| isolation and morphology of an immunoreactive outer wall fraction produced by spherules of coccidioides immitis. | a previously undescribed, immunoreactive, membranous spherule outer wall (sow) fraction produced by coccidioides immitis (strains 634 and 735) grown in culture was isolated. both this fraction and intact spherules were reactive with sera from coccidioidomycosis patients, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy. the serological activity of sow was also demonstrated by its reactivity with human anti-c. immitis tube precipitin in a standardized immunodiffusion assay. extraction of sow with ... | 1988 | 3138180 |
| extraction of serologic and delayed hypersensitivity antigens from spherules of coccidioides immitis. | we have used an aqueous toluene extraction procedure to obtain antigens from mature spherules of coccidioides immitis. this extract contained many antigens as determined by immunoblotting and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoretic studies. these included antigens with specificity for tube precipitin-type antibodies having molecular weights greater than or equal to 100 kda. the extract also displayed lymphocyte-transforming activity when tested on human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from ... | 1988 | 3147833 |
| characterization of a soluble protein of coccidiodes immitis with activity as an immunodiffusion-complement fixation antigen. | a 48-kilodalton (kda) electrophoretically distinct antigen from coccidioides immitis mycelial- and spherule-endospore-phase filtrates was previously associated by immunoblotting with the immunodiffusion band that corresponds to complement-fixing activity (id-cf). to characterize this antigen and its precursor, both mycelial- and spherule-endospore-phase filtrates were fractionated by size exclusion chromatography, lectin affinity chromatography, and nondenaturing electrophoresis. by size exclusi ... | 1988 | 3148631 |
| possible role of a proteinase in endosporulation of coccidioides immitis. | we previously reported isolation of a serine proteinase from the soluble conidial wall fraction of coccidioides immitis. the purified proteinase was identified as a polypeptide band of 36,000 mr by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. in this study, we raised monospecific antiserum in rabbits against the purified proteinase for use in immunoelectron microscopy. we showed that immunolabel was localized in the cell wall of both the saprobic and parasitic phases but was most c ... | 1988 | 3163676 |
| some unusual periorbital dermatoses. | three case reports of primary periorbital dermatitis are presented. the etiology of these were molluscum contagiosum, microsporum canis, and coccidioides immitis. in each case, the presenting complaint was unusual since the primary lesion started in the periorbital region. | 1988 | 3207312 |
| symptoms and routine laboratory abnormalities associated with coccidioidomycosis. | to assess the relationships of various symptoms and other early findings to the diagnosis of primary coccidioidomycosis, we devised a 40-question survey that was completed by 556 college students seeking medical care for illness possibly due to coccidioides immitis. the results of routine laboratory studies on these patients were also compiled. of 269 who had coccidioidal antibody determinations and other diagnostic tests, coccidioidomycosis was diagnosed in 36 (13%). by logistic regression proc ... | 1988 | 3227686 |
| microtiter method for mic testing with spherule-endospore-phase coccidioides immitis. | a method was developed for susceptibility testing with spherule-endospore-phase coccidioides immitis by using a microtiter format. isolated endospores were used to inoculate wells containing modified converse medium with various concentrations of azole or nikkomycin antifungal substances which then were sealed with an acetate film. the plate was incubated at 37 degrees c with shaking for 96 h, after which the control wells had visible turbidity and endpoints were discernible. microscopic examina ... | 1988 | 3230142 |
| suppression of t-lymphocyte response by coccidioides immitis antigen. | intravenous injection of balb/c mice with coccidioidin or an alkali-soluble cell wall extract of coccidioides immitis mycelia resulted in the induction of a splenic cell population(s) that suppressed delayed-type hypersensitivity response to coccidioidal antigen. to determine whether the levels of c. immitis antigen produced during the course of active coccidioidal disease might also cause suppression of t-lymphocyte response, balb/c mice were infected by intranasal instillation of arthroconidia ... | 1988 | 3259545 |
| immunosuppression by cell wall antigens of coccidioides immitis. | intranasal infection of balb/c mice with coccidioides immitis resulted in the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to coccidioidin within 9 days of infection and in the subsequent development of anergy. the acquired anergy was coincident with detection of circulating coccidioides cell wall antigen and could be passively transferred to normal, syngeneic mice by intravenous injection with sera from infected donors. suppression of t lymphocyte reactivity was also induced by injecting balb/c m ... | 1988 | 3263691 |
| ketoconazole therapy of progressive coccidioidomycosis. comparison of 400- and 800-mg doses and observations at higher doses. | one hundred and twelve patients with progressive pulmonary, skeletal, or soft tissue infections caused by coccidioides immitis were randomly assigned to treatment with 400 or 800 mg per day dosages of ketoconazole. during therapy, if response was unsatisfactory, the protocol provided for treatment with higher doses. with 400 mg, ketoconazole resulted in 23.2 percent successes, which was similar to 32.1 percent successes with 800-mg treatments (p = 0.29). an additional six of 23 patients in whom ... | 1988 | 3279775 |
| epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis. | coccidioides immitis naturally occurs in the soil and air of certain areas of the new world. these are generally arid to semiarid areas that have relatively modest rainfall, mild winters, and prolonged hot seasons. coccidioidomycosis is usually a disease of human and nonhuman residents of these areas; but visitors may develop the disease after entering these areas and returning home long distances from the endemic areas. inhalation (rarely percutaneous introduction) of arthroconidia of c. immiti ... | 1988 | 3288356 |
| genitourinary coccidioidomycosis. | symptomatic involvement of the genitourinary tract as a manifestation of disseminated coccidioides immitis infection is uncommon. we report a case of a colovesical fistula secondary to coccidioides immitis infection and review the pertinent medical literature. | 1988 | 3294447 |
| isolation and characterization of an extracellular proteinase of coccidioides immitis. | a proteinase isolated from the respiratory pathogen, coccidioides immitis, was shown to have collagenolytic and elastinolytic activity, as well as the ability to cleave human serum immunoglobulin g and secretory immunoglobulin a. proteolytic activity was demonstrated with a bovine casein digestion assay in conidial culture exudates, mycelial and spherule culture filtrates, conidial and spherule wall material, and sephacryl s-300 fractions of the isolated soluble conidial wall material described ... | 1987 | 3305358 |
| invasive aspergillosis diagnosed by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal and polyclonal reagents. | therapies differ for invasive infection due to the various filamentous fungi. however, histopathologic identification of aspergillus, pseudallescheria, fusarium, trichosporon, dematiacious hyphomycetes, candida, and zygomycetes may be confused, and microbiologic isolation is often delayed. to improve diagnosis, we examined the utility of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to identify aspergillus organisms by peroxidase immunohistochemical techniques. tissues obtained from 68 infected patients ... | 1987 | 3308679 |
| proteinase production by the parasitic cycle of the pathogenic fungus coccidioides immitis. | coccidioides immitis is the causative agent of coccidioidomycosis (valley fever), a potentially disseminated fungal disease. we hypothesized that proteinases are expressed by the parasitic life cycle of c. immitis and that they might play an important role in the pathogenesis of coccidioidomycosis by facilitating spherule rupture, endospore dissemination, and tissue invasion and destruction. filtrate from cultures of the parasitic life cycle of c. immitis was therefore assayed for proteolytic ac ... | 1987 | 3312014 |
| azole antifungal drugs in treatment of coccidioidomycosis. | for two decades amphotericin b has been the only antifungal drug with proven efficacy against coccidioides immitis. the introduction of miconazole in the late 1970s ushered in a new era of antifungal therapy. miconazole induced remissions in patients with disease refractory to amphotericin b and in patients who had relapsed after amphotericin b treatment. almost as important, miconazole did not have the nephrotoxicity associated with amphotericin b. however, the necessity of intravenous administ ... | 1986 | 3317599 |
| pharmacology and toxicity of high-dose ketoconazole. | one hundred sixty patients were entered in two multicenter protocols to receive 400 to 2,000 mg of ketoconazole once daily for nonmeningeal or meningeal coccidiodomycosis. for 24 h after administration of all doses, mean concentrations in serum exceeded mics for coccidioides immitis (trough concentrations, greater than 1 microgram/ml). mean peak concentrations occurred 4 to 6 h after administration, ranging from 7 to 17 micrograms/ml for doses of 400 to 2,000 mg. incremental increases in peak co ... | 1987 | 3326525 |
| induction and expression of cell-mediated immune responses in inbred mice infected with coccidioides immitis. | comparisons of the course of coccidioidomycosis in two strains of inbred mice established that balb/c mice are significantly more susceptible to pulmonary infection with coccidioides immitis than are dba/2 mice. the susceptibility of balb/c mice does not reside in their inability to mount a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to c. immitis antigen. that is, balb/c mice manifested footpad hypersensitivity to coccidioidin early during the course of disease, to a level comparable to that of dba/ ... | 1988 | 3335400 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antigens of coccidioides immitis: human sera interference corrected by acidification-heat extraction. | we describe the distortion caused by sera from patients with coccidioidomycosis in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for coccidioidal antigen. in experimental mixtures without exogenous antigen, immune sera produced an antigen-like effect. in contrast, in mixtures with a relatively large concentration of exogenous antigen, immune sera obscured antigen activity. in both circumstances, preparing specimens with an acidification-heat extraction procedure before assay rectified serum inter ... | 1988 | 3361235 |
| discrepancy between growth of coccidioides immitis in bacterial blood culture media and a radiometric growth index. | spherules of coccidioides immitis grew readily after inoculation in vented trypticase soy broth, biphasic brain heart infusion media, and aerobic tryptic soy broth bottles used in a radiometric system (bactec). however, visible growth was not accompanied by a significant radiometric growth index. growth of c. immitis can be visually detected in routine bacterial blood culture media while the radiometric growth index remains negative. | 1988 | 3370933 |
| coccidioidal peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. | we report the first three cases of peritonitis due to the fungus coccidioides immitis occurring during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd). at the time of diagnosis, none of the patients had evidence of active infection outside of the peritoneal cavity. clues suggesting the diagnosis including a previous history of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis, an excess number of eosinophils in the peritoneal fluid, and failure to respond to therapy directed against bacteria. c immitis in peritonea ... | 1988 | 3376935 |
| coccidioidomycosis of the knee with a 26-year follow-up evaluation. a case report. | a case of coccidioidomycosis of the knee caused by the fungus coccidioides immitis demonstrates the chronicity of this disease as well as the disability incurred. the patient was completely asymptomatic for 11 years after initial treatment but developed progressive joint destruction, disabling pain, and loss of function. the nature of fungal infections in bone and joint necessitates long-term follow-up evaluation, even with adequate surgical debridement and medical therapy. | 1988 | 3409575 |
| coccidioidomycosis in a sonoran gopher snake, pituophis melanoleucus affinis. | coccidioides immitis was isolated from lesions in the lung of a sonoran gopher snake, pituophis melanoleucus affinis. a lactophenol cotton blue mount of a fungal colony grown on sabouraud's agar revealed coarse, branching, septate hyphae with alternating thick-walled arthroconidia. histologically, the lung lesions contained spherical, non-budding, double-walled spherules in various stages of maturity. some spherules contained endospores. spherules were also present in granulomas associated with ... | 1988 | 3418466 |
| evaluation of leathers-awasthi medium for identifying coccidioides immitis isolates. | leathers-awasthi medium (lam) has been recommended for the definitive identification of coccidioides immitis isolates recovered from clinical specimens. studies were undertaken to determine the diagnostic reliability of this medium for identifying fungal cultures. a total of 62 fungi, representing 13 c. immitis isolates and 49 similar pathogenic and saprophytic fungi, were tested in parallel by the lam and exoantigen tests. all of the 13 c. immitis isolates were positive by the exoantigen test, ... | 1987 | 3429635 |
| nuclear imaging in coccidioidal osteomyelitis. | six cases of osteomyelitis due to coccidioides immitis are presented. the cases reported demonstrate the importance of performing both bone and gallium imaging to avoid missing the osseous coccidioidal lesions. | 1987 | 3478164 |
| an overview of macrophage-fungal interactions. | a review of the literature (148 references) on the interactions of fungi with polymorphonuclear cells, monocytes and macrophages is presented. the interactions of aspergillus species, coccidioides immitis, blastomyces dermatitidis, histoplasma capsulatum, cryptococcus neoformans, candida albicans, and candida species with human and experimental animal derived immune cells are examined in this overview. an effort has been made to present the reader with a comprehensive list of references with the ... | 1986 | 3520327 |
| comparison of immunoblot analyses of spherule-endospore-phase extracellular protein and mycelial-phase antigen of coccidioides immitis. | the extracellular proteins produced by coccidioides immitis during growth of the spherule-endospore-phase and mycelial-phase antigen (coccidioidin) were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblot analysis to detect specific serologic function. filtrates obtained from 28- and 120-h growth of the spherule-endospore phase were compared with each other and with coccidioidin by using negative, immunoglobulin m (igm) precipitin-positive, or complement fixation-positive pooled ... | 1986 | 3522432 |
| humoral antibody responses to specific antigens of coccidioides immitis. | to identify antigens important to the diagnosis or pathogenesis of coccidioidomycosis, we analyzed three coccidioidal extracts by immunoblotting techniques with sera from patients infected with coccidioides immitis and from immunized rabbits. when denatured fungal extracts were used, sera from at least 9 of 10 patients reacted with antigens of 100, 60, and 45 kilodaltons (kda). by agar diffusion, the 100-kda antigen appeared to be identical to the conventional tube precipitin antigen. five of th ... | 1986 | 3522757 |
| fungemia due to coccidioides immitis. an analysis of 16 episodes in 15 patients and a review of the literature. | sixteen episodes of fungemia due to coccidioides immitis were identified in 15 patients over a 7-year period at 2 hospital associated with the university of arizona in tucson. fourteen of the 15 patients were male and 13 had an underlying condition, including malignancy in 6 and aids in 3. ten of the patients were receiving corticosteroids at the time of fungemia. tp antibodies were present in 5 of 9 episodes and some titer of cf antibody was present in 7 of 11 instances. none of the 10 patients ... | 1986 | 3528738 |
| serum-mediated suppression of lymphocyte transformation responses in coccidioidomycosis. | lymphocyte transformation (lt) responses to coccidioidin (cdn) and spherulin were suppressed in 11 (73%) of 15 patients with active coccidioidomycosis when their mononuclear cells were assayed in autologous serum as compared to serum from healthy, cdn skin test-positive subjects. suppressed lt responses were specific for coccidioides immitis antigens in 7 (64%) of the 11 patients. immunoaffinity chromatography of patient sera with staphylococcus protein a adsorbed the suppressor component(s) and ... | 1987 | 3552984 |
| vaccines against fungal infections. | the state-of-the-art reached in developing protective immunity against fungal infections through vaccination makes a survey of methodologies and results timely. this review describes experimental vaccinations against dermatophytes, pathogenic yeasts, and dimorphic fungi with special attention to the anti-coccidioides immitis vaccine, which has reached clinical trials, and to the anti-candida albicans and anti-histoplasma capsulatum ribosomal vaccines. also covered are vaccination experiments in ... | 1987 | 3556019 |
| description of a case of rhinosporidiosis in spain. | rhinosporidiosis is reviewed, and the first autochthonous case in spain is presented (site: in the nasal cavity of a 19-year-old male from a rural background). diagnosis was established morphologically after eliminating the possibilities of cryptococcus neoformans, coccidioides immitis, and chrysosporium crescens. clinico-pathological features are described. preparations were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, pas, and methenamine silver, and studied for fluorescence. certain aspects of the epidemi ... | 1987 | 3561472 |
| pulmonary eosinophilia in coccidioidal infections. | two cases of pulmonary eosinophilia associated with coccidioidal infections are reported. pulmonary eosinophilia in these cases represents a hypersensitivity reaction to the fungus. histologically, the pulmonary eosinophilia in these cases closely mimicked or appeared identical to idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. coccidioides immitis organisms were rare or absent in the areas of pulmonary eosinophilia. recognition of this phenomenon is important for proper care of the patient. | 1987 | 3568777 |
| comparative efficacy of forphenicinol, cyclosporine, and amphotericin b in experimental murine coccidioidomycosis. | cohorts of ten mice, uninfected and infected (intratracheal injection of coccidioidal arthroconidia), were treated for 23 days by intravenous injections of either 5% glucose solution, an immunostimulant (forphenicinol), an immunodepressant (cyclosporine), or amphotericin b. all mice were autopsied (survivors at 26 days postinoculation) and suspensions of lungs, livers, and spleens were cultured. all uninfected animals survived and gained weight, whereas, only 20% of the infected controls survive ... | 1987 | 3581735 |
| coccidioides immitis osteomyelitis in a 12-month-old child. | the case of a 12-month-old mexican-american boy with coccidioides immitis osteomyelitis of the little finger metacarpal and os calcis is presented in which a "cure" was obtained. the child received treatment with high doses of amphotericin b in conjunction with debridement and packing the lesions with calcium sulfate pellets. recommended treatment for c. immitis infection of the bone would be debridement and packing with graft combined with systemic antifungal medical therapy. | 1987 | 3584450 |
| antigenic identity of biologically active antigens in coccidioidin and spherulin. | we recently reported the isolation of three clinically relevant antigens from coccidioidin; viz., the antigen that is reactive in the immunodiffusion (id) assay for detecting tube precipitin (tp) antibody (designated idtp); the antigen that is reactive in the id assay for detecting complement-fixing antibody (designated idcf); and the heat-stable (hs) antigen which, when demonstrated in soluble extracts of fungal cultures by using the idhs assay, establishes the mycologic identification of cocci ... | 1987 | 3666954 |
| development of a comparative dot elisa for the detection of antibodies in blastomycosis. | we present a preliminary study utilizing an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of antibodies in blastomycosis using nitrocellulose membrane as the solid support. the comparative dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cde) utilizing blastomyces dermatitidis, histoplasma capsulatum, and coccidioides immitis antigens allows rapid screening of specimens and determination of a serum profile with respect to anti-blastomyces antibodies. sensitivity (76% or greater) and specificity (approximately 12% ... | 1987 | 3691032 |
| influence of fungal surface components on the interaction of coccidioides immitis with polymorphonuclear neutrophils. | polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) possess phagocytic and fungicidal activity against coccidioides immitis that declines during maturation from arthroconidia to round cells, is lost throughout spherule maturation, and returns when endospores are released from ruptured spherules. studies of pmn chemiluminescence, iodination, and degranulation give similar results. phagocytosis of forms other than spherules is strain dependent and enhanced by immune serum. the absence of adequate pmn-spherule in ... | 1986 | 3701107 |
| gastrointestinal dissemination of coccidioidomycosis. | an unusual case of extensive gastrointestinal involvement by the fungus coccidioides immitis is reported in a 21-yr-old man. this unique case demonstrates the occurrence of this fungus within chylous ascites, the mesentery, and invasion of the entire length of the small bowel. histological and cultural documentation for gastrointestinal tract involvement by c. immitis other than for the rare occurrence of peritonitis has not been previously reported. the significance of the disseminated gastroin ... | 1986 | 3717124 |
| experimental coccidioidomycosis: effects of cyclophosphamide in immunologic responses. | rats were infected with coccidioides immitis and injected with cyclophosphamide three days pre or post infection. administration of the drug before the infection caused enhancement of dth response and decrease of the colony forming units (cfu). conversely, injection of the drug three days post infection produced contrary effects, indicating that a normal t-cell function is essential as a defense mechanism in c. immitis infection. | 1986 | 3724838 |
| electron-microscopic observations of the coccidioides immitis parasitic cycle in vivo. | balb/c mice were inoculated by intranasal challenge with viable arthroconidia of c. immitis and in-vivo morphogenesis of the fungal pathogen was investigated by electron-microscopic examination of pulmonary lavage and cryofractured lung specimens. samples were prepared at intervals over an 11-day period. stages of spherule and endospore development were easily identified by scanning and thin-section electron microscopy. details of morphogenesis of the pathogen in vivo closely resemble developmen ... | 1986 | 3735028 |
| coccidioides immitis infections in bones and joints. | coccidioides immitis infections of bones and joints pose difficult problems in diagnosis and treatment. to evaluate further the diagnosis and treatment of this disease, a retrospective review was conducted of 24 patients with 44 separate skeletal lesions of c. immitis infection, as determined by positive culture. patients treated with combined medical and surgical treatment are more likely to have a successful outcome than those treated with medical therapy alone (p less than 0.005). although im ... | 1986 | 3769263 |
| development of dermal hypersensitivity to coccidioidal antigens associated with repeated skin testing. | four antigens prepared from coccidioides immitis were found to evoke no dermal reactions in 1,245 volunteers on first testing, but 2 months later, upon retesting, 18.6% of the subjects reacted to 1 or more of the antigens. in no subject did other findings indicate an intercurrent coccidioidal infection. conversion of a skin test to reactive significantly (p less than 0.018) increased with subject age. no association was found with either years of residence within areas endemic for c. immitis or ... | 1986 | 3777667 |
| quantitative computed tomography evaluation of benign solitary pulmonary nodules. | a retrospective evaluation of stable solitary pulmonary nodules was completed in 14 patients using a ge 8800 ct scanner and the computerized imaging reference systems, inc., computed tomography chest phantom. patients with a stable nodule for at least 24 months and no evidence of calcification within the nodule by plain radiography were selected for the study. using the phantom, a quantitative assessment of nodule density was done in each patient. of 14 nodules, five were categorized as benign. ... | 1987 | 3802874 |
| coccidioidomycosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | of 27 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in tucson, arizona, 7 had concurrent coccidioidomycosis. early manifestations of infection in 6 patients included diffuse nodular pulmonary infiltrates and coccidioides immitis in many extrathoracic sites. by comparison, a retrospective review of the cases of 300 patients hospitalized with coccidioidal infection identified only 13 patients without aids who had the same extent of infection, and only 3 of these patients had no immun ... | 1987 | 3813236 |
| multiple intracranial aneurysms due to coccidioides immitis infection. case report. | true mycotic (fungal) aneurysms are distinctly uncommon. the case of a young woman with multiple intracranial aneurysms of coccidioides immitis origin is presented. coccidioides immitis organisms are not uncommon central nervous system pathogens and usually cause basilar meningitis and hydrocephalus. there are no previous reports of a coccidioidal mycotic aneurysm. the management of intracranial coccidioidomycosis and fungal aneurysms is reviewed. | 1987 | 3819840 |
| elastase activity of coccidioides immitis. | twenty-two strains of coccidioides immitis were tested for the ability to hydrolyse elastin. screening assays with czapek's or tryptic soy agar supplemented with 0.5% elastin demonstrated that 21 strains (95%) were elastolytic. in broth cultures, elastase activity was induced by incorporation of insoluble elastin into the medium and induction was suppressed by supplementation with yeast extract. c. immitis appears to be unique amongst dimorphic fungal pathogens in its digestion of elastin. | 1985 | 3844035 |
| elastase activity of fungi with anamorphs similar to coccidioides immitis. | the elastin digestion assay was examined to determine if it would facilitate the identification of coccidioides immitis when non-pathogenic fungi resembling c. immitis are encountered. fungal isolants tested have anamorphs that closely resemble the macroscopic or microscopic morphology of c. immitis. elastin hydrolysis was measured by elastin-agar plate assays. approximately 80% of the isolants hydrolyzed elastin; thus, the elastin digestion assay as a differential test appears to have little va ... | 1985 | 3853753 |
| ocular coccidioidomycosis in a cat. | enucleation of the right eye was performed on a 12-year-old male persian cat when therapy for uveitis failed. histologic examination of the anterior and posterior chambers and the vitreous led to a diagnosis of endophthalmitis caused by coccidioides immitis infection. the primary focus of infection was not determined. latex particle agglutination, agar gel immunodiffusion, and complement fixation gave negative results for coccidioides immitis antibody. | 1985 | 3897158 |
| pure spherules of coccidioides immitis in continuous culture. | investigation of host-parasite relationships involving the parasitic form of coccidioides immitis has been difficult because, previously, spherules and endospores have not been grown continuously in tissue culture medium without detectable formation of hyphae. arthroconidia were harvested from mycelial cultures and inoculated into tissue culture flasks which contained rpmi 1640 medium supplemented with 10% calf serum and n-tamol (rohm & haas co., philadelphia, pa.). flasks were purged with 5% co ... | 1985 | 3897262 |
| treatment of systemic mycoses with ketoconazole: in vitro susceptibilities of clinical isolates of systemic and pathogenic fungi to ketoconazole. | ketoconazole was tested in vitro in three different media against 69 isolates of pathogenic fungi by using a macro-broth dilution procedure. the dimorphic systemic pathogens were highly susceptible, with most isolates of blastomyces dermatitidis and histoplasma capsulatum being inhibited and killed by concentrations less than or equal to 0.39 micrograms of ketoconazole/ml. most isolates of coccidioides immitis were also inhibited or killed by 0.39 micrograms of ketoconazole/ml; however, several ... | 1985 | 3905985 |
| comparison and diagnostic value of the coccidioidin heat-stable (hs and tube precipitin) antigens in immunodiffusion. | coccidioides immitis produces two unrelated heat-stable antigens which are diagnostically useful in immunodiffusion tests. one, the tube precipitin antigen, is valuable for specifically detecting antibody and diagnosing early primary cases of coccidioidomycosis. the other heat-stable antigen, designated hs, is the most useful coccidioidin antigen for specifically immunoidentifying c. immitis cultures. both of the antigens were compared and evaluated for their usefulness in exoantigen and serolog ... | 1985 | 3935661 |
| inhibition of different phases of coccidioides immitis by human neutrophils or hydrogen peroxide. | as arthroconidia of coccidioides immitis transform into spherules, the fungal particles progressively become more resistant to the inhibitory effects of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnls) as measured by pmnl inhibition of fungal incorporation of n-acetylglucosamine. similar changes were noted when leucine incorporation was measured. when h2o2, at a concentration of 2.0 mm, was substituted for pmnls, an equivalent inhibition of arthroconidia was produced and, as with pmnl effects, was los ... | 1986 | 3944479 |
| experience with needle biopsy for coccidioidal lung nodules. | three hundred forty-eight patients with solitary pulmonary nodules underwent needle biopsy of the lung in an endemic area for coccidioidomycosis. the purposes of the study were to establish the value of smears and cultures from needle biopsy specimens in the diagnosis of solitary coccidioidal granuloma and to determine how the final diagnosis was established for patients without a clear-cut diagnosis after initial biopsy. spherules of coccidioides immitis were initially identified in 49 of the 9 ... | 1986 | 3947192 |
| systemic coccidioides immitis infection in nude and beige mice. | the course of experimental systemic coccidioides immitis infection was assessed quantitatively and histologically in beige mice, congenitally athymic nude mice, and their respective normal counterparts. after intravenous inoculation with 50 arthroconidia, the number of viable c. immitis cultured from the spleens, livers, and lungs progressively increased throughout the assay in the organs of all mice. during the first 2 weeks of infection, significantly greater numbers of cfu were recovered from ... | 1985 | 3972455 |
| extensor tendon rupture due to coccidioides immitis. report of a case. | in a 60-year-old man, extensor tendon rupture was associated with coccidioidal tenosynovitis. dissemination of coccidioides immitis to the tenosynovium in the wrist is an unusual complication following pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. | 1985 | 3978912 |
| scanning electron microscope studies on the parasitic cycle of coccidioides immitis. | the process involved in the in vivo conversion of the arthroconidia of coccidioides immitis into endosporulating spherules was studied with the aid of a scanning electron microscope. by the fifth and sixth day after inoculation of laboratory mice, complete conversion had occurred in their kidneys, lungs, and spleens. the progressive stages of cleavage that occurred in the enlarged arthroconidia were initiated by invagination at several points of the cytoplasmic membrane that covers the inner sur ... | 1985 | 3982492 |
| in vitro effect of phagocyte cationic peptides on coccidioides immitis. | several cationic peptides that were isolated from rabbit granulocytes exerted fungicidal activity against arthroconidia of coccidioides immitis in vitro. the fungicidal effect of the cationic peptides required at least 4-8 hr of contact between peptide and fungal cells and appeared to be dependent upon active fungal metabolism. the fungicidal activity was inhibited by increases in the tonicity of the growth medium but was not inhibited by changes in ph. these findings provide a potential mechani ... | 1985 | 3989323 |
| pathogenesis and electron microscopic changes of spherulogenesis of coccidioides immitis (valley fever). | pathogenesis and electron microscopic changes of spherulogenesis of coccidioides immitis were determined. the organism showed a strong affinity for lung tissue, with granuloma developing in 100% (n = 40) of animals after subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculation. intranasal instillation of the arthrospores resulted in moderate granuloma, with a markedly low frequency rate of infection in 11 animals (55%). intradermal inoculation and skin scarification did not induce systemic infection. unlike ... | 1985 | 3994132 |
| genetic control of resistance to coccidioides immitis: a single gene that is expressed in spleen cells determines resistance. | we have previously reported that inbred mice vary widely in their resistance to coccidioides immitis peritonitis. to investigate the number of genes controlling resistance, (susceptible x resistant)f1 x susceptible backcross mice were tested for resistance to infection. a 1:1 ratio of resistant:susceptible offspring was observed, which is consistent with a single dominant gene determining resistance. to find out whether this gene, which we designated cms, is expressed in the immune and/or the in ... | 1985 | 3998472 |
| acute respiratory failure caused by primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. two case reports and a review of the literature. | acute respiratory failure caused by infection with coccidioides immitis is a rare, usually fatal, event. we report 2 patients who survived acute respiratory failure caused by primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. we attribute the severity of illness to a large inoculum of organisms. their treatment included antifungal therapy with amphotericin b and diuresis to decrease noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. coccidioidomycosis causing respiratory failure may be more frequent than currently clinically a ... | 1985 | 4003923 |
| studies of the effects of spherulin from coccidioides immitis on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. | the effects of spherule lysate (spherulin) on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn) function was examined. pmn adherence to glass and capping was increased by spherulin, findings which may account for spherulin's interference with complement-mediated migration through cellulose ester filters. in contrast, pmn attachment to yeast, killing of bacteria, and effects on spherules were virtually unaffected by spherulin, suggesting that it does not directly inhibit pmn antimicrobial function. | 1985 | 4010764 |
| conversion of coccidioides immitis from a mycelial form to spherules using the 'agar-implantation method'. | the morphological conversion of coccidioides immitis in vivo was observed using the agar-implantation method. short hyphae implanted into the peritoneal cavity of mice swelled gradually and many septa appeared in them after 48 hours. as the implantation period advanced, these arthroconidia swelled and then broke up into spherical cells at the 72nd hour. on the other hand, arthroconidia implanted into the peritoneal cavity of mice also swelled and became immature spherules within 72 hours. during ... | 1985 | 4010766 |
| surgical treatment for fungal infections in the central nervous system. | the hospital records of 78 patients who underwent surgical therapy for fungal infections of the central nervous system (cns) between 1964 and 1984 are summarized. nine different fungal types were identified, but coccidioides immitis and cryptococcus neoformans accounted for most (67.1%) of the infections. a variety of clinical syndromes were seen, including chronic basal meningitis (45 patients), intracranial mass lesions (12 patients), and communicating hydrocephalus (six patients). thirteen pa ... | 1985 | 4020464 |
| estimates of c. immitis infection by skin test reactivity in an endemic community. | this report is a comparison of two delayed hypersensitivity skin test reagents, coccidioidin and spherulin, available for detection of prior infection by coccidioides immitis. coccidioidin proved to be a somewhat more sensitive reagent (33.4 per cent positive, vs 29.6 per cent for spherulin). this difference persisted in the subjects when grouped by age, sex, exposure history, or history of coccidioidomycosis. skin test reactivity to both reagents declined with age. independent of exposure histo ... | 1985 | 4025646 |
| coccidioidomycosis (coccidioides immitis) in the collared peccary (tayassu tajacu: tayassuidae) in texas. | | 1985 | 4032630 |
| activity of bay n 7133 and bay 1 9139 in vitro and in experimental murine coccidioidomycosis. | the activity of two new antifungal azoles, bay n 7133 and bay 1 9139, against coccidioides immitis was compared with that of ketoconazole in vitro and in experimental murine coccidioidomycosis. daily intravenous injections were given for 30 days. all mice were autopsied and suspensions of lung, liver and spleen cultured. bay n 7133 was as active as ketoconazole while bay 1 9139 was les active. all three drugs were coccidioidostatic only both in vitro and in vivo. | 1985 | 4043057 |
| antigenic heterogeneity of an alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall extract of coccidioides immitis. | the antigenic composition of an alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall extract of coccidioides immitis, designated c-asws, was assessed by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis against goat antisera to c-asws and coccidioidin. the results established that c-asws from mycelia or spherule cell walls is heterogeneous in composition, containing two distinct antigenic components. one is present as a polymer that is antigenically identical to a polymeric antigen in coccidioidin, designated antigen 2. ... | 1985 | 4055022 |
| guanine plus cytosine content of the dna of coccidioides immitis. | the mole per cent guanine plus cytosine was determined for dna extracted from coccidioides immitis to add information pertinent to the taxonomy of this zoopathogenic fungus. four strains of c. immitis, three in the mycelial phase, one in the spherule/endospore phase yielded guanine plus cytosine in the narrow range of 49.41 to 49.61 mole percent. these values are lower than those for ascomycetes that mimic the arthroconidial form of c. immitis, higher than those for ascomycetous yeasts, but clos ... | 1985 | 4095651 |
| [morphology of tissue forms of pathogenic organisms in vesceral mycoses. studies on the histochemistry of polysaccharides and proteins. 4. coccidioides immitis]. | | 1973 | 4134971 |
| experimental induction of anergy to coccidioidin by antigens of coccidioides immitis. | failure to react to coccidioidin (anergy) often occurs in patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis. one possible reason may be desensitization by excessive amounts of antigen. this was studied experimentally by injection of soluble and hyphal antigens of coccidioides immitis into coccidioidin- and tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs. guinea pigs sensitized by injection of killed hyphal cells of c. immitis in complete freund adjuvant were subsequently injected daily either with soluble coccidio ... | 1973 | 4202961 |
| granulomatous peritonitis due to coccidioides immitis. | | 1974 | 4273212 |
| metabolism of mannitol by coccidioides immitis. | lones, george w. (national institute of allergy and infectious diseases, u.s. public health service, bethesda, md.), and carl peacock. metabolism of mannitol by coccidioides immitis. j. bacteriol. 87:1114-1117. 1964.-strain m-11 of coccidioides immitis was found to utilize mannitol for growth in the mycelial form but not in the spherule form. cell-free extracts of both forms, grown on glucose, were capable of reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with mannitol-1-po(4) but not with mannitol. ... | 1964 | 4289442 |
| ultrastructural characteristics of coccidioides immitis, a morphological variant of cryptococcus neoformans and podosypha ravenelii. | electron microscopic examination of coccidioides immitis revealed dense septum-associated bodies, characteristic of ascomycetes. similar examinations of a filamentous variant of cryptococcus neoformans failed to clarify the taxonomic position of this yeast but did not exclude the possibility that this organism is a heterobasidiomycete. septal pores were not seen in either organism. | 1971 | 4322349 |
| optimal combination and concentration of antibiotics in media for isolation of pathogenic fungi and nocardia asteroides. | strains of blastomyces dermatitidis, sporothrix schenckii, histoplasma capsulatum, cryptococcus neoformans, nocardia asteroides, and coccidioides immitis were tested for in vitro susceptibility to polymyxin, gentamicin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, and neomycin at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mug/ml. polymyxin was the most inhibitory and gentamicin was the least inhibitory of the five antibiotics. two histoplasma mycelial strains were partially inhibited by 2 and 8 mug of gentamicin per m ... | 1971 | 4323185 |
| optimal combination and concentration of antibiotics in media for isolation of pathogenic fungi and nocardia asteroides. | | 1971 | 4323647 |
| studies on coccidioides immitis. xvii: morphology of the parasite in relationship with the host immunoallergic condition in the experimental infection of the guinea-pig. | | 1974 | 4365831 |
| the ultrastructure of coccidioides immitis. study of a human infection. | | 1974 | 4416562 |
| inhibition by lysozyme of growth of the spherule phase of coccidioides immitis in vitro. | development of mature endosporulating spherules from an endospore inoculum was markedly inhibited by human or hen egg-white (hew) lysozyme at 5 mug/ml. mature spherules formed in medium containing 5 mug per lysozyme per ml (3.3 x 10(-7) m) were approximately 50% smaller than control spherules. in addition, lysozyme induced a large portion of the endospore inoculum to revert to the mycelial growth phase. increasing lysozyme concentrations to 10 or 20 mug/ml prompted a nearly complete reversion of ... | 1974 | 4426701 |
| soluble antigens of mycelia and spherules in the in vitro detection of immunity to coccidioides immitis. | the effect of a coccidioides immitis spherule-derived antigen (spherulin) upon in vitro thymidine uptake by sensitized and nonsensitized lymphocytes was studied, and optimal conditions for the assay were determined. the mitogenic portion of the antigen was shown to be nondialyzable, as was true for a mycelial-derived antigen (coccidioidin). concentrations of 20 mug of nondialyzable spherulin solids and 17 mug of nondialyzable coccidioidin solids per ml of culture were shown to be suitable for di ... | 1974 | 4426703 |
| in vitro inhibition of coccidioides immitis strains with amphotericin b plus rifampin. | rifampin was shown in vitro to decrease the amphotericin b minimal inhibitory concentrations of all of 10 strains of coccidioides immitis tested. these decreases ranged from two- to fourfold and occurred with rifampin concentrations of 10 to 40 mug/ml. rifampin alone was without effect. | 1974 | 4451350 |
| [hemolytic properties of coccidioides immitis lipids]. | | 1974 | 4476149 |
| effect of an interferon stimulator, polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid, on experimental fungus infections. | in the present study, the administration of an interferon stimulator, polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (in:cn), increased the severity of both experimental candida albicans and coccidioides immitis infections in mice, as evidenced by earlier time of death and higher final mortality. in addition, kidney tissue levels of c. albicans at 3 and 5 days after infection were found to be about 40- to 300-fold higher in in:cn treated mice than in control mice. experimental cryptococcus neoformans infectio ... | 1972 | 4564399 |
| lysozyme-enhanced killing of candida albicans and coccidioides immitis by amphoteracin b. | | 1974 | 4610825 |
| spherules in the serology of coccidioides immitis. ii. complement fixation tests with human sera. | | 1973 | 4631150 |
| coccidioides immitis encephalitis in two dogs. | | 1972 | 4652361 |
| dermal sensitivity to coccidioides immitis. a comparison of responses elicited in man by spherulin and coccidioidin. | | 1973 | 4690486 |
| coccidioides immitis: a hospital hazard. | | 1973 | 4718369 |
| coccidioidomycosis in northern california. an outbreak among archeology students near red bluff. | an outbreak of coccidioidomycosis occurred among 39 archeology students in the summer of 1972. the students excavated indian ruins near red bluff in tehama county, california, 20 miles north of the previously recognized northernmost limit of endemicity. at least 17 persons contracted an illness clinically compatible with a diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. coccidioidomycosis was documented by skin test conversion as well as by specific serologic reactions. coccidioides immitis was also isolated f ... | 1973 | 4733266 |
| the distribution of coccidioides immitis in the soil in el paso, texas. | | 1973 | 4749613 |
| the lipids of an auxutrophic avirulent mutant of coccidioides immitis. | | 1973 | 4749614 |
| [morphology of the tissue forms of the causative agents of visceral mycoses. studies of polysaccharide and protein histochemistry. (4. coccidioides immitis)]. | | 1973 | 4756999 |
| effects of lysozyme and chitinase on the spherules of coccidioides immitis in vitro. | spherules of coccidioides immitis strain silveira produced in vitro were treated with chitinase and lysozyme. the walls of merthiolate-killed mature endosporulating spherules were degraded by chitinase (500 mug/ml) and by lysozyme (100 and 500 mug/ml). thus, as was visible through the light microscope, the spherule wall was reduced in thickness from 1 to 2 mum to less than 0.5 mum. the degradation was evident also by release of n-acetylglucosamine, three times as much n-acetylglucosamine being r ... | 1973 | 4764405 |
| properties and assay of spherulins from coccidioides immitis in delayed sensitivity responses of animals. | | 1973 | 4765980 |
| variation in the in vitro migration of sensitized guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells in the presence of coccidioidin. | guinea pigs were immunized by intramuscular injection of arthrospores from the m11 strain of coccidioides immitis, and the peritoneal exudate cells were harvested 4 to 6 weeks later. after incubation with various concentrations of coccidioidin in tissue culture, the area of all migration was measured. results of this study indicate that at a critical level, a variance of 0.1 mug of antigen per ml, determined the difference between approximately 88% migration and 5% migration as compared with con ... | 1974 | 4816465 |
| comparison of skin reactivity of spherule and mycelial coccidioidins produced by different strains of coccidioides immitis. | | 1974 | 4818592 |
| soil ecology of coccidioides immitis at amerindian middens in california. | outbreaks of coccidioidomycosis and isolation of coccidioides immitis have been reported from amerindian middens. this study was undertaken to determine the most important ecological component(s) for the occurrence of c. immitis at archeological sites. soils from 10 former indian villages with no prior history of coccidioidal infection were collected and cultured. the physicochemical properties of the midden soils were compared with nonmidden soils and positive soils. the following theories for ... | 1974 | 4856715 |
| [histologic structure of asteroid forms in coccidioides immitis]. | | 1970 | 4908615 |
| fluorescent antibody techniques for identification of coccidioides immitis and histoplasma capsulatum. (ecological and epidemiological aspects). | | 1970 | 4938833 |
| deficient resistance to coccidioides immitis following intravenous vaccination. ii. evidence against an immune tolerance mechanism. | | 1971 | 4939207 |