| morphology of inner retina in rhesus monkeys of various ages: a comparative study. | to investigate the changes of thickness in each layer, the morphology and density of inner neurons in rhesus monkeys' retina at various growth stages, thus contribute useful data for further biological studies. | 2019 | 30944733 |
| rational design and in vivo selection of shivs encoding transmitted/founder subtype c hiv-1 envelopes. | chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (shivs) are an important tool for evaluating anti-hiv env interventions in nonhuman primate (nhp) models. however, most unadapted shivs do not replicate well in vivo limiting their utility. furthermore, adaptation in vivo often negatively impacts fundamental properties of the env, including neutralization profiles. transmitted/founder (t/f) viruses are particularly important to study since they represent viruses that initiated primary hiv-1 infectio ... | 2019 | 30943274 |
| a descriptive analysis of gut microbiota composition in differentially reared infant rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) across the first 6 months of life. | the gastrointestinal microbiome is recognized as a critical component in host immune function, physiology, and behavior. early life experiences that alter diet and social contact also influence these outcomes. despite the growing number of studies in this area, no studies to date have examined the contribution of early life experiences on the gut microbiome in infants across development. such studies are important for understanding the biological and environmental factors that contribute to opti ... | 2019 | 30941799 |
| a pathogenic role for splenic b1 cells in siv disease progression in rhesus macaques. | b1 cells spontaneously produce protective natural antibodies which provide the first line of defense against a variety of pathogens. although these natural antibodies share similar autoreactive features with several hiv-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies, the role of b1 cells in hiv/siv disease progression is unknown. we report the presence of human-like b1 cells in rhesus macaques. during chronic siv infection, we found that the frequency of splenic cd11b+ b1 cells positively correlated with pla ... | 2019 | 30941141 |
| gammaherpesvirus rnas come full circle. | after an adaptive immune response is mounted, gammaherpesviruses achieve persistence through the utilization of viral noncoding rnas to craft a suitable host cell environment in an immunologically transparent manner. while gammaherpesvirus long noncoding rnas (lncrnas) and micrornas have been recognized for some time and have been actively investigated, a recent spate of reports have now identified repertoires of the circular rna (circrna) class of noncoding rnas in both the lymphocryptovirus an ... | 2019 | 30940699 |
| from rhesus macaque to human: structural evolutionary pathways for immunoglobulin g subclasses. | the old world monkey, rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta, mm), is frequently used as a primate model organism in the study of human disease and to test new vaccines/antibody treatments despite diverging before chimpanzees and orangutans. mm and humans share 93% genome identity with substantial differences in the genes of the adaptive immune system that lead to different functional igg subclass characteristics, fcγ receptors expressed on innate immune cells, and biological interactions. these differe ... | 2020 | 30939981 |
| combination of stem cell and gene therapy ameliorates symptoms in huntington's disease mice. | huntington's disease (hd) is a dominantly inherited monogenetic disorder characterized by motor and cognitive dysfunction due to neurodegeneration. the disease is caused by the polyglutamine (polyq) expansion at the 5' terminal of the exon 1 of the huntingtin (htt) gene, it15, which results in the accumulation of mutant htt (mhtt) aggregates in neurons and cell death. the monogenetic cause and the loss of specific neural cell population make hd a suitable candidate for stem cell and gene therapy ... | 2019 | 30937182 |
| butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine for the immobilization of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). | maximizing animal wellbeing by minimizing drug-related side effects is a key consideration when choosing pharmaceutical agents for chemical restraint in nonhuman primates. one drug combination that may promote this ideology is butorphanol (27.3 mg/ml), azaperone (9.1 mg/ml), and medetomidine (10.9 mg/ml; bam). based on results from a pilot study, 2 doses of bam (16 and 24 μl/kg im) were compared in healthy, 3-y-old rhesus macaques. physiologic parameters and anesthetic quality were assessed and ... | 2019 | 30935442 |
| single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography using 99mtc-labeled leukocytes for evaluating infection associated with a cranial implant in a rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta). | an adult male rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) that was enrolled in a study evaluating cognition and memory presented with suppurative exudate along the margins of a long-standing cranial implant that included a stainless-steel head post, plastic left-sided recording cylinder, and acrylic over a previously placed right-sided recording cylinder. both cylinders were located at the level of the prefrontal cortex. after treatment comprising systemic antibiotics and daily cleaning with povidone-iodine ... | 2019 | 30935441 |
| neuromuscular control pattern in rhesus monkeys during bipedal walking. | walking is characterized by repetitive limb movements associated with highly structured patterns of muscle activity. the causal relationships between the muscle activities and hindlimb segments of walking are difficult to decipher. this study investigated these particular relationships and clarified whether they are correlated with speed to further understand the neuromuscular control pattern. four adult female rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) were selected to record gait parameters while walking ... | 2019 | 30930341 |
| repeated retinal photocoagulation in monkeys for the optimization of a laser-induced choroidal neovascularization model. | the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (cnv) model in nonhuman primates has played a critical role in the development of new therapies for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. the widespread use of this model, however, has been limited by its high costs, mainly due to the lower efficiency of animal use. we optimized the cnv model by administering repeated photocoagulation treatments to the same eye of each animal, and preliminarily evaluated this model using an assessment of the ... | 2019 | 30928489 |
| evolution of brain connections: integrating diffusion mr tractography with gene expression highlights increased corticocortical projections in primates. | diffusion mr tractography permits investigating the 3d structure of cortical pathways as interwoven paths across the entire brain. we use high-resolution scans from diffusion spectrum imaging and high angular resolution diffusion imaging to investigate the evolution of cortical pathways within the euarchontoglire (i.e., primates, rodents) lineage. more specifically, we compare cortical fiber pathways between macaques (macaca mulatta), marmosets (callithrix jachus), and rodents (mice, mus musculu ... | 2019 | 30927350 |
| shifting dynamics of intestinal macrophages during simian immunodeficiency virus infection in adult rhesus macaques. | the intestinal tract is a primary barrier to invading pathogens and contains immune cells, including lymphocytes and macrophages. we previously reported that cd163+cd206- (single-positive [sp]) interstitial macrophages of the lung are short-lived and succumb early to siv infection. conversely, cd163+cd206+ (double-positive [dp]) alveolar macrophages are long-lived, survive after siv infection, and may contribute to the virus reservoir. this report characterizes analogous populations of macrophag ... | 2019 | 30926643 |
| enhanced wound healing promotion by immune response-free monkey autologous ipscs and exosomes vs. their allogeneic counterparts. | comparing non-inbred autologous and allogeneic induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) and their secreted subcellular products among non-human primates is critical for choosing optimal ipsc products for human clinical trials. | 2019 | 30926422 |
| il-33 enhances the kinetics and quality of the antibody response to a dna and protein-based hiv-1 env vaccine. | induction of a sustained and broad antibody (ab) response is a major goal in developing a protective hiv-1 vaccine. dna priming alone shows reduced levels of immunogenicity; however, when combined with protein boosting is an attractive vaccination strategy for induction of humoral responses. using the vc10014 dna and protein-based vaccine consisting of hiv-1 envelope (env) gp160 plasmids and trimeric gp140 proteins derived from an hiv-1 clade b infected subject who developed broadly neutralizing ... | 2019 | 30926296 |
| opportunities for refinement in neuroscience: indicators of wellness and post-operative pain in laboratory macaques. | being able to assess pain in nonhuman primates undergoing biomedical procedures is important for preventing and alleviating pain, and for developing better guidelines to minimise the impacts of research on welfare in line with the 3rs principle of refinement. nonhuman primates are routinely used biomedical models however it remains challenging to recognise negative states, including pain, in these animals. this study aimed to identify behavioural and facial changes that could be used as pain or ... | 2019 | 30924506 |
| modified dose efficacy trial of a canine distemper-measles vaccine for use in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). | measles virus causes a highly infectious disease in nhp. clinical signs range from asymptomatic to fatal, although measles virus is most well-known for its characteristic generalized maculopapular rash. along with appropriate quarantine practices, restricted human access, and appropriate personal protective equipment, vaccines are used to combat the risk of infection. the canine distemper-measles vaccine (cdmv), administered at the manufacturer's standard dose (1.0 ml im), has been shown to be e ... | 2019 | 30922419 |
| time matching between grooming partners: do methodological distinctions between short versus long-term reciprocation matter? | primatologists have long focused on grooming exchanges to examine aspects of social relationships, co-operation, and social cognition. one particular interest is the extent to which reciprocating grooming partners time match, and the time frame over which they do so. conclusions about time matching vary across species. generally, researchers focus on the duration of pauses between grooming episodes that involve a switch in partner roles and choose a cut-off point to distinguish short from longer ... | 2019 | 30919475 |
| bu10038 as a safe opioid analgesic with fewer side-effects after systemic and intrathecal administration in primates. | the marked increase in mis-use of prescription opioids has greatly affected our society. one potential solution is to develop improved analgesics which have agonist action at both mu opioid peptide (mop) and nociceptin/orphanin fq peptide (nop) receptors. bu10038 is a recently identified bifunctional mop/nop partial agonist. the aim of this study was to determine the functional profile of systemic or spinal delivery of bu10038 in primates after acute and chronic administration. | 2019 | 30916003 |
| responses of neurons in lateral intraparietal area depend on stimulus-associated reward during binocular flash suppression. | discovering neural correlates of subjective perception and dissociating them from sensory input has fascinated neuroscientists for a long time. bistable and multistable perception phenomena have exhibited great experimental potential to address this question. here, we performed electrophysiological recordings from single neurons in lateral intraparietal area (lip) of rhesus macaques during stimulus and perceptual transitions induced by binocular flash suppression (bfs). lip neurons demonstrated ... | 2019 | 30914928 |
| irisin in the primate hypothalamus and its effect on gnrh in vitro. | irisin, encoded by the fndc5 gene, is a recently discovered endocrine factor mainly secreted as a myokine and adipokine. however, irisin/fndc5 expression has also been reported in different other organs including components of the reproductive axis. yet, there is the scarcity of data on fndc5/irisin expression, regulation and its reproductive effects, particularly in primates. here, we report the expression of fndc5/irisin, along with pgc1a (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coact ... | 2019 | 30913538 |
| in situ hybridization assay for the diagnosis of chagas myocarditis and orchitis in a rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta): a case report. | we present the first documented case of trypanosoma cruzi-induced orchitis in a rhesus macaque. additionally, we describe an in situ hybridization-based assay to confirm t. cruzi infection in formalin-fixed tissues. | 2019 | 30912150 |
| zeptomole per milliliter detection and quantification of edema factor in plasma by lc-ms/ms yields insights into toxemia and the progression of inhalation anthrax. | inhalation of bacillus anthracis spores can cause a rapidly progressing fatal infection. b. anthracis secretes three protein toxins: lethal factor (lf), edema factor (ef), and protective antigen (pa). ef and lf may circulate as free or pa-bound forms. both free ef (ef) and pa-bound-ef (etx) have adenylyl cyclase activity converting atp to camp. we developed an adenylyl cyclase activity-based method for detecting and quantifying total ef (ef+etx) in plasma. the three-step method includes magnetic ... | 2019 | 30911800 |
| chronic phencyclidine treatment impairs spatial working memory in rhesus monkeys. | phencyclidine (pcp) could induce schizophrenia (sz) like behavior in both humans and animals, therefore, has been widely utilized to establish sz animal models. it induced cognitive deficits, the core symptom of sz, mainly through influencing frontal dopaminergic function. nonhuman primate (nhp) studies demonstrated impaired object retrieval detour (ord) and spatial delayed response (sdr) task performance by acute or chronic pcp treatment. however, nhp investigations, continually monitoring sdr ... | 2019 | 30911792 |
| heightened defensive responses following subtotal lesions of macaque orbitofrontal cortex. | anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive attention to threat. several brain areas, including the orbitofrontal cortex (ofc), have been associated with threat processing, with more recent work implicating specialized roles for the medial and lateral subregions of the ofc in mediating specific symptoms of anxiety disorders. virtually no causal work, however, has evaluated the role of these ofc subregions in regulating behavioral responses under threat. to address this gap, we compared male ... | 2019 | 30910790 |
| chronic glucocorticoid exposure induces depression-like phenotype in rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta). | it has long been observed in humans that the occurrence of depressive symptoms is often accompanied by the dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis. the rodent experiments also showed that chronic corticosterone exposure could induce depression-like phenotype. however, rodents are phylogenetically distant from humans. in contrast, non-human primates bear stronger similarities with humans, suggesting research on primates would provide an important complement. for the first time, w ... | 2019 | 30906247 |
| alcohol-induced changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome of rhesus macaques. | increasing evidence has demonstrated that changes in the gut microbiome, including those associated with dietary influences, are associated with alterations in many physiological processes. alcohol consumption is common across human cultures and is likely to have a major effect on the gut microbiome, but there remains a paucity of information on its effects in primates. | 2019 | 30903211 |
| autologous grafting of cryopreserved prepubertal rhesus testis produces sperm and offspring. | testicular tissue cryopreservation is an experimental method to preserve the fertility of prepubertal patients before they initiate gonadotoxic therapies for cancer or other conditions. here we provide the proof of principle that cryopreserved prepubertal testicular tissues can be autologously grafted under the back skin or scrotal skin of castrated pubertal rhesus macaques and matured to produce functional sperm. during the 8- to 12-month observation period, grafts grew and produced testosteron ... | 2019 | 30898927 |
| mixed malignant pancreatic tumour in a rhesus macaque (macaca mullata). | pancreatic islet cell tumours are rare in non-human primates. the majority of reported cases are benign islet cell adenomas in rhesus macaques (macaca mullata). here we describe a pancreatic tumour composed of both exocrine and endocrine cells known as a mixed acinar-neuroendocrine carcinoma in a captive rhesus macaque. a diagnosis of a mixed tumour requires intermingling of neoplastic exocrine and neuroendocrine cells and must be differentiated from ductal adenocarcinomas in which only the duct ... | 2019 | 30898297 |
| non-invasive eye tracking methods for new world and old world monkeys. | eye-tracking methods measure what humans and other animals visually attend to in the environment. in nonhuman primates, eye tracking can be used to test hypotheses about how primates process social information. this information can further our understanding of primate behavior as well as offer unique translational potential to explore causes of or treatments for altered social processing as seen in people with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. howev ... | 2019 | 30890923 |
| microbiome profiles of ligature-induced periodontitis in nonhuman primates across the life span. | this investigation compared the microbiomes colonizing teeth during the initiation, progression, and resolution of periodontitis in nonhuman primates (macaca mulatta) at different ages. subgingival plaque samples were collected at baseline; 0.5, 1, and 3 months following ligature-induced periodontitis; and following naturally occurring disease resolution at 5 months. samples were analyzed using 16s amplicon sequencing to identify bacterial profiles across age groups: young (<3 years of age), ado ... | 2019 | 30885927 |
| fecal metatranscriptomics of macaques with idiopathic chronic diarrhea reveals altered mucin degradation and fucose utilization. | idiopathic chronic diarrhea (icd) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among juvenile rhesus macaques. characterized by chronic inflammation of the colon and repeated bouts of diarrhea, icd is largely unresponsive to medical interventions, including corticosteroid, antiparasitic, and antibiotic treatments. although icd is accompanied by large disruptions in the composition of the commensal gut microbiome, no single pathogen has been concretely identified as responsible for the onset and ... | 2019 | 30885266 |
| effects of ketamine treatment on cocaine-induced reinstatement and disruption of functional connectivity in unanesthetized rhesus monkeys. | substance use disorders are characterized by a loss of executive control over reward-based decision-making, and disruption of fronto-striatal connectivity has been implicated in this process. sub-anesthetic ketamine has recently been shown to bolster fronto-striatal connectivity in drug-naïve subjects. | 2019 | 30879118 |
| cd8+ t cell-based strong selective pressure on multiple simian immunodeficiency virus targets in macaques possessing a protective mhc class i haplotype. | in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infections, host major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc-i) genotypes have a great impact on viral replication and mhc-i-associated viral genome mutations are selected under cd8+ t-cell pressure. association of mhc-i genotypes with hiv/siv control has been investigated at mhc-i allele levels but not fully at haplotype levels. we previously established groups of rhesus macaques sharing individual mhc-i haplotypes. ... | 2019 | 30878187 |
| higher offspring mortality with short interbirth intervals in free-ranging rhesus macaques. | short birth intervals have long been linked to adverse child outcomes in humans. however, it remains unclear the extent to which the birth interval has a direct influence on offspring mortality, independent of the confounding effects of modern environments and human sociocultural practices on reproductive behavior. outside of humans, the relationship between birth intervals and offspring mortality has been rarely tested, leaving an open question of how much the findings from humans imply evoluti ... | 2019 | 30877247 |
| immune and cytokine/chemokine responses of pbmcs in rotavirus-infected rhesus infants and their significance in viral pathogenesis. | the rotavirus (rv) is the most important causative agent of severe gastroenteritis in infants and children aged less than 5 years worldwide. however, the response and the roles of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) in rv clearance have yet to be fully elucidated. in this study, we established the neonatal rhesus monkey model of rv infection with histopathological changes in the small intestine. then, we investigated gene expression changes in pbmcs from the monkey model of rv infection. si ... | 2019 | 30875452 |
| ultrapotent chemogenetics for research and potential clinical applications. | chemogenetics enables noninvasive chemical control over cell populations in behaving animals. however, existing small-molecule agonists show insufficient potency or selectivity. there is also a need for chemogenetic systems compatible with both research and human therapeutic applications. we developed a new ion channel-based platform for cell activation and silencing that is controlled by low doses of the smoking cessation drug varenicline. we then synthesized subnanomolar-potency agonists, call ... | 2019 | 30872534 |
| hiv-1 tat-mediated microglial inflammation involves a novel mirna-34a-nlrc5-nfκb signaling axis. | while the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cart) has dramatically increased the lifespan of people living with hiv-1 paradoxically, the prevalence of neurohiv in people treated with cart is on the rise. it has been well documented that despite the effectiveness of cart in suppressing viremia, cns continues to harbor viral reservoirs with persistent low-level virus replication. this, in turn, leads to the presence and accumulation of early viral protein - hiv-1 tat, that is a well-es ... | 2019 | 30872089 |
| hematological effects of non-homogenous ionizing radiation exposure in a non-human primate model. | detonation of a radiological or nuclear device in a major urban area will result in heterogenous radiation exposure, given to the significant shielding of the exposed population due to surrounding structures. development of biodosimetry assays for triage and treatment requires knowledge of the radiation dose-volume effect for the bone marrow (bm). this proof-of-concept study was designed to quantify bm damage in the non-human primate (nhp) after exposure to one of four radiation patterns likely ... | 2019 | 30870098 |
| behavioral effects of postnatal ketamine exposure in rhesus macaque infants are dependent on maoa-lpr genotype. | ketamine is an n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptor antagonist widely used in pediatric anesthetic and therapeutic practices and veterinary medicine. previous evidence suggests that exposure to ketamine during sensitive periods of development results in neural apoptosis and atypical behavior. since monoamine neurotransmitters play important roles in prenatal and early postnatal neural development, and since previous work suggests ketamine can inhibit monoamine transporters, we hypothesized that ... | 2019 | 30868562 |
| design and characterization of cholesterylated peptide hiv-1/2 fusion inhibitors with extremely potent and long-lasting antiviral activity. | hiv infection requires lifelong treatment with multiple antiretroviral drugs in a combination, which ultimately causes cumulative toxicities and drug resistance, thus necessitating the development of novel antiviral agents. we recently found that enfuvirtide (t-20)-based lipopeptides conjugated with fatty acids have dramatically increased in vitro and in vivo anti-hiv activities. herein, a group of cholesterol-modified fusion inhibitors were characterized with significant findings. first, novel ... | 2019 | 30867304 |
| erratum: correction of classification: rise of the visible monkey: sectioned images of rhesus monkey. | [this corrects the article e66 in vol. 34, pmid: 30833883.]. | 2019 | 30863270 |
| evaluation of a new balloon for fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion in the nonhuman primate model. | we developed a new balloon called "smart-to," which allows noninvasive and easy unplugging, thanks to a magnetic valve actuated by the magnetic fringe field of a magnetic resonance imaging (mri) scanner. the objective of this feasibility study was to evaluate the operation of this new balloon in a nonhuman primate model. | 2019 | 30861154 |
| gabaa receptor subtypes and the abuse-related effects of ethanol in rhesus monkeys: experiments with selective positive allosteric modulators. | previous studies have investigated α1gabaa and α5gabaa receptor mechanisms in the behavioral effects of ethanol (etoh) in monkeys. however, genetic studies in humans and preclinical studies with mutant mice suggest a role for α2gabaa and/or α3gabaa receptors in the effects of etoh. the development of novel positive allosteric modulators (pams) with functional selectivity (i.e., selective efficacy) at α2gabaa and α3gabaa receptors allows for probing of these subtypes in preclinical models of the ... | 2019 | 30861153 |
| tolerance and dependence to δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys: activity assessments. | cannabis withdrawal upon discontinuation of long-term, heavy cannabis use is reported in humans; however, methods to establish the nature and intensity of cannabinoid withdrawal, especially directly observable signs, have not been widely established. this study quantified activity in the home cage of rhesus monkeys and examined the extent to which activity can be used to quantify tolerance to and dependence on δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (δ9-thc). home-cage activity was measured in one group that re ... | 2019 | 30861005 |
| polymorphisms in the apobec3g gene of chinese rhesus macaques affect resistance to ubiquitination and degradation mediated by hiv-2 vif. | animal cells have multiple innate effector mechanisms that inhibit viral replication. for the pathogenic retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1), there are widely expressed restriction factors, such as apobec3 proteins, tetherin/bst2, samhd1 and mx2, as well as trim5α. we previously found that the trim5α gene clearly affects sivmac or hiv-2 replication, but the major determinant of the combinatorial effect caused by multiple host restriction factors is still not fully clear. apobec3g ( ... | 2019 | 30859472 |
| multisensory neurons in the primate amygdala. | animals identify, interpret, and respond to complex, natural signals that are often multisensory. the ability to integrate signals across sensory modalities depends on the convergence of sensory inputs at the level of single neurons. neurons in the amygdala are expected to be multisensory because they respond to complex, natural stimuli, and the amygdala receives inputs from multiple sensory areas. we recorded activity from the amygdala of 2 male monkeys (macaca mulatta) in response to visual, t ... | 2019 | 30858163 |
| a novel dopamine d1 receptor agonist excites delay-dependent working memory-related neuronal firing in primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. | decades of research have emphasized the importance of dopamine (da) d1 receptor (d1r) mechanisms to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlpfc) working memory function, and the hope that d1r agonists could be used to treat cognitive disorders. however, existing d1r agonists all have had high affinity for d1r, and engage β-arrestin signaling, and these agonists have suppressed task-related neuronal firing. the current study provides the first physiological characterization of a novel d1r agonist, pf-3 ... | 2019 | 30858103 |
| α-synuclein expression is preserved in substantia nigra gabaergic fibers of young and aged neurotoxin-treated rhesus monkeys. | α-synuclein (α-syn) is a small presynaptic protein distributed ubiquitously in the central and peripheral nervous system. in normal conditions, α-syn is found in soluble form, while in parkinson's disease (pd) it may phosphorylate, aggregate, and combine with other proteins to form lewy bodies. the purpose of this study was to evaluate, in nonhuman primates, whether α-syn expression is affected by age and neurotoxin challenge. young adult (n = 5, 5-10 years old) and aged (n = 4, 23-25 years old) ... | 2019 | 30857404 |
| adeno-associated virus delivery of anti-hiv monoclonal antibodies can drive long-term virologic suppression. | long-term delivery of anti-hiv monoclonal antibodies (mabs) using adeno-associated virus (aav) vectors holds promise for the prevention and treatment of hiv infection. we describe a therapy trial in which four rhesus monkeys were infected with shiv-ad8 for 86 weeks before receiving the aav-encoded mabs 3bnc117, 10-1074, and 10e8. although anti-drug antibody (ada) responses restricted mab delivery, one monkey successfully maintained 50-150 μg/ml of 3bnc117 and 10-1074 for over 2 years. delivery o ... | 2019 | 30850342 |
| dietary diversity of an ecological and macronutritional generalist primate in a harsh high-latitude habitat, the taihangshan macaque (macaca mulatta tcheliensis). | recent advances in niche theory have stressed the importance of understanding dietary generalism at multiple levels, including the range of habitat and foods exploited by a species, foods exploited within populations, and patterns of nutrient intake. here we apply this framework to examine the dietary strategy of the macaca mulatta, a primate species that is second only to humans in their breadth of geographical distribution, and occupy diverse ecological habitats from cold temperate to tropical ... | 2019 | 30848507 |
| successful implementation of intestinal endoscopy in non-human primates prompts the possibility of achieving aids longitudinal intestinal research. | hiv infection induces pathological changes in the intestinal mucosa. here, a successful endoscopy was performed on the colon of a chinese rhesus macaque by using olympus cv170 gastroscope. the stability on postoperative recovery and the integrity of biopsy tissue implied a possibility of achieving aids longitudinal intestinal research on macaques. | 2019 | 30847920 |
| bridging vaccine-induced hiv-1 neutralizing and effector antibody responses in rabbit and rhesus macaque animal models. | studies in animal models are essential prerequisites for clinical trials of candidate hiv vaccines. small animals, such as rabbits, are used to evaluate promising strategies prior to further immunogenicity and efficacy testing in nonhuman primates. our goal was to determine how hiv-specific vaccine-elicited antibody responses, epitope specificity, and fc-mediated functions in the rabbit model can predict those in the rhesus macaque (rm) model. detailed comparisons of the hiv-1-specific igg respo ... | 2019 | 30842326 |
| divergent hiv-1-directed immune responses generated by systemic and mucosal immunization with replicating single-cycle adenoviruses in rhesus macaques. | most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infections begin at mucosal surfaces. providing a barrier of protection at these may assist in combating the earliest events in infection. systemic immunization by intramuscular (i.m.) injection can drive mucosal immune responses, but there are data suggesting that mucosal immunization can better educate these mucosal immune responses. to test this, rhesus macaques were immunized with replicating single-cycle adenovirus (sc-ad) vaccines expressing ... | 2019 | 30842321 |
| mgap: the macaque genotype and phenotype resource, a framework for accessing and interpreting macaque variant data, and identifying new models of human disease. | non-human primates (nhps), particularly macaques, serve as critical and highly relevant pre-clinical models of human disease. the similarity in human and macaque natural disease susceptibility, along with parallel genetic risk alleles, underscores the value of macaques in the development of effective treatment strategies. nonetheless, there are limited genomic resources available to support the exploration and discovery of macaque models of inherited disease. notably, there are few public databa ... | 2019 | 30841849 |
| top-down mass spectrometry of sarcomeric protein post-translational modifications from non-human primate skeletal muscle. | sarcomeric proteins, including myofilament and z-disk proteins, play critical roles in regulating muscle contractile properties. a variety of isoforms and post-translational modifications (ptms) of sarcomeric proteins have been shown to be associated with modulation of muscle functions and the occurrence of muscle diseases. non-human primates (nhps) are excellent research models for sarcopenia, a disease associated with alterations in sarcomeric proteins, due to their marked similarities to huma ... | 2019 | 30834509 |
| rise of the visible monkey: sectioned images of rhesus monkey. | gross anatomy and sectional anatomy of a monkey should be known by students and researchers of veterinary medicine and medical research. however, materials to learn the anatomy of a monkey are scarce. thus, the objective of this study was to produce a visible monkey data set containing cross sectional images, computed tomographs (cts), and magnetic resonance images (mris) of a monkey whole body. | 2019 | 30833883 |
| partial adaptation to the value range in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex. | values available for choice in different behavioral contexts can vary immensely. to compensate for this variability, neuronal circuits underlying economic decisions undergo adaptation. in orbitofrontal cortex (ofc), neurons encode the subjective value of offered and chosen goods in a quasilinear way. previous experiments found that the gain of the encoding is lower when the value range is wider. however, the parameters ofc neurons adapted to remained unclear. furthermore, previous studies did no ... | 2019 | 30833513 |
| bridging from intramuscular to limb perfusion delivery of raav: optimization in a non-human primate study. | phase 1 and phase 2 gene therapy trials using intramuscular (im) administration of a recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (raav1) for replacement of serum alpha-1 antitrypsin (aat) deficiency have shown long-term (5-year) stable transgene expression at approximately 2% to 3% of therapeutic levels, arguing for the long-term viability of this approach to gene replacement of secreted serum protein deficiencies. however, achieving these levels required 100 im injections to deliver 135 ml of ... | 2019 | 30828586 |
| anti-peg antibodies inhibit the anticoagulant activity of pegylated aptamers. | biopharmaceuticals have become increasingly attractive therapeutic agents and are often pegylated to enhance their pharmacokinetics and reduce their immunogenicity. however, recent human clinical trials have demonstrated that administration of pegylated compounds can evoke anti-peg antibodies. considering the ubiquity of peg in commercial products and the presence of pre-existing anti-peg antibodies in patients in large clinical trials evaluating a peg-modified aptamer, we investigated how anti- ... | 2019 | 30827937 |
| current status of hepatitis e virus infection at a rhesus monkey farm in china. | rhesus and several other species of monkeys are susceptible to genotypes of hepatitis e virus (hev), and these species are thus commonly used as animal models for experimental hev infection. however, information regarding hev infection in monkeys in nature or at monkey farms is limited. to investigate the status of hev infection in rhesus monkeys at farms, we collected 548 serum and 48 fecal samples from a rhesus monkey farm in china, and analyzed their levels of anti-hev igg antibodies and hev ... | 2019 | 30827396 |
| co-operation of long-term and working memory representations in simultaneous chaining by rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). | we studied the memory representations that control execution of action sequences by training rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) to touch sets of five images in a predetermined arbitrary order (simultaneous chaining). in experiment 1, we found that this training resulted in mental representations of ordinal position rather than learning associative chains, replicating the work of others. we conducted novel analyses of performance on probe tests consisting of two images "derived" from the full five-i ... | 2019 | 30827186 |
| reliability of motor and sensory neural decoding by threshold crossings for intracortical brain-machine interface. | for intracortical neurophysiological studies, spike sorting is an important procedure to isolate single units for analyzing specific functions. however, whether spike sorting is necessary or not for neural decoding applications is controversial. several studies showed that using threshold crossings (tc) instead of spike sorting could also achieve a similar satisfactory performance. however, such studies were limited in similar behavioral tasks, and the neural signal source mainly focused on the ... | 2019 | 30822756 |
| validations of apomorphine-induced bold activation correlations in hemiparkinsonian rhesus macaques. | identification of parkinson's disease at the earliest possible stage of the disease may provide the best opportunity for the use of disease modifying treatments. however, diagnosing the disease during the pre-symptomatic period remains an unmet goal. to that end, we used pharmacological mri (phmri) to assess the function of the cortico-basal ganglia circuit in a non-human primate model of dopamine deficiency to determine the possible relationships between phmri signals with behavioral, neurochem ... | 2019 | 30822717 |
| long-term survival of pig-to-rhesus macaque renal xenografts is dependent on cd4 t cell depletion. | the shortage of available organs remains the greatest barrier to expanding access to transplant. despite advances in genetic editing and immunosuppression, survival in experimental models of kidney xenotransplant has generally been limited to <100 days. we found that pretransplant selection of recipients with low titers of anti-pig antibodies significantly improved survival in a pig-to-rhesus macaque kidney transplant model (6 days vs median survival time 235 days). immunosuppression included tr ... | 2019 | 30821922 |
| induction of neutralizing antibodies against tier 2 human immunodeficiency virus 1 in rhesus macaques infected with tier 1b simian/human immunodeficiency virus. | we previously developed ccr5-tropic neutralization-resistant simian/human immunodeficiency virus (shiv) strains and a rhesus macaque model of infection with these shivs. we induced the production of neutralizing antibodies (nabs) against hiv-1 by infecting rhesus macaques with different neutralization-resistant shiv strains. first, shiv-mk1 (mk1) (neutralization susceptible, tier 1b) with ccr5 tropism was generated from shiv-ks661 using cxcr4 as the main co-receptor. nabs against parental-lineag ... | 2019 | 30820667 |
| pharmacological characterization of a novel 5-hydroxybenzothiazolone-derived β2-adrenoceptor agonist with functional selectivity for anabolic effects on skeletal muscle resulting in a wider cardiovascular safety window in preclinical studies. | the anabolic effects of β2-adrenoceptor (β2-ar) agonists on skeletal muscle have been demonstrated in various species. however, the clinical use of β2-ar agonists for skeletal muscle wasting conditions has been limited by their undesired cardiovascular effects. here, we describe the preclinical pharmacological profile of a novel 5-hydroxybenzothiazolone (5-hob) derived β2-ar agonist in comparison with formoterol as a representative β2-ar agonist that have been well characterized. in vitro, 5-hob ... | 2019 | 30819762 |
| tissue engineered neural constructs composed of neural precursor cells, recombinant spidroin and prp for neural tissue regeneration. | we have designed a novel two-component matrix (sprpix) for the encapsulation of directly reprogrammed human neural precursor cells (drnpc). the matrix is comprised of 1) a solid anisotropic complex scaffold prepared by electrospinning a mixture of recombinant analogues of the spider dragline silk proteins - spidroin 1 (rs1/9) and spidroin 2 (rs2/12) - and polycaprolactone (pcl) (rss-pcl), and 2) a "liquid matrix" based on platelet-rich plasma (prp). the combination of prp and spidroin promoted d ... | 2019 | 30816182 |
| glucocorticoid negative feedback in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in rhesus monkeys with various types of adaptive behavior: individual and age-related differences. | the study of the mechanisms underlying the increased vulnerability of the individual to stressful environmental factors in different age periods is of great relevance for prevention and effective treatment of stress-dependent diseases that are widespread in the population of aging individuals. the purpose of our study was to investigate the individual and age-related features of the glucocorticoid negative feedback in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis, the key adaptive ... | 2019 | 30814974 |
| caspase-4 mediates cytoplasmic accumulation of tdp-43 in the primate brains. | the cytoplasmic accumulation of the nuclear tar dna-binding protein 43 (tdp-43) is a pathologic hallmark in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and other neurological disorders. however, most transgenic tdp-43 rodent models show predominant nuclear distribution of tdp-43 in the brain. by expressing mutant tdp-43 (m337v) in the brains of rhesus monkeys and mice, we verified that mutant tdp-43 is distributed in the cytoplasm of the monkey brain and that the majority o ... | 2019 | 30810811 |
| accurate and selective quantification of anthrax protective antigen in plasma by immunocapture and isotope dilution mass spectrometry. | anthrax protective antigen (83 kda, pa83) is an essential component of two major binary toxins produced by bacillus anthracis, lethal toxin (ltx) and edema toxin (etx). during infection, ltx and etx contribute to immune collapse, endothelial dysfunction, hemorrhage and high mortality. following protease cleavage on cell receptors or in circulation, the 20 kda (pa20) n-terminus is released, activating the 63 kda (pa63) form which binds lethal factor (lf) and edema factor (ef), facilitating their ... | 2019 | 30810119 |
| probabilistic inferential decision-making under time pressure in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). | decisions often involve the consideration of multiple cues, each of which may inform selection on the basis of learned probabilities. our ability to use probabilistic inference for decisions is bounded by uncertainty and constraints such as time pressure. previous work showed that when humans choose between visual objects in a multiple-cue, probabilistic task, they cope with time pressure by discounting the least informative cues, an example of satisficing or "good enough" decision-making. we te ... | 2019 | 30802087 |
| pre-clinical evaluation of cbd-nt3 modified collagen scaffolds in completely spinal cord transected non-human primates. | spinal cord injury (sci) repair is one of the most desirable but extremely challenging clinical problems. developing suitable animal models and validating the therapeutic interventions in these models is the prerequisite for sci repair improvement. non-human primates, closer to humans than other species, are considered to be ideal models for translating laboratory discoveries into human clinical trials. in this study, the acute thoracic (t9) complete transection model in rhesus monkeys was estab ... | 2019 | 30801232 |
| experimental evidence that female rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) perceive variation in male facial masculinity. | among many primate species, face shape is sexually dimorphic, and male facial masculinity has been proposed to influence female mate choice and male-male competition by signalling competitive ability. however, whether conspecifics pay attention to facial masculinity has only been assessed in humans. in a study of free-ranging rhesus macaques, macaca mulatta, we used a two-alternative look-time experiment to test whether females perceive male facial masculinity. we presented 107 females with pair ... | 2019 | 30800385 |
| histopathological features and composition of gut microbiota in rhesus monkey of alcoholic liver disease. | alcohol-induced chronic liver disease (ald) is becoming the most common liver disease in the world. however, there are no effective, universally accepted therapies for ald. the etiology of ald remains blurry so far. historical evidence has demonstrated a link between the liver and gut microbiota. but it is difficult to distinguish the effect of gut microbiota changes caused by alcohol consumption in humans since the microbiota change detected in humans is complicated by diet and environmental fa ... | 2019 | 30800107 |
| optogenetically induced low-frequency correlations impair perception. | deployment of covert attention to a spatial location can cause large decreases in low-frequency correlated variability among neurons in macaque area v4 whose receptive-fields lie at the attended location. it has been estimated that this reduction accounts for a substantial fraction of the attention-mediated improvement in sensory processing. these estimates depend on assumptions about how population signals are decoded and the conclusion that correlated variability impairs perception, is purely ... | 2019 | 30794156 |
| effective treatment of staphylococcal enterotoxin b aerosol intoxication in rhesus macaques by using two parenterally administered high-affinity monoclonal antibodies. | staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb) is a protein exotoxin found on the cell surface of staphylococcus aureus that is the source for multiple pathologies in humans. when purified and concentrated in aerosol form, seb can cause an acute and often fatal intoxication and thus is considered a biological threat agent. there are currently no vaccines or treatments approved for human use. studies with rodent models of seb intoxication show that antibody therapy may be a promising treatment strategy; howe ... | 2019 | 30782986 |
| a novel hexavalent capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (gbs6) for the prevention of neonatal group b streptococcal infections by maternal immunization. | group b streptococcus (gbs) causes serious diseases in newborn infants, often resulting in lifelong neurologic impairments or death. prophylactic vaccination of pregnant women prior to delivery could provide comprehensive protection, as early onset and late-onset disease and maternal complications potentially could be addressed. | 2019 | 30778554 |
| role of foxo3 activated by hiv-1 tat in hiv-associated neurocognitive disorder neuronal apoptosis. | there are numerous types of pathological changes in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-associated neurocognitive disorder (hand), including apoptosis of neurons. hiv-1 transactivator of transcription (tat) protein, which is encoded by hiv-1, may promote apoptosis in hand. forkhead box o3 (foxo3) is a multispecific transcription factor that has roles in many biological processes, including cellular apoptosis. the aim of this study was to determine whether foxo3 is activated by hiv-1 tat and to in ... | 2019 | 30778283 |
| hiv-1 vaccination by needle-free oral injection induces strong mucosal immunity and protects against shiv challenge. | the oral mucosa is an attractive site for mucosal vaccination, however the thick squamous epithelium limits antigen uptake. here we utilize a modified needle-free injector to deliver immunizations to the sublingual and buccal (sl/b) tissue of rhesus macaques. needle-free sl/b vaccination with modified vaccinia ankara (mva) and a recombinant trimeric gp120 protein generates strong vaccine-specific igg responses in serum as well as vaginal, rectal and salivary secretions. vaccine-induced igg respo ... | 2019 | 30778066 |
| characterization of the plasma proteome of nonhuman primates during ebola virus disease or melioidosis: a host response comparison. | in-depth examination of the plasma proteomic response to infection with a wide variety of pathogens can assist in the development of new diagnostic paradigms, while providing insight into the interdependent pathogenic processes which encompass a host's immunological and physiological responses. ebola virus (ebov) causes a highly lethal infection termed ebola virus disease (evd) in primates and humans. the gram negative non-spore forming bacillus burkholderia pseudomallei (bp) causes melioidosis ... | 2019 | 30774579 |
| a long-acting pyy3-36 analog mediates robust anorectic efficacy with minimal emesis in nonhuman primates. | the gut hormone pyy3-36 reduces food intake in humans and exhibits at least additive efficacy in combination with glp-1. however, the utility of pyy analogs as anti-obesity agents has been severely limited by emesis and rapid proteolysis, a profile similarly observed with native pyy3-36 in obese rhesus macaques. here, we found that antibody conjugation of a cyclized pyy3-36 analog achieved high npy2r selectivity, unprecedented in vivo stability, and gradual infusion-like exposure. these properti ... | 2019 | 30773465 |
| development of a novel frameless skull-mounted ball-joint guide array for use in image-guided neurosurgery. | successful convection-enhanced delivery of therapeutic agents to subcortical brain structures requires accurate cannula placement. stereotactic guiding devices have been developed to accurately target brain nuclei. however, technologies remain limited by a lack of mri compatibility, or by devices' size, making them suboptimal for direct gene delivery to brain parenchyma. the goal of this study was to validate the accuracy of a novel frameless skull-mounted ball-joint guide array (bjga) in target ... | 2019 | 30771782 |
| crispr/cas9-mediated pink1 deletion leads to neurodegeneration in rhesus monkeys. | | 2019 | 30770867 |
| dissociation of memory signals for metamemory in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). | some nonhuman species demonstrate metamemory, the ability to monitor and control memory. here, we identify memory signals that control metamemory judgments in rhesus monkeys by directly comparing performance in two metamemory paradigms while holding the availability of one memory signal constant and manipulating another. monkeys performed a four-choice match-to-sample memory task. in experiment 1, monkeys could decline memory tests on some trials for a small, guaranteed reward. in experiment 2, ... | 2019 | 30762160 |
| impaired cognitive flexibility after neonatal perirhinal lesions in rhesus macaques. | previous research indicated that monkeys with neonatal perirhinal lesions (neo-prh) were impaired on working memory (wm) tasks that generated proactive interference, but performed normally on wm tasks devoid of interference (weiss et al., 2016). this finding suggested that the early lesions disrupted cognitive processes important for resolving proactive interference, such as behavioral inhibition and cognitive flexibility. to distinguish between these possibilities, the same neo-prh monkeys and ... | 2019 | 30760985 |
| improvement of antibody functionality by structure-guided paratope engraftment. | broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnabs) represent a promising alternative to antiretroviral drugs for hiv-1 prevention and treatment. selected antibodies to the cd4-binding site bolster envelope trimer binding via quaternary contacts. here, we rationally engraft a new paratope, i.e., the extended heavy-chain framework region 3 (fr3) loop of vrc03, which mediates quaternary interaction, onto several potent bnabs, enabling them to reach an adjacent gp120 protomer. the interactive quaternary surfac ... | 2019 | 30760721 |
| adaptation of an r5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus encoding an hiv clade a envelope with or without ablation of adaptive host immunity: differential selection of viral mutants. | simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shiv) infection in rhesus macaques (rms) resembles human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection in humans and serves as a tool to evaluate candidate aids vaccines. hiv-1 clade a (hiv-a) predominates in parts of africa. we constructed an r5 clade a shiv (shiv-a; strain shiv-knh1144) carrying env from a kenyan hiv-a. shiv-a underwent rapid serial passage through six rms. to allow unbridled replication without adaptive immunity, we simultaneously ablate ... | 2019 | 30760566 |
| late effects of total body irradiation on hematopoietic recovery and immune function in rhesus macaques. | while exposure to radiation can be lifesaving in certain settings, it can also potentially result in long-lasting adverse effects, particularly to hematopoietic and immune cells. this study investigated hematopoietic recovery and immune function in rhesus macaques cross-sectionally (at a single time point) 2 to 5 years after exposure to a single large dose (6.5 to 8.4 gray) of total body radiation (tbi) derived from linear accelerator-derived photons (2 mev, 80 cgy/minute) or cobalt 60-derived g ... | 2019 | 30759098 |
| noradrenergic α1-adrenoceptor actions in the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. | noradrenergic (ne) α1-adrenoceptors (α1-ars) contribute to arousal mechanisms and play an important role in therapeutic medications such as those for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd). however, little is known about how α1-ar stimulation influences neuronal firing in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlpfc), a newly evolved region that is dysfunctional in ptsd and other mental illnesses. the current study examined the effects of α1-ar manipulation on neuronal firing in dlpf ... | 2019 | 30755491 |
| perturbation of macaque supplementary motor area produces context-independent changes in the probability of movement initiation. | the contribution of the supplementary motor area (sma) to movement initiation remains unclear. sma exhibits premovement activity across a variety of contexts, including externally cued and self-initiated movements. yet sma lesions impair initiation primarily for self-initiated movements. does sma influence initiation across contexts or does it play a more specialized role, perhaps contributing only when initiation is less dependent on external cues? to address this question, we perturbed sma act ... | 2019 | 30755488 |
| estradiol replacement timing and obesogenic diet effects on body composition and metabolism in postmenopausal macaques. | whether hormone replacement therapy has beneficial metabolic effects in postmenopausal women remains controversial because of between-study differences in menopausal duration, estrogen formulations, and diet. additionally, animal studies have not reflected the typical human obesogenic, western-style diet (wsd). in this study, we determined the effects of immediate 17β-estradiol (ime) or delayed 17β-estradiol treatment on weight and metabolism parameters in old ovo-hysterectomized rhesus macaques ... | 2019 | 30753523 |
| the new orleans alcohol use in hiv study: launching a translational investigation of the interaction of alcohol use with biological and socioenvironmental risk factors for multimorbidity in people living with hiv. | alcohol use disorders (auds) are highly prevalent in people living with hiv (plwh) and are associated with increased hiv risk behaviors, suboptimal treatment adherence, potential interaction with medication pharmacodynamics, and greater risk for disease progression. preclinical studies show that chronic binge alcohol administration accelerates disease progression and aggravates pathogenesis in the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected rhesus macaque model despite viral suppression by anti ... | 2019 | 30748025 |
| regional elevations in microglial activation and cerebral glucose utilization in frontal white matter tracts of rhesus monkeys following prolonged cocaine self-administration. | it has been shown that exposure to cocaine can result in neuroinflammatory responses. microglia, the resident cns immune cells, undergo a transition to an activated state when challenged. in rodents, and possibly humans, cocaine exposure activates microglia. the goal of this study was to assess the extent and magnitude of microglial activation in rhesus monkeys with an extensive history of cocaine self-administration. male rhesus monkeys (n = 4/group) were trained to respond on a fixed-interval ... | 2019 | 30747315 |
| offline impact of transcranial focused ultrasound on cortical activation in primates. | to understand brain circuits it is necessary both to record and manipulate their activity. transcranial ultrasound stimulation (tus) is a promising non-invasive brain stimulation technique. to date, investigations report short-lived neuromodulatory effects, but to deliver on its full potential for research and therapy, ultrasound protocols are required that induce longer-lasting 'offline' changes. here, we present a tus protocol that modulates brain activation in macaques for more than one hour ... | 2019 | 30747105 |
| genetic architecture of human obesity traits in the rhesus macaque. | whereas the metabolic consequences of obesity have been studied extensively in the rhesus macaque, corollary genetic studies of obesity are nonexistent. this study assessed genetic contributions to spontaneous adiposity in this species. | 2019 | 30741480 |
| effective chair training methods for neuroscience research involving rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). | neuroscience research using macaques remains fundamental in our endeavours to understand how the human brain functions. applying the refinement principle of the 3rs is essential to optimise the monkeys' welfare and still produces high quality science. | 2019 | 30738106 |
| discriminative stimulus effects of mecamylamine and nicotine in rhesus monkeys: central and peripheral mechanisms. | mecamylamine is a non-competitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr) antagonist that has been prescribed for hypertension and as an off-label smoking cessation aid. here, we examined pharmacological mechanisms underlying the interoceptive effects (i.e., discriminative stimulus effects) of mecamylamine (5.6 mg/kg s.c.) and compared the effects of nachr antagonists in this discrimination assay to their capacity to block a nicotine discriminative stimulus (1.78 mg/kg s.c.) in rhesus monkeys. ... | 2019 | 30738085 |
| reprogramming of meiotic chromatin architecture during spermatogenesis. | chromatin organization undergoes drastic reconfiguration during gametogenesis. however, the molecular reprogramming of three-dimensional chromatin structure in this process remains poorly understood for mammals, including primates. here, we examined three-dimensional chromatin architecture during spermatogenesis in rhesus monkey using low-input hi-c. interestingly, we found that topologically associating domains (tads) undergo dissolution and reestablishment in spermatogenesis. strikingly, pachy ... | 2019 | 30735655 |
| pach-ing it in: the peculiar organization of mammalian pachytene chromosomes. | in this issue of molecular cell, wang et al. (2019) use hi-c to visualize at high resolution the complex reprogramming of chromatin architecture during spermatogenesis in rhesus monkeys and mice. they find that pachytene spermatocytes have a unique chromosome organization that may result from the presence of the synaptonemal complex and transcription-associated proteins. | 2019 | 30735652 |