 101 liver biopsies or 'needle necropsies' from human immunodeficiency virus positive patients were examined histologically. of these, only nine showed no abnormality whatsoever. the commonest histological findings were either fatty change or changes related to co-existent chronic viral hepatitis. granulomas were seen in 15 cases, four of which were positive for acid-fast bacilli. a range of organisms were recorded: cytomegalovirus (4); histoplasma capsulatum (1); ... | 1991 | 1653181 |
| visceral leishmaniasis: a difficult diagnosis and unusual causative agent. | in a young man who had a prolonged fever of unknown origin, hepatosplenomegaly, and progressive pancytopenia, stained smears, blood-agar cultures of bone marrow, and serologic testing for antileishmanial antibodies were negative. biopsies from liver and bone marrow were uninformative. visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed only after splenectomy, when amastigotes were finally cultured from the spleen. the parasite was shown to be an unusual leishmanial parasite, possessing a mixture of intrinsic b ... | 1991 | 1654358 |
| fine structure of leishmania donovani in bone marrow aspirates from a patient with visceral leishmaniasis before and during treatment with sodium stibogluconate. | the fine structure of leishmania donovani amastigotes has been studied in bone marrow aspirates from a 4-year-old girl with visceral leishmaniasis before and during treatment with sodium stibogluconate. free amastigotes in the bone marrow were forming junctions with previously undescribed cytoplasmic buddings of macrophages prior to engulfment; these buddings were suggested to be transient parasitophorous vacuoles. three stages of infection within macrophage parasitophorous vacuoles were identif ... | 1991 | 1654589 |
| an atp-independent catenating enzyme from the kinetoplast hemoflagellate leishmania donovani. | an enzyme from leishmania donovani that catenates monomeric pbr322 into huge catenanes has been isolated and characterized. the enzyme also decatenates kinetoplast dna networks into covalently closed monomeric circles and relaxes supercoiled pbr322. the catenation, decatenation and relaxation reactions do not require atp. the formation of topological isomers of unique linking numbers suggest that the enzyme is a type ii dna topoisomerase. | 1991 | 1656969 |
| ultrastructural study on the antileishmanial effect of 1,2-dimethyl-3-methoxy carbonyl-4-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl) pyrrole in hamsters. | an ultrastructure study was carried out on the effect of a standard drug sodium stibogluconate and a newly identified active cdri compound 87/305 [1,2-dimethyl-3-methoxy carbonyl-4-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl) pyrrole] on amastigotes of leishmania donovani in macrophage cells of spleen of infected hamsters. while na-stibogluconate exerted its effect by activating the digestion capacity of host macrophages, compound 87/305 was directly lethal to the parasites without, exerting any effect on the ... | 1991 | 1657768 |
| hydrogen peroxide-mediated toxicity for leishmania donovani chagasi promastigotes. role of hydroxyl radical and protection by heat shock. | leishmania must survive despite exposure to the toxic oxidant hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) during phagocytosis by macrophages. we investigated the mechanism of h2o2 toxicity for l. donovani chagasi promastigotes, and factors responsible for their relative h2o2 resistance. there was a dose-dependent toxic effect of h2o2 for promastigotes isolated during logarithmic phase of growth. in contrast, stationary phase promastigotes were less susceptible to h2o2 toxicity, and more infectious for balb/c mice. ... | 1991 | 1658042 |
| leishmanial blepharo-conjunctivitis. | we describe a case of blepharo-conjunctivitis due to leishmania donovani in association with nodules of post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) on the chin. the diagnosis was confirmed by isolation of the parasite in culture. direct implantation of the parasite by contaminated fingers from the chin nodules to the eye is suggested as the mode of spread. the role of cell-mediated immunity, (cmi) in restricting the skin lesions on the chin for 37 years at the same site, was suspected. this is on ... | 1991 | 1667830 |
| structural analysis of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol glycolipid of leishmania donovani. | a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) glycolipid antigen recognized by sera from patients with visceral leishmaniasis was isolated from leishmania donovani promastigotes. the carbohydrate moiety was cleaved from the lipid part by digestion with specific phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c. after separation, structural analysis was carried out on the phosphorylated inositol oligosaccharide and the alkylacyl glycerol. the following major structures were found: [formula: see text] the presence of t ... | 1991 | 1668717 |
| [enzyme activity in leishmania]. | some enzymes produced by the protozoon leishmania can have an important role in the intraphagocytic survival of the parasites. the production of hydrolytic enzymes by promastigotes belonging to two leishmania sp. (major and infantum) and maintained in different experimental conditions was evaluated. the proteolytic activity was moderate, while superior was the production of acid phosphatase in l. infantum. an increase of the trypsin-like activity was observed after incubation of protozoa for 24 ... | 1991 | 1668970 |
| leishmania donovani chagasi: new clinical variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis in honduras. | during surveillance for endemic visceral leishmaniasis on an island off the pacific coast of honduras, an unusual form of cutaneous leishmaniasis was encountered. by clinical and laboratory criteria, 17 cases were identified over 5 months; children aged 4 to 15 years were primarily affected. lesions were generally few in number, small, always papular, and non-ulcerative, even when present for several years. patients with skin lesions seemed otherwise healthy and were well nourished. montenegro s ... | 1991 | 1670724 |
| amplification and molecular cloning of the imp dehydrogenase gene of leishmania donovani. | a mutant (mpa100) strain of leishmania donovania was generated from a wild type (d1700) population by virtue of its ability to survive the selective pressure of gradually increasing concentrations of mycophenolic acid (mpa), an inhibitor of imp dehydrogenase (impdh) activity. comparative growth experiments revealed that the mpa100 strain was 100-fold more resistant to mpa toxicity and cross-resistant to ribavarin, another inhibitor of impdh. a direct comparison of impdh levels in d1700 and mpa10 ... | 1991 | 1671039 |
| effect of nifedipine on leishmania donovani infection in-vivo and in-vitro: chemiluminescence responses of peritoneal macrophages and neutrophils. | after peritoneal macrophages had been exposed to different concentrations of nifedipine (10-120 ng ml-1) there was a significant increase (p less than 0.001) in the percentage of leishmania donovani infected macrophages compared with controls. parasite load was also significantly increased (p less than 0.001) in nifedipine-treated, l. donovani infected, balb/c mice, compared with untreated, infected mice, post-inoculation. peak chemiluminescence responses were significantly depressed (p less tha ... | 1991 | 1672903 |
| liposomal amphotericin b in drug-resistant visceral leishmaniasis. | the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) may be complicated by drug toxicity or intolerance, and by drug resistance. amphotericin b (amb) is effective, but its use is limited by toxicity: renal impairment, anaemia, fever, malaise, and hypokalaemia are common. liposomes have been proposed as an effective way to target drugs at macrophages, which are the cells infected in visceral leishmaniasis. in animals amb incorporated into liposomes is highly effective against experimental leishmaniasis, ... | 1991 | 1673494 |
| a nuclear dna probe for the identification of strains within the leishmania donovani complex. | | 1991 | 1673931 |
| evaluation of in-vitro leishmanicidal activity of hydrazones of thiophene carboxaldehydes against promastigotes of leishmania infantum and leishmania tropica. | the lack of leishmanicidal drugs has prompted the synthesis and testing of new hydrazones of thiophene carboxaldehydes against three leishmania strains. the compounds were obtained by condensation of appropriate hydrazines with thiophene 2-carboxaldehyde (series 1), thiophene 3-carboxaldehyde (series 2), and 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde (series 3). leishmanicidal activity was assessed against promastigotes of leishmania strains, grown in-vitro in nutrient broth medium complemented with fres ... | 1991 | 1676064 |
| the mrna coding for the nucleosomal protein h2a of leishmania is polyadenylated and has stem-loops at the 3' end. | | 1991 | 1679534 |
| presentation of leishmania donovani promastigotes occurs via a brefeldin a-sensitive pathway. | for the presentation of leishmania promastigotes to polyclonal cd4+ t cells, a processing period within activated macrophages of 3-4 h is required. presentation can be inhibited by both chloroquine and brefeldin a (bfa), the latter implicating a requirement for newly synthesized mhc class ii molecules. this inhibition is both reversible and specific, in that bfa did not inhibit mixed lymphocyte reaction stimulation by these infected macrophages. immunogold labeling demonstrated that class ii was ... | 1991 | 1680697 |
| interferon-gamma inhibits the efficacy of interleukin 1 to generate a th2-cell biased immune response induced by leishmania major. | splenic adherent cells from l. major-infected resistant and susceptible mice were restimulated in vitro and analyzed for the expression of il-1 activity. three weeks or later after infection, cells from parasite infected susceptible balb/c mice produced substantially more il-1 activity than those from non-infected controls or from l. major-infected resistant c57bl/6 animals. more than 95% of the il-1 bioactivity was mediated by il-1 alpha, as determined by blocking experiments with an anti-il-1 ... | 1991 | 1680802 |
| guillain-barré syndrome as presenting manifestation of visceral leishmaniasis. | | 1991 | 1682557 |
| canine leishmaniasis associated with systemic vasculitis in two dogs. | two cases of canine leishmaniasis associated with systemic necrotizing vasculitis are described. the main macroscopic lesions were haemorrhagic in type; histopathological changes confirmed a vascular lesion affecting small arteries of several organs (skin, intestinal tract, kidney, urinary bladder, mesenteric lymph nodes, adrenal gland, myocardium, lung, eye and choroid plexus). the presence of the parasite was confirmed with a specific immunocytochemical stain. the possibility of an immunologic ... | 1991 | 1684801 |
| application of atp measurement to evaluation of the growth of parasitic protozoa in vitro with a special reference to pneumocystis carinii. | 1. there was a significant correlation between the increase in the number of entamoeba histolytica, trichomonas vaginalis, giardia lamblia and leishmania donovani in culture, and their atp contents determined by luciferase reaction. 2. the similar correlation was also demonstrated between the decreased number of e. histolytica in the presence of an anti-amebic quassinoid and the nucleotide content in vitro. 3. in the case of pneumocystis carinii, the numbers of the organism remained relatively c ... | 1991 | 1685366 |
| oxidation of leucine by leishmania donovani. | the metabolism of leucine by leishmania donovani was investigated. washed promastigotes were incubated with [1-14c]- or [u-14c]leucine or [1-14c]alpha-ketoisocaproate (kic) and 14co2 release was measured. the amount of kic-derived acetyl-coa oxidized in the citric acid cycle was computed. promastigotes from mid-stationary phase cultures oxidized each of these labeled substrates less rapidly than cells from late log phase cultures, and significantly less acetyl-coa derived from kic oxidation was ... | 1991 | 1687827 |
| analyses of surface membrane carbohydrates in parasitic flagellates of the order kinetoplastida using lectins. | crithidia fasciculata, leishmania donovani, leishmania major, leishmania mexicana amazonensis, leishmania tropica, leishmania tarentolae, trypanosoma sp. from formosan bats (tb), trypanosoma lewisi, trypanosoma musculi, and different strains of trypanosoma cruzi (tc) were cultivated at 27 degrees c in a liquid culture medium. flagellates harvested from log phase culture were analyzed for their lectin agglutinating characteristics with concanavalin a (con a), peanut agglutinin, ricinus communis a ... | 1990 | 1696387 |
| lipophosphoglycan and secreted acid phosphatase of leishmania tropica share species-specific epitopes. | several species-specific monoclonal antibodies (t11, t13-t15) which only react with leishmania tropica, recognize phosphorlated carbohydrate epitopes on lipophosphoglycan and the structurally related molecule, phosphoglycan, which is shed by promastigotes into spent culture medium. during immunoaffinity isolation of [32p]orthophosphate-labeled phosphoglycan on monoclonal antibody t15 conjugated to sepharose 4b, a high-mr component (approx. 200,000) was co-purified. the latter material is metabol ... | 1990 | 1697935 |
| expression of a repeating phosphorylated disaccharide lipophosphoglycan epitope on the surface of macrophages infected with leishmania donovani. | murine peritoneal macrophages were infected with living, virulent leishmania donovani promastigotes. at intervals after infection, the macrophage surfaces were probed for the expression of lipophosphoglycan (lpg) epitopes by immunofluorescence with anti-lpg monoclonal antibodies. a repeating phosphorylated disaccharide epitope of lpg was detected as early as 5 to 10 min postinfection and was initially localized to the immediate area of internalization of the promastigote into the macrophage. the ... | 1990 | 1699895 |
| evidence of transferrin binding sites on the surface of leishmania promastigotes. | a glycoprotein of 78,000 molecular mass (78 kda), associated with the membrane of leishmania infantum promastigotes, was identified and immunopurified by monoclonal antibody (mab) ld9 produced against isolated membrane preparations. mab ld9 was subsequently found to bind to human transferrin, also of 78 kda. binding of ld9 to transferrin was completely abolished when the mab was preabsorbed by leishmania membranes, thereby indicating that the 78-kda leishmania membrane-associated glycoprotein an ... | 1990 | 1702420 |
| species and stage specificity of leishmania donovani antigens. | monoclonal antibodies d2 and d13 were produced in mice using leishmania donovani promastigote membrane fractions. to study the species and stage specificity of the antigens recognized by these antibodies, we examined amastigotes prepared in vitro and cultured promastigotes by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies d2 and d13. monoclonal antibody d2 showed weak reactivity for 9 of 9 strains of l. donovani complex promastigotes and 8 of 9 amastigotes. in contrast, only 2 of 22 stra ... | 1991 | 1704058 |
| mapping of b-cell epitopes on the leishmania donovani 70 kda heat-shock protein. | | 1990 | 1707379 |
| leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan selectively inhibits signal transduction in macrophages. | the effect of purified lipophosphoglycan (lpg) of leishmania donovani on signal transduction and gene expression in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages was investigated. lpg stimulated the rapid expression of both c-fos and tnf genes within 30 min after exposure, suggesting that the interaction of lpg with its receptor stimulated a specific signal transduction pathway. macrophages pretreated with lpg for 3 h became unresponsive to subsequent stimulation with lps and the activators of protein ... | 1991 | 1707920 |
| plasma membrane of leishmania donovani. | plasma membrane of leishmania donovani promastigotes was isolated by disrupting the cells in dounce homogenizer and found to be having two fractions m1 and m2. chemical analysis of the two membrane fractions revealed that m1 had less rna content and high sterol-phospholipid molar ratio than m2. m1 was also rich in membrane marker enzymes, e.g., 5' nucleotidase and acid phosphatase. glucose-6-phosphatase, the marker enzyme of endoplasmic reticulum was higher in m2 fraction. the electron micrograp ... | 1991 | 1717541 |
| glycoinositol phospholipids from american leishmania and trypanosoma spp: partial characterization of the glycan cores and the human humoral immune response to them. | the glycoinositol phospholipid (gipl) profiles of american leishmania spp. (l. mexicana and l. braziliensis), leishmania donovani, and american trypanosoma spp. (t. cruzi and t. rangeli) were compared. the major gipls in these parasites include tetraglycosyl-, pentaglycosyl-, and hexaglycosylphosphatidylinositol. these were partially identified by their comigration by high-performance thin-layer chromatography with purified l. major gipls, gas-liquid chromatography of the monosaccharides release ... | 1991 | 1719024 |
| patients infected with leishmania donovani chagasi can have antibodies that recognize heat shock and acidic ribosomal proteins of trypanosoma cruzi. | | 1991 | 1723150 |
| fluorescent antibody titres after recovery from visceral leishmaniasis. | | 1991 | 1723840 |
| antileishmanial activity of hamycin: a polyene antibiotic. | hamycin, a polyene antibiotic, now in extensive use in the treatment of candidiasis and otomycosis, is found to be remarkably effective in killing leishmania donovani promastigotes in a liquid medium at a concentration of 0.2 microgram/ml. the glucose stimulated respiration and the uptake of 2-deoxy-d[u-14c]-glucose was inhibited in cells treated with the drug at a growth inhibitory concentration. an immediate release of isotopic glucose from preloaded cells could be demonstrated after exposure ... | 1992 | 1731803 |
| solution structure of the lipophosphoglycan of leishmania donovani. | the three-dimensional solution structure of the repeating -po4-6gal beta 1-4man alpha 1- disaccharide fragment of the lipophosphoglycan (lpg) derived from leishmania donovani has been determined by use of a combination of homo- and heteronuclear nmr spin coupling constant measurements together with restrained molecular mechanical minimization and molecular dynamics simulations. the fragment exists with limited mobility in solution about the gal beta 1-4man linkages, whereas in contrast a variety ... | 1992 | 1731920 |
| total synthesis of uracil analogues of sinefungin. | analogues of sinefungin derivatives 18a and 18b have been prepared from uridine and l-aspartic acid. the key step in the synthesis was the coupling of the radical derived from 14 with the unsaturated amide 13. the latter was produced from the known n-hydroxy-2-thiopyridone ester of l-aspartic acid 12 with the olefin 11. thus, the essential carbon skeleton was constructed by way of two radical coupling reactions. these analogues as well as 1a and 1b synthesized previously were tested for their an ... | 1992 | 1732534 |
| stimulus-response coupling in monocytes infected with leishmania. attenuation of calcium transients is related to defective agonist-induced accumulation of inositol phosphates. | mononuclear phagocytes infected with leishmania have been shown to have defective responses to extracellular stimuli. to investigate the potential relationship of these findings to alterations in calcium-dependent signaling pathways, the regulation of [ca2+]i concentrations was examined in human peripheral blood monocytes infected with amastigotes of leishmania donovani. measurements of [ca2+]i in fura-2-loaded monocytes were made at the single cell level by microfluorimetry. in normal monocytes ... | 1992 | 1737935 |
| leishmania donovani: antagonistic effect of s-adenosyl methionine on ultrastructural changes and growth inhibition induced by sinefungin. | sinefungin, an antifungal and antiparasitic nucleoside antibiotic, is a very potent antileishmanial agent in vitro and in vivo (bachrach et al. 1980, febs letters 121, 287-291; neal et al. 1985, transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene 79, 85-122). it was previously shown that this molecule is a competitive inhibitor of adomet for transmethylases (paolantonacci et al. 1986, molecular and biochemical parasitology 21, 47-54; avila et al. 1987, molecular and biochemical pa ... | 1992 | 1740179 |
| effects of hypoxia and acute osmotic stress on intermediary metabolism in leishmania promastigotes. | this study further explores the effects of hypoxia and acute osmotic stress on intermediary metabolism of leishmania major and leishmania donovani. late log phase promastigotes were washed and incubated with glucose as the sole exogenous carbon source, and rates of glucose consumption and product formation were measured as a function of osmotic strength (610, 305, and 167 mosm kg-1) and po2 (95, 10, and 0% o2) in the presence of 5% co2. very mild hypoxia dramatically altered flux through the pat ... | 1992 | 1741010 |
| evidence for translational control of beta-tubulin synthesis during differentiation of leishmania donovani. | tubulin biosynthesis was rapidly induced during transformation of the mammalian (amastigote) stage of the kinetoplastid parasite leishmania donovani to flagellated promastigotes. however, transcription of beta-tubulin genes occurred constitutively, as judged by nascent rna synthesis in isolated nuclei and northern blotting of steady-state mrna. two mrna species of 2.2 and 2.4 kb were shared by the two cell-types, while a third 2.6 kb species, constituting about 20% of the total, was present in l ... | 1991 | 1745547 |
| priming of phagocytes by cytokines and water-soluble products of lipid peroxidation. | it is well known that during certain pathological processes phagocytes acquire the ability to generate activated oxygen species during phagocytosis. the priming of phagocytes by cytokines and water-soluble products of lipid peroxidation (lpo) is described. preincubation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnl) with the water-soluble products of lpo or oxidised liposomes for 15-20 min at 37 degrees c enhanced their functional activity when they were stimulated by opsonised zymosan or latex pa ... | 1991 | 1751754 |
| studies on the leishmaniases in the sudan. 3. clinical and parasitological studies on visceral and mucosal leishmaniasis. | the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings of 27 patients with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) and six with mucosal leishmaniasis (ml) in sudan are described. the diagnosis was confirmed by the demonstration of amastigotes in bone-marrow in 20 cases with vl (80%) and impression smears in 2 cases with ml. the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and direct agglutination test were positive in all the sera tested. the leishmanin test was positive in all patients with ml, the diameter of the rea ... | 1991 | 1755050 |
| post-kala-azar anterior uveitis: demonstration of leishmania parasites in the lesion. | | 1991 | 1755051 |
| direct agglutination test for diagnosis and sero-epidemiological survey of kala-azar in the sudan. | 132 patients with suspected kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) were included in a prospective study to compare the performance of the direct agglutination test (dat) with smears of lymph node, bone marrow and splenic aspiration. a titre greater than 1:3200 was considered positive. 67 patients provided positive smears and 65 were smear-negative. compared with the results obtained from smears, the sensitivity of the dat was 94% and its specificity 72%. of 18 patients who were negative by smears bu ... | 1991 | 1755052 |
| human urine stimulates growth of leishmania in vitro. | enhancement of trypanosomatid metacyclogenesis by insect urine components led us to test the effect of human urine as a culture additive. the addition of 1-5% urine to schneider's drosophila medium containing 10% foetal calf serum enhanced the growth of 11 leishmania strains representing 8 different taxonomic groups. cell division was stimulated in cultures with non-dividing organisms. peak cell density was increased, as was the efficiency with which l. donovani could be isolated from infected h ... | 1991 | 1755054 |
| cutaneous leishmaniasis and leishmania infantum. | | 1991 | 1755077 |
| detection of variable dna repeats in diverse eukaryotic microorganisms by a single set of polymerase chain reaction primers. | we cloned and sequenced a variable dna repeat from trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellated protozoan parasite. targeting of this repeat in the polymerase chain reaction resulted in complex and intense product patterns for a wide variety of eukaryotic microorganisms, including the pathogenic protozoan parasites t. vaginalis, giardia lamblia, leishmania donovani, three species of trypanosoma, and four species of acanthamoeba; the nonpathogenic protozoans, paramecium tetraurelia and tetrahymena thermo ... | 1991 | 1757544 |
| heterogeneity of the genes encoding the major surface glycoprotein of leishmania donovani. | the major surface glycoprotein of leishmania (gp63) is present on all known species of leishmania and likely plays an integral role during the infection of macrophages in the mammalian host. to identify regions of gp63 which may be of functional significance, the nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding gp63 of leishmania donovani was determined and compared to the sequences reported for gp63 genes of leishmania major and leishmania chagasi. the gp63 nucleotide and predicted protein sequence was h ... | 1991 | 1762629 |
| [the determination of the species specificity of leishmania antibodies in different groups of human sera]. | species-specificity of two serological tests has been compared: indirect immunofluorescence test and c-elisa using antigens prepared of 7 leishmania species of various groups of human sera, including sera from healthy donors; sera of patients with various tropical parasitoses; sera containing rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies; sera of patients with visceral leishmaniasis (vl); sera of normal subjects arrived from regions endemic for vl; sera of students arrived in czechoslovakia from ... | 1991 | 1770880 |
| [immunologic complications of visceral leishmaniasis]. | this study concerns 3 cases of visceral leishmaniasis with various immunological complications. one patients showed a life-threatening activation of macrophages, characterised by haemophagocytosis in the bone marrow, pancytopenia, hypofibrinogenaemia and hypertriglycerideamia. a selective deficiency of igg subclasses persisting for months was found in all 3 cases, the clinical relevance of which is unclear. one case manifested the already well known transient decrease of cell mediated immunity t ... | 1991 | 1775144 |
| biopterin conversion to reduced folates by leishmania donovani promastigotes. | the ability of leishmania donovani promastigotes to proliferate in folate-deficient medium supplemented with pterins suggests that pterins can serve as a source of folate in these parasites [16]. using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, the ability of intact l. donovani to transform [3h]biopterin into tetrahydrofolates was demonstrated. radioactivity was primarily associated with 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate. a mutant strain of l. donovani, mtxa5, th ... | 1991 | 1775157 |
| liposomal amphotericin b in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. | a case of visceral leishmaniasis unresponsive to several course of treatment with standard drugs, was successfully cured by a 21 day course (50 mg/day) of liposomal amphotericin b (ambisome, vestar inc.). the efficacy of the ambisome formulation is supported by experimental studies on leishmania donovani infected balb/c mice where ed50 values of ambisome and conventional amphotericin b were 0.15-0.25 and 0.95-4.9 mg/kg, respectively. a lack of toxicity of the ambisome formulation was noted in bo ... | 1991 | 1778888 |
| biochemical and immunological characterization of exometabolites from an indian strain of leishmania donovani promastigotes grown in a chemically defined medium. | exometabolites (exom) of an indian strain of leishmania donovani promastigotes isolated from a chemically defined medium by ultrafiltration consisted of proteins, glycoproteins, lipid and lipophosphopolysaccharide (lpps). lpps of mr 40-28 kda in sds-page could be labelled metabolically with [32p]-phosphate and recovered in the aqueous phase of hot-phenol-water extraction of exom (pe-aq) along with a glycoprotein of mr 150-130 kda (gp150-130). these two molecules could be eluted from de-52 column ... | 1991 | 1779962 |
| molecular karyotype and chromosomal localization of genes encoding two major surface glycoproteins, gp63 and gp46/m2, hsp70, and beta-tubulin in cloned strains of several leishmania species. | the molecular karyotypes of several leishmania isolates (leishmania amazonensis, leishmania braziliensis, leishmania guyanensis, leishmania panamensis, leishmania donovani, leishmania major, leishmania aethiopica, leishmania tropica, leishmania enriettii) have been analyzed by clamped homogeneous electric field (chef) gel electrophoresis. the chromosomal localization of genes encoding 2 major surface glycoproteins, gp63 and gp46/m2, heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), and beta-tubulin was determined ... | 1991 | 1779988 |
| isolation of the 66-kilodalton polypeptide from promastigotes of leishmania donovani as a ligand molecule for binding to macrophages. | a 66-kda major plasma membrane-associated molecule of promastigotes of leishmania donovani (ur6) was purified by affinity chromatography. the immunoreactivity of the 66-kda molecule was lost upon exposure to heat or treatment with trypsin. the metaperiodate oxidation significantly reduced its immunoreactivity. the 66-kda molecule is, therefore, glycoprotein in nature. with a fluorescent probe, the 66-kda molecule was found to be located on the tip of flagellum and on the kinetoplast. the exposur ... | 1991 | 1784082 |
| initial rate measurements of cellular nucleoside transport: time course, initial curvature of time curves and metabolism. | | 1991 | 1789250 |
| iridoids: a new class of leishmanicidal agents from nyctanthes arbortristis. | iridoid glucosides (arbortristosides a [i], b [2], c [3], and 6beta-hydroxy-loganin [4] isolated from the traditional plant nyctanthes arbortristis show antileishmanial activity in both in vitro (against amastigotes in macrophage cultures) and in vivo (in hamsters) test systems. | 1991 | 1791475 |
| putrescine uptake regulation in response to alpha-difluoromethylornithine treatment in leishmania infantum promastigotes. | the putrescine uptake/efflux regulation and their regulatory role on intracellular polyamine pools have been studied in the parasitic protozoa leishmania infantum. putrescine uptake was age-dependent with maximal values in logarithmic phase promastigotes and minimal in stationary phase. moreover, putrescine uptake was activated in response to depletion of intracellular polyamines by alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo)--a well known irreversible enzyme-activated inhibitor of ornithine decarboxyl ... | 1991 | 1791826 |
| effect of trypsin and 2-mercaptoethanol on the exposure of sugar residues on the surface of leishmania donovani chagasi. | using transmission electron microscopy, gold-labeled lectins, morphometry and enzyme-linked lectin assay, we could show that treatment of promastigotes of leishmania donovani chagasi with trypsin did not interfere with the binding of lectins (concanavalin a, peanut agglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin and ricinus communis agglutinin) to the parasite surface. these observations are in agreement with results we previously obtained using a biochemical approach. treatment of fixed promastigotes with 2- ... | 1991 | 1792223 |
| leishmania infantum: polyamine biosynthesis and levels during the growth of promastigotes. | 1. decarboxylation of polyamine precursors: l-ornithine and l-methionine was determined along the growth curve of leishmania infantum promastigotes in vivo, reaching maximum values on day 2 post-inoculum (mid-logarithmic phase). 2. maximum values of l-ornithine and l-methionine decarboxylation were: 1.97 +/- 0.28 nmol co2/hr/10(7) promastigotes and 3.18 +/- 0.34 nmol co2/hr/10(7) promastigotes, respectively. 3. total (free + conjugated) polyamine content was closely related with the proliferativ ... | 1991 | 1794446 |
| gamma interferon production by lymphocytes from children infected with l. chagasi. | the present study was performed to evaluate the ability of lymphocytes from 18 children living in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) to produce gamma-interferon. these children had no previous history of vl and were considered to be infected with leishmania chagasi based on leishmanial seroconversion. the gamma ifn levels were determined by radioimmunoassay on supernatants of lymphocyte cultures (3 x 10(6)/ml) stimulated with pha (final dilution 1:10) and leishmania chagasi antigen ( ... | 1991 | 1797267 |
| acute renal failure in visceral leishmaniasis. | we describe the case of a 33-year-old male patient with an acute visceral leishmaniasis (leishmania donovani) associated with an acute renal failure. the clinical manifestations were dominated by fever, oliguric renal failure and hepatic alterations. serum c3 and c4 fractions of complement were decreased, and a renal biopsy demonstrated an interstitial nephritis with no glomerular involvement. the clinical course was favorable with recuperation of renal function without sequels. | 1991 | 1799197 |
| a case of lingual and palatine localization of a viscerotropic leishmania infantum zymodeme in sardinia, italy. | an autochthonous case of leishmaniasis of tongue and palate is reported from sardinia, italy. the parasite isolated from the lingual lesion was typed through the electrophoretic analysis of 14 isoenzymes and it was identified as leishmania infantum zymodeme mon 27. | 1991 | 1801144 |
| [cloning of the sequences of kinetoplast dna specific to leishmania donovani species and strains]. | to identify the heterogeneous dna sequences in the kinetoplast dna (kdna) minicircles, we digested the kdna from various species and isolates of leishmania into fragments with several restriction endonucleases and those fragments were southern hybridized with whole kdna. by this test, the alui fragments were shown to possess the species- and strain-specific sequences. we inserted these kdna (from l.d. sichuan human isolate) fragments into smai site of plasmid puc 18. the blunt ligation reaction ... | 1991 | 1802451 |
| visceral leishmaniasis mimicking a flare of systemic lupus erythematosus. | fever in systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) may be caused by exacerbation of the disease itself or by infection. we report on a patient with a long standing history of sle that was complicated by fever and pancytopenia with no splenomegaly. sle disease activity was suspected because of an elevated dna-antibody titer. the early positive response to corticoid therapy may have masked the underlying infection. visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed by a repeated bone marrow biopsy and serological test ... | 1991 | 1802503 |
| serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in portugal: comparison of three methods. | sera collected in portugal from 43 dogs were screened for specific antibodies to leishmania donovani antigens. three different techniques were compared: an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa), a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and a competitive-elisa (c-elisa) using two species-specific monoclonal antibodies, d2 and d13. by ifa, 22 of the sera examined showed positive reactions, compared with 26 by elisa or 27 by c-elisa. there was no direct correlation observed between the ... | 1991 | 1809243 |
| role of hla-dr antigen on t-cell activation in visceral leishmaniasis. | ability of peripheral blood monocytes in association with hla-dr molecules to support t-cell activation in response to soluble leishmania donovani antigen was investigated. adherent cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies. the increased number of cells with dr expression was more efficient in presenting l. donovani antigen to sensitized t-cells. the results suggest that quantitative variation in monocytes with expression of dr molecules, correlates with their ability to support t-cell resp ... | 1991 | 1816092 |
| a novel leishmanicidal labdane from polyalthia macropoda. | a new diterpene, (4s,9r,10r) methyl 18-carboxy-labda-8,13(e)-diene-15-oate has been obtained from the stem barks of polyalthia macropoda (annonaceae). this labdanic derivative was identified on the basis of spectroscopic data and is biologically active against the promastigote leishmania donovani donovani. | 1991 | 1818347 |
| [ecoepidemiology of leishmaniases in syria. 2--presence, in dogs, of leishmania infantum nicolle and leishmania tropica (wright) (kinetoplastida-trypanonomatidae)]. | in an ecoepidemiological study in the syrian foci of human visceral (vl) and cutaneous (cl) leishmaniasis, domestic dogs infected with leishmania infantum mon-1 and l. tropica mon-76 were found for the first time. in syria canine leishmaniasis caused by l. infantum, occurs in the humid and sub-humid western belt from the coastal zone to the nearby mountain ranges. sporadis cases of human vl occur in this area. canine cl, caused by l. tropica was found in the semi-arid zone in a village with a hi ... | 1991 | 1822655 |
| localization of the plasma membrane and mitochondrial h(+)-atpases in leishmania donovani promastigotes. | immunochemical methods were used to characterize the proton-translocating atpases (h(+)-atpases) of the plasma membrane and mitochrondrion of leishmania donovani promastigotes. antisera directed against the plasma membrane h(+)-atpase of saccharomyces cerevisiae reacted with a 66 kda membrane protein of l. donovani promastigotes. by immunocytochemistry, the antiserum was shown to label the cell and flagellar surface of promastigotes as well as the golgi apparatus and the membrane of intracellula ... | 1991 | 1827766 |
| conservation of cation-transporting atpase genes in leishmania. | dna fragments isolated from leishmania donovani atpase genes were used to analyze the organization and expression of cation transporting atpase genes in l. donovani, leishmania tropica, leishmania mexicana, leishmania braziliensis, trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma cruzi. the atpase loci in all leishmania species contained a tandem pair of atpase genes arranged in head-to-tail orientation and separated by approximately 2 kb. no restriction site polymorphisms were detected in the internal portio ... | 1991 | 1828863 |
| developmental changes in the glycosylated phosphatidylinositols of leishmania donovani. characterization of the promastigote and amastigote glycolipids. | in addition to utilizing glycosylated phosphatidylinositols (gpis) as anchors for surface proteins, protozoan parasites of the genus leishmania synthesize two novel classes of gpi: the polydisperse lipophosphoglycans (lpgs) and a family of low molecular weight glycoinositol phospholipids (gipls). we now show that lpg is expressed in high copy number (6 x 10(6) molecules/cell) in the promastigote (insect) stage of l. donovani but not in the amastigote stage, which infects mammalian macrophages. d ... | 1991 | 1831200 |
| structure and transcription of a p-atpase gene from trypanosoma brucei. | a putative atpase gene was cloned from trypanosoma brucei genomic dna. the length of the gene open reading frame is 3,033 bp, predicting a protein of about 110 kda. the sequence of this protein shares 10 blocks of homology with other eukaryotic atpases, including the putative phosphorylation site characteristic of p-atpases. its hydropathy profile reveals 8-10 potential membrane-spanning regions. while the amino acid sequence of the t. brucei atpase shows only 25% overall homology with its count ... | 1991 | 1833643 |
| a sensitive repetitive dna probe that is specific to the leishmania donovani complex and its use as an epidemiological and diagnostic reagent. | leishmania donovani (hu3 strain) metacyclic promastigotes generated in vitro were used to construct a cdna library in the bacteriophage vector lambda gt10. a cdna clone (lmet 2), was isolated by differential screening with metacyclic-derived or log-phase promastigote-derived cdna. the clone insert was comprised predominantly of four copies of an imperfect 60-bp repeat motif, which was represented in the genome by multiple tandem repeats distributed among at least six chromosomes. the correspondi ... | 1991 | 1840624 |
| the scientific production of augusto corradetti in the field of medical entomology. | | 1991 | 1841204 |
| methods of reducing ascogregarina chagasi parasitaemia in laboratory colonies of lutzomyia longipalpis. | ascogregarina chagasi is an aseptate gregarine parasite found naturally in populations of lutzomyia longipalpis. under intensive rearing conditions in the laboratory, the parasite is known to reduce longevity and egg production, therefore, it is thought to be a major contributing factor to the phenomenon of colony crashes. a study is described to test egg cleansing techniques, with a view to controlling this parasite in laboratory colonies. methods used include washing eggs with formol, benzalko ... | 1991 | 1841206 |
| the development of leishmania infantum in phlebotomus langeroni nitzulescu (diptera: psychodidae). | the extrinsic development of leishmania infantum was observed in phlebotomus langeroni the potential vector of visceral leishmaniasis in el-agamy, egypt. flies were infected with l. infantum isolated from the same area, using membrane feeding technique. flies were examined for infection at 1-10 days post-infection. the initial establishment of the parasites was in the posterior midgut region beginning at sixth day post-infection. parasites were first observed in the esophagus at day 8, and in th ... | 1991 | 1841208 |
| breeding places of phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti (diptera: psychodidae) in west bengal, india. | a search for the breeding places of phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti was undertaken in west bengal during 1988-1990. sugar flotation technique was applied for the isolation of larvae from the collected soil samples and emergence trap and sticky paper trap were used for the collection of adults. soil incubation method was followed for the collection of emerged adults from the soil sample. a total 131 soil samples were analysed by flotation technique which produced 19 immature stages- ... | 1991 | 1841217 |