| trends in methods for detecting food-poisoning toxins produced by clostridium botulinum and staphylococcus aureus. | | 1976 | 775646 |
| incidence of salmonella spp., clostridium botulinum, and vibrio parahaemolyticus in an estuary. | a study of the incidence of salmonella spp., vibrio parahaemolyticus-like organisms, and clostridium botulinum in samples collected at five stations located in the upper chesapeake bay, a major estuary on the atlantic coast of the united states, was conducted in december 1973 through december 1974. c. botulinum types b and e were detected in 12.3% of the total sediment samples examined. v. parahaemolyticus was recovered from 10.4% of a total of 86 water, sediment, and suspended sediment samples. ... | 1976 | 776085 |
| proceedings: antigenicity of converting phages obtained from clostridium botulinum types c and d. | | 1975 | 778448 |
| [case of butulism caused by cl. botulinum c]. | | 1975 | 781863 |
| [clostridium botulinum toxin type c as a cause of massive death of waterfowls]. | | 1976 | 782828 |
| syndrome of botulism in infancy: clinical and electrophysiologic study. | | 1976 | 785257 |
| [contamination of fish by agents of botulism type f and differentiating it from type e]. | a total of 1859 samples of fish and various sea animals were examined for contamination with causative agent of botulism. the cultural fluid of 4--5-day cultures of the samples was tested in the reaction of neutralization with the diagnostic antitoxic antibotulin sera. types a, b, c, e. the causative agents of botulism (types a--7,b--16, c--5, e--128) were revealed in 156 samples. the sera were diluted to the concentration of 1 iu/ml for differentiation of the toxins types b and f in the neutral ... | 1976 | 785888 |
| [cl. botulinum in the soil of the aral sea coast]. | | 1976 | 786796 |
| phage conversion to hemagglutinin production in clostridium botulinum types c and d. | five toxigenic strains of clostridium botulinum types c and d were incubated at 37 degrees c for 7 days in 15 ml of the following media: lyg medium, cooked-meat medium, egg meat medium, and n-z-amine medium. the supernatants of these cultures were tested for hemagglutinin production with 1% erythrocytes obtained from mice, guinea pigs, chickens, sheep, monkeys, and humans. four toxigenic strains produced hemagglutinin. the highest hemagglutinin titer was obtained with a combination of human eryt ... | 1976 | 786888 |
| suspected botulism in foxhounds. | an outbreak of acute paralysis in a pack of foxhounds, which followed the ingestion of raw and partially cooked meat, was almost certainly due to botulism. botulinal toxin was detected in the serum of one of three hounds which recovered, and clostridium botulinum type c was present in a sample of meat remaining from a batch fed to the hounds. | 1976 | 788323 |
| two solid-phase radioimmunoassays for the quantitative determination of clostridium botulinum type-a antibodies. | | 1975 | 788487 |
| influence of postirradiation incubation temperature on recovery of radiation-injured clostridium botulinum 62a spores. | the number of colonies formed by unirradiated clostridium botulinum 62a spores was independent of temperature, in the range from 20 to 45 degrees c (in 5 degrees c increments); no colonies developed at 50 degrees c. spores irradiated at 1.2 or 1.4 mrads produced more macrocolonies at 40 degrees c than at higher or lower temperatures. apparently, radiation-injured spores were capable of repair of 40 degrees c than at the other temperatures studied. more than 99% of the radiation (1.2 mrads) survi ... | 1976 | 788635 |
| [clostridium botulinum type c: 1. selection of a highly toxigenic bacterial population from a pure culture]. | | 1976 | 788871 |
| [subacute botulism due to clostridium botulinum type b]. | | 1976 | 790202 |
| n-nitrosamines: a review of chemical and biological properties and their estimation in foodstuffs. | | 1976 | 790904 |
| clostridium botulinum and its importance in fishery products. | | 1976 | 790905 |
| [soluble proteins of the vegetative cells and spores of clostridium botulinum type b and their toxicity]. | by disc microelectrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel proteins of vegetative cells and spores of clostridium botulinum type b were investigated at different growth phases and toxicity of protein zones was measured. protein components of vegetative cells varied in their electrophoretic mobility, depending on the growth phase, and differed significantly from spore proteins. spores contained 1% toxin of vegetative cells. electrophoregrams of intrasporal proteins showed a toxic zone with an approximate ... | 1976 | 792871 |
| toxoid of clostridium botulinum type f: purification and immunogenicity studies. | toxin from clostridium botulinum type f was recovered from dialysis cultures and partially purifed by: (i) ammonium sulfate and ethanol precipitation; (ii) o-(diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose chromatography; or (iii) diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography followed by o-(carboxymethyl)-cellulose chromatography. toxin purities as reflected by specific activity were 1.83 x 10(6), 9.8 x 10(6), and 2.0 x 10(7) mouse 50% lethal doses (ld50)/mg of n, respectively, for toxins purified by the three metho ... | 1976 | 793522 |
| botulinum antitoxins and antibacterial igm and igg antibodies in sera of persons immunized with botulinum polytoxoid combined with cholera vaccine. i. response to botulinum toxoid. | two groups of subjects were immunized with combined vaccine containing aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed botulinum toxoids, types a, b, and e, and 4 mld of formaldehyde-inactivated v. cholerae inaba and ogawa organisms. the first group included laboratory workers who were previously immunized against cholera and had professional contact with botulinum toxins and viable v. cholerae organisms. the second group included young men who were never vaccinated against botulism or cholera. the three-dose immun ... | 1976 | 793566 |
| serological classification and typing of clostridium botulinum. | serological classification of cl. botulinum, based on the antigenic structure of the toxins produced, is distinguished by the behaviour of the toxin-antitoxin mixtures in in vivo neutralization tests. observations on the dissimilarity between strains within types, the behaviour of antitoxins in the cross-neutralization tests, the established concepts of the antigenic structure of the toxin types and the lack of a standard methodology for typing, have led to the definition of the terms efficiency ... | 1976 | 793913 |
| results of potency tests of a vaccine against cl. botulinum type c by different methods. | the potency of vaccine against cl. botulinum type c was tested comparatively in mice, guinea pigs and mink, using the test methods employed in the united states, great britain and sweden. additionally the capacity to withstand challenge to toxin in ferrets was investigated. all species of laboratory animals proved to be protected against high toxin doses. on the other hand the humoral antitoxin titer of the immunized animals was low after one injection. after a second injection or after challeng ... | 1976 | 793914 |
| antitoxin responses to clostridium botulinum vaccines types c and d in guinea pigs. | in guinea pigs, the type c and/or type d antitoxin responses to a single dose of a bivalent or monovalent cl. botulinum vaccine increase markedly between the fourth and ninth week after injection and still increase markedly by the ninth week. for type c, a similar pattern has been found in cattle. antigens of types c and d mutually interfere with the antitoxin responses in guinea pigs. graded doses of vaccine arouse graded antitoxin responses in guinea pigs. stability trials of vaccines have emp ... | 1976 | 793915 |
| [method of quantitative determination of vaccine activity against botulism of the mink]. | lyophilized vaccines prepared according to the method of käber, modified by achmarine, are utilized in the soviet union for the immunization of mink against botulin of the type c-alpha. these vaccines can be conserved more than a year at laboratory temperature without losing their efficacity. a table allows a rapid and accurate determination of the quantity of vaccine to be injected into the mink to provide the same efficacity as a dose of standard vaccine. | 1976 | 793916 |
| [sporogenesis of clostridium botulinum and its regularities]. | | 1976 | 794649 |
| [clostridium botulinum in argentina: present anf future]. | | 1976 | 794943 |
| [evaluation of the immunofluorescence test in the diagnosis of botulinum toxin poisoning in humans. iii. influence of toxinogenic and boticinogenic properties on the sensitivity and specificity of the immunofluorescence test]. | | 1976 | 796891 |
| [bacteriological examinations of tinned fish contaminated with cl. botulinum e after a 3-year storage]. | | 1976 | 797600 |
| the antibody response of cattle to clostridium botulinum types c and d toxoids. | the resistance of cattle with varying serum-antitoxin titres was determined by per os challenge. the results proved that a solid immunity can be produced against c. botulinum toxins c1 and d. the immune response of cattle to various quantities of c. botulinum c1 and d toxoids, aluminium-phosphate-adsorbed and in water-in-oil emulsion was investigated. the response to antigen in water-in-oil emulsion was far superior to the other when they were used for primary and secondary stimuli. when cattle ... | 1976 | 799279 |
| [toxigenicity and bacteriophage in clostridium botulinum (author's transl)]. | | 1976 | 800280 |
| [molecular construction and biological activities of botulinum toxins (author's transl)]. | | 1976 | 800282 |
| comparison of the effects of three fluorocarbons on certain bacteria. | three fluorocarbons were tested to determine their effect on bacterial growth. freon 11 and 21 in various concentrations had an inhibitory effect on selected test organisms, but freon 22 had no effect. both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, as well as gram-positive and gram-negative species, were included among the bacteria tested. freon 11 and 21 caused a similar response with freon 11 being more inhibitory to some species and freon 21 more inhibitory to others. inhibition was dependent on ... | 1975 | 803403 |
| antigenicites of fragments of clostridium botulinum type b derivative toxin. | two fragments with molecular weights of 110,000 and 60,000 were separated in a preparatory scale by gel filtration of the reduced clostridium botulinum type b trypsinized derivative toxin on sephadex g-200 with 0.05 m tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-0.38 m glycine buffer, ph 8.3, containing 5 mm ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 1 mm dithiothreitol, and 2 m urea as eluant. they were both antigenic, forming crossing precipitin lines against type b antitoxin in agar gel double diffusion tests. | 1975 | 804447 |
| purification and properties of clostridium botulinum type f toxin. | clostridium botulinum type f toxin of proteolytic langeland strain was purified. toxin in whole cultures was precipitated with (nh4)2so4. extract of the precipitate was successively chromatographed on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose at ph 6,0, o-(carboxymethyl) cellulose at ph 4.9, and finally diethylaminoethyl-cellulose at ph 8.1. the procedure recovered 14 percent of the toxin assayed in the starting culture. the toxin was homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, d ... | 1975 | 807160 |
| seasonal occurrence and distribution of microbial indicators and pathogens in the rhode river of chesapeake bay. | the seasonal incidence and occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens were studied at four sites in the rhode river, a subestuary of chesapeake bay. the highest frequency of occurrence of total and fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci was in muddy creek, a marsh area receiving pasture land runoff. second highest frequency of occurrence of these bacteria was in cadle creek, a populated area. lowest measurements of these parameters were obtained at stations in the central portion of the rho ... | 1975 | 812423 |
| comparison of progenitor toxins of nonproteolytic with those of proteolytic clostridium botulinum type b. | a nonproteolytic strain of clostridium botulinum type b produces two toxins of different molecular weight (16s and 12s) that are indistinguishable from the corresponding toxins of a proteolytic strain in molecular weight and construction but differ in potential toxicity, activation ratio, and hemagglutinability. successful hybridization between the toxic and nontoxic components (both7s) of 12s toxins of biologically heterologous type b strains confirmed the physico-chemical similarity between th ... | 1976 | 818020 |
| novel nucleotides from e. coli isolated and partially characterized. | | 1976 | 821487 |
| clostridium botulinum type d in britain. | | 1977 | 841837 |
| susceptibility of foxes to clostridium botulinum type c and e toxins. | | 1977 | 848403 |
| oral toxicities of clostridium botulinum toxins. | | 1977 | 875240 |
| botulism in infancy. report of a case. | a 22-day-old infant developed infant botulism characterized by profound weakness, hypotonia, respiratory arrest, areflexia, ptosis, pupils that responded poorly to light, and absent gag reflex. stool examination yielded clostridium botulinum type b organisms and type b toxin. electromyography provided rapid diagnostic assistance. with supportive care, reovery was complete. this "new" disease probably is more common than now appreciated. | 1977 | 888798 |
| clostridium botulinum type d toxin: purification, molecular structure, and some immunological properties. | clostridium botulinum type d progenitor toxin was purified. the addition of ribonucleic acid to the whole culture helped initial acid precipitation of the toxin. as with type b, both l (16s) and m toxins (12s) obtained from a hemagglutinin-positive strain, whereas m toxin only was produced by a hemagglutinin-negative strain. m toxin (molecular weight, 300,000) consisted of one molecule each of a toxic (molecular weight, 170,000) and a nontoxic component (molecular weight, 130,000); l toxin consi ... | 1977 | 892912 |
| single chain and dichain forms of neurotoxin in type f clostridium botulinum culture. | | 1977 | 906033 |
| ocular involvement in wound botulism. | a 7-year-old girl developed bilateral ptosis, total ophthalmoplegia, and fixed, dilated pupils associated with bulbar paralysis and generalized weakness six days after she sustained a compound supracondylar fracture of the right humerus. nerve conduction studies showed a facilitated muscle action potential after repetitive nerve stimulation. blood cultures were negative. although the wound site appeared noninfected, the wound was explored. clostridium botulinum, type b, grew from cultures taken ... | 1977 | 911250 |
| nitrites, nitrosamines, and meat. | food additive regulations are frequently misunderstood and are often the basis for widely disparate views. the us department of agriculture (usda) does not accept the concept that zero health risk with food additives is a humanly attainable goal; however, if the usda is to accept that zero health risk is not attainable, then the department must propose, through regulations, a socially acceptable level of risk. nitrite is an example. on one hand, nitrite is toxic at high levels and can combine wi ... | 1977 | 924832 |
| molecular forms of neurotoxins in proteolytic clostridium botulinum type b cultures. | a modified purification method was used to isolate the neurotoxin of proteolytic clostridium botulinum type b strain lamanna. the preparation was found to be a mixture of two protein forms. they were of molecular weight 152,000 and could not be separated by ion-exchange chromatography or electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. one was a single polypeptide chain, and the other was a dichain molecule (nicked toxin) held together by an interchain disulfide bond(s). trypsinization increased the toxic ... | 1976 | 965092 |
| laboratory diagnosis of botulism complicated by pyridostigmine treatment of the patient. a method for selectively removing interfering substances from clinical specimens. | in august 1974, a case of botulism occurred; home-canned potatoes and peas containing clostridium botulinum, type a, were strongly incriminated as the vehicle of transmission. c. botulinum, type a, was isolated from a stool specimen of the patient, but the mouse neutralization test for botulinal toxin could not be completed because the stool extract contained a highly toxic, heat-stable substance that rapidly killed mice. historical and laboratory evidence indicated that the substance was pyrido ... | 1976 | 970375 |
| inactivation of clostridium botulinum toxin by ruminal microbes from cattle and sheep. | toxin from clostridium botulinum type c was rapidly inactivated during incubation in vitro with ruminal contents from either a cow or a sheep. fractions of ruminal contents from which cells had been removed by high-speed centrifugation did not inactivate toxin. inactivation was associated with fractions containing bacteria, whereas fractions containing protozoa and relatively few bacteria were much less active. this activity may help explain the relatively greater tolerance by ruminants to oral ... | 1976 | 984838 |
| clostridium botulinum in scottish fish farms and farmed trout. | rainbow trout and specimens of pond mud were collected from three fish farms and examined for the presence of clostridium botulinum. two of the farms were constructed with concrete channels and one was mud-bottomed. cl. botulinum was isolated only from the mud-bottomed farm (24% of muds), and the isolates were all non-proteolytic type b. the implications of the presence of cl. botulinum spores in the mud of fish farms is discussed. | 1975 | 1089706 |
| rapid gas chromatographic technique for presumptive detection of clostridium botulinum in contaminated food. | a simple gas-liquid chromatography end-product assay is reported for butyric and other short-chain fatty acids as presumptive indicators of clostridium botulinum contamination in food. | 1975 | 1090253 |
| an outbreak of type-c botulism in three-weeek-old broilers. | botulism was diagnosed in 3-week-old broilers from clinical signs, absence of postmortem and histopathological lesions, and demonstration of toxin in the serum of comatose birds. passive immunization of mice with clostridium botulinum type-c antitoxin protected against a challenge with serum from comatose birds containing the cl. botulinum toxin. total mortality for the grow-out period exceeded 27% and was not altered by water medication with penicillin. bacitracin at 100 g per ton reduced morta ... | 1975 | 1091253 |
| on the question of permeability of the blood-brain barrier to botulinum toxin. | the clinical symptoms of botulinum intoxication suggest that besides the involvement of the peripheral nervous system, the central nervous system is also affected. studies were undertaken to determine whether pure toxin of clostridium botulinum type a could be demonstrated in the brains of poisoned mice. with the aid of autoradiography of the toxin marked with 125-i and indirect fluorescent labeling it was possible to show the presence of the toxin in the parenchyma of the brain. | 1975 | 1091567 |
| editorial: fish farms and botulism. | | 1975 | 1092418 |
| letter: fish farms and botulism. | | 1975 | 1097048 |
| observations on the distribution and ecology of clostridium botulinum type e in alaska. | environmental samples collected along the coastline and from the interior of alaska were examined for the presence of clostridium botulinum. clostridium botulinum type e was detected in soils from 5 of 12 beaches; in 7 of 115 non-coastal soil samples; in sediments from six of eight locales; in gills of salmon from two fishing areas; and in the feces of 1 of 44 colonic samples from marine mammals. the basic biochemical characteristics of the isolates were determined. tube tests for demonstrating ... | 1975 | 1097074 |
| [detection of atoxigenic variants in cl. botulinum type a and b cultures exposed to different treatments]. | a possibility of detection of atoxigenic clones in the cultures of cl. botulinum, types a and b, under conditions of treatment with acridine strains, uv-irradiation and heating of spores was studied. of the 10 strains investigated, atoxigenic variants were obtained only in 3, belonging to type b; the frequency of formation of atoxigenic clones under the effect of ethidium bronide constituted 36--45.7%, and of the uv-irradiation-4.2%; heating of spores proved to be ineffective. a frequent loss of ... | 1975 | 1098338 |
| proceedings: bacteriophages and toxigenicity in clostridium botulinum types c and d. | | 1975 | 1099282 |
| proceedings: clostridium botulinum type a, b, e and f 12s toxins. | | 1975 | 1099283 |
| observations on nonconverting phage, c-n71, obtained from a nontoxigenic strain of clostridium botulinum type c. | a nontoxigenic mutant (c-n71) obtained from a toxigenic strain of clostridium botulinum type c, stockholm, with nitrosoguanidine treatment was found to be lysogenic by the lysis test. although the filtrate of a passaged lysate of this nontoxigenic but lysogenic strain, c-n71, lysed cells of the nontoxigenic strain c-ao2 equally as well as the converting phage c-st obtained from the strain c-stockholm, it did not convert c-ao2 to the toxigenic state. the lysis spectrum of this filtrate was the sa ... | 1975 | 1100888 |
| clostridium botulinum in the lakes and waterways of london. | mud samples collected during 1974 from a large proportion of the lakes and waterways of london were examined for clostridium botulinum. of 69 such sites, 50 (72.5%) contained at least one type of the organism. of the 50 positive sites, 31, 12, 1 and 10 contained, respectively, types b, c, d and e. most of the demonstrations of type b required trypsinization of culture filtrates. an examination of 7 lakes in edinburgh, made for the purpose of comparison, showed that 4 contained type b and one typ ... | 1975 | 1104711 |
| responses of clostridium botulinum type b and e progenitor toxins to some clostridial sulfhydryl-dependent proteases. | sulfhydryl-dependent proteases produced by clostridium botulinum types a, b, and f, clostridium histolyticum, clostridium sporogenes and clostridium perfringens activate preferentially type e over type b progenitor toxin but less efficiently than trypsin. the results explain why activable toxin is demonstrable in culture of a strongly proteolytic type b strain. | 1975 | 1104932 |
| [botulin toxin a detection by means of immunofluorescent adsorption reaction in experimentally contaminated food products]. | | 1975 | 1105753 |
| [deaminase activity of cl. botulinum type a, b, e and f cultures]. | the authors present the results of a comparative study of desaminase activity in the suspensions of resting cells and in ultrasonic desintegrates of cells of cl. botulinum types a, b, e and f against a number of amino acids and their amides. it was shown that types a, b, e and f possessed active desamination enzymes; this process, however coursed with a different degree of intensity depending on the substrate. common for all the 4 types was the presence of desamidase l-asparaginase and l-glutami ... | 1975 | 1106094 |
| effect of added iron on the formation of clostridial inhibitors. | inhibition of clostridium botulinum by nitrite was potentiated by the addition of fe(ii) or fe(iii) to the culture medium. the effect of iron was more pronounced when nitrite was added after autoclaving. | 1975 | 1106320 |
| low-temperature irradiation of beef and methods of evaluation of radappertization process. | an inoculated, irradiated beef pack (1,240 cans) was conducted for the determination of microbiological safety for unrestricted human consumption. each can contained a mixture of 10(6) spores of each of 10 strains of clostridium botulinum (5 type a and 5 type b), or a total of 10(7) spores/can. the cans were irradiated to various doses (100 cans/dose) with 60co gamma rays at -30 +/- 10 c, incubated at 30 +/- 2 c for 6 months, and examined for swelling, toxicity, and recoverable botulinal cells. ... | 1975 | 1106323 |
| the incidence of clostridium botulinum in farmed trout raised in great britain. | | 1975 | 1107289 |
| the stability of toxigenicity in clostridium botulinum types c and d. | several type c and d strains of clostridium botulinum, which had been converted to the toxgenic state by phages, were serially transferred through cooked meat medium with and without specific anti-phage serum. most of the converted strains lost their toxigenicity even during transfer without antiserum, and the non-toxigenic variants that appeared were resistant to lysis and conversion by the original phage. however, in some combinations of phage and host bacteria toxigenicity was stable after te ... | 1976 | 1107486 |
| the effect of sublethal doses of rifampin on the sporulation of clostridium botulinum. | sublethal doses of rifampin (0-005 mug/ml), added to vegetatively growing cultures of a sporogenic mutant of clostridium botulinum at inoculation time or after 4 h, resulted in a decrease of growth and in blockage of spore formation. but when rifampin was added 6 to 24 h after inoculation, normal growth and sporulation occurred, indicating that the time of addition was critical and that rifampin was most effective on rapidly dividing, exponential-phase cells. ultrastructural studies showed that ... | 1976 | 1107487 |
| the inhibition of clostridium botulinum type b and e in salami sausage. | | 1975 | 1108623 |
| growth potential of clostridium botulinum in fresh mushrooms packaged in semipermeable plastic film. | fresh mushrooms (agaricus bisporus) were inoculated in the stem, gill, or cap with clostridium botulinum spores. they were placed with uninoculated mushrooms in paper board trays, which were then covered and sealed in a polyvinyl chloride stretch film to simulate prepackaged mushrooms available at retail stores. when incubated at 20 c, botulinum toxin could be detected as early as day 3, or 4, when the mushrooms still appear edible. mushrooms inoculated in the stem with 1,000 type a spores freq ... | 1975 | 1108793 |
| detection of clostridium botulinum toxin by local paralysis elicited with intramuscular challenge. | clostridium botulinum toxin can be identified by a characteristic, acute local paralysis that follows its injection into the gastrocnemius ("calf" muscle) of mice. the local botulism can be elicited with slightly less than one-tenth the toxin amount that is needed to kill mice by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) challenge route. the practical sensitivities of the intramuscular (i.m.) versus i.p. tests are about equal, however, because maximum sample volume injectable i.m. is 0.1 ml as compared to the ... | 1975 | 1180550 |
| proceedings: immunological specificities of clostridium botulinum type c and d toxins. | | 1975 | 1228237 |
| proceedings: molecular construction of clostridium botulinum type a toxins. | | 1975 | 1228240 |
| proceedings: antigenicities of two fragments of clostridium botulinum type b derivative toxin. | | 1975 | 1228241 |
| a relationship between avian carcasses and living invertebrates in the epizootiology of avian botulism. | a survey of the sources of clostridium botulinum type c toxin possibly utilized as food by aquatic birds in an epizootic area of avian botulism in northern utah showed that living aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates normally found in close association with dead, decomposing birds commonly carried the toxin. of 461 samples associated with 21 species of avian carcasses, 198 were toxin-positive. invertebrate species not normally scavengers of vertebrate tissues were less commonly and less highly ... | 1976 | 1255907 |
| disturbing gtp-binding protein function through microinjection into the visual cell of limulus. | we have tested the action of three agents microinjected into the ventral nerve photoreceptor of limulus on the electrical response to dim light. 1. a monoclonal antibody (mab 4a) against the g alpha subunit of frog transducin reduces the size of the receptor current to 60%, suggesting an interaction with g alpha in the limulus photoreceptor. 2. injection of clostridium botulinum adp-ribosyltransferase c3 reduces the size to 46%; latency is not affected. the results imply that small gtp-binding p ... | 1992 | 1285831 |
| [distribution of clostridium botulinum and clostridium tetani in okinawa prefecture]. | soil samples from the sugar cane fields and muscovado samples from the manufacturing processes at sugar manufacturies in many parts of okinawa prefecture were collected, mainly in 1988 and 1989, and examined for clostridium botulinum and clostridium tetani. of 290 soil samples 21 (7.2%) were positive for c. botulinum. four (1.4%) and 17 (5.9%) contained types e and c respectively. c. botulinum type e was demonstrated in the north and south areas of okinawa main island. type a and b were not demo ... | 1992 | 1294669 |
| [genetic analysis of the toxins produced by clostridium botulinum]. | | 1992 | 1295006 |
| characterization, self-assembly and reattachment of s layer from clostridium botulinum type e saroma. | s layer of clostridium botulinum type e saroma and its subunits were isolated and characterized for their chemical and morphological properties. the s layer was composed of a number of subunits with apparent molecular weights ranging from about 10 to 150 kda. the isolated s layer subunits possess the ability to assemble into recrystallized flat sheets in the absence of any supporting layer and to reattach to the cell wall from which they have been removed. immunoblot analysis using an antiserum ... | 1992 | 1295126 |
| microbiological aspects and technological need: technological needs for nitrates and nitrites. | nitrate and nitrite are used in meat and fish curing, and in the manufacture of certain cheeses. nitrate itself has little antimicrobial effect and in most applications could be replaced by lower concentrations of nitrite. further, improved hygiene diminishes the need for nitrite. the antimicrobial activity and technological needs for nitrate and nitrite are reviewed. it is concluded that the technological needs for nitrite in meat products stored at < 10 degrees c could be met by added nitrite ... | 1992 | 1298641 |
| adp-ribosylation of gelsolin-actin complexes by clostridial toxins. | adp-ribosylation of the 1:1 (g-a) and 1:2 (g-a-a) gelsolin-actin complexes by clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium botulinum c2 toxin was studied. iota toxin adp-ribosylated actin in the g-a complex from human platelets as effectively as skeletal muscle actin. the km for nad (4 microm) was identical for both substrates. c2 toxin adp-ribosylated actin in the g-a complex with lower efficacy than nonmuscle actin from platelet cytosol. in the g-a-a complex both actin molecules were adp ... | 1992 | 1309748 |
| clostridium botulinum toxins: a general review of involvement in disease, structure, mode of action and preparation for clinical use. | the neurotoxins produced by clostridium botulinum are the most potent acute toxins known and are the causative agents of the neuroparalytic disease botulism. the toxins act primarily at peripheral cholinergic synapses by blocking the evoked release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. there are seven distinct serotypes of toxin. all are polypeptides of mr about 150 kda that have similar structure and pharmacological action. in their most active forms the toxins exist as dichain molecules in wh ... | 1992 | 1311751 |
| in vitro microelectrode study of neuromuscular transmission in a case of botulism. | we performed in vitro microelectrode studies in the anconeus muscle biopsy of a 6-week-old infant intoxicated with clostridium botulinum toxin b. the most striking abnormalities were the severe reduction of the endplate potential (epp) quantal content and the marked variability of epp latencies. the increased variability was often limited to a "single quantum" component of the epp. neither the amplitudes nor the frequencies of spontaneous miniature endplate potentials (meeps) were decreased. how ... | 1992 | 1313544 |
| electrodiagnosis reliability in the diagnosis of infant botulism. | infant botulism is confirmed by isolation of clostridium botulinum from stool culture or by toxin assay. although electrodiagnosis has been described as a diagnostic tool in infant botulism, our 11-year review of toxin-confirmed cases suggests that electrodiagnosis is not a reliable tool. in the case report presented, results of electrodiagnosis were negative but enema effluent contained adequate concentrations of organism and toxin to confirm the diagnosis. | 1992 | 1315854 |
| characterization of small-molecular-mass guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins in insulin-secreting cells and pc12 cells. | the distribution of ras-related small-molecular-mass guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (smg) of two insulin-secreting cell lines, rinm5f and hit-t15, and of a catecholamine-secreting cell line, pc12, have been studied using different techniques. about ten such proteins were detected by [32p]gtp binding after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and transfer to nitrocellulose membranes. in insulin-secreting cells, rho protein(s) that cannot be detected with the gtp-binding technique w ... | 1992 | 1327767 |
| a rho gene product in human blood platelets. i. identification of the platelet substrate for botulinum c3 adp-ribosyltransferase as rhoa protein. | a substrate protein for botulinum c3 adp-ribosyltransferase (c3 exoenzyme) in human platelets was purified to apparent homogeneity from the cytosol by ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive chromatography on columns of deae-sepharose, hydroxylapatite, phenyl-sepharose, and tsk phenyl-5pw. the purified protein yielded an amino acid sequence identical to that of rhoa protein. when platelet cytosol and membranes were incubated with c3 exoenzyme and [32p]nad and subjected to sodium dodecyl su ... | 1992 | 1328215 |
| copurification of rho protein and the rho-gdp dissociation inhibitor from bovine neutrophil cytosol. effect of phosphoinositides on rho adp-ribosylation by the c3 exoenzyme of clostridium botulinum. | the substrate of the c3 exoenzyme from botulinum toxin is a protein which is particularly abundant in the cytosol of neutrophils [stasia, m. j., jouan, a., bourmeyster, n., boquet, p., & vignais, p. v. (1991) biochem. biophys. res. commun. 180, 615-622]. optimal conditions for the adp-ribosylation of the c3 substrate have been established in order to follow the course of its purification from bovine neutrophil cytosol. in particular, phosphoinositides at micromolar concentrations were found to e ... | 1992 | 1334435 |
| analysis of operons encoding 23s rrna of clostridium botulinum type a. | southern hybridization analysis of clostridium botulinum type a chromosomal dna indicated the presence of six copies of the 23s rrna gene. fragments of dna encoding 23s rrna were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and cloned in escherichia coli. three clones examined by restriction enzyme and sequence analysis were found to be derived from different operons. sequence determination of the entire insert of two clones revealed nine nucleotide changes in the genes coding for 23s rrna (99.7% sequ ... | 1992 | 1339427 |
| purification and characterization of heterologous component iis of botulinum c2 toxin. | botulinum c2 toxin (c2t) elaborated by certain strains of clostridium botulinum types c and d is composed of separate and dissimilar two proteins, components i and ii. previous studies have shown that these two components of c2t produced by type c and d strains were immunologically heterologous and that c2t-producers were classified into three groups depending on the difference in molecular characteristics of the components i and ii. in the present study, the heterologous component iis of c2t we ... | 1992 | 1376392 |
| biological and biophysical characteristics of phages isolated from clostridium botulinum type c and d strains, and physicochemical properties of the phage dnas. | toxin-converting phages ce beta and d-16 phi and non-converting phages ce gamma and d-1', isolated from toxigenic strains c-468 and d-cb16 of clostridium botulinum types c and d, respectively, were characterized biologically and biophysically. dnas isolated from these four phages were studied physicochemically. phages ce beta, d-16 phi, ce gamma and d-1' were adsorbed to their susceptible cells at the constant rates of 1.1 x 10(-8), 3.3 x 10(-8), 1.4 x 10(-8) and 1.4 x 10(-8) ml/min, and grew af ... | 1992 | 1391178 |
| adp-ribosylation of rho proteins is inhibited by melittin, mast cell degranulating peptide and compound 48/80. | the amphiphilic agents melittin, mast cell degranulating peptide and compound 48/80 inhibit the adp-ribosylation of the small gtp-binding proteins rho by clostridium botulinum exoenzyme c3. half-maximal and maximal inhibition (greater than 90%) of adp-ribosylation occurred at about 8 and 25 micrograms/ml for compound 48/80, at 10 and 45 microm for mast cell degranulating peptide and at 15 and 50 microm for melittin, respectively. in addition, these compounds increase the steady state gtp hydroly ... | 1992 | 1397058 |
| sequence of the gene encoding type f neurotoxin of clostridium botulinum. | primers designed to conserved regions of botulinum and tetanus clostridial toxins were used to amplify dna fragments from non-proteolytic clostridium botulinum type f (202f) dna using polymerase chain reaction technology. the fragments were cloned and the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding type f toxin determined. analysis of the nucleotide sequence demonstrated the presence of an open frame encoding a protein of 1274 amino acids, similar to other botulinum neurotoxins. upstream o ... | 1992 | 1398040 |
| a rho gene product in human blood platelets. ii. effects of the adp-ribosylation by botulinum c3 adp-ribosyltransferase on platelet aggregation. | in the accompanying paper (nemoto, y., namba, t., teru-uchi, t., ushikubi, f., morii, n., and narumiya, s. (1992) j. biol. chem. 267, 20916-20920), we have identified rhoa protein as the sole substrate protein for botulinum c3 adp-ribosyltransferase (c3 exoenzyme) in human blood platelets. here we examined the role of rhoa protein in platelet functions. c3 exoenzyme added to washed platelets dose- and time-dependently adp-ribosylated rhoa protein in situ in the cells. concomitant with this modif ... | 1992 | 1400407 |
| in vitro activity of sulphimidazole alone and in association with trimethoprim against enteric pathogens. | sulphimidazole is a new sulphonamide belonging to the class of intestinal sulphonamides and characterized by the fact that it is active even in vitro. it has the heterocyclic ring of 5-nitroimidazoles on amidic nitrogen. its antibacterial activity is similar to that of the classical sulphonamides but differs in that it also combats certain anaerobic bacteria such as clostridium botulinum. this effect is completely absent in the case of sulphadiazine and sulphamethoxazole. also, since p-amino-ben ... | 1992 | 1409249 |
| the complete amino acid sequence of the clostridium botulinum type d neurotoxin, deduced by nucleotide sequence analysis of the encoding phage d-16 phi genome. | the complete nucleotide sequence of clostridium botulinum type d strain cb16 neurotoxin was determined and the deduced amino acid sequence is reported here for the first time. the structure and function of botulinum type d neurotoxin is discussed from a molecular biological viewpoint. dna was extracted from toxin-converting phage d-16 phi of c. botulinum type d strain cb16, and a fragment (about 10 kbp) coding for the neurotoxin was cloned into escherichia coli using lambda gt11. a 21-mer oligon ... | 1992 | 1420572 |
| clinical and laboratory comparison of botulism from toxin types a, b, and e in the united states, 1975-1988. | cases of adult botulism (n = 309) were studied to identify clinical differences between toxin types and to evaluate the sensitivity of diagnostic laboratory testing. patients with illness from type e toxin had the shortest incubation periods. sporadic case-patients were more severely ill: 85% required intubation compared with only 42% in multiperson outbreaks. of patients with type a botulism, 67% required intubation compared with 52% with type b and 39% with type e. toxin testing was positive f ... | 1992 | 1431246 |
| detection of clostridium botulinum toxin a using a fiber optic-based biosensor. | a rapid, sensitive, analytical method for the detection of clostridium botulinum toxin has been developed. the fiber optic-based biosensor utilizes the evanescent wave of a tapered optical fiber for signal discrimination. a 50 mw argon-ion laser, which generates laser light at 514 nm, is used in conjunction with an optical fiber probe that is tapered at the distal end. antibodies specific for c. botulinum are covalently attached to the surface of the tapered fiber. the principle of the system is ... | 1992 | 1443578 |
| changes in adp-ribosylation of rho-related protein by exoenzyme c3 from clostridium botulinum with maturation in rat testis. | a rho-related protein, which was adp-ribosylated by exoenzyme c3 from clostridium botulinum, was found in both cytosol and membrane fractions of the testes of adult rats. this protein was observed in the cytosol fraction of the testes already in the newborn, did not significantly change in level up to about 7 weeks, and thereafter became clearly reduced. in the membrane fraction, in contrast, the protein was not found in the newborn rats. these observations suggest that there are some relationsh ... | 1992 | 1445375 |
| detection of clostridium botulinum in natural sweetening. | various sugar products were examined for contamination with c. botulinum spores. type a, b and c spores were detected in three of 56 samples of sugar for apiculture, which may attest the significance of bee-feed as a source of contamination of honey. the heavy contamination of honey with c. botulinum spores sometimes encountered, however, can not be explained unless some other factors, e.g., that allowing germination and multiplication of the spores somewhere during honey production, are found. ... | 1992 | 1445754 |
| the bacteriocidal effects of transition metal complexes containing the no+ group on the food-spoilage bacterium clostridium sporogenes. | the chemical and molecular mechanism of toxicity of nitrite towards food-spoilage bacteria such as clostridium botulinum or clostridium sporogenes is not well understood. in order to discover the active species and explore its chemistry, a number of compounds related to nitrite were synthesized. their bacteriocidal effects on c. sporogenes were investigated in oxoid nutrient broth no. 2 growth medium at ph 7.0. inhibition of cell growth, expressed as the concentration which causes 50% cell inhib ... | 1992 | 1459420 |
| susceptibility to infection in relation to sids. | because there is little evidence that invasive bacterial diseases contribute to cot deaths, most studies on infectious causes of sids have focused on viruses or toxin producing bacteria. although epidemiological studies found marginally significant associations between influenza virus and sids, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was isolated from 90% of older infants with sids. there are conflicting reports that some toxigenic bacteria (clostridium botulinum, clostridium difficle, enterotoxigenic ... | 1992 | 1474153 |