| leptospira as an emerging pathogen: a review of its biology, pathogenesis and host immune responses. | leptospirosis, the most widespread zoonosis in the world, is an emerging public health problem, particularly in large urban centers of developing countries. several pathogenic species of the genus leptospira can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations, from a mild, flu-like illness to a severe disease form characterized by multiorgan system complications leading to death. however, the mechanisms of pathogenesis of leptospira are largely unknown. this article will address the animal models ... | 2010 | 20860485 |
| genomic analysis and relatedness of p2-like phages of the burkholderia cepacia complex. | the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) is comprised of at least seventeen gram-negative species that cause infections in cystic fibrosis patients. because bcc bacteria are broadly antibiotic resistant, phage therapy is currently being investigated as a possible alternative treatment for these infections. the purpose of our study was to sequence and characterize three novel bcc-specific phages: ks5 (vb_bcem-ks5 or vb_bmuz-atcc 17616), ks14 (vb_bcem-ks14) and kl3 (vb_bamm-kl3 or vb_bcez-cep511). | 2010 | 20973964 |
| simultaneous detection and differentiation of pathogenic and nonpathogenic leptospira spp. by multiplex real-time pcr (taqman) assay. | leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic leptospira, is one of the most important zoonoses in the world. several molecular techniques have been developed for detection and differentiation between pathogenic and saprophytic leptospira spp. the aim of this study was to develop a rapid and simple assay for specific detection and differentiation of pathogenic leptospira spp. by multiplex real-time pcr (taqman) assay using primers and probes targeting leptospira genus specific 16s ribosomal rna gene, the ... | 2010 | 21033579 |
| expanding the genetic toolbox for leptospira species by generation of fluorescent bacteria. | our knowledge of the genetics and molecular basis of the pathogenesis associated with leptospira, in comparison to those of other bacterial species, is very limited. an improved understanding of pathogenic mechanisms requires reliable genetic tools for functional genetic analysis. here, we report the expression of gfp and mrfp1 genes under the control of constitutive spirochetal promoters in both saprophytic and pathogenic leptospira strains. we were able to reliably measure the fluorescence of ... | 2010 | 21037299 |
| transcriptional responses of leptospira interrogans to host innate immunity: significant changes in metabolism, oxygen tolerance, and outer membrane. | leptospira interrogans is the major causative agent of leptospirosis. phagocytosis plays important roles in the innate immune responses to l. interrogans infection, and l. interrogans can evade the killing of phagocytes. however, little is known about the adaptation of l. interrogans during this process. | 2010 | 21049008 |
| 2010 acvim small animal consensus statement on leptospirosis: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention. | this report offers a consensus opinion on the diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of leptospirosis in dogs, an important zoonosis. clinical signs of leptospirosis in dogs relate to development of renal disease, hepatic disease, uveitis, and pulmonary hemorrhage. disease may follow periods of high rainfall, and can occur in dogs roaming in proximity to water sources, farm animals, or wildlife, or dogs residing in suburban environments. diagnosis is based on acute and convalescent p ... | 2010 | 21155890 |
| responses of human endothelial cells to pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospira species. | leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic infection that primarily affects residents of tropical regions, but causes infections in animals and humans in temperate regions as well. the agents of leptospirosis comprise several members of the genus leptospira, which also includes non-pathogenic, saprophytic species. leptospirosis can vary in severity from a mild, non-specific illness to severe disease that includes multi-organ failure and widespread endothelial damage and hemorrhage. to begin to inves ... | 2010 | 21179504 |
| plasmids with a chromosome-like role in rhizobia. | replicon architecture in bacteria is commonly comprised of one indispensable chromosome and several dispensable plasmids. this view has been enriched by the discovery of additional chromosomes, identified mainly by localization of rrna and/or trna genes, and also by experimental demonstration of their requirement for cell growth. the genome of rhizobium etli cfn42 is constituted by one chromosome and six large plasmids, ranging in size from 184 to 642 kb. five of the six plasmids are dispensable ... | 2011 | 21217003 |
| cross-protective immunity against leptospirosis elicited by a live, attenuated lipopolysaccharide mutant. | leptospira species cause leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease found worldwide. current vaccines against leptospirosis provide protection only against closely related serovars. | 2011 | 21220775 |
| immunostimulatory and antigen delivery properties of liposomes made up of total polar lipids from non-pathogenic bacteria leads to efficient induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses. | novel liposomes prepared from total polar lipids of non-pathogenic bacteria, viz. leptospira biflexa serovar potac (designated leptosomes) and mycobacterium smegmatis (designated smegmosomes) were evaluated for their adjuvant effects with various antigen presenting cells (apcs), viz. murine macrophage cell line, j774a.1 and bone marrow derived dendritic cells (bmdcs). these liposomes induced strong membrane fusion as evident from resonance energy transfer (ret) assays and effectively transferred ... | 2011 | 21300103 |
| the multifunctional ligb adhesin binds homeostatic proteins with potential roles in cutaneous infection by pathogenic leptospira interrogans. | leptospirosis is a potentially fatal zoonotic disease in humans and animals caused by pathogenic spirochetes, such as leptospira interrogans. the mode of transmission is commonly limited to the exposure of mucous membrane or damaged skin to water contaminated by leptospires shed in the urine of carriers, such as rats. infection occurs during seasonal flooding of impoverished tropical urban habitats with large rat populations, but also during recreational activity in open water, suggesting it is ... | 2011 | 21347378 |
| new implications on genomic adaptation derived from the helicobacter pylori genome comparison. | helicobacter pylori has a reduced genome and lives in a tough environment for long-term persistence. it evolved with its particular characteristics for biological adaptation. because several h. pylori genome sequences are available, comparative analysis could help to better understand genomic adaptation of this particular bacterium. | 2011 | 21387011 |
| comparative proteogenomic analysis of the leptospira interrogans virulence-attenuated strain ipav against the pathogenic strain 56601. | the virulence-attenuated leptospira interrogans serovar lai strain ipav was derived by prolonged laboratory passage from a highly virulent ancestral strain isolated in china. we studied the genetic variations of ipav that render it avirulent via comparative analysis against the pathogenic l. interrogans serovar lai strain 56601. the complete genome sequence of the ipav strain was determined and used to compare with, and then rectify and reannotate the genome sequence of strain 56601. aside from ... | 2011 | 21423275 |
| prophage-stimulated toxin production in clostridium difficile nap1/027 lysogens. | tcda and tcdb exotoxins are the main virulence factors of clostridium difficile, one of the most deadly nosocomial pathogens. recent data suggest that prophages can influence the regulation of toxin expression. here we present the characterization of ?cd38-2, a pac-type temperate siphoviridae phage that stimulates toxin expression when introduced as a prophage into c. difficile. host range analysis showed that ?cd38-2 was able to infect 99/207 isolates of c. difficile representing 11 different p ... | 2011 | 21441508 |
| bioinformatic characterization of the trimeric intracellular cation-specific channel protein family. | trimeric intracellular cation-specific (tric) channels are integral to muscle excitation-contraction coupling. tric channels provide counter-ionic flux when calcium is rapidly transported from intracellular stores to the cell cytoplasm. until recently, knowledge of the presence of these proteins was limited to animals. we analyzed the tric family and identified a profusion of prokaryotic family members with topologies and motifs similar to those of their eukaryotic counterparts. prokaryotic memb ... | 2011 | 21519847 |
| na(+)-translocating membrane pyrophosphatases are widespread in the microbial world and evolutionarily precede h(+)-translocating pyrophosphatases. | membrane pyrophosphatases (ppases), divided into k(+)-dependent and k(+)-independent subfamilies, were believed to pump h(+) across cell membranes until a recent demonstration that some k(+)-dependent ppases function as na(+) pumps. here, we have expressed seven evolutionarily important putative ppases in escherichia coli and estimated their hydrolytic, na(+) transport and h(+) transport activities as well as their k(+) and na(+) requirements in inner membrane vesicles. four of these enzymes (fr ... | 2011 | 21527638 |
| crystal structure of the novel paib transcriptional regulator from geobacillus stearothermophilus. | | 2011 | 21633969 |
| characterization of leptospiral catalase and peroxidase. | peroxidase from leptospira biflexa strain b-16 ad catalase from leptospira interrogans canicola hond utrecht were characterized and compared and both appeared to be heme enzymes as judged by their inhibition profiles and rapid inactivation during catalysis. neither enzyme exhibited monovalent or divalent cation requirements. dialysis of cell-free extracts resulted in loss of peroxidase activity but catalase was unaffected by this procedure. peroxidase had a km for h2o2 of 12.5 microm while catal ... | 1980 | 7407701 |
| heterologous expression of pathogen-specific genes liga and ligb in the saprophyte leptospira biflexa confers enhanced adhesion to cultured cells and fibronectin. | in comparison to other bacterial pathogens, our knowledge of the molecular basis of the pathogenesis of leptospirosis is extremely limited. an improved understanding of leptospiral pathogenetic mechanisms requires reliable tools for functional genetic analysis. leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (lig) proteins are surface proteins found in pathogenic leptospira, but not in saprophytes. here, we describe a system for heterologous expression of the leptospira interrogans genes liga and ligb in the sa ... | 2011 | 21658265 |
| broad reacting surface antigens in leptospira biflexa serovar andamana. | previous investigations had demonstrated that genus-specific and species-specific antigens of leptospires are deep-seated within the leptospiral cell. conversely, the present study has shown that strain ch11, serovar andamana of the non-pathogenic species of leptospira biflexa is endowed on its surface with two cross-reacting antigens; a newly recognized antigen common to l. interrogans and l. biflexa spp. and an antigenic determinant common to a previously described genus-specific protein antig ... | 1988 | 2459865 |
| characteristic features of intracellular pathogenic leptospira in infected murine macrophages. | leptospira interrogans is a spirochaete responsible for a zoonotic disease known as leptospirosis. leptospires are able to penetrate the abraded skin and mucous membranes and rapidly disseminate to target organs such as the liver, lungs and kidneys. how this pathogen escape from innate immune cells and spread to target organs remains poorly understood. in this paper, the intracellular trafficking undertaken by non-pathogenic leptospira biflexa and pathogenic l.ôçâinterrogans in mouse bone marrow ... | 2011 | 21819516 |
| inactivation of clpb in the pathogen leptospira interrogans reduces virulence and resistance to stress conditions. | leptospira interrogans is the causative agent of leptospirosis, which is an emerging zoonotic disease. resistance to stress conditions is largely uncharacterized for this bacterium. we therefore decided to analyze a clpb mutant that we obtained by random transposon mutagenesis. the mutant did not produce any of the two isoforms of clpb. the clpb mutant exhibited growth defects at 30-¦ and 37-¦c and in poor nutrient medium and showed increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, whereas the genet ... | 2011 | 21730091 |
| the rela/spot homolog (rsh) superfamily: distribution and functional evolution of ppgpp synthetases and hydrolases across the tree of life. | rela/spot homologue (rsh) proteins, named for their sequence similarity to the rela and spot enzymes of escherichia coli, comprise a superfamily of enzymes that synthesize and/or hydrolyze the alarmone ppgpp, activator of the "stringent" response and regulator of cellular metabolism. the classical "long" rshs rel, rela and spot with the ppgpp hydrolase, synthetase, tgs and act domain architecture have been found across diverse bacteria and plant chloroplasts, while dedicated single domain ppgpp- ... | 2011 | 21858139 |
| deciphering morphological determinants of the helix-shaped leptospira. | leptospira spp. are thin, highly motile, slow-growing spirochetes that can be distinguished from other bacteria on the basis of their unique helical shape. defining the mechanisms by which these bacteria generate and maintain this atypical morphology should greatly enhance our understanding of the fundamental physiology of these pathogens. in this study, we showed that peptidoglycan sacculi from leptospira spp. retain the helical shape of intact cells. interestingly, the distribution of muropept ... | 2011 | 21926230 |
| dna relatedness among strains of leptospira biflexa. | the slot blot method of dna hybridization was used to study 38 strains of leptospira biflexa belonging to 38 serovars. fifteen of these serovars were placed into six groups. the remaining 23 serovars were generally too diverse to show significant dna relatedness either to these groups or to one another. serovar thracia was related to group 5, but it was not included in this group because its percent relatedness was too low. we found that genetically related organisms were antigenically dissimila ... | 1990 | 2397191 |
| leptospirosis in the tropics and in travelers. | leptospirosis, caused by spirochetes of the genus leptospira, has increasingly been recognized to affect travelers and residents in tropical settings. a zoonotic disease, leptospirosis is transmitted to humans through environmental surface waters contaminated by the urine of chronically infected mammals. outcome of infection varies, ranging from acute febrile illness (including self-resolving undifferentiated fever) to aseptic meningitis to a fulminant syndrome of jaundice, oliguric renal failur ... | 2006 | 16448601 |
| a highly stable plastidic-type ferredoxin-nadp(h) reductase in the pathogenic bacterium leptospira interrogans. | leptospira interrogans is a bacterium that is capable of infecting animals and humans, and its infection causes leptospirosis with a range of symptoms from flu-like to severe illness and death. despite being a bacteria, leptospira interrogans contains a plastidic class ferredoxin-nadp(h) reductase (fnr) with high catalytic efficiency, at difference from the bacterial class fnrs. these flavoenzymes catalyze the electron transfer between nadp(h) and ferredoxins or flavodoxins. the inclusion of a p ... | 2011 | 22039544 |
| Monoclonal antibodies against the leptospiral immunoglobulin-like proteins A and B conserved regions. | Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira that affects humans and a wide variety of animals. Recently the genomes of Leptospira interrogans, Leptospira borgpetersenii and Leptospira biflexa species were sequenced allowing the identification of new virulence factors involved in survival and pathogenesis of bacteria. LigA and LigB are surface-exposed bacterial adhesins whose expression is correlated with the virulence of Leptospira strains. In ... | 2011 | 21903270 |
| whole-genome analysis of leptospira interrogans to identify potential vaccine candidates against leptospirosis. | leptospirosis is an important global human and veterinary health problem. humans can be infected by exposure to chronically infected animals and their environment. an important focus of the current leptospiral research is the identification of outer membrane proteins (omps). due to their location, leptospiral omps are likely to be relevant in host-pathogen interactions, hence their potential ability to stimulate heterologous immunity. the existing whole-genome sequence of leptospira interrogans ... | 2005 | 15766783 |
| evaluation of pathogenic serovars of leptospira interrogans in dairy cattle herds of shahrekord by pcr. | leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by leptospira interrogans. leptospirosis leads to economical losses in dairy farm industry. the objective of this study was to evaluate the pathogenic serovars of leptospira interrogans in dairy cattle herds of shahrekord by pcr. | 2011 | 22347596 |
| annotation of protein domains reveals remarkable conservation in the functional make up of proteomes across superkingdoms. | the functional repertoire of a cell is largely embodied in its proteome, the collection of proteins encoded in the genome of an organism. the molecular functions of proteins are the direct consequence of their structure and structure can be inferred from sequence using hidden markov models of structural recognition. here we analyze the functional annotation of protein domain structures in almost a thousand sequenced genomes, exploring the functional and structural diversity of proteomes. we find ... | 2011 | 24710297 |
| bioinformatic characterization of the 4-toluene sulfonate uptake permease (tsup) family of transmembrane proteins. | the ubiquitous sequence diverse 4-toluene sulfonate uptake permease (tsup) family contains few characterized members and is believed to catalyze the transport of several sulfur-based compounds. prokaryotic members of the tsup family outnumber the eukaryotic members substantially, and in prokaryotes, but not eukaryotes, extensive lateral gene transfer occurred during family evolution. despite unequal representation, homologues from the three taxonomic domains of life share well-conserved motifs. ... | 2012 | 22192777 |
| bioinformatic characterization of the 4-toluene sulfonate uptake permease (tsup) family of transmembrane proteins. | the ubiquitous sequence diverse 4-toluene sulfonate uptake permease (tsup) family contains few characterized members and is believed to catalyze the transport of several sulfur-based compounds. prokaryotic members of the tsup family outnumber the eukaryotic members substantially, and in prokaryotes, but not eukaryotes, extensive lateral gene transfer occurred during family evolution. despite unequal representation, homologues from the three taxonomic domains of life share well-conserved motifs. ... | 2012 | 22192777 |
| conserved evolutionary units in the heme-copper oxidase superfamily revealed by novel homologous protein families. | the heme-copper oxidase (hco) superfamily includes hcos in aerobic respiratory chains and nitric oxide reductases (nors) in the denitrification pathway. the hco/nor catalytic subunit has a core structure consisting of 12 transmembrane helices (tmhs) arranged in three-fold rotational pseudosymmetry, with six conserved histidines for heme and metal binding. using sensitive sequence similarity searches, we detected a number of novel hco/nor homologs and named them hco homology (hcoh) proteins. seve ... | 2014 | 24931479 |
| membrane-integral pyrophosphatase subfamily capable of translocating both na+ and h+. | one of the strategies used by organisms to adapt to life under conditions of short energy supply is to use the by-product pyrophosphate to support cation gradients in membranes. transport reactions are catalyzed by membrane-integral pyrophosphatases (ppases), which are classified into two homologous subfamilies: h(+)-transporting (found in prokaryotes, protists, and plants) and na(+)-transporting (found in prokaryotes). transport activities have been believed to require specific machinery for ea ... | 2013 | 23297210 |
| molecular detection of bacteria in plant tissues, using universal 16s ribosomal dna degenerated primers. | highly specific, sensitive and rapid tests are required for the detection and identification of covert bacterial contaminations in plant tissue cultures. current methods available for this purpose are tedious, time consuming, highly error prone, expensive, require advanced technical expertise and are sometimes ineffective. we report here the development of a sensitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based method for the rapid detection and identification of bacteria occurring in plant tissue cul ... | 2014 | 26019546 |
| rapid universal identification of bacterial pathogens from clinical cultures by using a novel sloppy molecular beacon melting temperature signature technique. | a real-time pcr assay with the ability to rapidly identify all pathogenic bacteria would have widespread medical utility. current real-time pcr technologies cannot accomplish this task due to severe limitations in multiplexing ability. to this end, we developed a new assay system which supports very high degrees of multiplexing. we developed a new class of mismatch-tolerant "sloppy" molecular beacons, modified them to provide an extended hybridization range, and developed a multiprobe, multimelt ... | 2009 | 19923485 |
| rapid universal identification of bacterial pathogens from clinical cultures by using a novel sloppy molecular beacon melting temperature signature technique. | a real-time pcr assay with the ability to rapidly identify all pathogenic bacteria would have widespread medical utility. current real-time pcr technologies cannot accomplish this task due to severe limitations in multiplexing ability. to this end, we developed a new assay system which supports very high degrees of multiplexing. we developed a new class of mismatch-tolerant "sloppy" molecular beacons, modified them to provide an extended hybridization range, and developed a multiprobe, multimelt ... | 2009 | 19923485 |
| characterization of the bat proteins in the oxidative stress response of leptospira biflexa. | leptospires lack many of the homologs for oxidative defense present in other bacteria, but do encode homologs of the bacteriodes aerotolerance (bat) proteins, which have been proposed to fulfill this function. bat homologs have been identified in all families of the phylum spirochaetes, yet a specific function for these proteins has not been experimentally demonstrated. | 2012 | 23234440 |
| chemotactic behavior of pathogenic and nonpathogenic leptospira species. | we have developed a capillary tube assay in combination with real-time pcr to quantitate the number of chemoattracted leptospira cells. we identified tween 80, glucose, sucrose, and pyruvate as attractants for leptospira cells; amino acids and vitamin b(12) were found to be nonchemotactic or weakly chemotactic. this assay has the general applicability to further our understanding of leptospiral chemotaxis. | 2012 | 23001652 |
| characterization of biofilm formation by borrelia burgdorferi in vitro. | borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, has long been known to be capable of forming aggregates and colonies. it was recently demonstrated that borrelia burgdorferi aggregate formation dramatically changes the in vitro response to hostile environments by this pathogen. in this study, we investigated the hypothesis that these aggregates are indeed biofilms, structures whose resistance to unfavorable conditions are well documented. we studied borrelia burgdorferi for several kno ... | 2012 | 23110225 |
| flaa proteins in leptospira interrogans are essential for motility and virulence but are not required for formation of the flagellum sheath. | spirochetes have periplasmic flagella composed of a core surrounded by a sheath. the pathogen leptospira interrogans has four flab (proposed core subunit) and two flaa (proposed sheath subunit) genes. the flaa genes are organized in a locus with flaa2 immediately upstream of flaa1. in this study, flaa1 and flaa2 mutants were constructed by transposon mutagenesis. both mutants still produced periplasmic flagella. the flaa1 mutant did not produce flaa1 but continued to produce flaa2 and retained n ... | 2012 | 22451522 |
| evaluation of lig-based conventional and real time pcr for the detection of pathogenic leptospires. | leptospirosis is globally important infectious disease affecting almost all mammals. pathogenic leptospira encodes immunoglobulin-like protein (lig) that is found to express only during infection. we report the development of conventional and real time pcr assays targeting lig genes of leptospires for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis. sensitivity of the newly designed lig1/lig2 primers for conventional pcr was compared with previously published primers lp1/lp2 and g1/g2. g1/g2 primers amplif ... | 2004 | 15680212 |
| role for cis-acting rna sequences in the temperature-dependent expression of the multiadhesive lig proteins in leptospira interrogans. | the spirochete leptospira interrogans causes a systemic infection that provokes a febrile illness. the putative lipoproteins liga and ligb promote adhesion of leptospira to host proteins, interfere with coagulation, and capture complement regulators. in this study, we demonstrate that the expression level of the liga and ligb proteins was substantially higher when l. interrogans proliferated at 37°c instead of the standard culture temperature of 30°c. the rna comprising the 175-nucleotide 5' unt ... | 2013 | 24013626 |
| leptospiral outer membrane protein lipl41 is not essential for acute leptospirosis but requires a small chaperone protein, lep, for stable expression. | leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by pathogenic leptospira spp., but knowledge of leptospiral pathogenesis remains limited. however, the development of mutagenesis systems has allowed the investigation of putative virulence factors and their involvement in leptospirosis. lipl41 is the third most abundant lipoprotein found in the outer membranes of pathogenic leptospires and has been considered a putative virulence factor. lipl41 is encoded on the large chromosome 28 bp upstream of a s ... | 2013 | 23690405 |
| a phylogenomic and molecular signature based approach for characterization of the phylum spirochaetes and its major clades: proposal for a taxonomic revision of the phylum. | the spirochaetes species cause many important diseases including syphilis and lyme disease. except for their containing a distinctive endoflagella, no other molecular or biochemical characteristics are presently known that are specific for either all spirochaetes or its different families. we report detailed comparative and phylogenomic analyses of protein sequences from spirochaetes genomes to understand their evolutionary relationships and to identify molecular signatures for this group. these ... | 2013 | 23908650 |
| development of immunochromatography-based methods for detection of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide antigen in urine. | leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacteria leptospira spp. and is commonly found throughout the world. diagnosis of leptospirosis performed by culture and microscopic agglutination tests is laborious and time-consuming. therefore, we aimed to develop a novel immunochromatography (icg)-based method for detecting leptospira antigen in the urine of patients and animals. we used the 1h6 monoclonal antibody (mab), which is specific to the lipopolysaccharide (lps) that is ... | 2013 | 23467776 |
| screening of a leptospira biflexa mutant library to identify genes involved in ethidium bromide tolerance. | leptospira spp. are spirochete bacteria comprising both pathogenic and free-living species. the saprophyte l. biflexa is a model bacterium for studying leptospiral biology due to relative ease of culturing and genetic manipulation. in this study, we constructed a library of 4,996 random transposon mutants in l. biflexa. we screened the library for increased susceptibility to the dna intercalating agent, ethidium bromide (etbr), in order to identify genetic determinants that reduce l. biflexa sus ... | 2014 | 25063661 |
| a putative regulatory genetic locus modulates virulence in the pathogen leptospira interrogans. | limited research has been conducted on the role of transcriptional regulators in relation to virulence in leptospira interrogans, the etiological agent of leptospirosis. here, we identify an l. interrogans locus that encodes a sensor protein, an anti-sigma factor antagonist, and two genes encoding proteins of unknown function. transposon insertion into the gene encoding the sensor protein led to dampened transcription of the other 3 genes in this locus. this lb139 insertion mutant (the lb139(-) ... | 2014 | 24686063 |
| b-cell-specific peptides of leptospira interrogans liga for diagnosis of patients with acute leptospirosis. | leptospirosis is a reemerging infectious disease that is underdiagnosed and under-recognized due to low-sensitivity and cumbersome serological tests. rapid reliable alternative tests are needed for early diagnosis of the disease. considering the importance of the pathogenesis-associated leptospiral liga protein expressed in vivo, we have evaluated its application in the diagnosis of the acute form of leptospirosis. the c-terminal coding sequence of liga (liga-c) was cloned into pet15b and expres ... | 2014 | 24403522 |
| direct measurement of helical cell motion of the spirochete leptospira. | leptospira are spirochete bacteria distinguished by a short-pitch coiled body and intracellular flagella. leptospira cells swim in liquid with an asymmetric morphology of the cell body; the anterior end has a long-pitch spiral shape (s-end) and the posterior end is hook-shaped (h-end). although the s-end and the coiled cell body called the protoplasmic cylinder are thought to be responsible for propulsion together, most observations on the motion mechanism have remained qualitative. in this stud ... | 2014 | 24411236 |
| control of gene expression in leptospira spp. by transcription activator-like effectors demonstrates a potential role for liga and ligb in leptospira interrogans virulence. | leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that affects ∼1 million people annually, with a mortality rate of >10%. currently, there is an absence of effective genetic manipulation tools for targeted mutagenesis in pathogenic leptospires. transcription activator-like effectors (tales) are a recently described group of repressors that modify transcriptional activity in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by directly binding to a targeted sequence within the host genome. to determine the applicability of tal ... | 2015 | 26341206 |
| leptospira interrogans lpxd homologue is required for thermal acclimatization and virulence. | leptospirosis is an emerging disease with an annual occurrence of over 1 million human cases worldwide. pathogenic leptospira bacteria are maintained in zoonotic cycles involving a diverse array of mammals, with the capacity to survive outside the host in aquatic environments. survival in the diverse environments encountered by leptospira likely requires various adaptive mechanisms. little is known about leptospira outer membrane modification systems, which may contribute to the capacity of thes ... | 2015 | 26283339 |
| neglected bacterial zoonoses. | bacterial zoonoses comprise a group of diseases in humans or animals acquired by direct contact with or by oral consumption of contaminated animal materials, or via arthropod vectors. among neglected infections, bacterial zoonoses are among the most neglected given emerging data on incidence and prevalence as causes of acute febrile illness, even in areas where recognized neglected tropical diseases occur frequently. although many other bacterial infections could also be considered in this negle ... | 2015 | 25964152 |
| a replicative plasmid vector allows efficient complementation of pathogenic leptospira strains. | leptospirosis, an emerging zoonotic disease, remains poorly understood because of a lack of genetic manipulation tools available for pathogenic leptospires. current genetic manipulation techniques include insertion of dna by random transposon mutagenesis and homologous recombination via suicide vectors. this study describes the construction of a shuttle vector, pmaori, that replicates within saprophytic, intermediate, and pathogenic leptospires. the shuttle vector was constructed by the insertio ... | 2015 | 25724960 |
| identification of three extra-chromosomal replicons in leptospira pathogenic strain and development of new shuttle vectors. | the genome of pathogenic leptospira interrogans contains two chromosomes. plasmids and prophages are known to play specific roles in gene transfer in bacteria and can potentially serve as efficient genetic tools in these organisms. although plasmids and prophage remnants have recently been reported in leptospira species, their characteristics and potential applications in leptospiral genetic transformation systems have not been fully evaluated. | 2015 | 25887950 |
| expression of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein by leptospira interrogans and evaluation of its diagnostic potential in a kinetic elisa. | the search for novel antigens suitable for improved vaccines and diagnostic reagents against leptospirosis led to the identification of liga and ligb. liga and ligb expression were not detectable at the translation level but were detectable at the transcription level in leptospires grown in vitro. lig genes were present in pathogenic serovars of leptospira, but not in non-pathogenic leptospira biflexa. the conserved and variable regions of liga and ligb (con, vara and varb) were cloned, expresse ... | 2004 | 15358819 |
| evidence of in vivo existence of borrelia biofilm in borrelial lymphocytomas. | lyme borreliosis, caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, has grown into a major public health problem. we recently identified a novel morphological form of b. burgdorferi, called biofilm, a structure that is well known to be highly resistant to antibiotics. however, there is no evidence of the existence of borrelia biofilm in vivo; therefore, the main goal of this study was to determine the presence of borrelia biofilm in infected human skin tissues. archived skin biopsy tissu ... | 2016 | 27141311 |
| multiple posttranslational modifications of leptospira biflexa proteins as revealed by proteomic analysis. | the saprophyte leptospira biflexa is an excellent model for studying the physiology of the medically important leptospira genus, the pathogenic members of which are more recalcitrant to genetic manipulation and have significantly slower in vitro growth. however, relatively little is known regarding the proteome of l. biflexa, limiting its utility as a model for some studies. therefore, we have generated a proteomic map of both soluble and membrane-associated proteins of l. biflexa during exponen ... | 2016 | 26655756 |
| periplasmic flagellar export apparatus protein, flih, is involved in post-transcriptional regulation of flab, motility and virulence of the relapsing fever spirochete borrelia hermsii. | spirochetes are bacteria characterized in part by rotating periplasmic flagella that impart their helical or flat-wave morphology and motility. while most other bacteria rely on a transcriptional cascade to regulate the expression of motility genes, spirochetes employ post-transcriptional mechanism(s) that are only partially known. in the present study, we characterize a spontaneous non-motile mutant of the relapsing fever spirochete borrelia hermsii that was straight, non-motile and deficient i ... | 2013 | 24009690 |
| structural, bioinformatic, and in vivo analyses of two treponema pallidum lipoproteins reveal a unique trap transporter. | treponema pallidum, the bacterial agent of syphilis, is predicted to encode one tripartite atp-independent periplasmic transporter (trap-t). trap-ts typically employ a periplasmic substrate-binding protein (sbp) to deliver the cognate ligand to the transmembrane symporter. herein, we demonstrate that the genes encoding the putative trap-t components from t. pallidum, tp0957 (the sbp), and tp0958 (the symporter), are in an operon with an uncharacterized third gene, tp0956. we determined the cryst ... | 2012 | 22306465 |
| family of prokaryote cyclic nucleotide-modulated ion channels. | cyclic nucleotide-modulated ion channels are molecular pores that mediate the passage of ions across the cell membrane in response to camp or gmp. structural insight into this class of ion channels currently comes from a related homolog, mlok1, that contains six transmembrane domains and a cytoplasmic cyclic nucleotide binding domain. however, unlike eukaryote hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-modulated (hcn) and cyclic nucleotide-gated (cng) channels, mlok1 lacks a c-linker region, ... | 2014 | 24821777 |
| motility is crucial for the infectious life cycle of borrelia burgdorferi. | the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, exists in a zoonotic cycle involving an arthropod tick and mammalian host. dissemination of the organism within and between these hosts depends upon the spirochete's ability to traverse through complex tissues. additionally, the spirochete outruns the host immune cells while migrating through the dermis, suggesting the importance of b. burgdorferi motility in evading host clearance. b. burgdorferi's periplasmic flagellar filaments are composed p ... | 2013 | 23529620 |
| a flood of microbial genomes-do we need more? | | 2009 | 19513110 |
| ankyrin domains across the tree of life. | ankyrin (ank) repeats are one of the most common amino acid sequence motifs that mediate interactions between proteins of myriad sizes, shapes and functions. we assess their widespread abundance in bacteria and archaea for the first time and demonstrate in bacteria that lifestyle, rather than phylogenetic history, is a predictor of ank repeat abundance. unrelated organisms that forge facultative and obligate symbioses with eukaryotes show enrichment for ank repeats in comparison to free-living b ... | 2014 | 24688847 |
| leptospira spp. strain identification by maldi tof ms is an equivalent tool to 16s rrna gene sequencing and multi locus sequence typing (mlst). | in this study mass spectrometry was used for evaluating extracted leptospiral protein samples and results were compared with molecular typing methods. for this, an extraction protocol for leptospira spp. was independently established in two separate laboratories. reference spectra were created with 28 leptospiral strains, including pathogenic, non-pathogenic and intermediate strains. this set of spectra was then evaluated on the basis of measurements with well-defined, cultured leptospiral strai ... | 2012 | 22925589 |
| responses of murine and human macrophages to leptospiral infection: a study using comparative array analysis. | leptospirosis is a re-emerging tropical infectious disease caused by pathogenic leptospira spp. the different host innate immune responses are partially related to the different severities of leptospirosis. in this study, we employed transcriptomics and cytokine arrays to comparatively calculate the responses of murine peritoneal macrophages (mpms) and human peripheral blood monocytes (hbms) to leptospiral infection. we uncovered a series of different expression profiles of these two immune cell ... | 2013 | 24130911 |
| new approach for serological testing for leptospirosis by using detection of leptospira agglutination by flow cytometry light scatter analysis. | leptospirosis is considered an important reemerging infectious disease worldwide. the standard and most widespread method for the diagnosis of leptospirosis is the microscopic agglutination test (mat). this test is laborious and time-consuming, and the interpretation of the results is subjective. in the present work we describe an application of flow cytometry (fcm) as a tool for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis. the analysis is based on the sensitivity of fcm to the size and shape of ... | 2004 | 15071025 |
| reductive evolution and the loss of pdc/pas domains from the genus staphylococcus. | the per-arnt-sim (pas) domain represents a ubiquitous structural fold that is involved in bacterial sensing and adaptation systems, including several virulence related functions. although pas domains and the subclass of phoq-dcus-cita (pdc) domains have a common structure, there is limited amino acid sequence similarity. to gain greater insight into the evolution of pdc/pas domains present in the bacterial kingdom and staphylococci in specific, the pdc/pas domains from the genomic sequences of 4 ... | 2013 | 23902280 |
| enhanced diastereoselectivity in beta-mannopyranosylation through the use of sterically minimal propargyl ether protecting groups. | [reaction: see text] 2-o-propargyl ethers are shown to be advantageous in the 4,6-o-benzylidene acetal directed beta-mannosylation reaction. the effect is most pronounced when the o3 protecting group is a bulky silyl ether or a glycosidic bond; however, even with a 3-o-benzyl ether, the use of a 2-o-propargyl ether results in a significant increase in diastereoselectivity. the beneficial effect of the propargyl ether is thought to be a combination of its minimal steric bulk, as determined by a m ... | 2006 | 16599600 |
| convergent synthesis of a beta-(1-->3)-mannohexaose. | an as yet unknown beta-(1-->3)-mannohexaose has been synthesized by a block route involving the coupling of two trisaccharides. comparison of three closely related attempted mannohexaose syntheses reinforces the influence of subtle matching and/or mismatching interactions on the outcome of convergent oligosaccharide synthesis. | 2007 | 17665957 |
| the shape and dynamics of the leptospiraceae. | most swimming bacteria produce thrust by rotating helical filaments called flagella. typically, the flagella stick out into the external fluid environment; however, in the spirochetes, a unique group that includes some highly pathogenic species of bacteria, the flagella are internalized, being incased in the periplasmic space; i.e., between the outer membrane and the cell wall. this coupling between the periplasmic flagella and the cell wall allows the flagella to serve a skeletal, as well as a ... | 2007 | 17434949 |
| mosaic: an online database dedicated to the comparative genomics of bacterial strains at the intra-species level. | the recent availability of complete sequences for numerous closely related bacterial genomes opens up new challenges in comparative genomics. several methods have been developed to align complete genomes at the nucleotide level but their use and the biological interpretation of results are not straightforward. it is therefore necessary to develop new resources to access, analyze, and visualize genome comparisons. | 2008 | 19038022 |
| genomes of model organisms: know thy tools. | | 2008 | 18474084 |
| the tryptophan pathway genes of the sargasso sea metagenome: new operon structures and the prevalence of non-operon organization. | the enormous database of microbial dna generated from the sargasso sea metagenome provides a unique opportunity to locate genes participating in different biosynthetic pathways and to attempt to understand the relationship and evolution of those genes. in this article, an analysis of the sargasso sea metagenome is made with respect to the seven genes of the tryptophan pathway. | 2008 | 18221558 |
| leptospirosis: the "mysterious" mimic. | leptospirosis is a potentially fatal bacterial disease that can display a wide array of clinical presentations thus mimicking better-known illnesses. although, leptospirosis is primarily a zoonotic disease, it frequently inflicts severe illness and death on communities around the globe. a comprehensive overview of the disease in wake of the 2006 outbreaks in india is hereby presented and discussed. | 2008 | 19561939 |
| amidoligases with atp-grasp, glutamine synthetase-like and acetyltransferase-like domains: synthesis of novel metabolites and peptide modifications of proteins. | recent studies have shown that the ubiquitin system had its origins in ancient cofactor/amino acid biosynthesis pathways. preliminary studies also indicated that conjugation systems for other peptide tags on proteins, such as pupylation, have evolutionary links to cofactor/amino acid biosynthesis pathways. following up on these observations, we systematically investigated the non-ribosomal amidoligases of the atp-grasp, glutamine synthetase-like and acetyltransferase folds by classifying the kno ... | 2009 | 20023723 |
| comprehensive comparative-genomic analysis of type 2 toxin-antitoxin systems and related mobile stress response systems in prokaryotes. | the prokaryotic toxin-antitoxin systems (tas, also referred to as ta loci) are widespread, mobile two-gene modules that can be viewed as selfish genetic elements because they evolved mechanisms to become addictive for replicons and cells in which they reside, but also possess "normal" cellular functions in various forms of stress response and management of prokaryotic population. several distinct tas of type 1, where the toxin is a protein and the antitoxin is an antisense rna, and numerous, unr ... | 2009 | 19493340 |
| interactions of h562 in the s5 helix with t618 and s621 in the pore helix are important determinants of herg1 potassium channel structure and function. | herg1 is a member of the cyclic nucleotide binding domain family of k(+) channels. alignment of cyclic nucleotide binding domain channels revealed an evolutionary conserved sequence hwx(a/g)c in the s5 domain. we reasoned that histidine 562 in herg1 could play an important structure-function role. to explore this role, we created in silica models of the herg1 pore domain based on the kvap crystal structure with rosetta-membrane modeling and molecular-dynamics simulations. simulations indicate th ... | 2009 | 19413965 |
| evaluation of surveillance case definition in the diagnosis of leptospirosis, using the microscopic agglutination test: a validation study. | leptospirosis is endemic in both urban and rural areas of sri lanka and there had been many out breaks in the recent past. this study was aimed at validating the leptospirosis surveillance case definition, using the microscopic agglutination test (mat). | 2009 | 19386085 |
| amino acid features of p1b-atpase heavy metal transporters enabling small numbers of organisms to cope with heavy metal pollution. | phytoremediation refers to the use of plants for extraction and detoxification of pollutants, providing a new and powerful weapon against a polluted environment. in some plants, such as thlaspi spp, heavy metal atpases are involved in overall metal ion homeostasis and hyperaccumulation. p1b-atpases pump a wide range of cations, especially heavy metals, across membranes against their electrochemical gradients. determination of the protein characteristics of p1b-atpases in hyperaccumulator plants ... | 2011 | 21573033 |
| multiple inter-kingdom horizontal gene transfers in the evolution of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene family. | pepcase is a gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase that exists in bacteria, archaea and plants,playing an important role in plant metabolism and development. most plants have two or more pepcase genes belonging to two gene sub-families, while only one gene exists in other organisms. previous research categorized one plant pepcase gene as plant-type pepcase (ptpc) while the other as bacteria-type pepcase (btpc) because of its similarity with the pepcase gene found in bacteria. phylogeneti ... | 2012 | 23251445 |
| characterization of the genome, proteome, and structure of yersiniophage ϕr1-37. | the bacteriophage vb_yecm-ϕr1-37 (ϕr1-37) is a lytic yersiniophage that can propagate naturally in different yersinia species carrying the correct lipopolysaccharide receptor. this large-tailed phage has deoxyuridine (du) instead of thymidine in its dna. in this study, we determined the genomic sequence of phage ϕr1-37, mapped parts of the phage transcriptome, characterized the phage particle proteome, and characterized the virion structure by cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction. t ... | 2012 | 22973030 |
| leptospiral outer membrane protein microarray, a novel approach to identification of host ligand-binding proteins. | leptospirosis is a zoonosis with worldwide distribution caused by pathogenic spirochetes belonging to the genus leptospira. the leptospiral life cycle involves transmission via freshwater and colonization of the renal tubules of their reservoir hosts. infection requires adherence to cell surfaces and extracellular matrix components of host tissues. these host-pathogen interactions involve outer membrane proteins (omps) expressed on the bacterial surface. in this study, we developed an leptospira ... | 2012 | 22961849 |
| automatic assignment of prokaryotic genes to functional categories using literature profiling. | in the last years, there was an exponential increase in the number of publicly available genomes. once finished, most genome projects lack financial support to review annotations. a few of these gene annotations are based on a combination of bioinformatics evidence, however, in most cases, annotations are based solely on sequence similarity to a previously known gene, which was most probably annotated in the same way. as a result, a large number of predicted genes remain unassigned to any functi ... | 2012 | 23077617 |
| positive regulation of leptospira interrogans kdp expression by kdpe as demonstrated with a novel β-galactosidase reporter in leptospira biflexa. | leptospirosis is a potentially deadly zoonotic disease that afflicts humans and animals. leptospira interrogans, the predominant agent of leptospirosis, encounters diverse conditions as it proceeds through its life cycle, which includes stages inside and outside the host. unfortunately, the number of genetic tools available for examining the regulation of gene expression in l. interrogans is limited. consequently, little is known about the genetic circuits that control gene expression in leptosp ... | 2012 | 22685146 |
| the use of leptospira biflexa patoc antigen in field investigations of leptospirosis. | hitherto the laboriousness of serological procedures for the laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis has somewhat limited their usefulness. the authors of this paper report on a simple and sensitive genus-specific serological test for this disease that is within the capabilities of ordinary diagnostic laboratories. they describe the organization and results of a trial carried out in romania in 1962 of a complement-fixation (cf) test in leptospirosis in which an antigen derived from the patoc i str ... | 1964 | 14267745 |
| an outbreak of leptospirosis among peruvian military recruits. | acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses are common in tropical developing countries but are difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds alone. leptospirosis is rarely diagnosed, despite evidence that sporadic cases and epidemics continue to occur worldwide. the purpose of this study was to diagnose an outbreak of acute undifferentiated febrile illness among peruvian military recruits that developed after a training exercise in the high jungle rainforest of peru. of 193 military recruits, 78 devel ... | 2003 | 12932097 |
| household transmission of leptospira infection in urban slum communities. | leptospirosis, a spirochaetal zoonotic disease, is the cause of epidemics associated with high mortality in urban slum communities. infection with pathogenic leptospira occurs during environmental exposures and is traditionally associated with occupational risk activities. however, slum inhabitants reside in close proximity to environmental sources of contamination, suggesting that transmission during urban epidemics occurs in the household environment. | 2008 | 18357340 |
| multiple leptospiral sphingomyelinases (or are there?). | culture supernatants of leptospiral pathogens have long been known to haemolyse erythrocytes. this property is due, at least in part, to sphingomyelinase activity. indeed, genome sequencing reveals that pathogenic leptospira species are richly endowed with sphingomyelinase homologues: five genes have been annotated to encode sphingomyelinases in leptospira interrogans. such redundancy suggests that this class of genes is likely to benefit leptospiral pathogens in their interactions with the mamm ... | 2012 | 22422753 |
| leptospire genomic diversity revealed by microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization. | comparative genomic hybridization was used to compare genetic diversity of five strains of leptospira (leptospira interrogans serovars bratislava, canicola, and hebdomadis and leptospira kirschneri serovars cynopteri and grippotyphosa). the array was designed based on two available sequenced leptospira reference genomes, those of l. interrogans serovar copenhageni and l. interrogans serovar lai. a comparison of genetic contents showed that l. interrogans serovar bratislava was closest to the ref ... | 2012 | 22344655 |
| vesiculation from pseudomonas aeruginosa under sos. | bacterial infections can be aggravated by antibiotic treatment that induces sos response and vesiculation. this leads to a hypothesis concerning association of sos with vesiculation. to test it, we conducted multiple analyses of outer membrane vesicles (omvs) produced from the pseudomonas aeruginosa wild type in which sos is induced by ciprofloxacin and from the lexa noncleavable (lexan) strain in which sos is repressed. the levels of omv proteins, lipids, and cytotoxicity increased for both the ... | 2012 | 22448133 |
| mathematical modeling and comparison of protein size distribution in different plant, animal, fungal and microbial species reveals a negative correlation between protein size and protein number, thus providing insight into the evolution of proteomes. | the sizes of proteins are relevant to their biochemical structure and for their biological function. the statistical distribution of protein lengths across a diverse set of taxa can provide hints about the evolution of proteomes. | 2012 | 22296664 |
| [alignment of dna sequences of ompl1 genes of insert fragment of recombinant plasmid, pdc38 of l. interrogans serovar lai and l. kirschneri]. | in a previous study a genomic library of l. interrogans serovar lai was constructed by the present authors. hybridization analysis (in situ, dot blot, southern blot) with the dna fragment containing ompl1 (alpha-32p labeled) was performed. one of positive clones designated pdc38, was analyzed with 9 restriction enzymes (ecori, bam hi, hind iii, bgl, xbali, scai, kpni, psti, dra ii). dna hybridization was applied to analyze the homology of the recombinant fragment of ompl1 with the dna of 18 stra ... | 1999 | 12212270 |
| peripheral blood mononuclear cell activation induced by leptospira interrogans glycolipoprotein. | leptospira interrogans glycolipoprotein (glp) has been implicated in pathological and functional derangement seen in leptospirosis. the goal of this study was to evaluate glp's ability to induce cellular activation, as assessed by cytokine production and expression of surface activation markers. glp extracted from either pathogenic l. interrogans serovar copenhageni or nonpathogenic leptospira biflexa serovar patoc (glpp) was used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures from heal ... | 2002 | 11895929 |
| in lipl32, the major leptospiral lipoprotein, the c terminus is the primary immunogenic domain and mediates interaction with collagen iv and plasma fibronectin. | lipl32 is the major leptospiral outer membrane lipoprotein expressed during infection and is the immunodominant antigen recognized during the humoral immune response to leptospirosis in humans. in this study, we investigated novel aspects of lipl32. in order to define the immunodominant domains(s) of the molecule, subfragments corresponding to the n-terminal, intermediate, and c-terminal portions of the lipl32 gene were cloned and the proteins were expressed and purified by metal affinity chroma ... | 2008 | 18391007 |
| functional genes to assess nitrogen cycling and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation: primers and processing matter. | targeting sequencing to genes involved in key environmental processes, i.e., ecofunctional genes, provides an opportunity to sample nature's gene guilds to greater depth and help link community structure to process-level outcomes. vastly different approaches have been implemented for sequence processing and, ultimately, for taxonomic placement of these gene reads. the overall quality of next generation sequence analysis of functional genes is dependent on multiple steps and assumptions of unknow ... | 2013 | 24062736 |
| chiral colloidal molecules and observation of the propeller effect. | chiral molecules play an important role in biological and chemical processes, but physical effects due to their symmetry-breaking are generally weak. several physical chiral separation schemes which could potentially be useful, including the propeller effect, have therefore not yet been demonstrated at the molecular scale. however, it has been proposed that complex nonspherical colloidal particles could act as "colloidal molecules" in mesoscopic model systems to permit the visualization of molec ... | 2013 | 23883328 |
| prospective evaluation of three rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosis of human leptospirosis. | diagnosis of leptospirosis by the microscopic agglutination test (mat) or by culture is confined to specialized laboratories. although elisa techniques are more common, they still require laboratory facilities. rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) can be used for easy point-of-care diagnosis. this study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the rdts leptotek dri dot, leptotek lateral flow, and leptocheck-wb, prospectively. | 2013 | 23875034 |
| pyrophosphate-fueled na+ and h+ transport in prokaryotes. | in its early history, life appeared to depend on pyrophosphate rather than atp as the source of energy. ancient membrane pyrophosphatases that couple pyrophosphate hydrolysis to active h(+) transport across biological membranes (h(+)-pyrophosphatases) have long been known in prokaryotes, plants, and protists. recent studies have identified two evolutionarily related and widespread prokaryotic relics that can pump na(+) (na(+)-pyrophosphatase) or both na(+) and h(+) (na(+),h(+)-pyrophosphatase). ... | 2013 | 23699258 |