| [clinical trial of yu bhk rabivak vaccine against rabies in volunteers]. | the bhk (baby hamster kidney) continual cell line has been used for years in the production of rabies vaccine for animals. becouse of the rich harvesting of rabies virus from this cell substrate, there is no need of the an additional virus concentration, so that the vaccine production can be organised in small local pasteur institutes as well. although its long-range use in the veterinary medicine has proved that the bhk line is safe and that the vaccine is immunogenic, its use in the human medi ... | 2001 | 12078123 |
| rabies: doubtful and discordant results in fluorescent antibody test. | by a fluorescent antibody test animal brain samples were examined for the rabies antigen. two observers read the results. doubtful, suspicious or weak results in the test were reanalyzed in a virus isolation test on the murine neuroblastoma cell line. from 37 samples estimated doubtful by the fluorescent antibody test, 17 were positive in the virus isolation test. | 2001 | 12078124 |
| [10 years' of production and use of human rabies immunoglobulin in yugoslavia]. | application of the rabies immunoglobuline is a compulsory part of the prophylaxis of rabies in all severe, transdermal lesions caused by rabies infected animals. sylvatic rabies has spread in the past few years throughout the whole yugoslavia, and human cases of rabies have also been reported in other east european countries. in order to achieve the highest level of rabies prophylaxis, apart from postinfective rabies vaccination, it is necessary to provide passive immunization using specific ant ... | 2001 | 12078125 |
| characterization of sri lanka rabies virus isolates using nucleotide sequence analysis of nucleoprotein gene. | thirty-four suspected rabid brain samples from 2 humans, 24 dogs, 4 cats, 2 mongooses, i jackal and i water buffalo were collected in 1995-1996 in sri lanka. total rna was extracted directly from brain suspensions and examined using a one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) gene. twenty-eight samples were found positive for the virus n gene by rt-pcr and also for the virus antigens by fluorescent antibody (fa) test. rabies virus is ... | 2001 | 12083333 |
| characterization of the equilibrium between the native and fusion-inactive conformation of rabies virus glycoprotein indicates that the fusion complex is made of several trimers. | rabies virus-induced membrane fusion is triggered at low ph and is mediated by the trimeric viral glycoprotein (g). g assumes three conformations: the native state (n) detected above ph 7; the activated state (a), which initiates the fusion process; and the fusion-inactive conformation (i) observed after prolonged incubation at low ph. differently from other viral fusogenic glycoproteins, g in the i state recovers its native conformation when reincubated above ph 7. here, we demonstrate that the ... | 2002 | 12083843 |
| clinical and serological response of wild dogs (lycaon pictus) to vaccination against canine distemper, canine parvovirus infection and rabies. | wild dogs lycaon pictuis (n = 8) were vaccinated 4 times against canine distemper (n = 8) (initially with inactivated and subsequently with live attenuated strains of canine distemper) and canine parvovirus infection (n = 8) over a period of 360 days. four of the wild dogs were also vaccinated 3 times against rabies using a live oral vaccine and 4 with an inactivated parenteral vaccine. commercially-available canine distemper, canine parvovirus and parenteral rabies vaccines, intended for use in ... | 2002 | 12088076 |
| human viral superantigens: to be or not to be transactivated? | | 2002 | 12102742 |
| genealogical analyses of rabies virus strains from brazil based on n gene alleles. | thirty rabies virus isolates from cows and vampire bats from different regions of são paulo state, southeastern brazil and three rabies vaccines were studied genetically. the analysis was based on direct sequencing of pcr-amplified products of 600 nucleotides coding for the amino terminus of nucleoprotein gene. the sequences were checked to verify their genealogical and evolutionary relationships and possible implication for health programmes. statistical data indicated that there were no signif ... | 2002 | 12113496 |
| lyssavirus p gene characterisation provides insights into the phylogeny of the genus and identifies structural similarities and diversity within the encoded phosphoprotein. | a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the lyssavirus genus, employing p gene sequences from 128 isolates recovered globally, is presented. while confirming prior suggestions of the genetic distinctness of the australian bat lyssaviruses, these data also revealed a clear division within the rabies virus clade (genotype 1) between globally distributed viruses circulating predominantly in canid species (subgroup 1-1), and american strains harbored by both chiropteran and terrestrial hosts (subgr ... | 2002 | 12127791 |
| distribution of rabies virus in infected mice, vaccinated and submitted to p. acnes as immunomodulator. | the lethality and distribution of rabies virus were evaluated in swiss mice experimentally infected with street rabies virus, vaccinated and submitted to immunomodulation by p .acnes (formerly corynebacterium parvum). the animals were sacrificed at different times,when the different tissues were collected and submitted to fluorescent antibody test (fat) and mouse inoculation test (mit). the group submitted to vaccination and p. acnes treatment presented a percentage of survival superior to that ... | 2002 | 12135238 |
| rabies re-examined. | rabies is an acute, progressive, incurable viral encephalitis. the causative agents are neurotropic rna viruses in the family rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus. mammalian reservoirs include the carnivora and chiroptera, but rabid dogs still pose the greatest hazard worldwide. viral transmission occurs mainly via animal bite, and once the virus is deposited in peripheral wounds, centripetal passage occurs towards the central nervous system. after viral replication, there is centrifugal spread to ma ... | 2002 | 12144896 |
| genetic analysis of rabies virus isolates in the philippines. | to determine the genetic characteristics of the rabies virus in the philippines, 59 rabies virus isolates were obtained from domestic rabid dogs and their partial nucleotide sequences of nucleoprotein (n) gene were compared. based on comparison with reported sequences, phylogenetic analysis revealed that all isolates from the philippines had close genetic relations and formed two subgroups. the philippines isolates belonged to a different lineage from other asian isolates but were closer to them ... | 2002 | 12153119 |
| rabies virus is not cytolytic for rat spinal motoneurons in vitro. | cultures of purified rat embryonic spinal cord motoneurons were used to investigate the capacity of the neurons to survive rabies virus infection in vitro. in crude primary spinal cord cultures, neurons did not survive more than 2 days after rabies virus infection with the fixed strain challenge virus standard. in contrast, virus-infected purified motoneurons resisted cytolysis for at least 7 days, as also did infected motoneurons treated with conditioned medium sampled from rabies virus-infecte ... | 2002 | 12161815 |
| the rabies virus glycoprotein determines the distribution of different rabies virus strains in the brain. | the contribution of rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein (g) in viral distribution in the brain was examined by immunohistochemistry following stereotaxic inoculation into the rat hippocampus. viruses used in this study include the highly neuroinvasive challenge virus standard strains (cvs-n2c and cvs-b2c) and the nonneuroinvasive attenuated sn-10 strain, as well as sn-10-derived recombinant viruses expressing the g gene from cvs-n2c (rn2c) or cvs-b2c (rb2c). the distribution of recombinant viruses in ... | 2002 | 12161819 |
| expression in plants and immunogenicity of plant virus-based experimental rabies vaccine. | a new approach to the production and delivery of vaccine antigens is the use of engineered amino virus-based vectors. a chimeric peptide containing antigenic determinants from rabies virus glycoprotein (g protein) (amino acids 253-275) and nucleoprotein (n protein) (amino acids 404-418) was pcr-amplified and cloned as a translational fusion product with the alfalfa mosaic virus (almv) coat protein (cp). this recombinant cp was expressed in two plant virus-based expression systems. the first one ... | 2002 | 12163267 |
| rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) is a trimeric ligand for the n-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the mammalian p75 neurotrophin receptor. | rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) is a trimeric and surface-exposed viral coat protein that has been shown to interact with the murine p75 neurotrophin receptor. we have investigated binding of rvg to p75 and describe several features that distinguish the p75-rvg interaction from conventional neurotrophin binding to p75. rvg binds mammalian but not avian p75 and does not bind to any of the trk neurotrophin receptors. the mammalian p75 specificity of rvg binding may partly explain the phyletic spec ... | 2002 | 12163480 |
| calculating rabies virus neutralizing antibodies titres by flow cytometry. | the determination of the rabies neutralizing antibody (vna) response after immunization against rabies is an acceptable index of the efficacy of a vaccine and a successful treatment. several tests have been developed in attempt to improve the assessment of vna, from mice inoculation to cell-culture fluorescence inhibition tests. all of them, however, present special difficulties in terms of reading or accuracy. the present study describes a neutralization test performed in cell-culture appraised ... | 2002 | 12163908 |
| postexposure prophylaxis for prevention of rabies in dogs. | to evaluate postexposure prophylaxis (pep) in dogs experimentally infected with rabies. | 2002 | 12171160 |
| rabies viral antigen in extracranial organs: a post-mortem study. | rabies is a communicable disease and a significant health hazard. histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis depends on the demonstration of negri bodies - characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusions. in cases where these are not seen, immunohistochemistry serves as a useful adjunct. after its establishment in the central nervous system, the rabies virus is known to reach peripheral organs by a centrifugal spread. the present study was undertaken with the aim of demonstrating rabies viral an ... | 2002 | 12175346 |
| a rapid rt-pcr method to differentiate six established genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viruses using taqman technology. | a rapid and sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay incorporating taqman probes has been developed that can distinguish among the six established rabies and rabies-related virus genotypes. taqman probes were designed and validated against 106 rabies and rabies-related virus isolates, one isolate of the australian bat lyssaviruses (genotype 7), and 18 other non-rabies viruses important in the veterinary field. the n gene was used as the target for the probes as it ... | 2002 | 12176139 |
| flow cytometry assay for intracellular rabies virus detection. | following previous studies reporting microbiological diagnosis by flow cytometry, the possibility of using this method was examined to monitor infection of susceptible cell lines by a fixed rabies virus strain (pasteur virus strain-pv) or a wild rabies virus strain (wrs). suspensions of bhk-21 and c6 cells were infected with viruses and a time course of virus infection was established. sequentially, at several time points, infected and control uninfected cells were fixed, permeabilized, and stai ... | 2002 | 12176155 |
| emerging epidemiology of bat-associated cryptic cases of rabies in humans in the united states. | in the united states, during the past half-century, the number of humans to die of rabies dramatically decreased to an average of 1-2 per year. although the number of deaths is low, most deaths occur because individuals are unaware that they had been exposed to and infected with rabies virus, and, therefore, they do not seek effective postexposure treatment. molecular epidemiological studies have linked most of these cryptic rabies exposures to rabies virus variants associated with insectivorous ... | 2002 | 12203172 |
| rabies: recent developments. | rabies remains as one of the most feared zoonotic diseases in the world. all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to infection by the virus, but the main vectors of human infection are dogs and cats. the control of rabies largely depends on the prevention of infection of dogs and cats by vaccination in endemic areas and the control of their movement, including measures of quarantine and vaccination, in rabies-free countries. this paper provides an overview on recent developments in rabies, with ... | 2002 | 12208103 |
| density gradients of trans-synaptically labeled collicular neurons after injections of rabies virus in the lateral rectus muscle of the rhesus monkey. | we evaluated the two-dimensional distribution of superior colliculus (sc) neurons visualized after retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus injected into the lateral rectus muscle of rhesus monkeys to test whether the density of projection neurons might play a role in the spatiotemporal transformation and vector decomposition. if this were the case, the number of horizontal eye movement-related sc neurons should increase with their distance from the rostral pole of the sc and decrease ... | 2002 | 12210129 |
| rabies intradermal post-exposure vaccination of humans using reconstituted and stored vaccine. | thailand's northern petchabun province is endemic for canine rabies. there were 27 reported human rabies deaths between 1989 and 1998. a rabies control plan was formulated in 1997 between medical and veterinary public health officials. it started an intense education program and an ongoing dog vaccination campaign. economic constraints and the high cost of biological were the main reasons for inadequate human post-exposure management (pet). it was therefore decided to use the economical thai red ... | 2002 | 12213396 |
| transcriptional control of the rna-dependent rna polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus. | the nonsegmented negative strand (nns) rna viruses include some of the mosr problematic human, animal and plant pathogens extant: for example, rabies virus, ebola virus, respiratory syncytial virus, the parainfluenza viruses, measles and infectious hemapoietic necrosis virus. the key feature of transcriptional control in the nns rna viruses is polymerase entry at a single 3' proximal site followed by obligatory sequential transcription of the linear array of genes. the levels of gene expression ... | 2002 | 12213662 |
| studies on the escape mutants of rabies virus which are resistant to neutralization by a highly conserved conformational epitope-specific monoclonal antibody #1-46-12. | we investigated a virus-neutralizing conformational epitope of the rabies virus glycoprotein (g) that is recognized by an anti-g monoclonal antibody (mab; #1-46-12) and shared by most of the laboratory strains of the virus. to investigate the epitope structure, we isolated escape mutants from the hep-flury virus (wild-type; wt) after repeated passages in culture in the presence of the mab. immunofluorescence studies indicated that the mutants could be classified into two groups; the group i lack ... | 2002 | 12222931 |
| studies on the rabies virus rna polymerase: 3. two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of the multiplicity of non-catalytic subunit (p protein). | we described previously (takamatsu et al., 1998. microbiol. immunol. 42: 761-771) the rabies virus p protein as being composed of several components of different sizes, among which the full-sized major components were termed as p40 and p37 according to their electrophoretic mobilities, and radiolabeling studies with [32p]phosphate implied that p40 was a hyperphosphorylated form. we further examined here these proteins by two-dimensional (2-d) gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, showing that ... | 2002 | 12222932 |
| [rhabdovirus--the possibility of rabies reemergence in rabies free japan]. | | 2002 | 12227175 |
| human rabies--california, 2002. | on march 31, 2002, a man aged 28 years residing in glenn county, california, died from rabies encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated with the mexican free-tailed bat (tadarida brasiliensis) (figure). this report summarizes the investigation by the glenn county health department (gchd) and the california department of health services (cdhs). persons who observe abnormal behavior in any wildlife species should contact animal control or animal rescue agencies immediately and shoul ... | 2002 | 12233911 |
| infectious diseases in mexico. a survey from 1995-2000. | data obtained at a central laboratory for emerging, re-emerging, and other infectious diseases in mexico from 1995-2000 are presented. an outstanding increase of den-3 circulation was identified. aedes aegypti, the dengue vector, is widely distributed. leptospirosis has become the most important differential diagnosis for dengue. identification of rabies virus variants allowed cataloging of new transmitters of rabies. rotavirus showed a clear seasonal distribution, while different proportions of ... | 2002 | 12234523 |
| viral encephalitis. | | 2002 | 12241681 |
| vaccination of vampire bats using recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus. | adult vampire bats (desmodus rotundus) were vaccinated by intramuscular, scarification, oral, or aerosol routes (n = 8 in each group) using a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus. sera were obtained before and 30 days after vaccination. all animals were then challenged intramuscularly with a lethal dose of rabies virus. neutralizing antirabies antibodies were measured by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit). seroconversion was observed with each of the routes employed, but s ... | 2002 | 12243138 |
| [contact with a bat]. | | 2002 | 12244855 |
| current approaches to rabies prevention and prophylaxis. | | 2002 | 12271854 |
| human rabies--tennessee, 2002. | on august 31,2002, a boy aged 13 years residing in franklin county, tennessee, died from rabies encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated with silver-haired and eastern pipistrelle bats. this report summarizes the investigation by the tennessee department of health (tdh). persons should avoid direct contact with bats, other wildlife, and stray or ill domestic animals; however, if direct contact with bats has occurred, exposed persons should see their health-care provider, and the ... | 2002 | 12353742 |
| mutations conferring resistance to neutralization by a soluble form of the neurotrophin receptor (p75ntr) map outside of the known antigenic sites of the rabies virus glycoprotein. | the neurotrophin receptor (p75ntr) serves as a receptor for rabies virus (rv). we expressed and purified a soluble chimera consisting of the p75ntr ectodomain fused to the human immunoglobulin g1 (igg1) fc fragment (p75-fc). although p75-fc interacts with rv, the infectivity of rv did not decrease significantly when it was incubated in the presence of the soluble receptor alone. however, when it was subsequently incubated with an antihuman igg directed against the fc fragment of p75-fc, the infe ... | 2002 | 12368318 |
| immunogenicity and efficacy of fermi-type nerve tissue rabies vaccine in mice and in humans undergoing post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies in ethiopia. | rabies is an acute viral encephalitis that is invariably fatal following the manifestations of clinical signs. to subvert the course of the disease, rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) is widely utilized. the immunogenicity and efficacy of fermi-type rabies vaccine produced in ethiopia was determined in mice subjected to intracranial challenge with rabies virus, and in humans undergoing rabies pep in ethiopia. mice were randomly assigned into 5 groups. group 1 received 0.25 ml each of phenoli ... | 2001 | 12380231 |
| neuronal premotor networks involved in eyelid responses: retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the orbicularis oculi muscle in the rat. | retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the right orbicularis oculi muscle was used to identify neural networks underlying spontaneous, reflex, and learned blinks. the kinetics of viral transfer was studied at sequential 12 hr intervals between 3 and 5 d after inoculation. rabies virus immunolabeling was combined with the immunohistochemical detection of choline acetyltransferase expression in brainstem motoneurons or fluoro-ruby injections in the rubrospinal tract. virus uptake ... | 2002 | 12388587 |
| canine vaccine recipients recognize an immunodominant region of the rabies virus glycoprotein. | to investigate the immune response to anti-rabies vaccination in the principal recipient (the domestic dog), four truncated fragments of the rabies virus glycoprotein were expressed as glutathione s-transferase fusion proteins. immune sera from vaccinated rabbits and dogs were then used to probe for reactivity with these expressed proteins. in two rabbits and four dogs tested, the dominant antibody response to non-conformational antigenic sites appeared to be directed to a region of the glycopro ... | 2002 | 12388801 |
| a retrospective study on adverse reactions to canine vaccines in japan. | adverse reactions to vaccines were examined in 311 canine cases reported to the ministry of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in japan during the period of 6 years from april of 1994 to march of 2000, and classified according to their clinical symptoms. there were 27 cases of adverse reactions to rabies virus vaccines. gastrointestinal symptoms were the most frequently observed (26%), followed by respiratory and/or cardiovascular symptoms (22%) and dermatologic symptoms (11%). there were 284 c ... | 2002 | 12399614 |
| synthesis, conformation and t-helper cell stimulation of an o-linked glycopeptide epitope containing extended carbohydrate side-chains. | to answer the question whether or not t cells to immunodominant protein fragments recognize glycosylated antigens, we synthesized a series of glycopeptides corresponding to peptide 31d, a major t-helper cell epitope of the rabies virus nucleoprotein. thr4 of the epitope is known to allow mono- or disaccharide side-chain substitutions in either alpha- or beta-anomeric configuration without interfering with mhc-binding. to model naturally occurring glycoprotein fragments that carry extended sugar ... | 2002 | 12413838 |
| genetic and antigenic typing of rabies virus in chile. brief report. | forty-one isolates of rabies virus from insectivorous bats and one from a domestic cat in chile, were characterized using eight anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies (n-mabs) and by nucleotide sequence analysis. thirty-two isolates were identified as antigenic variant 4 associated with tadarida brasiliensis bats, twenty-eight were genetically associated with variant tadarida brasiliensis and four with lasiurus sp. bats. one isolate was identified as antigenic variant 3 associated with desmodu ... | 2002 | 12417953 |
| investigation of a human case of rabies in the united kingdom. | in may of 2001 a nigerian woman visiting the united kingdom presented with fever, headache and difficulty swallowing. within 24 h she showed a marked deterioration and died shortly afterwards. autopsy samples from a range of tissues were analysed to confirm a clinical diagnosis of rabies. phylogenetic analysis of the viral nucleoprotein gene confirmed that this was an infection with a genotype 1 virus (classical rabies) belonging to the africa 2 group, which is endemic in northern africa. compar ... | 2002 | 12423699 |
| case report: rapid ante-mortem diagnosis of a human case of rabies imported into the uk from the philippines. | the united kingdom is free from rabies, with the last human death from indigenous rabies recorded in 1902. however, between 1946 and 2000, 20 deaths were reported in the united kingdom in people who were bitten and infected while abroad in rabies endemic areas. the rapid diagnosis of suspected human rabies cases influences the use of anti-rabies post-exposure prophylaxis for potential contacts with the victim. in addition, the occurrence of a human rabies case requires urgent investigation to su ... | 2003 | 12436491 |
| rabies virus p and small p products interact directly with pml and reorganize pml nuclear bodies. | the interferon-induced promyelocytic leukaemia (pml) protein localizes both in the nucleoplasm and in matrix-associated multi-protein complexes known as nuclear bodies (nbs). nbs are disorganized in acute promyelocytic leukaemia or during some viral infections, suggesting that pml nbs could be a part of cellular defense mechanism. rabies virus, a member of the rhabdoviridae family, replicates in the cytoplasm. rabies phosphoprotein p and four other amino-terminally truncated products (p2, p3, p4 ... | 2002 | 12439746 |
| [anti-rabies antibody titers among subjects who received rabies post-exposure prophylaxis with foreign-made rabies vaccines at the beginning and followed with japanese rabies vaccine]. | recently travelers who were bitten by possibly rabid animals in rabies endemic regions and returned to japan have increased in number. about half of them received rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (rpep) with one or more doses of foreign-made rabies vaccines (frv) in the local medical institutions. frv, however, are not available in japan so we have to continue the rpep with japanese rabies vaccine (jrv). it has not been demonstrated that an anti-rabies antibody induced with jrv following vero ce ... | 2002 | 12448848 |
| thermo-stability of the oral rabies virus vaccines sad b19 and sad p5/88. | the thermo-stability of two widely used oral rabies vaccine viruses, sad b19 and sad p5/88, was examined under various laboratory and field conditions. in the laboratory, both vaccine viruses were kept at 35 degrees c and titrated after 3 days. the titer of both vaccine viruses was also determined after 4 and 7 days when stored at 20 degrees c. furthermore, vaccine baits were placed in three different micro-environments during two successive 21-day observation periods (11.9.01-2.10.01 and 2.10.0 ... | 2002 | 12448972 |
| pathogenesis studies with australian bat lyssavirus in grey-headed flying foxes (pteropus poliocephalus). | to examine the susceptibility of the grey-headed flying fox (pteropus poliocephalus) to australian bat lyssavirus (abl), and to provide preliminary observations on the pathogenesis of the disease in flying foxes. | 2002 | 12465817 |
| structural relationship between nucleocapsid-binding activity of the rabies virus phosphoprotein (p) and exposure of epitope 402-13 located at the c terminus. | the structural changes of the nominal phosphoprotein (p) of rabies virus using a monoclonal antibody, mab #402-13, was investigated. this mab recognized a linear epitope that was mapped roughly to a c-terminal region of the p protein, ranging from aa 256 to 297. the p gene products were detected by the mab in immunoblot assays, the products of which were produced either in bhk-21 cells or in escherichia coli cells. the mab, however, detected very low levels of p gene products in immunoprecipitat ... | 2002 | 12466480 |
| studies on the different conditions for rabies virus neutralization by monoclonal antibodies #1-46-12 and #7-1-9. | virus-neutralizing activity of two monoclonal antibodies (mabs), #7-1-9 and #1-46-12, against rabies virus glycoprotein (g) was compared. although these mabs affected the virion's ability to bind to host cells similarly, a big difference was found in the titres of virus neutralization (1:7132 and 1:32 for mabs #1-46-12 and #7-1-9, respectively, at a concentration of 10 micro g protein/ml). although no big difference in virion-binding affinity between the two mabs was found, the number of antibod ... | 2002 | 12466481 |
| second-generation rabies virus-based vaccine vectors expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag have greatly reduced pathogenicity but are highly immunogenic. | rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vectors show great promise as vaccines against other viral diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection and hepatitis c, but a low residual pathogenicity remains a concern for their use. here we describe several highly attenuated second-generation rv-based vaccine vehicles expressing hiv-1 gag. for this approach, we modified the previously described rv vaccine vector spbn by replacing the arginine at position 333 (r333) within the ... | 2003 | 12477829 |
| [ferrets in veterinary practice]. | ferrets (mustela putorius furo) show up with increasing frequency in veterinary practice. originally domesticated for hunting of rodents and rabbits, they became very popular pets which require legal permission though and the further fulfillment of various husbandry needs. ferrets have to be maintained on a high protein diet which in practice is often done with commercial feline products. physical examination is similar to dogs and cats whereas the frequent occurrence of non-specific symptoms re ... | 2002 | 12481538 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2001. | during 2001, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,437 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of < 1% from 7,364 cases in nonhuman animals and 5 human cases reported in 2000. more than 93% (6,939 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.7% (497 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93.0% in wild animals and 6.9% in domestic species in 2000). the number of cases reported in 2001 increased among bats, cat ... | 2002 | 12494966 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. human rabies--tennessee, 2002. | | 2002 | 12495403 |
| an improved method for recovering rabies virus from cloned cdna. | a new system for recovery of rabies virus from cdna plasmid, the transcription of which was driven by cellular rna polymerase ii, was developed. the plasmid contains full-length viral cdna flanked by hammerhead ribozyme and hepatitis delta ribozyme sequences, arranged downstream of the cytomegalovirus (cmv) promotor. transfection with the full-length cdna plasmid together with helper plasmids encoding viral n, p, and l proteins without supply of t7 rna polymerase produced a recombinant rabies vi ... | 2003 | 12505638 |
| [immune response of mice to replication-defective recombinant adenovirus containing glycoprotein gene of rabies virus 3ag strain]. | to evaluate the immune response, of mice immunized with e1, e3 deleted replicative deficient recombinant adenovirus which can express glycoprotein of chinese 3ag rabies virus. | 2001 | 12526306 |
| [old and new prescriptions for infectious diseases and the newest recipes for biomedical products in plants]. | the three antiviral vaccines discovered in the 18th century (smallpox), 19th century (rabies), and 20th century (polio) share a common feature: none would ever be licensed today for human vaccination. yet jenner's smallpox vaccine led to the eradication of smallpox, pasteur's rabies vaccine represented the first successful post-exposure treatment of people bitten by rabid animals, and polio vaccine administered since its discovery in 1950 is leading to the eradication of polio (in the years 2004 ... | 2002 | 12549429 |
| a molecular epidemiological study of australian bat lyssavirus. | the genetic diversity of australian bat lyssavirus (abl) was investigated by comparing 24 abl isolate glycoprotein (g) gene nucleotide sequences with those of 37 lyssaviruses representing lyssavirus genotypes 1-6. phylogenetic analyses indicated that abl forms a monophyletic group separate from other lyssaviruses. this group differentiates into two clades: one associated with pteropus (flying fox) species, the other with the insectivorous bat saccolaimus flaviventris. calculation of percentage n ... | 2003 | 12560583 |
| experience of human rabies in north india. | rabies is one of the most common causes of human encephalitis in developing countries. this study shows the diagnosis of rabies among suspected human rabies encephalitis cases by seller stain, flourescent stain as well as mouse inoculation test. out of 71 postmortem brain specimens, 26 were diagnosed as rabies positive. negri bodies were demonstrated in 18 (25.4%) brain saples by seller stain. flourescent antibody technique could detect rabies antigen in 21 (29.6%) samples. rabies virus could be ... | 2001 | 12561994 |
| evaluation of rabies virus neutralizing antibody titres induced by intramuscular inoculation of rabies dna vaccine in mice and bonnet monkeys (macaca radiata). | a rabies dna vaccine consisting of plasmid dna expressing the rabies virus surface glycoprotein was injected (im) twice at two week interval to outbred swiss mice or bonnet monkeys (macaca radiata) and the levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (vna) titres were examined over a one year period. in mice, the vna titre was maintained above the minimum protective level (0.5 i.u./ml) up to 10 months after primary immunization, while in monkeys, the titre dropped below the protective level by 6 ... | 2001 | 12562014 |
| [construction and characterization of non-replicating recombinant vaccinia virus expressing rabies glycoprotein]. | to improve the safety of recombinant vaccinia rabies virus, the non-replicating recombinant vaccinia rabies virus vtkrg delta ck was constructed. | 1999 | 12569788 |
| human rabies--iowa, 2002. | on september 28, 2002, a man aged 20 years residing in linn county, iowa, died from rabies encephalitis caused by infection with a variant of rabies virus associated with silver-haired (lasionycteris noctivagans) and eastern pipistrelle (pipistrellus subflavus) bats. this is the first case of human rabies in iowa since 1951. this report summarizes the investigation of the case by the linn county and iowa public health departments. bats found in living quarters should be submitted to local public ... | 2003 | 12570321 |
| differential stability and fusion activity of lyssavirus glycoprotein trimers. | the oligomeric structure and the fusion activity of lyssavirus glycoprotein (g) was studied by comparing g from mokola virus (gmok) and rabies virus (pv strain) (gpv), which are highly divergent lyssaviruses. g expressed at the surface of bsr cells upon either plasmid transfection or virus infection are shown to be mainly trimeric after cross-linking experiments. however, solubilization by a detergent (chaps) and analysis in sucrose sedimentation gradient evidenced that gmok trimer is less stabl ... | 2003 | 12573496 |
| molecular epidemiology of canid rabies in zimbabwe and south africa. | the epidemiology of rabies in southern africa is complex, due to a large number of vector species and the presence of at least two distinct biotypes of the virus. our objective was to contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology of rabies in the southern african subcontinent by studying the genetic relationship of 89 rabies virus isolates from this region. in this study, we have focused on an analysis of viruses that cycle in canid host species (canid biotype) throughout south africa and ... | 2003 | 12573499 |
| t helper cell-independent antibody responses to the transgene product of an e1-deleted adenoviral vaccine require nk1.1 t cells. | mice lacking cd4(+) t cells due to a knock-out mutation respond to vaccination with a replication-defective adenoviral recombinant expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus with a long-lasting virus-neutralizing antibody response. the vaccine-induced b cells secrete antibodies that are mainly of igg isotypes. the response can be enhanced upon booster immunization, indicating the induction of b cell memory in the absence of cd4(+) t cells. the antibody response is independent of cd8(+) t cells ... | 2003 | 12573585 |
| isolation and characterisation of the rabies virus n degrees-p complex produced in insect cells. | when the nucleoprotein (n) of nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses is expressed in insect cells, it binds to cellular rna and forms n-rna complexes just like viral nucleocapsids. however, in virus-infected cells, n is prevented from binding to cellular rna because a soluble complex is formed between n and the viral phosphoprotein (p), the n degrees -p complex. n is only released from this complex for binding to newly made viral or complementary rna. we coexpressed rabies virus n and p protei ... | 2003 | 12573586 |
| diagnosis of rabies by use of brain tissue dried on filter paper. | | 2003 | 12594654 |
| connecting the dots: trafficking of neurotrophins, lectins and diverse pathogens by binding to the neurotrophin receptor p75ntr. | the common receptor for neurotrophins, p75, has important roles in internalization and trafficking of neurotrophins along axons. recent studies show that an astonishing array of proteins, including lectins, pathogens and neurotoxins, bind the p75 receptor, suggesting that they can hijack and utilize this receptor for trafficking between neuronal populations within the nervous system. such pathogens include the neurologically important rabies viruses, prion proteins, beta-amyloid and possibly tet ... | 2003 | 12603257 |
| emerging pattern of rabies deaths and increased viral infectivity. | most human rabies deaths in the united states can be attributed to unrecognized exposures to rabies viruses associated with bats, particularly those associated with two infrequently encountered bat species (lasionycteris noctivagans and pipistrellus subflavus). these human rabies cases tend to cluster in the southeastern and northwestern united states. in these regions, most rabies deaths associated with bats in nonhuman terrestrial mammals are also associated with virus variants specific to the ... | 2003 | 12603983 |
| bugs in the brain. | | 2003 | 12616864 |
| trends in national surveillance for rabies among bats in the united states (1993-2000). | to describe surveillance trends and epidemiologic features of rabies in bats in the united states, focusing on 3 bat species primarily associated with variants of the rabies virus that affect humans. | 2003 | 12619845 |
| inactivated rabies vaccine control and release: use of an elisa method. | quality control of human rabies vaccines performed by national control laboratories (ncls) prior to marketing vaccines batches requires in vivo and in vitro potency assays as requested by the relevant european pharmacopoeia monographs, omcls guidelines and who technical recommendations. the aim of the present study was to check the suitability of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using a virus neutralizing monoclonal antibody, directed to the rabies virus glycoprotein, to monitor the ... | 2003 | 12623055 |
| the importance of a high index of suspicion in rabies. | | 2003 | 12630728 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. human rabies--iowa, 2002. | | 2003 | 12633196 |
| epidemiological situation of rabies in lithuania from 1990 to 2000. | the epidemiological situation of rabies was investigated in lithuania. over the last decade, 2277 cases of rabies were registered among wild and domestic animals (mean number of cases per districts was 44). the highest distribution of rabies was found in the districts of lazdijai and utena (116 and 81 cases, respectively), and the lowest in the svencioniai and zarasai districts (one and eight cases, respectively). it was found that rabies among wildlife comprised 54% with the majority of cases b ... | 2003 | 12636997 |
| discrimination between dog-related and vampire bat-related rabies viruses in brazil by strain-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. | there is a geographical overlap between the two main rabies epidemiological cycles maintained by dogs and vampire bats in latin america. the geographical and temporal coincidence of rabies outbreaks of respective origins is not unusual in rural areas of latin america. these circumstances make it difficult to discriminate the intraspecies and interspecies transmission pathways of rabies. | 2003 | 12637081 |
| rabies in sri lanka: splendid isolation. | rabies virus exists in dogs on sri lanka as a single, minimally divergent lineage only distantly related to other rabies virus lineages in asia. stable, geographically isolated virus populations are susceptible to local extinction. a fully implemented rabies-control campaign could make sri lanka the first asian country in >30 years to become free of rabies virus. | 2003 | 12643834 |
| rabies epizootics among raccoons vary along a north-south gradient in the eastern united states. | the characteristics of rabies epizootics among raccoons were investigated in 11 eastern states along a north-south gradient from new york to north carolina. epizootics were defined as discrete intervals of time of at least 5 months in duration, when reported cases of raccoon rabies from an individual county exceeded the median value of raccoon rabies cases reported by that county over the entire period rabies was present among raccoons in the county. over the approximately 20-year study period, ... | 2001 | 12653126 |
| risk factors for human exposure to raccoon rabies during an epizootic in connecticut. | the emergence of rabies among terrestrial wildlife poses increasing but poorly defined risks to people. in particular, events leading to human exposure to rabies virus via mammalian reservoirs remain elusive. thus, we determined those risk factors associated with human exposure to rabies-positive animals during a raccoon rabies epizootic in connecticut. existing passive surveillance data on animal rabies tests in connecticut from 1991 through 1994 were evaluated for demographic, ecological, and ... | 2001 | 12653149 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies epizootics in colombia: evidence for human and dog rabies associated with bats. | three urban rabies outbreaks have been reported in colombia during the last two decades, one of these is occurring in the caribbean region (northern colombia), while the other two occurred almost simultaneously in arauca (eastern colombia) and in the central region and ended in 1997. in order to derive phylogenetic relationships between rabies viruses isolated in these three areas, 902 nt cdna fragments encoding the cytoplasmic domain of protein g and a fragment of protein l were obtained by rt- ... | 2003 | 12655080 |
| immunogenicity of a recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-canarypox vaccine in hiv-seronegative ugandan volunteers: results of the hiv network for prevention trials 007 vaccine study. | in the first preventative human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) vaccine study to be carried out in africa, 40 hiv-seronegative ugandan volunteers were randomly assigned to receive a canarypox vector containing hiv-1 clade b (env and gag-pro) antigens (alvac-hiv; n = 20), control vector containing the rabies virus glycoprotein g gene (n = 10), or saline placebo (n = 10). cytotoxic t lymphocyte activity against target cells expressing clade a, b, and d antigens was assessed using standard chromium-re ... | 2003 | 12660934 |
| appropriate rabies postexposure prophylaxis. | | 2003 | 12666375 |
| immune response to japanese rabies vaccine in domestic dogs. | to evaluate the immune response induced by japanese rabies vaccine for veterinary use as international units (iu), we measured levels of rabies antibody in serum samples from dogs by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit). in dogs immunized with a reference vaccine (potency level of 3.1 iu/ml), prepared by the same method as that used to produce commercial vaccine, and its dilutions (1 : 2 or 1 : 4), neutralizing-antibody levels increased to 1.0-2.0 iu/ml over a period of 1 month an ... | 2003 | 12675902 |
| risk factors associated with travel to rabies endemic countries. | increased travel to exotic destinations around the world is escalating the risk that an emerging virus may be imported into the uk. rabies should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any encephalitic illness presenting in an appropriate epidemiological context. molecular diagnostic tests that can rapidly discriminate rabies from other suspected infections will influence the use of anti-rabies prophylaxis for potential contacts with the victim. in 2001, the uk had two confirmed human ra ... | 2003 | 12675934 |
| effects of vaccine route and dosage on protection from rabies after intracerebral challenge in mice. | to evaluate the effect of various routes of administration and number of doses of 3 commercially produced rabies vaccines on serum antibody responses and protection in mice challenged by intracerebral injection with fixed-strain rabies virus. | 2003 | 12693542 |
| effect of heterogeneity of rabies virus strain and challenge route on efficacy of inactivated rabies vaccines in mice. | to determine effect of route of challenge and strain of rabies virus on efficacy of inactivated rabies vaccines in mice. | 2003 | 12693543 |
| [molecular epidemiology of rabies epizootics in colombia, 1994-2002: evidence of human and canine rabies associated with chiroptera]. | three urban rabies outbreaks have been reported in colombia during the last two decades, one of which is ongoing in the caribbean region (northern colombia). the earlier outbreaks occurred almost simultaneously in arauca (eastern colombia) and in the central region, ending in 1997. phylogenetic relationships among rabies viruses isolated from the three areas were based on a comparison of cdna fragments coding for the endodomain of protein g and a fragment of l protein obtained by rt-pcr. the seq ... | 2003 | 12696396 |
| isolation of a european bat lyssavirus type 2 from a daubenton's bat in the united kingdom. | european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2) has been isolated once previously from a bat in the uk in june 1996. in september 2002, a daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) found in lancashire developed abnormal behaviour, including unprovoked aggression, while it was in captivity. brain samples from the bat were tested for virus of the lyssavirus genus, which includes eblv-2 (genotype 6), and classical rabies virus (genotype 1). a positive fluorescent antibody test confirmed that it was infected with ... | 2003 | 12696703 |
| rabies virus infection: an update. | there are still many unanswered questions in the pathogenesis of rabies, but recent progress has been made. during most of the long incubation period of rabies, the virus likely remains close the site of viral entry. centripetal spread to the central nervous system and spread within the central nervous system occur by fast axonal transport. neuronal dysfunction, rather than neuronal death, is responsible for the clinical features and fatal outcome in natural rabies. recent work has changed our p ... | 2003 | 12707856 |
| rabies virus nucleoprotein is phosphorylated by cellular casein kinase ii. | it has been reported that phosphorylation of rabies virus n plays an important role in the process of viral transcription and replication. rabies virus n is phosphorylated when expressed alone, indicating that cellular kinase phosphorylates rabies virus n. to identify what cellular kinase phosphorylates rabies virus n, the n was expressed in escherichia coli and purified by metal affinity chromatography. the recombinant n was phosphorylated by bhk cellular extracts and by purified ck-ii. in addi ... | 2003 | 12711319 |
| [rabies virus]. | | 2003 | 12718023 |
| [epidemiology and epizootiology of rabies in krasnodar region]. | in 1995-1999 the aggravation of the epidemiological situation in rabies took place in the krasnodar territory. in the region of great sochi this was due to the emergency situation (armed conflict) on the adjoining territory (in abkhazia), which led to the migration of domestic animals, turning wild, to the black sea coast where the situation with this infection had earlier been favorable. in 1995-1997 on the territory of great sochi 4 persons died of rabies as a consequence of getting dog bites ... | 2001 | 12718186 |
| immunogenicity of purified chick embryo cell anti-rabies vaccine in post-exposure treatment of animal bite cases. | the observations on immunogenicity of purified chick embryo cell (pcec) anti rabies vaccination in post-exposure prophylaxis is reported. in total 207 serum samples collected from patients receiving 3 to 6 doses of pcec were analysed for the presence of anti-rabies antibodies. the samples were collected from 10 days to 11 months after the last dose of vaccine. all the vaccinees (n=33) tested after 3 doses of pcec showed protective titres (> or = 0.5 iu/ml) and those receiving 5-6 doses (n=161) s ... | 2002 | 12718340 |
| [rabies]. | | 2003 | 12722232 |
| differential expression of growth factors at the cellular level in virus-infected brain. | the contribution of host factors to rabies virus (rv) transcription/replication and axonal/transsynaptic spread is largely unknown. we previously identified several host genes that are up-regulated in the mouse brain during rv infection, including neuroleukin, which is involved in neuronal growth and survival, cell motility, and differentiation, and fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 4 (fhf4), which has been implicated in limb and nervous system development. in this study, we used real-t ... | 2003 | 12736376 |
| a comparison of dna vaccines for the rabies-related virus, mokola. | mokola virus, a rabies-related virus, has been reported to date from the african continent only. like rabies virus, it is highly pathogenic, causes acute encephalitis, and zoonotic events have been documented. although believed to be rare, there has been an unexplained increase in the number of isolations of the virus in south africa in recent years. we have cloned and sequenced the glycoprotein (g) and nucleoprotein (n) genes from a south african mokola virus, and used these in the construction ... | 2003 | 12744896 |
| a novel process for the production of a veterinary rabies vaccine in bhk-21 cells grown on microcarriers in a 20-l bioreactor. | we studied bhk-21 cells growth in a 2-l bioreactor and investigated the effects of microcarrier concentration, type of growth medium, culture mode and serum concentration. the highest cell density reached was equal to 4x10(6) cells/ml and was achieved in minimum essential medium supplemented with hanks' salts, non-essential amino acids and 5% fetal calf serum, using a perfusion culture mode and a microcarrier concentration of 4 g cytodex 3/l. we studied rabies virus production (pv/bhk-21 strain) ... | 2003 | 12764557 |
| rabies virus matrix protein regulates the balance of virus transcription and replication. | rna synthesis by negative-strand rna viruses (nsvs) involves transcription of subgenomic mrnas and replication of ribonucleoprotein complexes. in this study, the envelope matrix (m) protein of rabies virus (rv) was identified as a factor which inhibits transcription and stimulates replication. transcription, but not replication, of rv minigenomes or of full-length rv was decreased by expression of heterologous m. since rv assembly involving m and the glycoprotein g renders virus synthetically qu ... | 2003 | 12771432 |
| human rabies: a reemerging disease in costa rica? | two human rabies cases caused by a bat-associated virus variant were identified in september 2001 in costa rica, after a 31-year absence of the disease in humans. both patients lived in a rural area where cattle had a high risk for bat bites, but neither person had a definitive history of being bitten by a rabid animal. characterization of the rabies viruses from the patients showed that the reservoir was the hematophagous vampire bat, desmodus rotundus, and that a sick cat was the vector. | 2003 | 12781014 |