| epilepsy and sleep. | this review discusses several aspects of epilepsy and sleep. the level of wakefulness is controlled by transmitters such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine. these neurotransmitters are involved in modulatory neurotransmission of the ascending brain stem systems, which play an important role in controlling the sleep-wake cycle. experimental evidence suggests that rapid eye movement sleep atonia is induced by increased endogenous acetylcholine release. regarding sleep facto ... | 1994 | 7912613 |
| time-related changes in the sleep-wake cycle of rats infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei. | patients with human african trypanosomiasis, sleeping sickness, show a major disturbance in the circadian distribution of sleeping and waking, with sleep and wake episodes equally distributed throughout the nycthemeron. in order to develop an animal model, polysomnography was taken continuously in 8 male ofa rats in a 12:12 h light-dark cycle, during 1 baseline week and for 2 weeks after infection with trypanosoma brucei brucei. considerable sleep fragmentation was observed in the infected rats, ... | 1994 | 7913215 |
| different programs of gene expression are associated with different phases of the 24h and sleep-wake cycles. | the fos and jun proteins are encoded by proto-oncogenes acting as immediate early genes in that they are rapidly induced by different kinds of stimuli in the nervous system. these two proteins bind to dna regulating gene transcription, and thus determining the specificity of the neuronal response to the applied stimulation. we investigated whether the expression of these genes undergoes a variation during 24h in the absence of exogenous stimulation. male wistar adult (200 gr. body weight) rats, ... | 1994 | 7924645 |
| a gabaergic mechanism in the medial septum influences cortical arousal and locomotor activity but not a previously learned spatial discrimination task. | the effect of perfusion of the medial septum (ms) with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (csf) on three consecutive daily trials was assessed on the amount of sleep/wake as determined by measurement of electro-encephalographic activity (eeg), spontaneous locomotor activity as determined by open field test and spatial discrimination task as determined by morris water maze performance. perfusion of the ms on the fourth trial with the gabaa agonist, muscimol (10-100 microm) produced an increase in cor ... | 1994 | 7936425 |
| administration of human chorionic gonadotropin affects sleep-wake phases and other associated behaviors in cycling female rats. | we investigated the possible effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) on sleep-wake phases and other associated behaviors controlled by the medial preoptic area, cerebral cortex and hippocampus. chronic epidural electroencephalographic (eeg) and temporal muscle electromyographic (emg) electrodes were placed in cycling female rats. after a week of recovery, rats were injected intraperitoneally at 3.00 pm on the day of proestrus with either saline or highly purified hcg or indomethacin or hcg ... | 1994 | 7987667 |
| noradrenergic inputs to sleep-related neurons in the preoptic area from the locus coeruleus and the ventrolateral medulla in the rat. | responses of sleep-related neurons in the preoptic area (poa) to stimulation of the locus coeruleus (lc) and the ventrolateral medulla (vlm), components of the reticular activating system, were recorded in the unanesthetized, head-restrained rat. single-pulse stimulation of the lc and the vlm, respectively, inhibited 50% and 54% of 30 sleep-active neurons and excited 47% and 67% of 34 waking-active neurons. the remaining neurons were mostly unaffected. seventy-three neurons that were not related ... | 1994 | 8008234 |
| brain blood flow and extracerebral carotid circulation during sleep in rat. | cerebral blood flow (cbf) and blood flow (bf) in extracerebral head structures were measured during the sleep-wake cycle in rats using radioactive microspheres. while no statistically significant changes occurred in the transition from waking to quiet sleep (also referred to as synchronized or non-rem sleep), cbf increased significantly in active sleep (as, also referred to as desynchronized or rem sleep) in all structures considered, with the sole exception of the cerebellum. in extracerebral h ... | 1994 | 8019850 |
| the effect of old age on the free-running period of circadian rhythms in rat. | the free-running period is regarded to be an exclusive feature of the endogenous circadian clock. changes during aging in the free-running period may therefore reflect age-related changes in the internal organization of this clock. however, the literature on alterations in the free-running period in aging is not unequivocal. in the present study, with various confounding factors kept to a minimum, it was found that the free-running periods for active wakefulness, body temperature, and drinking b ... | 1994 | 8033238 |
| real-time sleep-wake scoring in the rat using a single eeg channel. | a new method of analysis of sleep in the rat based on the electrocorticogram (ecog) is described. three states, awake (w), nonrapid eye movement (nrem) and rapid eye movement (rem) sleep are automatically classified by the system. after amplification of the ecog over a restricted bandwidth (3.18-25 hz) and sampling at 512 hz, the data are processed in 8-second epochs by a microcomputer, which generates three statistical and two harmonic variables. each 8-second epoch is thus compressed into five ... | 1994 | 8036365 |
| the reliability and functional validity of visual and semiautomatic sleep/wake scoring in the møll-wistar rat. | the present paper has three major objectives: first, to document the reliability of a published criteria set for sleep/wake scoring in the rat; second, to develop a computer algorithm implementation of the criteria set; and third, to document the reliability and functional validity of the computer algorithm for sleep/wake scoring. the reliability of the visual criteria was assessed by letting two raters separately score 8 hours of polygraph records from the light period from five rats (14,040 10 ... | 1994 | 8036366 |
| [controlled effect of an impulse electromagnetic field on the central nervous system]. | faint influences of impulses (1 ms) electromagnetic fields (173 a/m) with dynamic frequency-impulse modulation, which is regulated by feedback from electrocorticogram, and influences with fixed frequency of impulses run infra-low range affect on changing of current function state of central nervous system in different ways, is established. the white rats in the sleep-wake cycle were used in experiments. besides, the first regimen of influence is more effective for changing of character of bioele ... | 1994 | 8043642 |
| hypothalamic injection of prolactin or its antibody alters the rat sleep-wake cycle. | several studies have suggested an interaction between prolactin and the sleep-wake cycle. in this study ovine prolactin (oprl) and anti-prolactin antibody were microinjected into the rat dorsolateral hypothalamus, which contains prolactin-like immunoreactive neurons. results indicate that during the light period, prolactin injection induced an increase in paradoxical sleep duration, whereas it caused a decrease when injected during the dark period. anti-prolactin antibody injection during the da ... | 1994 | 8047566 |
| pregnenolone enhances eeg delta activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep in the rat, in contrast to midazolam. | several endogenous steroids exert their neuroactivity through non-genomic effects and act as potent gabaa receptor-agonists or-antagonists. to examine the influence of the main precursor of these steroids on sleep-wake behaviour, pregnenolone (400 micrograms) was dissolved in oil and administrated s.c. to 8 rats at the beginning of the light period. for comparison, the benzodiazepine midazolam was also injected (3 mg/kg). the effects on the amounts of the vigilance states and on the eeg signals ... | 1994 | 8055343 |
| comparison of innate eeg parameters in rat lines selected for ethanol preference. | through bidirectional selective breeding, lines of rats that differ greatly in their voluntary alcohol drinking behavior have been developed--namely, the alcohol-preferring (p) and high-alcohol-drinking (had) lines and the alcohol-nonpreferring (np) and low-alcohol-drinking (lad) lines. the present experiments were designed to determine if an association exists between ethanol preference and features of the electroencephalogram (eeg) during various sleep-wake behaviors. of the eeg parameters mea ... | 1994 | 8060527 |
| involvement of prolactin in the rem sleep-promoting activity of systemic vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip). | the involvement of pituitary prolactin (prl) in systemic vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip)-induced sleep was studied. male rats were implanted with electrodes for eeg-recording, with brain thermistors to record cortical temperature (tcrt) and with chronic intracardial catheters to obtain blood samples and to deliver substances. one group of rats (n = 8) received normal rabbit serum (ns)+physiological saline (sal) on the baseline day and was injected with ns+vip on the experimental day. in the ... | 1994 | 8062077 |
| state-dependent release of acetylcholine in rat thalamus measured by in vivo microdialysis. | mesopontine cholinergic neurons have long been thought to play a key role in behavioral state control. in particular, they have been implicated in the process of eeg desynchrony and in the generation of rapid eye movement (rem) sleep. however, the behavioral profile of identified mesopontine cholinergic neurons has not been unequivocally demonstrated. in an attempt to address this issue, in vivo microdialysis was used to monitor acetylcholine (ach) release across behavioral state in the rat thal ... | 1994 | 8083733 |
| afferents to the midline thalamus issue collaterals to the nucleus tractus solitarii: an anatomical basis for thalamic and visceral reflex integration. | the goal of this study was to establish a structural basis for thalamic and visceral integration. we sought to define neural networks that convey visceral or integrated environmental stimuli to the diffuse thalamocortical relay system and that link periodic changes in forebrain and visceral reflex function. our experiments were designed to determine whether afferents to the midline-intralaminar thalamic nuclei (mit) issue collaterals to the general viscerosensory division of the nucleus tractus ... | 1994 | 8083764 |
| the dopamine d1 receptor agonists, a68930 and skf 38393, induce arousal and suppress rem sleep in the rat. | the effects of the dopamine d1 receptor full agonist, a68930, on sleep-wake patterns and grooming behaviour were studied in the rat. the partial dopamine d1 receptor agonist, skf 38393, was used for comparison. a68930 (0.003-0.3 mg/kg s.c.) increased waking time, reduced the amount of rapid eye movement (rem) sleep and enhanced spontaneous grooming dose dependently. the ed50 were 0.06, 0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively. the d1 antagonist, sch 23390 (0.003 mg/kg s.c.), blocked the effects of a689 ... | 1993 | 8100197 |
| differential effects of dopamine d-1 and d-2 receptor antagonist antipsychotics on sleep-wake patterns in the rat. | a series of antipsychotics having different selectivity for dopamine (da) d-1 and d-2 receptors were studied for their effects on sleep stages in the rat. electroencephalographic activity was recorded and classified according to the stages of wakefulness, rapid eye movement (rem) sleep and non-rem sleep. total sleep duration, non-rem and rem latencies, number and duration of rem episodes were calculated. the da d-1 antagonists, sch 23390 (0.001-0.1 mg/kg s.c.), sch 39166 (0.01-0.3 mg/kg s.c.) an ... | 1993 | 8102647 |
| injection of tetanus toxin into the neocortex elicits persistent epileptiform activity but only transient impairment of gaba release. | focal injection of a minute quantity of tetanus toxin into the rat neocortex induces chronic epileptogenesis. within a day, spontaneous and stimulus-evoked paroxysmal discharges appear in widespread regions of both hemispheres and this lasts for at least nine months. tetanus toxin blocks transmitter release, apparently by catalysing the breakdown of synaptobrevin, a synaptic protein. it specifically binds to neuronal membranes but its potent epileptogenic properties have been ascribed to a highe ... | 1993 | 8115035 |
| anatomical distribution of prolactin-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain. | the present study examines prolactin prl-like immunoreactivity (prl-lir) in the rat central nervous system and describes the distribution of labeled perikarya and fibers using a specific antiserum to ovine prl. this antiserum does not cross-react with molecules of the pro-opiomelanocortin (pomc) family and recognizes rat prl. prl-lir cell bodies are found exclusively in the lateral hypothalamic area surrounding the fornix, especially dorsolateral to it. no labeled cells are detectable in any oth ... | 1993 | 8127395 |
| selective blockade of different brain stem muscarinic receptor subtypes: effects on the sleep-wake cycle. | changes induced in the sleep-wake cycle by pontine microinjections of muscarinic antagonists were studied in freely moving rats, instrumented for chronic polygraphic recordings. pirenzepine (pir), methoctramine (met) and p-fluoro-hexahydro-siladifenidol (p-f-hhsid), which are highly selective m1, m2 and m3 antagonists, respectively, were dissolved in 0.1 microliter of sterile isotonic saline (0.2 microliter of distilled water for p-f-hhsid) and injected into the pontine reticular nucleus, where ... | 1994 | 8156412 |
| anti-interleukin-1 beta reduces sleep and sleep rebound after sleep deprivation in rats. | interleukin-1 (il-1) is somnogenic and is hypothesized to be involved in physiological sleep regulation. antibodies directed against rat il-1 beta were used to further elucidate possible contributions of il-1 to sleep regulation. rabbit anti-rat il-1 beta (anti-il-1 beta) was injected intracerebroventricularly into normal rats 15 min before light onset. a 20-microgram dose of anti-il-1 beta reduced non-rapid-eye-movement (nrem) sleep by 60 min during the subsequent 12-h slight period. there was ... | 1994 | 8160860 |
| intravenous administration of inorganic selenium compounds, inhibitors of prostaglandin d synthase, inhibits sleep in freely moving rats. | prostaglandin (pg) d2 has been postulated to be an endogenous sleep-promoting factor. biosynthesis of pgd2 is catalyzed by pgd synthase (prostaglandin-h2 d-isomerase, ec 5.3.99.2), the activity of which is inhibited by inorganic selenium compounds such as secl4 and na2seo3. we recently examined the effect of intracerebroventricular administration of these selenium compounds on sleep in rats, and demonstrated time- and dose-dependent sleep inhibition. to establish whether this effect of selenium ... | 1993 | 8221095 |
| spontaneous activity in the thalamic reticular nucleus during the sleep/wake cycle of the freely-moving rat. | neurons of the somatosensory thalamic reticular nucleus (trn) were studied by extracellular recordings through the sleep/wake cycle in the unanesthetized, freely-moving rat. all electrophysiologically-identified trn neurons expressed rhythmic patterns of discharge that altered with shifts in sleep/wake state. during slow wave (sw) sleep, neurons displayed spike-burst discharges in long trains followed by pauses. high-frequency oscillations in auto-correlograms in the spindle-frequency range (app ... | 1993 | 8221106 |
| cholinergic receptor subtypes and rem sleep in animals and normal controls. | as reviewed here and elsewhere in this symposium, acetylcholine, in conjunction with other neurotransmitter systems, plays a very important role in the regulation of circadian and sleep-wake states. to briefly recapitulate, several current basic concepts about the regulation of sleep-wake states include: (a) rem sleep, or at least its phasic events (eye movements and pgo spikes), are promoted by cholinergic neurons originating within the peribrachial regions [ldt/ppt] (mitani et al., 1988; shiro ... | 1993 | 8248526 |
| successful use of s20098 and melatonin in an animal model of delayed sleep-phase syndrome (dsps). | in human delayed sleep-phase syndrome (dsps), sleep onset and wake times occur far later than normal. in the population, dsps may be an important contributor to complaints of sleep onset insomnia. we previously reported an animal model of dsps in laboratory rats in which the onset of nocturnal activity is delayed by several hours [negative phase angle difference (pad)]. the effect of melatonin 1 mg/kg sc and s20098 (servier) 1 and 3 mg/kg on the negative pad was investigated over 22 days of inje ... | 1993 | 8255922 |
| the influence of the muscarinic receptor subtypes on the sleep-wake cycle. | the specific role played by different muscarinic receptor subtypes in sleep regulation is investigated and discussed. on the basis of the results obtained with intracerebroventricular injections of selective muscarinic antagonists into freely moving rats, it is suggested that each muscarinic receptor subtype induces different and specific changes in sleep phases and cortical desynchronization processes. | 1993 | 8259978 |
| melatonin, the pineal gland, and circadian rhythms. | amniote circadian organization derives from the interactions of circadian oscillators and photoreceptors located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (scn), the pineal gland, and the eyes. in mammals, circadian organization is dominated by the scn, which serve as "master pacemakers" in the control of a wide array of behavioral and physiological rhythms (including locomotion, sleep-wake, thermoregulation, cardiovascular function, and many endocrine processes). among the rhythms under scn co ... | 1993 | 8274765 |
| spinal cord blood flow changes during the sleep-wake cycle in rat. | regional spinal cord blood flow was measured in rats during the sleep-wake cycle with the use of radioactive microspheres. spinal cord blood flow decreases from wakefulness to quiet (synchronized) sleep while increasing in active (desynchronized) sleep. blood-flow changes depend on changes in vascular resistance whose mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. blood-gas tension or mean arterial pressure, however, do not play a relevant causal role. | 1993 | 8309626 |
| day-night variations of adenosine and its metabolizing enzymes in the brain cortex of the rat--possible physiological significance for the energetic homeostasis and the sleep-wake cycle. | the role of adenosine as a metabolic regulator of physiological processes in the brain was studied by measuring its concentrations and the activity of adenosine-metabolizing enzymes: 5'-nucleotidase, s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase in the cerebral cortex of the rat. other purine compounds, such as, inosine, hypoxanthine and adenine nucleotides were also studied. the purines' pattern was bimodal with high levels of adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine dur ... | 1993 | 8330191 |
| methyl parathion induced alterations in gabaergic system during critical stage of central nervous system development in albino rat pups. | sublethal doses of methyl parathion (o, o-dimethyl-o-nitrophenyl thiophosphate) injected intraperitoneally to 7th day old developing albino rat pups induced alterations in the inhibitory gabaergic system of cns. a substantial simulation of the inhibitory system was noticed. a profound increase was found in the level of the inhibitory transmitter, gaba on methyl parathion injection. an increase in the activity levels of the enzymes glutamic acid decarboxylase and 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate-am ... | 1993 | 8359836 |
| reliability and validity of computer scoring of behavioral sleep-wake states in rats and rabbits. | previous studies in human infants, rabbits, and rats have shown that states of sleep and wakefulness can be reliably identified from motility signals produced by respiration and body movement. thoman has described a computer-scoring algorithm for automated scoring of behavioral states from motility signals in human infants. in the present studies, we report the use of the computer scoring program with motility signals obtained from electronic activity monitors. in the newborn rabbit, computer cl ... | 1993 | 8372120 |
| differences in the retinohypothalamic tract in albino lewis versus brown norway rat strains. | differences in sleep-wake patterns in response to light-dark stimulation have been observed between albino lewis and pigmented brown norway strains of rats, which may be associated with albinism. since several anatomical differences have been demonstrated in the visual pathways of albino and pigmented mammals, the present study was undertaken to determine whether additional differences in visual pathways of these rat strains exist that might account for their behavioral differences. using antero ... | 1993 | 8390623 |
| effect of prolactin on the sleep-wake cycle in the rat. | the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of prolactin on the sleep-wake cycle. ovine prolactin was injected subcutaneous at a dose of 10 micrograms/animal or intra-cerebro-ventricularly at doses of 100, 10 and 1 ng/animal. the subcutaneous injections were given during either the diurnal or nocturnal period. results indicate that oprl decreases paradoxical sleep duration when injected during the dark period and increases it when injected during the light period. the i.c.v. injections ... | 1993 | 8414171 |
| hippocampal interneuron activity in unanesthetized rats: relationship to the sleep-wake cycle. | evoked population spikes and interneuronal discharges were recorded throughout the sleep-wake cycle in hippocampal regions ca1 and dentate gyrus (dg) of ten chronically implanted rats. during quiet wakefulness (qw) and slow-wave-sleep (sws) (non-theta rhythm states), the primary shock of paired stimuli evoked in ca1 both high amplitude population spikes and multiple interneuron discharges when compared to active wakefulness (aw) and rapid-eye-movement (rem) sleep (theta rhythm states). a second ... | 1993 | 8414179 |
| effect of light intensity on diurnal sleep-wake distribution in young and old rats. | during the aging process, the amplitude of the circadian rhythms of many physiological variables is reduced. it has been hypothesized that increasing light intensity during the light phase of the light-dark cycle might result in a reduction of age-related changes in the circadian rhythms. indeed, in the present sleep-wake study in young and old rats it was found that (a) various parameters, such as the light-dark differences and total amounts of each behavioral state responded positively to chan ... | 1993 | 8420626 |
| electroencephalographic changes in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. | a number of reports have suggested that central disturbances of cholinergic function may occur in patients with myasthenia gravis. the present study was designed in order to examine cortical electroencephalographic (eeg) activity in lewis rats with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (eamg). experiments were performed on conscious rats with clinical eamg and demonstrable antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor. the animals showed no gross changes in cortical eeg discharge in terms of ... | 1993 | 8445401 |
| transient hyperemia succeeds oligemia in the wake of cortical spreading depression. | regional cerebral blood flow (rcbf) was examined following single episodes of cortical spreading depression (csd) in rat brain after an intravenous bolus injection of [14c]iodoantipyrine. cortical rcbf decreased to approximately 75% of control values during the first 60 min after csd. this change was succeeded at 90-105 min by a small, transient flow increase. rcbf returned to normal at 120 min after csd, and remained normal for the following 2 h. the same sequence of rcbf changes has been recor ... | 1993 | 8448676 |
| the relative effects of selective m1 muscarinic antagonists on rapid eye movement sleep. | three muscarinic antagonists, scopolamine, trihexyphenidyl and biperiden were systemically administered (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg) in rats. scopolamine increased wakefulness and deceased sleep, both slow wave and rem. trihexyphenidyl increased wakefulness and decreased rem sleep while biperiden decreased rem sleep selectively. the rank order rem-suppressing effect was roughly scopolamine and trihexyphenidyl having a greater suppressing effect than biperiden. these results suggest that the regula ... | 1993 | 8495352 |
| effect of ephedrine on muscle weakness in a model of myasthenia gravis in rats. | in addition to therapy with anticholinesterases, ephedrine is sometimes used to improve muscle strength in myasthenia gravis, with variable results. the efficacy of ephedrine was tested in rats with a alpha-bungarotoxin-induced model of myasthenia gravis. the rats showed a drooping lower lip and impaired capability of drinking. injections of neostigmine caused an improvement of the position of the lip. ephedrine caused some improvement. however, ephedrine had no effect, either on the lower lip o ... | 1993 | 8497338 |
| daily variations in concentration of vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity in hypothalamic nuclei of rats rendered diurnal by restricted-schedule feeding. | we previously described that in the suprachiasmatic (scn), peri-(pevn) and paraventricular (pavn) nuclei of normal rats, vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip)-like immunoreactivity (vip-li) accumulates during the night period and decreases during the day. in order to determine whether these variations are linked to the light-dark cycle or are a consequence of sleep-wake rhythm expression, we dissociated these two parameters by restricting feeding to diurnal hours. in these conditions which inverse ... | 1993 | 8515863 |
| adrenoceptor-mediated modulation of evans blue dye permeation of rat small intestine. | in the present study, we addressed the problem whether sympathoadrenal mechanisms could influence the paracellular permeation of macromolecules from the lumen to the lamina propria of the small intestine. experiments were conducted with rats that were anesthetized with ether for 10-20 min, during which time laparotomy was performed and six consecutive loops (each of 5 cm length) of the jejunum were prepared. a 3% solution of the azo dye, evans blue (eb; mw 960.83) in phosphate-buffered saline, w ... | 1995 | 8536522 |
| activation of ventrolateral preoptic neurons during sleep. | the rostral hypothalamus and adjacent basal forebrain participate in the generation of sleep, but the neuronal circuitry involved in this process remains poorly characterized. immunocytochemistry was used to identify the fos protein, an immediate-early gene product, in a group of ventrolateral preoptic neurons that is specifically activated during sleep. the retrograde tracer cholera toxin b, in combination with fos immunocytochemistry, was used to show that sleep-activated ventrolateral preopti ... | 1996 | 8539624 |
| [circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: systemic electrophysiologic studies]. | the suprachiasmatic nuclei are the neural substrate for a circadian oscillator in mammals. in the present paper we propose two systemic approaches concerning scn functions. firstly, we studied the effect of scn lesions on the cortical eeg in rats. we could demonstrate that in particular the low frequency eeg (delta) power, a putative indicator for sleep homeostasis and sleep propensity, was dramatically reduced in scn lesioned rats. since scn lesioned rats do not have circadian consolidated slee ... | 1995 | 8588350 |
| honoring j. kiffin penry, m.d.: summary of a symposium held at wake forest university, september 16-18, 1994. | | 1996 | 8598190 |
| sleep deprivation in the rat: xx. differences in wake and sleep temperatures during recovery. | we examined the relationship between wake and sleep peritoneal temperature (t(ip)) during recovery from short-term (five rats, 5 days of deprivation) and long-term (nine rats, 14-21 days) total sleep deprivation (tsd). mammalian body temperature normally declines in the passage from wakefulness to sleep. recovery from tsd featured reductions of the typical wake-sleep t(ip) differences. previous studies from our laboratory have shown that chronic tsd in the rat produces a progressive rise in ener ... | 1995 | 8638074 |
| desmopressin and vasopressin increase locomotor activity in the rat via a central mechanism: implications for nocturnal enuresis. | nocturnal enuresis is characterized by nocturnal urine volumes exceeding bladder capacity and by inability to wake up to the stimulus of a full bladder. desmopressin (ddavp) is believed to be efficient in treating nocturnal enuresis by reducing nocturnal urine production. however, clinical observations indicate an additional mode of action since the drug appears to modify sleep architecture, apparently improving the patient's ability to awaken to the stimulus of a full bladder. because of this, ... | 1996 | 8709339 |
| colocalization of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits with nadph-diaphorase-containing neurons in the rat mesopontine tegmentum. | tegmental cholinergic neurons vary their discharge patterns across the sleep-wake cycle, and glutamate is suggested to play an important role in determining these firing patterns. cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons in the mesopontine tegmentum have different susceptibilities to various excitotoxins, presumably because of heterogeneity in the expression of glutamate receptor subtypes in this area. by using a double-labeling procedure that combines nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate d ... | 1996 | 8725291 |
| muscarinic receptor subtypes in the medial preoptic area and sleep-wake cycles. | to clarify which muscarinic receptor subtype(s) mediate changes in sleep and cortical temperature (tcort) induced by carbachol microinjections into the medial preoptic area (mpa), pirenzepine, tripitramine and +/- p < > -fluorohexahydro-sila-difenidol (p-f-hhsid), which are highly selective muscarinic m1, m2 and m3 antagonists, respectively, were microinjected into the mpa of rats. whereas pirenzepine (3.45 and 7.08 nmol) and p-f-hhsid (3.90 and 7.80 nmol) were without effect, tripitramine (0.67 ... | 1996 | 8730795 |
| effects of the gabab antagonist cgp 35348 on sleep-wake states, behaviour, and spike-wave discharges in old rats. | the gabab antagonist cgp 35348 was intraperitoneally given in doses of 100, 300, and 900 mg/kg to old rats. these rats were earlier chronically provided with eeg and emg electrodes. sleep recordings based on visual inspection of eeg and emg recordings were made for 3 h post injection, and spontaneous behaviour in the recording cage was additionally observed. with 100 and 300 mg/kg, the drug produced an increase in the duration of rem sleep compared to the saline-injected control group. the rem s ... | 1996 | 8736575 |
| desynchronized (rem) sleep inhibition induced by carbachol microinjections into the nucleus basalis of meynert is mediated by the glutamatergic system. | the aim of this paper was to study the effects of microinjections of carbachol, a mixed cholinergic agonist, into the nucleus basalis of meynert (nbm) of rats on the wake-sleep cycle. carbachol (2.74 nmol) was able to increase wakefulness (w) and decrease desynchronized sleep (ds). to verify the hypothesis that the effects of carbachol are at least partially mediated by the glutamatergic system, the nmda antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid and the non-nmda antagonist d-gamma-glutamylami ... | 1996 | 8740223 |
| [action duality of nitrogen oxide (no) in experimental african trypanosomiasis]. | patients with human african trypanosomiasis present a major dysruption of the circadian rhythmicity of the sleep-wake cycle, which was also found in rats infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei (t.b.b.). the alterations in the immune function and nervous system in african trypsanosomiasis led us to investigate the involvement of nitric oxide (no), a key molecule in immune and neurophysiological mechanisms, in experimental trypanosomiasis. no was measured in 35 sprague dawley rats using different ... | 1996 | 8761666 |
| effects of systemic ghrh on sleep in intact and hypophysectomized rats. | the role of pituitary growth hormone (gh) in the mediation of enhanced sleep elicited by gh-releasing hormone (ghrh) was studied in the rat. intact and hypophysectomized (hypox) rats received systemic injections of ghrh or physiological saline. ghrh (0.5, 5.0, or 50 micrograms/kg in the intact rats and 0.5 or 50 micrograms/kg in hypox rats) was injected 6 h after light onset (p.m. injection) or just before light onset (a.m. injection, 0.5 microgram/kg in both a.m. groups). sleep-wake activity an ... | 1996 | 8779943 |
| role of gabaa receptors in sleep regulation. differential effects of muscimol and midazolam on sleep in rats. | to assess the influence of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba)a receptor on sleep and sleep eeg, rats were injected intraperitoneally with vehicle, two doses of muscimol (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg), a selective gabaa agonist, and midazolam (3 mg/kg), a benzodiazepine-gabaa agonist. eeg and emg recordings were made for 6 or 8 hours. muscimol dose-dependently increased the amount of nonrapid eye movement sleep (nonrems) and rems. the higher dose of muscimol enhanced eeg activity over almost the entire freq ... | 1996 | 8797193 |
| ritanserin-induced changes in sleep-waking phases in rats. | ten male wistar rats were chronically implanted with conventional electrodes for sleep-waking stages detection. three 12-hour electroencephalographic (eeg) registrations were performed once a week, after i.p. injection of the serotonin-2 (5-ht2) antagonist ritanserin at two doses (0.63 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg) and after ritanserin vehicle. the goal of the present study was to examine the effects of ritanserin on sleep-waking phases, and to obtain additional data about the participation of 5-ht2 rece ... | 1995 | 8830880 |
| an on-line automated sleep-wake classification system for laboratory animals. | a computerized sleep-wake classification program is presented that is capable of classifying sleep-wake states on-line in four animals simultaneously. every 10 s the classification algorithm assigns sleep-wake states on the basis of the power spectrum of an eeg signal and the standard deviation of an emg signal. the system was developed specifically for long-term circadian rhythm experiments and can run uninterrupted for an unlimited period of time. to validate the system a total of 5760 sleep-w ... | 1996 | 8835794 |
| effects of four antiepileptic drugs on sleep and waking in the rat under both light and dark phases. | sedation is a common side effect of anticonvulsant drug therapy. to find out whether the new antiepileptic drugs, felbamate and lamotrigine, are able to produce sedation, we carried out electroencephalographic (eeg) studies in the rat to measure drug effects on sleep-wake patterns, during both light and dark phases. for comparison, the reference drugs, carbamazepine and phenobarbital, were also studied. eeg activity was recorded for 6 h after oral (po) administration of drugs or vehicle, and the ... | 1996 | 8866955 |
| citalopram: differential sleep/wake and eeg power spectrum effects after single dose and chronic administration. | the sleep/wake effects of the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor citalopram were studied in both a single-dose study with three dose levels (0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg), and a 5-week chronic administration study (15 mg/kg/24 h). single doses of citalopram resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of rapid eye movement (rem) sleep. after chronic citalopram treatment there was a sustained rem sleep inhibition. single doses of citalopram resulted in only minor changes in non-rem (nrem) sleep as well ... | 1996 | 8883829 |
| pregnancy-associated sleep changes in the rat. | sleep disorder during the course of pregnancy has been recently recognized in humans. however, the underlying mechanism of pregnancy-associated sleep disorder remains undetermined, and sleep changes even during normal pregnancy have not been fully understood. to describe the effects of pregnancy on sleep, sleep-wake patterns before and after fertile mating were compared in an animal model. baseline recordings of sleep and brain temperature were made throughout a normal 4-day estrous cycle in fem ... | 1996 | 8898001 |
| brain capillary perfusion during sleep. | brain capillary perfusion was evaluated in the different states of the wake-sleep cycle-quiet wakefulness (qw), quiet sleep (qs), and active sleep (as)-in rats. the extent of the perfused capillary network was determined by intravascular distribution of a fluorescent marker. evans blue (eb); it remained unchanged across the three behavioral conditions, qw, qs, and as. the anatomical network was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ap) endothelial staining, which is known to underestimate the number ... | 1996 | 8898706 |
| midlatency auditory evoked potentials and the startle response in the rat. | the p13 midlatency auditory evoked potential in the rat is (i) sleep state dependent, (ii) undergoes rapid habituation and (iii) is blocked by the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine. as such, the p13 potential in the rat shows the same characteristics as the p1 (or p50) potential in the human. these potentials are thought to be mediated, at least in part, by the cholinergic arm of the reticular activating system. previous studies have linked the reticular activating system with the startle respo ... | 1996 | 8923542 |
| human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein 120 alters sleep and induces cytokine mrna expression in rats [published errata appear in am j physiol 1996 aug;271(2 pt 2):section r following table of contents and 1996 dec;271(6 pt 3):section r following table of contents]. | sleep is altered during the course of viral infection, including that in which the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is the etiologic agent. alterations in the sleep of hiv-infected individuals occur early in the course of infection, prior to the onset of aids. the mechanisms for such alterations in sleep are not known. the hiv envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) induces the synthesis and secretion of cytokines that enhance [e.g., interleukin (il)-1 and tumor necrosis factor] and suppress (e.g., ... | 1996 | 8928927 |
| automation of data acquisition and of experiment control: application to the study of sleep-wake cycles and behavioral paradigms]. | the low cost of microcomputers allows them to be dedicated full time to data acquisition and analysis of experimental paradigms. the usual interfaces required for such interaction with the experiment are briefly explained, namely, analog-to-digital converters, input-output control lines and real time clocks. some basic concepts on the use of microcomputers for the automation of data acquisition and control are summarized, including the characterization of waveshapes, the structure of data storag ... | 1986 | 8929083 |
| the effects of ozone exposure on the sleep-wake cycle and serotonin contents in the pons of the rat. | polysomnographic studies were done at hourly intervals during 0.00, 0.35, 0.75 and 1.50 ppm of ozone (o3) exposure. we found a significant decrease in paradoxical sleep after 2 h and an increase in slow wave sleep after 12 h at all concentrations of o3. high resolution liquid chromatography demonstrated an increase in 5-ht concentration in the rat pons, in a roughly stepwise fashion as the o3 concentration increased. we propose that reaction products derived from o3 exposure, such as prostagland ... | 1996 | 8929975 |
| continuous recordings of brain regional circulation during sleep/wake state transitions in rats. | continuous measurement of regional blood flow (rbf) in the brain of a freely behaving rat was attained by a combination of laser-doppler (ld) flowmetry and our originally devised apparatus, which had been developed for the automatic releasing of the twisting of lines connected between experimental apparatus and the freely behaving animal. rbf changes were studied in a ventral region of the rostral basal forebrain along with sleep-wake states. when compared with the rbf level during slow-wave sle ... | 1996 | 8967416 |
| non-rapid eye movement sleep is suppressed in transgenic mice with a deficiency in the somatotropic system. | sleep-wake activity was studied in a transgenic mouse model (th-hgh) with a deficiency in the somatotropic axis (growth hormone (gh)-releasing hormone (ghrh)-gh-insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i)). this dwarf transgenic mouse strain expresses a human gh (hgh) reporter gene linked to 4.8 kb of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase flanking sequence, targeting the production of hgh to sites of tyrosine hydroxylase synthesis in the brain. endogenous gh and igf-i are suppressed in these mice, as well as gh ... | 1996 | 8981482 |
| nitric oxide production in rat thalamus changes with behavioral state, local depolarization, and brainstem stimulation. | since its discovery as a putative neurotransmitter in the cns, several functional roles have been suggested for nitric oxide (no). however, few studies have investigated the role of no in natural physiology. because no synthase (nos) has been localized in regions believed to be important for attention and arousal, we hypothesized that no production would be state-dependent. to test this hypothesis, we used in vivo microdialysis, coupled with the hemoglobin-trapping technique, to monitor extracel ... | 1997 | 8987767 |
| high-frequency gamma electroencephalogram activity in association with sleep-wake states and spontaneous behaviors in the rat. | the occurrence of high-frequency gamma activity (30-60 hz) and its relationship to other frequency band activities were examined by spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram in association with sleep wake states and spontaneous behaviors in the rat. in the electroencephalogram, gamma wave activity was evident in unfiltered and high-frequency filtered recordings, in which it was prominent during attentive or active wake episodes and during paradoxical sleep, when theta-like activity was also ... | 1997 | 9015337 |
| changes in sleep architecture following chronic mild stress. | chronic exposure to mild unpredictable stress causes subsensitivity to rewards (anhedonia). these effects are reversible by chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs, and have been proposed as an animal model of depression. in the present study, sleep architecture, particularly the rapid eye movement (rem) component, was mapped in rats following exposure to chronic mild stress. the study used a unique large scale automated sleep system to record and analyze the sleep signals from 32 rats simul ... | 1997 | 9034536 |
| effects of venlafaxine in the sleep architecture of rats. | different venlafaxine doses (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) and saline solution were administered to ten male wistar rats (latin-square design). compared with saline, venlafaxine produced a dose-related suppression of rem sleep and an increase in wake time while slow wave sleep was reduced. this effect is similar to the one that has been reported with some tricyclic antidepressants. | 1997 | 9084070 |
| thermosensitive neurons of the diagonal band in rats: relation to wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement sleep. | the thermosensitivity of the neurons in the diagonal band of broca (dbb) was studied in 12 freely moving rats by determining responses to local cooling or warming with a water perfused thermode. of 151 neurons studied, 37 (25%) neurons met the criterion for thermosensitivity including 17 warm-sensitive (wsns) and 20 cold-sensitive neurons (csns). the spontaneous discharge rates of wsns and csns were recorded through 1-3 sleep-waking cycles. the discharge of wsns and csns during waking and non-ra ... | 1997 | 9106443 |
| effect of vitamin b12 on the sleep-wake rhythm following an 8-hour advance of the light-dark cycle in the rat. | we have studied the effect of vitamin b12 (vb12) on the sleep-wake rhythm following an 8-h advance of the light-dark (ld) cycle in the rat. the electroencephalogram and electromyogram were recorded on chart paper via a two-channel telemetry system. infusion of vb12 (mecobalamin; 0.25 microgram/h) or saline into the abdominal cavity was performed using an implanted miniosmotic pump. before the phase shift, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the mean daily amoun ... | 1997 | 9108574 |
| interleukin-1 induces changes in sleep, brain temperature, and serotonergic metabolism. | simultaneous recordings of sleep-wake activity and of serotonergic metabolism in the medial preoptic area were performed in freely moving rats after the intracerebroventricular injection of interleukin-1 (il-1) at dark onset. il-1 (2.5 ng) induced a biphasic increase in slow-wave sleep and an early increase in serotonergic metabolism starting 30 min postinjection. phasic, state-specific changes (which have been described in spontaneous sleep) were superimposed on this tonic, overall increase in ... | 1997 | 9124484 |
| voltammetric detection of nitric oxide (no) in the rat brain: its variations throughout the sleep-wake cycle. | a sensor allowing the specific detection of nitric oxide (no) is reported. together with differential pulsed voltammetry, it allows the detection of a 650 mv signal either in no solutions or in the rat frontal cortex. the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of a no donor (s-nitrosoglutathione, 20 mg/kg i.p.) increases the signal height (+30%) while that of a nitric oxide synthase (nos) inhibitor like l-nitro-arginine-p-nitro-anilide (100 mg/kg i.p.), produces its complete disappearance in the ... | 1997 | 9159507 |
| sleep in rats rendered chronically hyperprolactinemic with anterior pituitary grafts. | a hyperprolactinemic rat model [rats bearing anterior pituitary grafts under the capsule of the kidney (ap-grafted rats)] was used to study sleep-wake activity and cortical brain temperature (t(crt)). fisher 344 male rats (n = 24) were implanted with anterior pituitaries from rat pups; the control rats (n = 12) were sham-operated. sleep-wake activity and t(crt) were recorded for 2 days between weeks 3 and 7 after surgery. the hyperprolactinemic state of the rats was confirmed by plasma prolactin ... | 1997 | 9163548 |
| effects of 72 hours sleep deprivation on wound healing in the rat. | the purpose of this study was to examine effects of sleep deprivation on cellular and biochemical markers of wound healing. expanded polytetrafluoroethylene tubing inserted in subcutaneous tissue created miniature wounds in the dorsal skin of 12 rats. seven days later, 6 rats were deprived of sleep by the platform method for 72 hr; control rats remained on usual sleep/wake routines. numbers of macrophages, granulocytes, fibroblasts, and extent of connective tissue present and total amounts of pr ... | 1997 | 9179179 |
| cardiopulmonary interactions following rem sleep deprivation in sprague-dawley rats. | we characterized the effects of 48 h of rapid-eye-movement (rem) sleep deprivation on cardiovascular and respiratory variables and on sleep-related cardiopulmonary interactions in adult male sprague-dawley rats. rats were instrumented for monitoring eeg, emg, and aortic blood pressure. respiratory rate and minute ventilation were measured by unrestrained single-chamber plethysmography. by using radiotelemetry to monitor blood pressure we clearly demonstrated progressive decreases in mean blood p ... | 1997 | 9217073 |
| determination of nadh in the rat brain during sleep-wake states with an optic fibre sensor and time-resolved fluorescence procedures. | the present paper reports a nanosecond time-resolved fluorescence derived from the cortex and the area of the periaqueductal gray including the nucleus raphe dorsalis (pag-nrd) in unanaesthetized freely moving rats. the measurements were acquired through a single optic fibre transmitting a subnanosecond nitrogen laser pulse (337 nm, 15 hz) and collecting the brain fluorescence occurring at 460 nm which might depend on mitochondrial nadh (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). the fl ... | 1997 | 9219933 |
| ccd-3693: an orally bioavailable analog of the endogenous neuroactive steroid, pregnanolone, demonstrates potent sedative hypnotic actions in the rat. | an endogenous neuroactive steroid, pregnanolone, and an orally available synthetic analog, ccd-3693, were administered to rats at the middle of their circadian activity phase (6 hr after lights off). electroencephalogram-defined sleep-wake states, locomotor activity and body temperature were concurrently measured 30 hr before and after treatment. identical procedures were used to test triazolam and zolpidem. triazolam (0.1-1.6 mg/kg), zolpidem (2.5-10 mg/kg) and the neuroactive steroids (10-30 m ... | 1997 | 9223583 |
| high performance seizure-monitoring system using a vibration sensor and videotape recording: behavioral analysis of genetically epileptic rats. | a new seizure-monitoring apparatus containing a piezoceramic vibration sensor combined with videotape recording was developed. behavioral analysis of ihara's genetically epileptic rat (iger), which is a recently developed novel mutant with spontaneously limbic-like seizures, was performed using this new device. twenty 8-month-old male igers were monitored continuously for 72 h. abnormal behaviors were detected by use of a vibration recorder, and epileptic seizures were confirmed by videotape rec ... | 1997 | 9241637 |
| comparison between conventional and neural network classifiers for rat sleep-wake stage discrimination. | this article describes an approach to selecting the most efficient classifier for rat sleep staging (waking, rem sleep and nrem sleep) discrimination. three conventional (bayesian, linear, and euclidean) and two neural network (multilayer perceptrons integrating or not integrating contextual information) classifiers were compared. for each classifier, performances were presented in the form of a statistical concordance matrix comparing classifier results versus human expert results on 6 24-hour ... | 1997 | 9246225 |
| antiserum to growth hormone decreases sleep in the rat. | to determine whether an acute withdrawal of growth hormone (gh) alters sleep, the effects of antiserum to gh (gh-as) on sleep were studied in the rat. sleep-wake activity and cortical brain temperature (tc) were recorded for 2 days after systemic injection of physiological saline. then, one group of rats (n = 6) received gh-as whereas another group of rats was injected with normal rabbit serum (n = 6). the injections were given 1 h before light onset, and the rats' behaviors were recorded for 23 ... | 1997 | 9258914 |
| development of diurnal organization of eeg slow-wave activity and slow-wave sleep in the rat. | this study characterizes the development of diurnal patterns of slow-wave sleep (sws) distribution and sws electroencephalographic (eeg) delta-power (dp) density in 12- to 24-day-old rats (p12-p24). diurnal organization in sleep-wake distribution was established by p20. a decline in sws dp across the light phase did not appear until p24. before p20, sws dp increased across the light phase in a pattern inverse to that typically seen in adult rats. at p20, sws dp was evenly distributed across the ... | 1997 | 9277528 |
| stress-induced sleep deprivation modifies corticotropin releasing factor (crf) levels and crf binding in rat brain and pituitary. | electroencephalographic (eeg) studies have shown that corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) administration induces eeg activation, decreases sleep time both in rats and humans and modifies the sleep pattern in sleep deprived rats. in the present study we have investigated whether crf neuronal activity could be altered in a situation of disrupted sleep-wake cycle. sleep deprivation (sd) was induced by keeping the rat for 72 h on a small platform (7 cm) surrounded by water. immediately after the sd ... | 1997 | 9299209 |
| the hepatic perisinusoidal stellate cell. | hepatic stellate cell (also referred to as ito cell, fat-storing cell, perisinusoidal cell, lipocyte) is one of the sinusoid-constituent cells that play multiple roles in liver pathophysiology. although identification of the stellate cell had taken about 100 years because of the misconception caused by the discoverer von kupffer, wake made a great contribution to the "re" discovery of the cell in 1971. establishment of the isolation of hepatic non-parenchymal cells from rats by knook has made it ... | 1997 | 9302568 |
| pontine microinjection of carbachol does not reliably enhance paradoxical sleep in rats. | it has been repeatedly shown in cats that acute administration of carbachol into the pontine reticular formation (prf) readily evokes a state that closely mimics natural paradoxical sleep (ps). surprisingly, there are few corresponding studies in rats. in order to further characterize the effects of pontine carbachol in rats, 151 injections of different doses (from 3 micrograms to 0.005 microgram in 0.1 microliter saline) of carbachol were made at different sites within the prf of 70 rats. sleep ... | 1997 | 9351126 |
| invasion of intestinal epithelia in vitro by the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis. | studies of nematode establishment in intestinal niches has been hindered by the lack of a readily manipulated in vitro assay. in this report, experiments are described wherein the larval stage of the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis was shown to invade epithelial cell monolayers in vitro. larvae penetrated cells and migrated through them, leaving trails of dead cells in their wake. cells derived from five different species were susceptible to invasion, reflecting the broad host range of t ... | 1997 | 9353069 |
| modafinil induces wakefulness without intensifying motor activity or subsequent rebound hypersomnolence in the rat. | modafinil, a novel compound for treating excessive sleepiness, potently increases wakefulness in laboratory rodents, cats, monkeys and humans. although its mechanism of action is unknown, modafinil appears to be unlike classic stimulants. we investigated this generality by testing the selectivity of this compound for wake-promoting effects (e.g., relative to locomotor effects) and homeostatic sleep responses after drug-induced waking relative to the prototypical stimulant methamphetamine (meth). ... | 1997 | 9353396 |
| effect of intracerebroventricular administration of alpha-helical crh (9-41) on the sleep/waking cycle in rats under normal conditions or after subjection to an acute stressful stimulus. | it has been shown in a previous study that specific lesioning of the noradrenergic system of the locus coeruleus abolished the sleep increase induced by immobilization stress. given the fact that brain corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) acts as a neurotransmitter in the locus coeruleus under stress conditions, the present study was designed to investigate the involvement of crh in the sleep increase seen after immobilization stress and on the spontaneous wake/sleep cycle. one hundred microgra ... | 1997 | 9358394 |
| transient fluctuation of serum melatonin rhythm is suppressed centrally by vitamin b12. | vitamin b12 has been reported to improve sleep-wake rhythm disorders. although the mechanism is still unclear, a change in the sensitivity of the circadian clock system to photic input is thought to be a possible mechanism of the effect. in this study, the effect of the vitamin b12 on the circadian aspect of the electroretinogram (erg) and serum melatonin level was analyzed in rats. vitamin b12, alpha-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyl)-co-methyl-cobamide was daily administrated subcutaneously for 8 we ... | 1997 | 9360022 |
| subdiaphragmatic vagotomy blocks the sleep- and fever-promoting effects of interleukin-1beta. | the mechanism by which peripheral cytokines signal the central nervous system to elicit central manifestations of the acute phase response remains unknown. recent evidence suggests that cytokines may signal the brain via the vagus nerve. to test this possibility, we examined sleep-wake activity and brain temperature (tbr) after the intraperitoneal administration of saline or three doses (0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 microg/kg) of interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) in subdiaphragmatically vagotomized (vx) and sha ... | 1997 | 9362287 |
| changes in rat sleep after single and repeated injections of the long-acting somatostatin analog octreotide. | somnogenic activity is attributed to both growth hormone (gh) and gh-releasing hormone (ghrh). the aim of our experiments was to study sleep after suppression of the somatotropic axis by means of administration of a long-lasting somatostatin analog, octreotide. rats received subcutaneous injections of physiological saline (baseline), octreotide (1, 10, and 200 microg/kg), or a control solution just before light onset, and sleep-wake activity and cortical brain temperature were recorded for 23 h. ... | 1997 | 9362315 |
| fos-like immunoreactivity in the circadian timing system of calorie-restricted rats fed at dawn: daily rhythms and light pulse-induced changes. | daily rhythms of pineal melatonin, body temperature, and locomotor activity are synchronized to the light-dark cycle (ld) via a circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (scn). a timed caloric restriction in rats fed at dawn induces phase-advances and further phase-stabilization of these rhythms, suggesting that the circadian clock can integrate conflicting daily photic and non-photic cues. the present study investigated the daily expression of fos-like immunoreactivity (fos-ir) and ... | 1997 | 9372223 |
| muramyl dipeptide and il-1 effects on sleep and brain temperature after inhibition of serotonin synthesis. | the role of the interactions between serotonin (5-ht) and muramyl dipeptide (mdp) and interleukin-1 (il-1) in sleep control and thermoregulation was evaluated. to this purpose, mdp and il-1 were injected intracerebroventricularly at dark onset into freely moving rats pretreated twice intraperitoneally with para-chlorophenylalanine (pcpa) (300 mg/kg), which depletes brain 5-ht and causes insomnia. fever and slow-wave sleep (sws) enhancement induced by 150 pmol mdp were completely blocked in pcpa- ... | 1997 | 9374807 |
| diurnal changes of blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature during sleep in the rat. | we have studied diurnal changes in mean arterial pressure (map), heart rate (hr) and body temperature (tb) during wake (w), non-rapid eye movement sleep (nrems) and rem sleep (rems) in the rat. although hr and tb show a similar sinusoidal diurnal variation during all vigilance states, the diurnal profile for the map is vigilance-state dependent. during w, map values are higher during the dark phase, during nrems, no significant diurnal change is seen, and during rems, the map exhibits a reversed ... | 1997 | 9377530 |
| cardiopulmonary control in sleeping sprague-dawley rats treated with hydralazine. | to test the hypothesis that hydralazine can suppress spontaneous sleep-related central apnea, respiratory pattern, blood pressure, and heart period were monitored in sprague-dawley rats. in random order and on separate days, rats were recorded after intraperitoneal injection of 1) saline or 2) 2 mg/kg hydralazine. normalized minute ventilation (nvi) declined significantly with transitions from wake to non-rapid-eye-movement (nrem) sleep (-5.1%; p = 0.01) and rapid-eye-movement (rem) sleep (-4.2% ... | 1997 | 9390968 |
| effects of sleep on wake-induced c-fos expression. | we investigated the effects of sleep on wake-induced c-fos expression in the cerebral cortex of rats and c-fos-lacz transgenic mice. in the cortex of rats, the levels of c-fos, detected both by immunocytochemistry and western blot, remained high during 6 or 12 hr of enforced wakefulness but declined rapidly (within 1 hr) with increasing time of recovery sleep. similarly, in the transgenic mice in which lacz expression is driven from the c-fos promoter, beta-galactosidase activity was high after ... | 1997 | 9391027 |
| rat strain differences suggest a role for corticotropin-releasing hormone in modulating sleep. | corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) mediates many of the hormonal, behavioral, and autonomic responses to a variety of stressors. there is also evidence suggesting that crh may be involved in the modulation of physiologic waking. lewis (lew) rats possess a hypothalamic gene defect that results in reduced synthesis and secretion of crh relative to genetically related fischer 344 (f344) and sprague-dawley (sp-d) rat strains. we therefore hypothesized that lew rats would spend less time awake, an ... | 1997 | 9402617 |
| design and construction of a long-term continuous video-eeg monitoring unit for simultaneous recording of multiple small animals. | in recent years several new rat models of human limbic/mesial temporal lobe epilepsy have been described [1,2,4-7,11,15-17]. unlike earlier models such as kindling in which the seizures are induced by an exogenous stimulus, these new models are characterized by seizures that occur spontaneously at random intervals. although the spontaneity of the seizures makes these models more like human epilepsy, documentation of these seizures by direct observation is highly inefficient, and sub-behavioral e ... | 1997 | 9438076 |