| initial crop growth in soil collected from a closed animal waste lagoon. | in the 21st century, remediation of the soil beneath animal waste lagoons will become an important issue, as they are closed due to environmental regulations or to abandonment. the possibility of growing crops in the soil, which has high concentrations of ammonium-n, has not been studied. the objective of this experiment was to determine if crop species would germinate and grow in lagoon soil. soil was gathered from a lagoon that had received wastes from swine (sus scrofa) and beef (bos taurus) ... | 2003 | 12733569 |
| role of reactive oxygen species in the response of barley to necrotrophic pathogens. | the interactions between hordeum vulgare(barley) and two fungal necrotrophs, rhynchosporium secalis and pyrenophora teres (causal agents of barley leaf scald and net blotch), were investigated in a detached-leaf system. an early oxidative burst specific to epidermal cells was observed in both the susceptible and resistant responses to r. secalis, and later on, a second susceptible-specific burst was observed. time points of the first and the second burst correlated closely with pathogen contact ... | 2003 | 12768351 |
| identification, cloning and characterization of two thioredoxin h isoforms, hvtrxh1 and hvtrxh2, from the barley seed proteome. | two thioredoxin h isoforms, hvtrxh1 and hvtrxh2, were identified in two and one spots, respectively, in a proteome analysis of barley (hordeum vulgare) seeds based on 2d gel electrophoresis and ms. hvtrxh1 was observed in 2d gel patterns of endosperm, aleurone layer and embryo of mature barley seeds, and hvtrxh2 was present mainly in the embryo. during germination, hvtrxh2 decreased in abundance and hvtrxh1 decreased in the aleurone layer and endosperm but remained at high levels in the embryo. ... | 2003 | 12787030 |
| analysis of genetic diversity of hordein in wild close relatives of barley from tibet. | we analyzed genetic diversity in the storage protein hordein encoded at hor-1, hor-2 and hor-3 loci in seeds from 211 accessions of wild close relatives of barley, hordeum vulgare ssp. agriocrithon and h. vulgare ssp. spontaneum. altogether 32, 27 and 13 different phenotypes were found for hor-1, hor-2 and hor-3, respectively. a comparison of our results with those of previous studies indicates that tibetan samples reflect the highest diverse level of hordein phenotypes when compared to samples ... | 2003 | 12819910 |
| cytological and molecular analysis of the hordeum vulgare-puccinia triticina nonhost interaction. | cultivated barley, hordeum vulgare l., is considered to be a nonhost or intermediate host species for the wheat leaf rust fungus puccinia triticina. here, we have investigated, at the microscopic and molecular levels, the reaction of barley cultivars to wheat leaf rust infection. in the nonhost resistant cultivar cebada capa, abortion of fungal growth occurred at both pre- and posthaustorial stages, suggesting that defense genes are expressed throughout the development of the inappropriate fungu ... | 2003 | 12848428 |
| cloning and expression of a new tibetan hulless barley (hordeum vulgare) beta-1,3-glucanase gene. | a new full-length beta-1,3-glucanase cdna was obtained by rt-pcr and race techniques from tibet hulless barley and its complete gene sequence obtained by dna walking. sequence alignment with the blast program showed that cdna has high similarity with barley beta-1,3-glucanase ii. the gene was functionally expressed in e. coli and the recombinant protein catalysed the hydrolysis of beta-1,3-glucan with an action pattern characteristic of a beta-1,3-glucan endohydrolase (ec 3.2.1.39). southern blo ... | 2003 | 12882155 |
| resistance genes in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and their identification with molecular markers. | current information on barley resistance genes available from scientific papers and on-line databases is summarised. the recent literature contains information on 107 major resistance genes (r genes) against fungal pathogens (excluding powdery mildew), pathogenic viruses and aphids identified in hordeum vulgare accessions. the highest number of resistance genes was identified against puccinia hordei, rhynchosporium secalis, and the viruses baymv and bammv, with 17, 14 and 13 genes respectively. ... | 2003 | 12923305 |
| conversion of an amplified fragment length polymorphism marker into a co-dominant marker in the mapping of the rph15 gene conferring resistance to barley leaf rust, puccinia hordei otth. | leaf rust, caused by puccinia hordei, is an important disease afflicting barley ( hordeum vulgare) in many production regions of the world. the leaf rust resistance gene rph15 was identified in an accession of wild barley ( hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) and is one of the most broadly effective resistance genes known. using amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) and simple sequence repeat markers, rph15 was mapped to chromosome 2hs in an f(2) population derived from a cross between bo ... | 2004 | 14523515 |
| seed 1-cysteine peroxiredoxin antioxidants are not involved in dormancy, but contribute to inhibition of germination during stress. | peroxiredoxins (prx) are thiol-dependent antioxidants containing one (1-cysteine [-cys]) or two (2-cys) conserved cys residues that protect lipids, enzymes, and dna against reactive oxygen species. in plants, the 1-cys prxs are highly expressed during late seed development, and the expression pattern is dormancy related in mature seeds. we have expressed the arabidopsis 1-cys prx atper1 in escherichia coli and show that this protein has antioxidant activity in vitro and protects e. coli in vivo ... | 2003 | 14526116 |
| bedding and seasonal effects on chemical and bacterial properties of feedlot cattle manure. | nutrients, soluble salts, and pathogenic bacteria in feedlot-pen manure have the potential to cause pollution of the environment. a three-year study (1998-2000) was conducted at a beef cattle (bos taurus) feedlot in southern alberta, canada to determine the effect of bedding material [barley (hordeum vulgare l.) straw versus wood chips] and season on the chemical and bacterial properties of pen-floor manure. manure was sampled for chemical content (n, p, soluble salts, electrical conductivity, a ... | 2003 | 14535334 |
| exogenous silicon (si) increases antioxidant enzyme activity and reduces lipid peroxidation in roots of salt-stressed barley (hordeum vulgare l.). | two contrasting barley (hordeum vulgare l.) cultivars, i.e. kepin no.7 (salt sensitive) and jian 4 (salt tolerant), were grown hydroponically to study the effect of exogenous silicon (si) on time dependent changes of the activities of major antioxidant enzymes and of lipid peroxidation in roots under salt stress. enzymes included: superoxide dismutase (sod), peroxidase (pod), catalase (cat) and glutathione reductase (gr). three treatments with three replicates were investigated consisting of a c ... | 2003 | 14610884 |
| functional analysis of barley rac/rop g-protein family members in susceptibility to the powdery mildew fungus. | small monomeric g-proteins of the plant ras (rat sarcome oncogene product) related c3 botulinum toxin substrate (rac)/rho of plants (rop) family are molecular switches in signal transduction of many cellular processes. rac/rops regulate hormone effects, subcellular gradients of ca2+, the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton and the production of reactive oxygen intermediates. therefore, we followed a genetic bottom-up strategy to study the role of these proteins during the interaction of barle ... | 2003 | 14617061 |
| characterisation of early transcriptional changes involving multiple signalling pathways in the mla13 barley interaction with powdery mildew ( blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei). | suppression subtractive hybridisation was used to isolate 21 cdnas ( bmi1- bmi21) up-regulated 1-5 h post-inoculation (hpi) in a barley ( hordeum vulgare l. cv. pallas) near-isogenic line (nil) p11 ( mla13) challenged with either avirulent or virulent isolates of blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. transcriptional changes at these time-points are crucial for the mla-mediated hypersensitive response [w.r. bushnell and z. liu (1994) physiol mol plant pathol 44:389-402]. seven sequences were up-regula ... | 2004 | 14648226 |
| willet m. hays, great benefactor to plant breeding and the founder of our association. | willet m. hays was a great benefactor to plant breeding and the founder of the american genetic association (aga). we commemorate the aga's centennial. we mined university archives, u.s. department of agriculture (usda) yearbooks, plant breeding textbooks, scientific periodicals, and descendants for information. willet hays first recognized the individual plant as the unit of selection and started systematic pure-line selection and progeny tests in 1888. he developed useful plant breeding method ... | 2003 | 14691309 |
| apoplastic ph signaling in barley leaves attacked by the powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. | to investigate apoplastic responses of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) to the barley powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, noninvasive microprobe techniques were employed. h(+)- and ca(2+)-selective microprobes were inserted into open stomata of barley leaves inoculated with blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei race a6 conidia. resistance gene-mediated responses of barley genotype ingrid (susceptible parent line) and the near-isogenic resistant ingrid backcross lines (i-mlo5, i-mla12, an ... | 2004 | 14714875 |
| auxin from the developing inflorescence is required for the biosynthesis of active gibberellins in barley stems. | multiple gibberellins (gas) were quantified in the stems of intact, decapitated, and decapitated auxin-treated barley (hordeum vulgare) plants. removal of the developing inflorescence reduced the endogenous levels of indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), ga(1), and ga(3) and increased the level of ga(29) in internodal and nodal tissues below the site of excision. application of iaa to the excised stump restored ga levels to normal in almost all cases. the conversion of [(14)c]ga(20) to bioactive [(14)c]ga ... | 2004 | 14730077 |
| nadh-dependent metabolism of nitric oxide in alfalfa root cultures expressing barley hemoglobin. | transgenic alfalfa ( medicago sativa l.) root cultures expressing sense and antisense barley ( hordeum vulgare l.) hemoglobin were examined for their ability to metabolize no. extracts from lines overexpressing hemoglobin had approximately twice the no conversion rate of either control or antisense lines under normoxic conditions. only the control line showed a significant increase in the rate of no degradation when placed under anaerobic conditions. the decline in no was dependent on the presen ... | 2004 | 14740214 |
| effect of salt and osmotic stresses on the expression of genes for the vacuolar h+-pyrophosphatase, h+-atpase subunit a, and na+/h+ antiporter from barley. | two cdna clones encoding vacuolar h+-inorganic pyrophosphatase (hvp1 and hvp10), one clone encoding the catalytic subunit (68 kda) of vacuolar h+-atpase (hvvha-a), and one clone encoding vacuolar na+/h+ antiporter (hvnhx1) were isolated from barley (hordeum vulgare), a salt-tolerant crop. salt stress increased the transcript levels of hvp1, hvp10, hvvha-a, and hvnhx1, and osmotic stress also increased the transcript levels of hvp1 and hvnhx1 in barley roots. the transcription of hvp1 in response ... | 2004 | 14754922 |
| effects of feeding ground or steam-flaked broom sorghum and ground barley on performance of dairy cows in midlactation. | ten holstein cows in midlactation were used in a 5 x 5 replicated latin square design with 21-d periods to determine the effects of feeding ground or steam-flaked broom sorghum (sorghum bicolor) and ground barley (hordeum vulgare l.) on lactation performance and nutrient digestibility. diets were fed as total mixed ration and consisted of 46% forage and 54% concentrate (dm basis). treatment diets included ground barley, ground barley plus ground broom sorghum, ground broom sorghum, ground barley ... | 2004 | 14765818 |
| potassium phosphate induces systemic protection in barley to powdery mildew infection. | in laboratory tests, treatment of the first leaves of barley (hordeum vulgare l cv golden promise) with potassium phosphate led to significant reduction in infection of the second leaves with the powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f sp hordei marchal, with a 25 mm treatment giving 89% reduction in infection. although the optimal interval between phosphate treatment of the first leaves and mildew inoculation of the second leaves was 2 days, significant protection was still obtained if the in ... | 2004 | 14971678 |
| turfgrass, crop, and weed hosts of blissus occiduus (hemiptera: lygaeidae). | blissus occiduus barber is an important pest of buffalograss, buchloë dactyloides (nuttall) engelmann, turf. no-choice studies documented the susceptibility of selected turfgrasses, crops, and weeds to b. occiduus feeding. highly to moderately susceptible grasses included buffalograss; yellow setaria glauca (l.) and green foxtail setaria viridis (l.); kentucky bluegrass, poa pratensis l.; perennial ryegrass, lolium perenne l.; brome, bromus spp. leyss.; zoysiagrass, zoysia japonica steudel; berm ... | 2004 | 14998128 |
| a novel barley cultivar (himalaya 292) with a specific gene mutation in starch synthase iia raises large bowel starch and short-chain fatty acids in rats. | himalaya 292 (hordeum vulgare, var. himalaya 292) is a novel, hull-less barley cultivar with a single nucleotide change in the gene encoding starch synthase iia (ec 2.4.1.21). this leads to loss of enzyme activity, resulting in a grain with less total starch and a higher proportion of amylose. these changes, plus higher total and soluble nonstarch polysaccharides (nsp), could increase its resistant starch (rs) content. accordingly, rats were fed a diet containing stabilized whole-grain barley fl ... | 2004 | 15051833 |
| the allene oxide cyclase of barley (hordeum vulgare l.)--cloning and organ-specific expression. | the naturally occurring enantiomer of the various octadecanoids and jasmonates is established in a biosynthetic step catalyzed by the allene oxide cyclase (aoc). the aoc converts an allene oxide formed by an allene oxide synthase (aos). here, we show cloning and characterization of cdnas encoding the aoc and a third aos, respectively, in addition to the two aoss previously published (plant j. 21, 199-213, 2000). the orf of the aoc-cdna of 717 bp codes for a protein of 238 amino acid residues car ... | 2004 | 15081279 |
| ozone episodes in southern lower saxony (frg) and their impact on the susceptibility of cereals to fungal pathogens. | spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and spring barley (hordeum vulgare l.) plants were exposed to simulated ozone (o(3)) episodes (7 h day(-1) for 7 days) at maximum concentrations of 120, 180 and 240 microg m(-3) o(3), in comparison to a charcoal-filtered air control. fumigations were conducted in four closed chambers placed in a climate room. exposures took place prior to inoculation of the plants with six different facultative leaf pathogens. on wheat, significant enhancement of leaf attack b ... | 1990 | 15092225 |
| effects of ddt on the growth of crop plants. | the effects of ddt on the germination and growth of plants were studied using many crop species. of the species tested, oil-rich seeds of plants, such as peanut (arachis hypogaea) and mustard (brassica juncea), were more prone to ddt induced inhibition of germination and subsequent plant growth than cereals, pulses and fibre crops, like rice (oryza sativa), barley (hordeum vulgare), mung bean vigna radiata), pigeon pea (cajanus cajan) and cotton (gossypium hirsutum). studies with (14)c labelled ... | 1989 | 15092369 |
| dna polymorphism among barley nils of cv. pallas, carrying genes for resistance to powdery mildew (blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei). | barley powdery mildew, caused by the pathogen blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei is an important disease of barley (hordeum vulgare l.). the random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) method was used to detect dna polymorphism among 7 pallas near-isogenic lines (nils) carrying mla3, mla12, mlk, mlp, mlat, mlg and mlla genes for resistance to b. graminis f. sp. hordei. from among 500 random 10-mer primers tested, 3 were specific for nil p2 (mla3), 1 for p10 (mla12), 6 for p17 (mlk), 46 for p19 (mlp), 4 ... | 2004 | 15131349 |
| effectiveness of predators and parasitoids for the natural control of diuraphis noxia (homoptera: aphididae) on barley in central ethiopia. | the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdj.), is a serious threat for the production of barley, hordeum vulgare l., in ethiopia. the pest can cause up to 100% yield losses in years of heavy infestation. natural control of d. noxia by using predators and parasitoids might be the best alternative both from economical and ecological point of view. in this regard, a field investigation was conducted during the 2001 spring cropping season at fitche, central ethiopia to determine abundance of d. ... | 2003 | 15149108 |
| a new chromosome fluorescence banding technique combining dapi staining with image analysis in plants. | in this study, a new chromosome fluorescence banding technique was developed in plants. the technique combined 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (dapi) staining with software analysis including three-dimensional imaging after deconvolution. clear multiple and adjacent dapi bands like g-bands were obtained by this technique in the tested species including hordeum vulgare l., oryza officinalis, wall & watt, triticum aestivum l., lilium brownii, brown, and vicia faba l. during mitotic metaphase, the nu ... | 2004 | 15197560 |
| toxicity assessment of contaminated soils from an antitank firing range. | explosives are released into the environment at production and processing facilities, as well as through field use. these compounds may be toxic at relatively low concentrations to a number of ecological receptors. a toxicity assessment was carried out on soils from an explosive-contaminated site at a canadian forces area training center. toxicity studies on soil organisms using endpoints such as microbial processes (potential nitrification activity, dehydrogenase activity, substrate-induced res ... | 2004 | 15223256 |
| accumulation of genes for susceptibility to rust fungi for which barley is nearly a nonhost results in two barley lines with extreme multiple susceptibility. | nonhost resistance is the most common type of resistance in plants. understanding the factors that make plants susceptible or resistant may help to achieve durably effective resistance in crop plants. screening of 109 barley (hordeum vulgare l.) accessions in the seedling stage indicated that barley is a complete nonhost to most of the heterologous rust fungi studied, while it showed an intermediate status with respect to puccinia triticina, p. hordei-murini, p. hordei-secalini, p. graminis f. s ... | 2004 | 15243739 |
| proteomic analysis of small heat shock protein isoforms in barley shoots. | the analysis of stress-responsiveness in plants is an important route to the discovery of genes conferring stress tolerance and their use in breeding programs. high temperature is one of the environmental stress factors that can affect the growth and quality characteristics of barley (hordeum vulgare). in this study a proteomic analysis (2d-page, ms) was used to detect the effects of heat shock on the protein pattern of an abiotic stress-tolerant (mandolina) and an abiotic stress-susceptible (ju ... | 2004 | 15276443 |
| environmental and transgene expression effects on the barley seed proteome. | the barley (hordeum vulgare) cultivar golden promise is no longer widely used for malting, but is amenable to transformation and is therefore a valuable experimental cultivar. its characteristics include high salt tolerance, however it is also susceptible to several fungal pathogens. proteome analysis was used to describe the water-soluble protein fraction of golden promise seeds in comparison with the modern malting cultivar barke. using 2d-gel electrophoresis to visualise several hundred prote ... | 2004 | 15276457 |
| snf1-related protein kinase (snrk1) phosphorylates class i heat shock protein. | the nucleotide sequence of cbsnip2, a cdna that had been cloned from a barley (hordeum vulgare) seed endosperm cdna library by two-hybrid screening with barley snf1-related protein kinase (snrki) was determined. it was found to contain a complete open reading frame encoding a class i heat shock protein. transcripts corresponding to the cdna (renamed cbhsp17) were detectable in rna isolated from barley seeds harvested in mid-development but not rna from roots or leaves. bhsp17 protein was express ... | 2004 | 15283126 |
| over-expression of an arabidopsis zinc transporter in hordeum vulgare increases short-term zinc uptake after zinc deprivation and seed zinc content. | increasing the zinc content of cereal grains will be important for improving human nutrition. improved plant zinc efficiency will lead to increased yields when available zinc is limiting plant growth. the aim of our work was to test how the over-expression of zinc transporters in cereals affects plant growth, seed mineral content, and zinc transport rates. known zinc transporters from arabidopsis were over-expressed in hordeum vulgare cv. golden promise by means of a ubiquitin promoter. multiple ... | 2004 | 15284493 |
| processing of wild cereal grains in the upper palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis. | barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and wheat (triticum monococcum l. and triticum turgidum l.) were among the principal 'founder crops' of southwest asian agriculture. two issues that were central to the cultural transition from foraging to food production are poorly understood. they are the dates at which human groups began to routinely exploit wild varieties of wheat and barley, and when foragers first utilized technologies to pound and grind the hard, fibrous seeds of these and other plants to turn ... | 2004 | 15295598 |
| interaction-dependent gene expression in mla-specified response to barley powdery mildew. | plant recognition of pathogen-derived molecules influences attack and counterattack strategies that affect the outcome of host-microbe interactions. to ascertain the global framework of host gene expression during biotrophic pathogen invasion, we analyzed in parallel the mrna abundance of 22,792 host genes throughout 36 (genotype x pathogen x time) interactions between barley (hordeum vulgare) and blumeria graminis f. sp hordei (bgh), the causal agent of powdery mildew disease. a split-split-plo ... | 2004 | 15319481 |
| two transcription factors are negative regulators of gibberellin response in the hvspy-signaling pathway in barley aleurone. | spindly (spy) protein from barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv himalaya; hvspy) negatively regulated ga responses in aleurone, and genetic analyses of arabidopsis thaliana predict that spy functions in a derepressible ga-signaling pathway. many, if not all, ga-dependent responses require spy protein, and to improve our understanding of how the spy signaling pathway operates, a yeast two-hybrid screen was used to identify both upstream and downstream components that might regulate the activity of the h ... | 2004 | 15347799 |
| effect of cadmium on free amino acid, glutathione and ascorbic acid concentrations in two barley genotypes (hordeum vulgare l.) differing in cadmium tolerance. | hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the effect of three cd levels on glutathione (gsh), free amino acids (faa), and ascorbic acid (asa) concentration in the different tissues of 2 barley cultivars with different cd tolerance. cadmium concentration in both roots and shoots increased with external cd level, while biomass and asa concentration declined, and wumaoliuling, a cd-sensitive genotype was more affected than zau 3, a cd-tolerant genotype. the effect of cd on gsh concentration wa ... | 2004 | 15350406 |
| induction of pathogen resistance in barley by abiotic stress. | enhanced resistance of barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv. ingrid) against barley powdery mildew (blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei race a6) was induced by abiotic stress in a concentration-dependent manner. the papilla-mediated resistance was not only induced by osmotic stress, but also by proton stress. resistance was directly correlated with increasing concentrations of various salts in the nutrient solution. resistance induced by proton stress also depended on the stress intensity. resistance induc ... | 2004 | 15375723 |
| a novel high-amylose barley cultivar (hordeum vulgare var. himalaya 292) lowers plasma cholesterol and alters indices of large-bowel fermentation in pigs. | hordeum vulgare var. himalaya 292 is a new barley cultivar with altered starch synthesis and less total starch but more amylose, resistant starch (rs) and total and soluble nsp including beta-glucan. to determine its nutritional potential, young pigs were fed diets containing stabilised wholegrain flours from either himalaya 292, namoi (a commercial barley), wheat bran or oat bran at equivalent dietary nsp concentrations for 21 d. serum total cholesterol was significantly lowered by the himalaya ... | 2004 | 15522129 |
| phosphorus composition of manure from swine fed low-phytate grains: evidence for hydrolysis in the animal. | including low-phytic-acid grains in swine diets can reduce p concentrations in manure, but the influence on manure p composition is relatively unknown. to address this we analyzed manure from swine fed one of four barley (hordeum vulgare l.) varieties. the barley types consisted of wild-type barley (cdc bold, normal barley diet) and three low-phytic-acid mutant barleys that contained similar amounts of total p but less phytic acid. the phytic acid concentrations in the mutant barleys were reduce ... | 2004 | 15537962 |
| rar1 positively controls steady state levels of barley mla resistance proteins and enables sufficient mla6 accumulation for effective resistance. | the polymorphic barley (hordeum vulgare) mla locus harbors allelic race-specific resistance (r) genes to the powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f sp hordei. the highly sequence-related mla proteins contain an n-terminal coiled-coil structure, a central nucleotide binding (nb) site, a leu-rich repeat (lrr) region, and a c-terminal non-lrr region. using transgenic barley lines expressing epitope-tagged mla1 and mla6 derivatives driven by native regulatory sequences, we show a reversible and s ... | 2004 | 15548741 |
| analysis of qtls for yield, yield components, and malting quality in a bc3-dh population of spring barley. | advanced backcross (ab)-quantitative trait locus (qtl) analysis has been successfully applied for detecting and transferring qtls from unadapted germplasm into elite breeding lines in various plant species. here, we describe the application of a modified ab breeding scheme to spring barley. a bc3-doubled haploid (dh) population consisting of 181 lines derived from the german spring barley cultivar 'brenda' (hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare) as the recurrent parent and the wild species line 'hs213' ... | 2005 | 15549229 |
| high-resolution mapping of the rym4/rym5 locus conferring resistance to the barley yellow mosaic virus complex (bammv, baymv, baymv-2) in barley (hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare l.). | soil-borne barley yellow mosaic virus disease--caused by a complex of at least three viruses, i.e. barley mild mosaic virus (bammv), barley yellow mosaic virus (baymv) and baymv-2--is one of the most important diseases of winter barley in europe. the two genes rym4, effective against bammv and baymv, and rym5, additionally effective against baymv-2, comprise a complex locus on chromosome 3hl, which is of special importance to european barley breeding. to provide the genetic basis for positional ... | 2005 | 15551112 |
| support vector machines for separation of mixed plant-pathogen est collections based on codon usage. | discovery of host and pathogen genes expressed at the plant-pathogen interface often requires the construction of mixed libraries that contain sequences from both genomes. sequence identification requires high-throughput and reliable classification of genome origin. when using single-pass cdna sequences difficulties arise from the short sequence length, the lack of sufficient taxonomically relevant sequence data in public databases and ambiguous sequence homology between plant and pathogen genes ... | 2004 | 15585526 |
| conserved erad-like quality control of a plant polytopic membrane protein. | the endoplasmic reticulum (er) of eukaryotic cells serves as a checkpoint tightly monitoring protein integrity and channeling malformed proteins into different rescue and degradation routes. the degradation of several er lumenal and membrane-localized proteins is mediated by er-associated protein degradation (erad) in yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) and mammalian cells. to date, evidence for the existence of erad-like mechanisms in plants is indirect and based on heterologous or artificial subs ... | 2004 | 15598804 |
| identification of powdery mildew-induced barley genes by cdna-aflp: functional assessment of an early expressed map kinase. | gene expression analysis by cdna-aflp in barley ( hordeum vulgare l.) after powdery mildew ( blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei , bgh ) inoculation revealed 615 (3.7%) of 16 500 screened cdna fragments being differentially regulated 4 and/or 12 h after inoculation. of these transcript derived fragments (tdfs), 120 were sequenced, and for 28 out of 29 tested, induction was confirmed via rt-pcr. most tdfs did not show any homology to sequences with known functions, others showed homology to genes invo ... | 2004 | 15604661 |
| the receptor-like mlo protein and the rac/rop family g-protein racb modulate actin reorganization in barley attacked by the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. | cytoskeleton remodelling is a crucial process in determining the polarity of dividing and growing plant cells, as well as during interactions with the environment. nothing is currently known about the proteins, which regulate actin remodelling during interactions with invading pathogens. the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (bgh) invades susceptible barley (hordeum vulgare l.) by penetrating epidermal cells, which remain intact during fungal development. in contras ... | 2005 | 15634205 |
| resistance to barley scald (rhynchosporium secalis) in the ethiopian donor lines 'steudelli' and 'jet', analyzed by partial least squares regression and interval mapping. | the resistance of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) to rhynchosporium secalis (scald) has been investigated in two crosses between the susceptible cv. 'ingrid' and two resistant ethiopian landraces, 'steudelli' and 'jet'. doubled haploids were inoculated in replicated tests using two isolates of r. secalis, '4004' and 'wrs1872'. expression of resistance differed widely between replicated tests. aflp, ssr and rflp markers were used to develop chromosome maps. results have been analysed using partial le ... | 2004 | 15660977 |
| fine-mapping of the bammv, baymv-1 and baymv-2 resistance of barley (hordeum vulgare) accession pi1963. | barley yellow mosaic disease caused by the bymoviruses barley mild mosaic virus (bammv) and barley yellow mosaic virus (baymv) is one of the economically most important diseases of winter barley in europe. in european barley breeding programmes, resistance is currently due to only two genes-rym4, which is effective against viruses bammv and baymv-1, and rym5, which is effective against baymv-2. diversification of resistance is therefore an important task. because the accession pi1963 confers imm ... | 2004 | 15672256 |
| qtls for straw quality characteristics identified in recombinant inbred lines of a hordeum vulgare x h. spontaneum cross in a mediterranean environment. | barley straw is commonly used as animal feed in many developing countries. even a small increase in its nutritive value can have a large impact on animal production, and hence, on rural livelihood and human nutrition. straw quality is strongly affected by environmental factors and is, therefore, difficult to improve with empirical breeding. the objective of this study was to identify molecular markers to facilitate the improvement of straw quality in barley. for this purpose, we have used the ge ... | 2005 | 15678328 |
| a proteomic approach for investigation of photosynthetic apparatus in plants. | the proteome of the photosynthetic apparatus of barley (hordeum vulgare), obtained by analysis of thylakoids without any previous fractionation, was mapped by native electrophoresis followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) as the second dimension two-dimensional-blue native (2-d/bn)/sds-page). this protocol provided an excellent alternative to the 2-d-isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for 2-d separation of the m ... | 2005 | 15682463 |
| chloroplast dna microsatellite analysis supports a polyphyletic origin for barley. | five barley chloroplast dna microsatellites (cpssrs) were used to study genetic relationships among a set of 186 barley accessions-34 hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum (hs accessions) from morocco, ethiopia, cyprus, crete, libya, iraq, iran, turkey, afghanistan and israel, 122 h. vulgare ssp. vulgare landraces (hv landraces) from spain, bolivia (old spanish introductions), morocco, libya and ethiopia and 20 modern european spring barleys (hv cultivars). all loci were polymorphic in the material st ... | 2005 | 15723272 |
| xantha-l encodes a membrane subunit of the aerobic mg-protoporphyrin ix monomethyl ester cyclase involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. | chlorophyll biosynthesis is a process involving approximately 20 different enzymatic steps. half of these steps are common to the biosynthesis of other tetrapyrroles, such as heme. one of the least understood enzymatic steps is formation of the isocyclic ring, which is a characteristic feature of all (bacterio)chlorophyll molecules. in chloroplasts, formation of the isocyclic ring is an aerobic reaction catalyzed by mg-protoporphyrin ix monomethyl ester cyclase. an in vitro assay for the aerobic ... | 2005 | 15824317 |
| barley rom1 reveals a potential link between race-specific and nonhost resistance responses to powdery mildew fungi. | the rar1 gene, identified in the context of race-specific powdery mildew resistance mediated by the hordeum vulgare (barley) resistance (r) gene mla12, is required for the function of many r-mediated defense responses in mono- and dicotyledonous plant species. mla resistance is associated with an oxidative burst and a subsequent cell death reaction of attacked cells. rar1 mutants are impaired in these responses and, to identify genetic elements which negatively regulate the mla12-triggered respo ... | 2005 | 15828681 |
| production of a monoclonal antibody specific for high molecular weight glutenin subunits (hmw-gs) in wheat and its antigenic determinant. | wheat high molecular weight glutenin subunits (hmw-gs) 1bx14 and 1by15 isolated by preparative sds-page are used as antigen to immunize balb/c mice. subcutaneous inoculation of the antigen is performed. the intra-peritoneal injection is completed 3 days before fusion with myeloma cell (sp2/0) via peg-1500. the fusion cells are selected by indirect enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (elisa). positive hybrid cells are further verified three times by limit dilution of the culture cells. a hybridoma ... | 2005 | 15844361 |
| characterization and expression patterns of udp-d-glucuronate decarboxylase genes in barley. | udp-d-glucuronate decarboxylase (ec 4.1.1.35) catalyzes the synthesis of udp-d-xylose from udp-d-glucuronate in an essentially irreversible reaction that is believed to commit glycosyl residues to heteroxylan and xyloglucan biosynthesis. four members of the barley (hordeum vulgare) udp-d-glucuronate decarboxylase gene family, designated hvuxs1 to hvuxs4, have been cloned and characterized. barley hvuxs1 appears to be a cytosolic enzyme, while the others are predicted to be membrane-bound protein ... | 2005 | 15849307 |
| large-scale identification of expressed sequence tags involved in rice and rice blast fungus interaction. | to better understand the molecular basis of the defense response against the rice blast fungus (magnaporthe grisea), a large-scale expressed sequence tag (est) sequencing approach was used to identify genes involved in the early infection stages in rice (oryza sativa). six cdna libraries were constructed using infected leaf tissues harvested from 6 conditions: resistant, partially resistant, and susceptible reactions at both 6 and 24 h after inoculation. two additional libraries were constructed ... | 2005 | 15888683 |
| variation in plant volatiles and attraction of the parasitoid diadegma semiclausum (hellén). | differences in allelochemistry of plants may influence their ability to attract parasitoids. we studied responses of diadegma semiclausum (hellén), a parasitoid of the diamondback moth (plutella xylostella l.), to inter- and intraspecific variation in odor blends of crucifers and a non-crucifer species. uninfested brussels sprout (brassica oleracea l. gemmifera), white mustard (sinapis alba l.), a feral brassica oleracea, and malting barley (hordeum vulgare l.) were compared for their attractivi ... | 2005 | 15898495 |
| ab-qtl analysis in spring barley. i. detection of resistance genes against powdery mildew, leaf rust and scald introgressed from wild barley. | the objective of this study was to map new resistance genes against powdery mildew (blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei l.), leaf rust (puccinia hordei l.) and scald [rhynchosporium secalis (oud.) j. davis] in the advanced backcross doubled haploid (bc2dh) population s42 derived from a cross between the spring barley cultivar 'scarlett' and the wild barley accession isr42-8 (hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum). using field data of disease severity recorded in eight environments under natural infestatio ... | 2005 | 15902395 |
| rar1, ror1, and the actin cytoskeleton contribute to basal resistance to magnaporthe grisea in barley. | the fungus magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of rice blast disease, is a major pathogen of rice and is capable of producing epidemics on other cultivated cereals, including barley (hordeum vulgare). we explored the requirements for basal resistance of barley against a compatible m. grisea isolate using both genetic and chemical approaches. mutants of the rar1 gene required for the function of major resistance gene-mediated resistance and mutants of the ror1 and ror2 genes required for full ex ... | 2005 | 15915638 |
| an empirical study of the evolution of virulence under both horizontal and vertical transmission. | according to current thinking, a parasite's transmission mode will be a major determinant of virulence, defined as the harm induced by parasites to their hosts. with horizontal transmission, virulence will increase as a byproduct of a trade-off between fitness gained through increased among-host transmission (infectivity) and fitness lost through increased virulence. with vertical transmission, virulence will decrease because a parasite's reproductive potential will be maximized only by decreasi ... | 2005 | 15926685 |
| the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e confers multiallelic recessive bymovirus resistance in hordeum vulgare (l.). | virus diseases are widespread threats for crop production, which can, in many cases, be controlled efficiently by exploiting naturally occurring resistance. barley, an important cereal species of the triticeae, carries two genes, rym4 and rym5, which are located in the telomeric region of chromosome 3hl and confer recessive resistance to various strains of the barley yellow mosaic virus complex. the barley 'eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e' (hv-eif4e) was identified as a candidate for ... | 2005 | 15941403 |
| a gibberellin-regulated calcineurin b in rice localizes to the tonoplast and is implicated in vacuole function. | many developmental and environmental signals are transduced through changes in intracellular calcium concentrations, yet only a few calcium-binding proteins have been identified in plants. calcineurin b-like (cbl) proteins are calcium-binding proteins that are thought to function as plant signal transduction elements. rna profiling using a rice (oryza sativa cv nipponbare) oligonucleotide microarray was used to monitor gene expression in de-embryonated rice grains. this analysis showed that a pu ... | 2005 | 15980189 |
| environmental impact from mountainous olive orchards under different soil-management systems (se spain). | soil erosion, runoff and nutrient-loss patterns over a two-year period (1999-2000) were monitored in erosion plots on a mountainside with olive (olea europaea cv. picual) trees under three different types of soil management: (1) non-tillage with barley (hordeum vulgare) strips of 4 m width (bs); (2) conventional tillage (ct); (3) non-tillage without plant strips (nt). the erosion plots, located in lanjaron (alpujarras) on the southern flank of the sierra nevada mountains in south-eastern spain, ... | 2006 | 15990157 |
| influence of canola and sunflower diet amendments on cattle feedlot manure. | cattle (bos taurus) producers can replace a part of the traditional diet of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) grain/silage with sunflower (helianthus annus l.) seeds or canola meal (brassica napus l.)/oil to enhance conjugated linoleic acids (cla) content in milk and meat for its positive health benefits. the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of feeding sunflower or canola to finishing steers on cattle manure chemical properties and volatile fatty acid (vfa) content. the control di ... | 2005 | 15998867 |
| mechanistic information from analysis of molecular weight distributions of starch. | a methodology is developed for interpreting the molecular weight distributions of debranched amylopectin, based on techniques developed for quantitatively and qualitatively finding mechanistic information from the molecular weight distributions of synthetic polymers. if the only events occurring are random chain growth and stoppage (i.e., the rates are independent of degree of polymerization over the range in question), then the number of chains of degree of polymerization n, p(n), is linear in ... | 2005 | 16004469 |
| development of a virus-induced gene-silencing system for hexaploid wheat and its use in functional analysis of the lr21-mediated leaf rust resistance pathway. | virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) is an important tool for the analysis of gene function in plants. in vigs, viruses engineered to carry sequences derived from plant gene transcripts activate the host's sequence-specific rna degradation system. this mechanism targets the rnas of the viral genome for degradation, and as the virus contains transcribed plant sequence, homologous host mrnas are also targeted for destruction. while routinely used in some dicots, no vigs system was known for monocot ... | 2005 | 16024691 |
| virus-induced gene silencing-based functional characterization of genes associated with powdery mildew resistance in barley. | we successfully implemented virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) in barley (hordeum vulgare) for the functional characterization of genes required for mla13-mediated resistance toward the biotrophic barley pathogen blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. initially, barley cultivars were screened for their ability to host the barley stripe mosaic virus (bsmv)-vigs vector by allowing its replication and systemic movement without causing excessive symptoms. phytoene desaturase silencing leading to photoble ... | 2005 | 16040663 |
| the effects of barley straw (hordeum vulgare) on the growth of freshwater algae. | bioassays were conducted to determine the efficacy of barley straw liquor in controlling algal growth of 12 freshwater species of algae representing three divisions. barley straw liquor inhibited the growth of three nuisance algae common in freshwater: synura petersenii, dinobyron sp., and microcystis aeruginosa. however, selenastrum capricornutum, spirogyra sp., oscillatoria lutea var. contorta, and navicula sp. had significantly increased growth in the presence of straw liquor. the growth of t ... | 2005 | 16051085 |
| analysis of the transport activity of barley sucrose transporter hvsut1. | localization studies indicate that barley (hordeum vulgare) sucrose transporter hvsut1 functions in sucrose uptake into seeds during grain filling. to further understand the physiological function of hvsut1, we have expressed the hvsut1 cdna in xenopus laevis oocytes and analyzed the transport activity by two-electrode voltage clamping. consistent with a h(+)-coupled transport mechanism, sucrose induced large inward currents in hvsut1-expressing oocytes with a k (0.5) of 3.8 mm at ph 5.0 and a m ... | 2005 | 16091371 |
| ectopic expression of constitutively activated racb in barley enhances susceptibility to powdery mildew and abiotic stress. | small rac/rop-family g proteins regulate development and stress responses in plants. transient overexpression and rna interference experiments suggested that the barley (hordeum vulgare) rac/rop protein racb is involved in susceptibility to the powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. we created transgenic barley plants expressing the constitutively activated racb mutant racb-g15v under control of the maize (zea mays) ubiquitin 1 promoter. individuals of the t1 generation expressin ... | 2005 | 16126850 |
| nutrient and sediment losses under simulated rainfall following manure incorporation by different methods. | incorporation of manure into cultivated soils is generally recommended to minimize nutrient losses. a 3-yr study was conducted to evaluate sediment and nutrient losses with different tillage methods (moldboard plow, heavy-duty cultivator, double disk, and no-incorporation) for incorporation of beef cattle manure in a silage barley (hordeum vulgare l.) cropping system. runoff depths, sediment losses, and surface and subsurface nutrient transfers were determined from manured and unmanured field pl ... | 2005 | 16151240 |
| high-resolution mapping of the barley leaf rust resistance gene rph5 using barley expressed sequence tags (ests) and synteny with rice. | the rapidly growing expressed sequence tag (est) resources of species representing the poacea family and availability of comprehensive sequence information for the rice (oryza sativa) genome create an excellent opportunity for comparative genome analysis. extensive synteny between rice chromosome 1 and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) chromosome 3 has proven extremely useful for saturation mapping of chromosomal regions containing target genes of large-genome barley with conserved orthologous genes f ... | 2005 | 16195886 |
| extreme population-dependent linkage disequilibrium detected in an inbreeding plant species, hordeum vulgare. | in human genetics a detailed knowledge of linkage disequilibrium (ld) is considered a prerequisite for effective population-based, high-resolution gene mapping and cloning. similar opportunities exist for plants; however, differences in breeding system and population history need to be considered. here we report a detailed study of localized ld in different populations of an inbreeding crop species. we measured ld between and within four gene loci within the region surrounding the hardness locus ... | 2006 | 16219791 |
| cloning, characterization and expression of wheat edr1 (enhanced disease resistance) gene. | to investigate if there is an edr1 pathway in wheat (triticum aestivum l.), a pair of degenerate primers was designed according to the cdnas of arabidopsis thaliana edr1 gene and its homologs were used to isolate edr1 gene homologs from wheat. rt-pcr was conducted on the cdna template synthesized with rna of wheat leaves. a 627-bp cdna fragment representing an edr1 gene (named as taedr1) was isolated (genbank accession number: ay743662). subsequently, the 3050-bp full-length cdna sequence of tae ... | 2005 | 16222089 |
| hkt1 mediates sodium uniport in roots. pitfalls in the expression of hkt1 in yeast. | the function of hkt1 in roots is controversial. we tackled this controversy by studying na+ uptake in barley (hordeum vulgare) roots, cloning the hvhkt1 gene, and expressing the hvhkt1 cdna in yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells. high-affinity na+ uptake was not detected in plants growing at high k+ but appeared soon after exposing the plants to a k(+)-free medium. it was a uniport, insensitive to external k+ at the beginning of k+ starvation and inhibitable by k+ several hours later. the exp ... | 2005 | 16258014 |
| gene expression patterns and catalytic properties of udp-d-glucose 4-epimerases from barley (hordeum vulgare l.). | uge (udp-glc 4-epimerase or udp-gal 4-epimerase; ec 5.1.3.2) catalyses the interconversion of udp-gal and udp-glc. both nucleotide sugars act as activated sugar donors for the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides such as cellulose, xyloglucans, (1,3;1,4)-beta-d-glucan and pectins, together with other biologically significant compounds including glycoproteins and glycolipids. three members of the hvuge (barley uge) gene family, designated hvuge1, hvuge2 and hvuge3, have been characterized. q ... | 2006 | 16266295 |
| luteibacter rhizovicinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a yellow-pigmented gammaproteobacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of barley (hordeum vulgare l.). | three strains of gram-negative, aerobic, yellow-pigmented, chemo-organotrophic bacteria, motile by a polar flagellum, were isolated from the rhizosphere of spring barley (hordeum vulgare l.) at a research field near copenhagen, denmark. the three strains, lj79, lj96t and lj99, formed visible colonies on one-tenth-strength tryptic soy broth supplemented with agar (1/10 tsba) after incubation for 6 days at 15 degrees c. the strains hydrolysed starch, casein (skimmed milk), gelatin and various pent ... | 2005 | 16280484 |
| reconstitution of cyanogenesis in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and its implications for resistance against the barley powdery mildew fungus. | barley (hordeum vulgare l.) produces a leucine-derived cyanogenic beta-d-glucoside, epiheterodendrin that accumulates specifically in leaf epidermis. barley leaves are not cyanogenic, i.e. they do not possess the ability to release hydrogen cyanide, because they lack a cyanide releasing beta-d-glucosidase. cyanogenesis was reconstituted in barley leaf epidermal cells through single cell expression of a cdna encoding dhurrinase-2, a cyanogenic beta-d-glucosidase from sorghum. this resulted in a 3 ... | 2006 | 16307283 |
| map-based analysis of genes affecting the brittle rachis character in tetraploid wheat (triticum turgidum l.). | the mature spike rachis of wild emmer [triticum turgidum l. ssp. dicoccoides (körn. ex asch. and graebner) thell.] disarticulates spontaneously between each spikelet leading to the dispersion of wedge-type diaspores. by contrast, the spike rachis of domesticated emmer (triticum turgidum l. ssp. turgidum) fails to disarticulate and remains intact until it is harvested. this major distinguishing feature between wild and domesticated emmer is controlled by two major genes, brittle rachis 2 (br-a2) ... | 2006 | 16328232 |
| [experimental and mathematical modeling of population dynamics of rhizospheric bacteria under conditions of cadmium stress]. | the method of membrane filters was used to study the population dynamics of bacteria belonging to the genera arthrobacter, flavobacterium, and klebsiella in barley (hordeum vulgare) rhizosphere under conditions of cadmium stress (5-15 mg cd/g soil). mathematical modeling allowed us to demonstrate that the phytoprotective effect is implemented via the following succession of events: the bacteria synthesize phytohormones (iaa and ethylene)-->root excretory activity increases-->the number of the ba ... | 2005 | 16400997 |
| bedding and within-pen location effects on feedlot pen runoff quality using a rainfall simulator. | soluble salts, nutrients, and pathogenic bacteria in feedlot-pen runoff have the potential to cause pollution of the environment. a 2-yr study (1998-1999) was conducted at a beef cattle (bos taurus) feedlot in southern alberta, canada, to determine the effect of bedding material [barley (hordeum vulgare l.) straw versus wood chips] and within-pen location on the chemical and bacterial properties of pen-floor runoff. runoff was generated with a portable rainfall simulator and analyzed for chemica ... | 2006 | 16455851 |
| a proteomic analysis of 14-3-3 binding proteins from developing barley grains. | 14-3-3 proteins are important eukaryotic regulatory proteins. barley (hordeum vulgare l.) 14-3-3a was over-expressed, immobilised and used to affinity purify 14-3-3 binding proteins from developing barley grains. binding was shown to be phosphorylation-dependent. these proteins were fractionated by page and identified by maldi-tof ms. in total, 54 14-3-3 binding proteins were identified, 49 of these interactions are novel to plants. these proteins fell into a number of functional categories. the ... | 2006 | 16470656 |
| arabidopsis pen3/pdr8, an atp binding cassette transporter, contributes to nonhost resistance to inappropriate pathogens that enter by direct penetration. | arabidopsis thaliana is a host to the powdery mildew erysiphe cichoracearum and nonhost to blumeria graminis f. sp hordei, the powdery mildew pathogenic on barley (hordeum vulgare). screening for arabidopsis mutants deficient in resistance to barley powdery mildew identified penetration3 (pen3). pen3 plants permitted both increased invasion into epidermal cells and initiation of hyphae by b. g. hordei, suggesting that pen3 contributes to defenses at the cell wall and intracellularly. pen3 mutant ... | 2006 | 16473969 |
| iron stress and pyoverdin production by a fluorescent pseudomonad in the rhizosphere of white lupine (lupinus albus l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.). | induction of high-affinity iron transport during root colonization by pseudomonas fluorescens pf-5 (pvd-inaz) was examined in lupine and barley growing in microcosms. p. fluorescens pf-5 (pvd-inaz) contains a plasmid carrying pvd-inaz; thus, in this strain, ice nucleation activity is regulated by pyoverdin production. lupine or barley plants were grown for 18 or 8 days, respectively, in soil amended with 2% calcium carbonate and inoculated with p. fluorescens pf-5 (pvd-inaz) at a density of 4 x ... | 1997 | 16535491 |
| cell wall appositions and plant disease resistance: acoustic microscopy of papillae that block fungal ingress. | plant cells react to localized stress by forming wall appositions outside their protoplasts on the inner surface of their cellulose walls. for many years it has been inferred that appositions elicited by encroaching fungi, termed "papillae," may subsequently also deter them and thus represent a disease-resistance mechanism. recently, it has been shown that preformed, oversized papillae, experimentally produced in coleoptile cells of compatible barley, hordeum vulgare, can completely prevent dire ... | 1980 | 16592804 |
| use of bacterial quorum-sensing components to regulate gene expression in plants. | we describe an efficient inducible system to regulate gene expression in plants based on quorum-sensing components found in gram-negative bacteria such as agrobacterium tumefaciens. these bacteria monitor their own population density by utilizing members of the n-acyl homoserine lactone family as inducers and a transcriptional activator as its receptor. in our study, we utilize the components from a. tumefaciens (i.e. 3-oxooctanyl-l-homoserine lactone [oohl]) synthesized by the trai protein and ... | 2006 | 16607032 |
| transcriptome analysis of the barley-fusarium graminearum interaction. | fusarium head blight (fhb) of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) is caused by fusarium graminearum. fhb causes yield losses and reduction in grain quality primarily due to the accumulation of trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don). to develop an understanding of the barley-f. graminearum interaction, we examined the relationship among the infection process, don concentration, and host transcript accumulation for 22,439 genes in spikes from the susceptible cv. morex from 0 to 144 h after ... | 2006 | 16610744 |
| effect of plant a-amylase inhibitors on sunn pest, eurygaster integriceps puton (hemiptera: scutelleridae), alpha-amylase activity. | plant-insect interaction is a dynamic system, subjected to continual variation and change. in order to reduce insect attack, plants developed different defence mechanisms including chemical and physical barriers such as the induction of defensive proteins, volatiles that attract predators of the insect herbivores and secondary metabolites. proteinaceous inhibitors of alpha-amylase and proteases are widely distributed in cereals, legumes and some other plants. because of the possible importance o ... | 2005 | 16628930 |
| colonization of barley (hordeum vulgare) with salmonella enterica and listeria spp. | colonization of barley plants by the food-borne pathogens salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and three listeria spp. (l. monocytogenes, l. ivanovii, l. innocua) was investigated in a monoxenic system. herbaspirillum sp. n3 was used as a positive control and escherichia coli hb101 as a negative control for endophytic root colonization. colonization of the plants was tested 1-4 weeks after inoculation by determination of cfu, specific pcr assays and fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) w ... | 2006 | 16629755 |
| purification of an infection-related, extracellular peroxidase from barley. | increases in two extracellular peroxidases were observed following inoculation of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) with the powdery mildew pathogen (erysiphe graminis dc.: fr. f. sp. hordei em. marchal). the more prominent isozyme, p8.5, was purified from intercellular wash fluids by acetone precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and gel filtration. purified p8.5 is a heme-containing, glycoprotein with a m(r) of 35,000. it has eight cysteine residues. a highly specific, hig ... | 1992 | 16652974 |
| species-dependent variation in the interaction of substrate-bound ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) and rubisco activase. | purified spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) activase supported 50 to 100% activation of substrate-bound rubisco from spinach, barley, wheat (triticum aestivum l.), soybean (glycine max l.), pea (pisum sativum l.), arabidopsis thaliana, maize (zea mays l.), and chlamydomonas reinhardtii but supported only 10 to 35% activation of rubisco from three solanaceae species, tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.), petunia (petu ... | 1992 | 16653209 |
| metabolic regulation in diseased leaves. i. the respiratory rise in barley leaves infected with powdery mildew. | photosynthetic and respiratory activities have been measured in leaves of hordeum vulgare l. var. manchuria (barley) after infection with erysiphe graminis var. hordei (powdery mildew). two isogenic lines, one resistant to infection and the other highly susceptible, were examined.these isogenic lines showed very different physiological responses following infection. photosynthesis and the chlorophyll content of resistant leaves was unaffected by infection. respiration increased slightly and this ... | 1966 | 16656253 |
| effect of oxygen on photosynthesis, photorespiration and respiration in detached leaves. ii. corn and other monocotyledons. | the effect of o(2) on the co(2) exchange of detached leaves of corn (zea mays), wheat (triticum vulgare), oats (avena sativa), barley (hordeum vulgare), timothy (phleum pratense) and cat-tail (typha angustifolia) was measured with a clark oxygen electrode and infrared carbon dioxide analysers in both open and closed systems.corn leaves did not produce co(2) in the light at any o(2) concentration, as was shown by the zero co(2) compensation point and the absence of a co(2) burst in the first minu ... | 1966 | 16656272 |
| translocation of carbon in powdery mildewed barley. | this paper compares translocation in healthy and powdery mildew (erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei, race cr3) infected barley (hordeum vulgare, variety manchuria). the sink-like properties of the powdery mildew infection were used to determine what effect imposing a sink in the midst of normal source tissue (mature primary leaf) had on the translocation process. the pattern of translocation was determined by monitoring the movement of (14)c which was photosynthetically incorporated from (14)c eith ... | 1971 | 16657616 |
| phytochrome control of another phytochrome-mediated process. | the phytochrome-mediated attachment of root tips of mung bean (phaseolus aureus) and barley (hordeum vulgare) to glass is affected by the prior exposure of hydrated seeds or seedlings to red or far red radiation. prior irradiation of seeds or seedlings of mung bean with red light promotes attachment, while far red light promotes detachment of root tips. similar exposure of barley seeds and seedlings to red light accentuates detachment, while far red light accentuates attachment of root tips. red ... | 1972 | 16658001 |
| indoleacetic acid and abscisic acid antagonism: ii. on the phytochrome-mediated attachment of barley root tips on glass. | the effects of low concentrations (10 nm or less) of indoleacetic acid and abscisic acid on the phytochrome-mediated attachment of barley root (hordeum vulgare l., var. compana) tips on glass have been found to be opposite to those reported for mung bean root tips. unlike their effects on mung bean root tips, indoleacetic acid causes attachment while abscisic acid causes detachment of barley root tips. both hormones specifically and rapidly counteract the action of the other. no effect on the ph ... | 1973 | 16658278 |
| anaerobic nitrite production by plant cells and tissues: evidence for two nitrate pools. | tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l. cv. xanthi) xd cells containing nitrate and nitrate reductase stopped producing nitrite after approximately 1 hour when incubated under anaerobic conditions. the cessation of nitrite production was not due to an inactivation of the nitrate reducing system. this was shown by the ability of the cells to resume anaerobic nitrite production at a rate similar to the initial rate of nitrite production upon exposure to nitrate, monohydroxy alcohols or pyrazole. cessation o ... | 1973 | 16658345 |
| effect of abscisic acid on uptake and metabolism of [h]gibberellin a(1) and [h]pseudogibberellin a(1) by barley half-seeds. | uptake and metabolism of 1,2-[(3)h]gibberellin a(1) ([(3)h]ga(1), i) and its 3-hydroxy epimer ([(3)h]pseudoga(1), ii) by barley (hordeum vulgare l.) half-seeds were measured after 24 hours of incubation, in the presence or absence of abscisic acid in the media. uptake of both compounds was enhanced by abscisic acid, and abscisic acid enhanced the extent of metabolism of [(3)h]ga(1). however, [(3)h]pseudoga(1) was not metabolized, even in the presence of abscisic acid. the significance of the ste ... | 1973 | 16658602 |