| antemortem detection of prpcwd in preclinical, ranch-raised rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) by biopsy of the rectal mucosa. | antemortem biopsy of the rectal mucosa was evaluated as a method for the preclinical diagnosis of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in a herd of ranch-raised rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) quarantined because of exposure to cwd. biopsy samples were obtained from 41 elk during the winter of 2005-2006 and from 26 elk from that herd still alive and available for testing during the winter of 2006-2007. samples were examined for prp(cwd), the protein marker for cwd infection, by immunohistoc ... | 2009 | 19139496 |
| comparison of three immunological diagnostic tests for the detection of avian tuberculosis in naturally infected red deer (cervus elaphus). | cases of tuberculosis due to mycobacterium avium subsp. avium in 52 adult red deer (cervus elaphus) from a farm were studied using different diagnostic techniques. immunological probes consisted of the comparative cervical tuberculin (cct) skin test, the interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) assay, and 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) employing either avian purified protein derivatives or protoplasmatic antigen (ppa-3) as antigens. three of the animals were euthanized due to severe weakness, ... | 2009 | 19139508 |
| 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-induced c-jun-nh2-kinase pathways diverge at the c-jun-nh2-kinase substrate level in cells with different p53 status. | 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (fdh) suppresses cancer cell proliferation through p53-dependent apoptosis but also induces strong cytotoxicity in p53-deficient prostate cells. in the present study, we have shown that fdh induces apoptosis in pc-3 prostate cells through simultaneous activation of the c-jun-nh(2)-kinase (jnk) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) pathways with jnk phosphorylating c-jun and erk1/2 phosphorylating elk-1. the jnk1/2 inhibitor sp600125 or erk1/2 inh ... | 2009 | 19147541 |
| dominant-negative inhibition of ets 1 suppresses tumor growth, invasion and migration in rat c6 glioma cells and reveals differentially expressed ets 1 target genes. | we previously reported that the inactivation of the ets 1 transcription factor by a specific decoy strategy reduces rat c6 glioma cell proliferation and mmp-9 expression. in the present study, we analysed the effects of the dominant-negative form of ets 1 (ets-db) on rat c6 glioma cell proliferation, migration, invasion, in vivo tumor growth on the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (cam) and mmp-9 expression. in addition, we examined differences in gene expression between ets-db expressing and co ... | 2009 | 19148472 |
| soman poisoning alters p38 mapk pathway in rat cerebellar purkinje cells. | the aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 mapk) and mapk-activated transcription factors elk-1, c-jun and c-myc in rat cerebellar purkinje cells after soman poisoning to investigate the pathogenetic mechanism of non-specific long-term adverse effects of nerve agents. male wistar rats were poisoned by intramuscular administration of soman at a dose 60 microg kg(-1) (80% ld(50)), while control animals were administered physiolog ... | 2009 | 19153978 |
| the proline-rich n-terminal sequence of calcineurin abeta determines substrate binding. | three different genes of catalytic subunit a of the ca(2+)-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase calcineurin (can) are encoded in the human genome forming heterodimers with regulatory subunit b. even though physiological roles of can have been investigated extensively, less is known about the specific functions of the different catalytic isoforms. in this study, all human can holoenzymes containing either the alpha, beta, or gamma isoform of the catalytic subunit (can alpha, beta, or ga ... | 2009 | 19154138 |
| opposite effects of interleukin-1alpha and transforming growth factor-beta2 induce stage-specific regulation of junctional adhesion molecule-b gene in sertoli cells. | in the mammalian testis, junctional adhesion molecule-b (jam-b) is found at the blood-testis barrier between sertoli cells and the apical ectoplasmic specializations between sertoli and germ cells. the expression of jam-b is tightly regulated to allow the transit of developing germ cells across the blood-testis barrier and the timely release of mature spermatids at stage viii. in this study, the basal transcription of jam-b in the mouse sertoli cell line, msc-1 cells, was examined. we found that ... | 2009 | 19164472 |
| cacybp/sip binds erk1/2 and affects transcriptional activity of elk-1. | in this work we showed for the first time that mouse cacybp/sip interacts with extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk1/2). we also established that a calcium binding protein, s100a6, competes for this interaction. moreover, the e217k mutant of cacybp/sip does not bind significantly to erk1/2 although it retains the ability to interact with s100a6. molecular modeling shows that the e217k mutation in the 189-219 cacybp/sip fragment markedly changes its electrostatic potential, suggest ... | 2009 | 19166809 |
| signal transduction of constitutively active protein kinase c epsilon. | the protein kinase c (pkc) family is the most prominent target of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. for the pkcepsilon isozyme, different intracellular localizations and oncogenic potential in several but not all experimental systems have been reported. to obtain information about pkcepsilon-signaling, we investigated the effects of constitutively active rat pkcepsilon (pkcepsilona/e, alanine 159 is replaced by glutamic acid) in hela cells in a doxycycline-inducible vector. upon induction of pkcep ... | 2009 | 19168130 |
| mitochondrial localization, elk-1 transcriptional regulation and growth inhibitory functions of brca1, brca1a, and brca1b proteins. | brca1 is a tumor suppressor gene that is mutated in families with breast and ovarian cancer. several brca1 splice variants are found in different tissues, but their subcellular localization and functions are poorly understood at the moment. we previously described brca1 splice variant brca1a to induce apoptosis and function as a tumor suppressor of triple negative breast, ovarian and prostate cancers. in this study we have analyzed the function of brca1 isoforms (brca1a and brca1b) and compared ... | 2009 | 19170108 |
| body size and predatory performance in wolves: is bigger better? | 1. large body size hinders locomotor performance in ways that may lead to trade-offs in predator foraging ability that limit the net predatory benefit of larger size. for example, size-related improvements in handling prey may come at the expense of pursuing prey and thus negate any enhancement in overall predatory performance due to increasing size. 2. this hypothesis was tested with longitudinal data from repeated observations of 94 individually known wolves (canis lupus) hunting elk (cervus e ... | 2009 | 19175444 |
| variable extent of hybridization between invasive sika (cervus nippon) and native red deer (c. elaphus) in a small geographical area. | instances of hybridization between endemic and alien species pose a threat to species integrity but also provide us with an opportunity to study the dynamics of gene flow between two species as they first meet. here, we used variation at 22 highly differentiated microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial dna (mtdna) marker in a sample of 735 individuals, to investigate the genetic consequences of an introduction of japanese sika deer (cervus nippon) for native red deer (c. elaphus) on the kintyre ... | 2009 | 19175500 |
| consequences of perinatal treatment with l-arginine and antioxidants for the renal transcriptome in spontaneously hypertensive rats. | treating spontaneously hypertensive rats (shr) with l-arginine, taurine, and vitamins c and e (atce) during nephrogenesis (2 weeks before to 4 weeks after birth) persistently lowers blood pressure. hypothetically, differential gene expression in kidney of shr vs. normotensive wistar-kyoto rats (wky) is partially corrected by maternal atce in shr. differential gene expression in 2-days, 2-weeks, and 48-week-old rats was studied using oligonucleotide chips. transcription factor binding sites (tfbs ... | 2009 | 19189121 |
| isotopic evidence of the effects of herbivory and landscape position on plant nitrogen sources in a riparian ecosystem. | this study used (15)n natural abundance techniques to investigate whether elk herbivory affects the capability of willow (salix spp.) and reed-grass (carex spp.) to access n from groundwater in upper and lower landscape positions within riparian areas of the rocky mountain national park. for this, delta(15)n values of plant, soil, rainfall and groundwater samples were measured within a replicated field experiment. despite the relatively high variability in the (15)n data, it provided evidence of ... | 2009 | 19191125 |
| selectivity of docking sites in mapk kinases. | protein kinases often recognize their substrates and regulators through docking interactions that occur outside of the active site; these interactions can help us to understand kinase networks, and to target kinases with drugs. during mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling, the ability of mapk kinases (mkks, or meks) to recognize their cognate mapks is facilitated by a short docking motif (the d-site) in the mkk n terminus, which binds to a complementary region on the mapk. mapks then ... | 2009 | 19196711 |
| enhanced immune response of red deer (cervus elaphus) to live rb51 vaccine strain using composite microspheres. | brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease of nearly worldwide distribution. the occurrence of the infection in humans is largely dependent on the prevalence of brucellosis in animal reservoirs, including wildlife. the current vaccine used for cattle brucella abortus strain rb51, has proven ineffective in protecting bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus nelsoni) from infection and abortion. to test possible improvements in vaccine efficacy, a novel approach of immunization was examined from apri ... | 2009 | 19204345 |
| observations on the use of gonacon in captive female elk (cervus elaphus). | overabundant populations of elk (cervus elaphus) are a significant concern in some areas of the western united states because of potential ecologic damage and spread of brucellosis to domestic livestock. brucella abortus is transmitted among elk through direct contact with aborted fetuses, placentas and associated fluids, or postpartum discharge of infected animals. because transmission of brucellosis is dependent on pregnancy, contraception of cows could be used for both disease and population ... | 2009 | 19204347 |
| effects of the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide on prostate tumor-initiating cells: an integrated molecular profiling approach. | recent evidence suggests tumor-initating cells (tics), also called cancer stem cells, are responsible for tumor initiation and progression; therefore, they represent an important cell population for development of future anti-cancer therapies. in this study, we show that the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide (ptl) is cytotoxic to prostate tics isolated from prostate cancer cell lines: du145, pc3, vcap, and lapc4, as well as primary prostate tics. furthermore, ptl inhibited tic-driven tumor form ... | 2009 | 19204913 |
| seasonal changes in plasma leptin concentration related to antler cycle in iberian red deer stags. | the aim of this study is to describe the leptin cycle in male iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and relate it to antler and testosterone cycles. an additional aim is to assess the relationship between the plasma leptin concentration during antlers' growth and their final size. therefore, blood from 21 iberian red deer males was sampled monthly to analyse leptin and testosterone. at the same time the deer were weighed and their body condition was assessed. the length of antlers was mea ... | 2009 | 19205705 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 replication is impaired by inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling pathway. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, which is primarily caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), is an emerging and important swine disease. we have recently shown that pcv2 induces nuclear factor kappa b activation and its activation is required for active replication, but the other cellular factors involved in pcv2 replication are not well defined. the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) which served as an important component of cellular signal transduction pathways has been ... | 2009 | 19215954 |
| pleiotropic functions of biliverdin reductase: cellular signaling and generation of cytoprotective and cytotoxic bilirubin. | degradation of heme requires its conversion to biliverdin (bv) by heme oxygenase, followed by reduction of bv to the free-radical quencher bilirubin (br) by biliverdin reductase (bvr). it is now recognized that human bvr (hbvr) is a dual-specificity kinase (ser/thr and tyr) upstream activator of the insulin/insulin growth factor-1 (igf-1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling pathways. hbvr is also a basic-leucine-zipper (bzip) dna/chromatin-binding transcription factor, an activ ... | 2009 | 19217170 |
| cryptic peptides of the kringle domains preferentially bind to disease-associated prion protein. | prion diseases are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of a misfolded form (prp(sc)) of the cellular prion protein (prp(c)) in the brains of affected individuals. the conversion of prp(c) to prp(sc) is thought to involve a change in protein conformation from a normal, primarily alpha-helical structure into a beta-sheet conformer. few proteins have been identified that differentially interact with the two forms of prp. it has been reported that plasminog ... | 2009 | 19221431 |
| increased phosphorylation of ets-like transcription factor-1 in neurons of hypoxic preconditioned mice. | ets-like transcription factor-1 (elk-1) is a target of mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) which has been reported to play a key role in the induction of tolerance to ischemic and hypoxic injury, but little is known about the role of elk-1 in the development of cerebral hypoxic preconditioning (hpc). in this study, we found that elk-1 phosphorylation at ser383 (p-ser383 elk-1), not protein expression, increased significantly (p < 0.05) in both hippocampus and frontal cortex of mice after rep ... | 2009 | 19225881 |
| dopamine d1 receptor, but not dopamine d2 receptor, is a critical regulator for acute cocaine-enhanced gene expression. | the aim of present study is to investigate the roles of dopamine receptor subfamilies and their subsequent molecular events in cocaine-enhanced gene expression in striatum. | 2009 | 19228458 |
| growth hormone-induced production of cytokines in murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro: role of jak/stat, pi3k, pkc and map kinases. | the immunomodulatory properties of growth hormone (gh) are well recognized. enhanced production of no and cytokines by macrophages on treatment with gh was reported by us recently. the present investigation elucidates the signaling mechanism(s) by which gh activates macrophages in vitro. it is observed that gh induces the phosphorylation (activation) of jak2, pi3k, pkc and map kinases. studies with pharmacological inhibitors of various signaling molecules also indicated that gh-induced proinflam ... | 2009 | 19250698 |
| modulation of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype in hypoxia: role of cgmp-dependent protein kinase and myocardin. | we have previously reported that in ovine fetal pulmonary venous smooth muscle cells (fpvsmc), decreased expression of cgmp-dependent protein kinase (pkg) by hypoxia could explain hypoxia-induced smc phenotype modulation. in this study, we investigated the role of myocardin, a possible downstream effector of pkg, in smc phenotype modulation induced by 1 and 24 h of hypoxia. hypoxia for 1 h induced the phosphorylation of e-26-like protein 1 (elk-1), indicating a quick activation of elk-1 after hy ... | 2009 | 19251841 |
| validation of use of rectoanal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue for immunohistochemical diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). | the examination of rectoanal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (ramalt) biopsy specimens for the diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies has been described in sheep, elk, and small numbers of mule and white-tailed deer. previous sample numbers have been too small to validate examination of this type of tissue as a viable antemortem diagnostic test. in this study, we examined ramalt collected postmortem from 76 white-tailed deer removed from a farm in wisconsin known to be affected ... | 2009 | 19261781 |
| transmission of scrapie and sheep-passaged bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions to transgenic mice expressing elk prion protein. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible, fatal prion disease of cervids and is largely confined to north america. the origin of cwd continues to pose a conundrum: does the disease arise spontaneously or result from some other naturally occurring reservoir? to address whether prions from sheep might be able to cause disease in cervids, we inoculated mice expressing the elk prion protein (prp) transgene [tg(elkprp) mice] with two scrapie prion isolates. the ssbp/1 scrapie isolate transmit ... | 2009 | 19264659 |
| c3a and c5a are chemotactic factors for human mesenchymal stem cells, which cause prolonged erk1/2 phosphorylation. | mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) have a great potential for tissue repair, especially if they can be delivered efficiently to sites of tissue injury. since complement activation occurs whenever there is tissue damage, the effects of the complement activation products c3a and c5a on mscs were examined. both c3a and c5a were chemoattractants for human bone marrow-derived mscs, which expressed both the c3a receptor (c3ar) and the c5a receptor (c5ar; cd88) on the cell surface. specific c3ar and c5ar in ... | 2009 | 19265162 |
| isolation and functional analysis of the human glioblastoma-specific promoter region of the human gd3 synthase (hst8sia i) gene. | we identified the promoter region of the human gd3 synthase (hst8sia i) gene to elucidate the mechanism underlying the regulation of hst8sia i expression in human glioblastoma cells. the 5'-rapid amplification of cdna end using mrna prepared from u-87mg cells revealed the presence of transcription start site of hst8sia i gene, and the 5'-terminal analysis of its product showed that transcription started from 648 nucleotides upstream of the translational initiation site. functional analysis of th ... | 2009 | 19280063 |
| hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry identifies two highly protected regions in recombinant full-length prion protein amyloid fibrils. | understanding the structural basis that distinguishes the amyloid form of the prion protein from its monomeric homologue is of crucial importance to elucidate the mechanism of the lethal diseases related to this protein. recently, an in vitro conversion system was established which reproduces the transition of recombinant prion protein prp(23-230) from its native alpha-helical rich form into an aggregated amyloid beta-sheet rich form with physicochemical properties reminiscent to those of the di ... | 2009 | 19283723 |
| detection of cwd prions in urine and saliva of deer by transgenic mouse bioassay. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease affecting captive and free-ranging cervids (e.g. deer, elk, and moose). the mechanisms of cwd transmission are poorly understood, though bodily fluids are thought to play an important role. here we report the presence of infectious prions in the urine and saliva of deer with chronic wasting disease (cwd). prion infectivity was detected by bioassay of concentrated, dialyzed urine and saliva in transgenic mice expressing the cervid prp gene (tg[cerp ... | 2009 | 19293928 |
| polygyny can increase rather than decrease genetic diversity contributed by males relative to females: evidence from red deer. | polygyny is expected to erode genetic variability by reducing the diversity of genetic contribution of males to the next generation, although empirical evidence shows that genetic variability in polygynous populations is not lost as rapidly as expected. we used microsatellite markers to study the genetic variability transmitted by mothers and fathers to offspring during a reproductive season in wild populations of a polygynous mammal, the red deer. contrary to expectations, we found that males c ... | 2009 | 19302345 |
| up-regulation of car expression through elk-1 in hepg2 and sw480 cells by serum starvation stress. | constitutive androstane receptor (car) is a transcription factor regulating the expression of several genes related to drug metabolism. car expression was elevated in human hepg2 and sw480 cells by serum starvation. from reporter gene assays, mutagenesis, rna interference, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we identified the serum response element at -142/-139 in the car gene transactivated by elk-1. whereas treatment with u0126 (erk inhibitor) enhanced car expression, sp600125 (stress-ac ... | 2009 | 19302787 |
| feeding patterns of biting midges of the culicoides obsoletus and culicoides pulicaris groups on selected farms in brandenburg, germany. | host feeding patterns of engorged sibling species of the culicoides obsoletus and culicoides pulicaris groups captured during three nights on two selected farms maintaining either cattle, sheep, horses, and pigs (seedorf, brandenburg) or cattle, sheep, moufflons, and red and fallow deer (paulinenaue, brandenburg) were determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification using conserved primers and sets of species-specific primers derived from vertebrates mitochondrial cytochrome b. out of a tot ... | 2009 | 19308450 |
| role of p38 and early growth response factor 1 in the macrophage response to group b streptococcus. | group b streptococcus (gbs), the most frequent single isolate in neonatal sepsis and meningitis, potently activates inflammatory macrophage genes via myeloid differentiation antigen 88 (myd88). however, events parallel to and downstream of myd88 that instruct the macrophage response are incompletely understood. in this study, we found that only myd88, not the toll-like receptor (tlr) adapter proteins mal/tirap, trif, and tram, essentially mediates the cytokine (tumor necrosis factor [tnf] and in ... | 2009 | 19332535 |
| temporal scales, trade-offs, and functional responses in red deer habitat selection. | animals selecting habitats often have to consider many factors, e.g., food and cover for safety. however, each habitat type often lacks an adequate mixture of these factors. analyses of habitat selection using resource selection functions (rsfs) for animal radiotelemetry data typically ignore trade-offs, and the fact that these may change during an animal's daily foraging and resting rhythm on a short-term basis. this may lead to changes in the relative use of habitat types if availability diffe ... | 2009 | 19341140 |
| fcgammariia and fcgammariiib mediate nuclear factor activation through separate signaling pathways in human neutrophils. | receptors for igg abs (fcgamma receptors) are capable of triggering diverse cell responses in leukocytes. in neutrophils, two fcgamma receptors, namely fcgammariia and fcgammariiib, are constitutively expressed. the signaling pathways that regulate fcgammariia-mediated phagocytosis have been relatively well described. however, the different signaling pathways that lead to nf activation after engagement of each fcgamma receptor have only been partially described. to address this problem, neutroph ... | 2009 | 19342628 |
| systematic review of the management of canine osteoarthritis. | this review assesses the evidence for the efficacy of therapies used in the management of osteoarthritis in dogs on the basis of papers published in peer-reviewed journals in english between 1985 and july 2007. sixty-eight papers were identified and evaluated. they considered four alternative therapies, one use of functional food, two intra-articular agents, six nutraceutical agents, 21 pharmacological agents, two physical therapies, three surgical techniques and two combinations of weight contr ... | 2009 | 19346540 |
| prion protein library of recombinant constructs for structural biology. | a survey of plasmids for 51 prion protein constructs from bank vole, cat, cattle, chicken, dog, elk, ferret, frog, fugu, horse, human, pig, sheep, turtle, and wallaby, and for 113 mouse prion protein constructs and variants thereof, is presented. this includes information on the biochemistry of the recombinant proteins, in particular on successful and unsuccessful expression attempts. the plasmid library was generated during the past 12 years in the context of nmr structure determination and bio ... | 2009 | 19348007 |
| negative density-dependent emigration of males in an increasing red deer population. | in species with polygynous mating systems, females are regarded as food-limited, while males are limited by access to mates. when local density increases, forage availability declines, while mate access for males may increase due to an increasingly female-biased sex ratio. density dependence in emigration rates may consequently differ between sexes. here, we investigate emigration using mark-recovery data from 468 young red deer cervus elaphus marked in snillfjord, norway over a 20-year period w ... | 2009 | 19364736 |
| physiologic effects of nasal oxygen or medical air administered prior to and during carfentanil-xylazine anesthesia in north american elk (cervus canadensis manitobensis). | this study compared the physiologic effects of carfentanil-xylazine anesthesia in elk administered nasal oxygen or medical air. eight female 5 +/- 2-yr-old (mean +/- sd) captive elk (cervus canadensis manitobensis) weighing 245 +/- 20 kg and habituated to chute restraint were studied in a randomized crossover. nasal insufflation of oxygen or medical air (10 l/min) was provided prior to and throughout anesthesia. baseline data were collected before i.m. injection of carfentanil (10 microg/kg) and ... | 2009 | 19368239 |
| maturation trends in red deer females over 39 years in harvested populations. | 1. there is increasing awareness that heavy harvesting can lead to rapid evolution towards earlier sexual maturation. with increased harvest pressure, individuals that begin reproduction at light weights have a greater chance of reproducing at least once compared with individuals that begin reproduction at heavier weights and hence later in life. although well documented in fish, this has not been empirically tested for harvested populations of mammals in terrestrial ecosystems differing in many ... | 2009 | 19379140 |
| follicle-stimulating hormone increases cholangiocyte proliferation by an autocrine mechanism via camp-dependent phosphorylation of erk1/2 and elk-1. | sex hormones regulate cholangiocyte hyperplasia in bile duct-ligated (bdl) rats. we studied whether follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) regulates cholangiocyte proliferation. fsh receptor (fshr) and fsh expression was evaluated in liver sections, purified cholangiocytes, and cholangiocyte cultures (nricc). in vivo, normal female and male rats were treated with fsh or immediately after bdl with antide (a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist blocking fsh secretion) or a neutralizing fsh antibo ... | 2009 | 19389804 |
| short-term striatal gene expression responses to brain-derived neurotrophic factor are dependent on mek and erk activation. | brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) is believed to be an important regulator of striatal neuron survival, differentiation, and plasticity. moreover, reduction of bdnf delivery to the striatum has been implicated in the pathophysiology of huntington's disease. nevertheless, many essential aspects of bdnf responses in striatal neurons remain to be elucidated. | 2009 | 19390590 |
| effects of management, behavior, and scavenging on risk of brucellosis transmission in elk of western wyoming. | brucellosis is endemic in elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) using winter feedgrounds of western wyoming, usa presumably because of increased animal density, duration of attendance, and subsequent contact with aborted fetuses. however, previous research addressed antibody prevalence rather than more direct measures of transmission and did not account for elk behavior or scavenging in transmission risk. throughout march and early april 2005-07, we monitored 48 sets of culture-negative, pseudoaborted el ... | 2009 | 19395749 |
| dermoid cysts in caribou. | subcutaneous dermoid cysts were identified in eight wild caribou (rangifer tarandus) from widely dispersed locations in northern canada and in one wild caribou from alaska. the dermoid cysts from canadian caribou were found among 557 diagnostic specimens that had been detected by hunters and submitted by resource officers and biologists between 1 january 1966 and 15 may 2007. all of the cysts were located in the cervical region, and five of nine cysts were found in the throat area. all of the an ... | 2009 | 19395761 |
| investigation of the role of austrian ruminant wildlife in the epidemiology of malignant catarrhal fever viruses. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is an ubiquitous disease of cattle and other ruminants caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), which is endemic in sheep and transmitted from healthy carriers. further viruses of the mcf group are also able to induce mcf in ruminants. as alpine pasturing is very common in austria, possible contact with ruminant wildlife carrying and excreting mcf viruses might be suspected as an infection source. to investigate the epidemiologic role of austrian deer and chamois, ... | 2009 | 19395762 |
| endocytosis controls glutamate-induced nuclear accumulation of erk. | nuclear translocation of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erk) in neurons is critical for gene regulations underlying long-term neuronal adaptation and memory formation. however, it is unknown how activated erk travel from the post-synaptic elements where their activation occurs, to the nucleus where they translocate to exert their transcriptional roles. in cultured neurons, we identified endocytosis as a prime event in glutamate-induced nuclear trafficking of erk2. we show that ... | 2009 | 19398002 |
| chronic wasting disease prions in elk antler velvet. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a contagious, fatal prion disease of deer and elk that continues to emerge in new locations. to explore the means by which prions are transmitted with high efficiency among cervids, we examined prion infectivity in the apical skin layer covering the growing antler (antler velvet) by using cwd-susceptible transgenic mice and protein misfolding cyclic amplification. our finding of prions in antler velvet of cwd-affected elk suggests that this tissue may play a role ... | 2009 | 19402954 |
| lead and cadmium in red deer and wild boar from different hunting grounds in croatia. | the concentration and relations of cd and pb as environmental risk factors were studied by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the liver, kidney and muscle of free ranging wild boar (n=94) and red deer (n=45) from hunting grounds in four counties of north-east croatia. in all four counties, the levels of cd found in the kidney of red deer ranged from 2.28 to 5.91 mg/kg, and in wild boar from 3.47 to 21.10 mg/kg. the mean renal concentration of cd was significantly higher in wild boar than in ... | 2009 | 19411089 |
| ep(3) prostanoid receptor isoforms utilize distinct mechanisms to regulate erk 1/2 activation. | prostaglandin-e(2) (pge(2)) is a hormone derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid whose functions include regulation of platelet aggregation, fever and smooth muscle contraction/relaxation. pge(2) mediates its physiological and pathophysiological effects through its binding to four g-protein coupled receptor subtypes, named ep(1), ep(2), ep(3) and ep(4). the ep(3) prostanoid receptor is unique in that it has multiple isoforms generated by alternative mrna splicing. these splice variants d ... | 2009 | 19416642 |
| factors affecting red deer skin test responsiveness to bovine and avian tuberculin and to phytohaemagglutinin. | we studied the effect of management on the responsiveness of red deer (cervus elaphus) to skin testing with mycobacterial and non-mycobacterial antigens. we hypothesized that individuals from populations of the same species under different management conditions would have a different immune responsiveness. deer sampled in this study included 1041 adult animals from 6 spanish farms and 111 adult wild deer. we injected four sites of the neck with 0.1 ml bovine purified protein derivative (ppd), 0. ... | 2009 | 19423178 |
| reduced sperm quality in relation to oxidative stress in red deer from a lead mining area. | we studied the effects of elevated heavy metal uptake on the sperm quality and the antioxidant mechanisms of sperm and testis of red deer from a pb mining area in spain. testis, liver and bone of red deer from mining (n = 21) and control (n = 20) areas were obtained from hunters and analyzed for pb, zn, cu, cd, as and se. testes were weighed and measured. motility, acrosome integrity and viability and functionality of membrane were evaluated in epididymal spermatozoa. lipid peroxidation, total g ... | 2009 | 19427722 |
| a beta integrin subunit regulates bacterial phagocytosis in medfly haemocytes. | we have recently reported that the activation of focal adhesion kinase (fak) and its downstream targets upon pathogen challenge regulate phagocytosis in medfly haemocytes. the goal of this study was to further explore the signalling pathway underlying the process of phagocytosis. in particular, in this report, we used flow cytometry, rna interference, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot and immunoprecipitation analysis to demonstrate the haemocyte surface receptor, through which the ... | 2009 | 19428487 |
| thrombin induces egr-1 expression in fibroblasts involving elevation of the intracellular ca2+ concentration, phosphorylation of erk and activation of ternary complex factor. | the serine protease thrombin catalyzes fibrin clot formation by converting fibrinogen into fibrin. additionally, thrombin stimulation leads to an activation of stimulus-responsive transcription factors in different cell types, indicating that the gene expression pattern is changed in thrombin-stimulated cells. the objective of this study was to analyze the signaling cascade leading to the expression of the zinc finger transcription factor egr-1 in thrombin-stimulated lung fibroblasts. | 2009 | 19432968 |
| lipid-soluble cigarette smoking particles induce expression of inflammatory and extracellular-matrix-related genes in rat cerebral arteries. | cigarette smoking is one of the strongest risk factors for stroke. however, the underlying molecular mechanisms that smoke leads to the pathogenesis of stroke are incompletely understood. | 2009 | 19436652 |
| a new clue for the pathogenesis of hepatitis c virus infection: activation of the mapk/erk signaling initiated by envelope protein 2. | since cell signal transduction plays an important role in disclosing the nature of human diseases, the pathogenesis of viruses may result from the disturbance of intracellular signal cascades caused by viral proteins. hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a main causative agent of severe human liver disorders worldwide. so far, the mechanisms of hcv pathogenicity remain unclear. envelope protein 2 (e2) of hcv is thought to be responsible for initiating virus attachment to host cells, which is a prerequisit ... | 2003 | 19448994 |
| [a case of wegener's granulomatosis with orbital inflammatory pseudotumor]. | an 80-year-old woman, who had been received steroid therapy to treat diffuse alveolar hemorrhage from july, 2007, was admitted because of fever, eye pain and exophthalmos on 23 july, 2008. myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (mpo-anca) was positive, but pulmonary involvement did not recur. 67ga scintigraphy revealed intense uptake in bilateral orbital walls and gd-enhanced mri indicated orbital inflammatory pseudotumor and hypertrophic pachymeningitis. although proteinase 3 (pr3) ... | 2009 | 19455961 |
| cgrp stimulation of inos and no release from trigeminal ganglion glial cells involves mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. | clinical and basic science data support an integral role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) in the pathophysiology of temporomandibular joint disorders. recently, we have shown that cgrp can stimulate the synthesis and release of nitric oxide (no) from trigeminal ganglion glial cells. the goal of this study was to determine the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling pathways in cgrp regulation of inos expression and no release from cultured trigeminal ganglion glial cel ... | 2009 | 19457095 |
| mediator med23 links insulin signaling to the adipogenesis transcription cascade. | adipocyte differentiation is orchestrated by multiple signaling pathways and a temporally regulated transcriptional cascade. however, the mechanisms by which insulin signaling is linked to this cascade remain unclear. here we show that the med23 subunit of the mediator complex and its interacting transcription factor elk1 are critical regulators of adipogenesis. med23(-/-) embryonic fibroblast cells were refractory to hormone-induced adipogenesis. knockdown of either med23 or elk1, or overexpres ... | 2009 | 19460352 |
| genetic variability of the prion protein gene (prnp) in wild ruminants from italy and scotland. | the genetics of the prion protein gene (prnp) play a crucial role in determining the relative susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in several mammalian species. to determine the prnp gene variability in european red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), the prnp open reading frame from 715 samples was analysed to reveal a total of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps). in red deer, snps were found in codons 15, ... | 2009 | 19461206 |
| histological studies of growing and mature antlers of red deer stags (cervus elaphus). | this study aims at presenting histology of growing and mature antlers in red deer stag (cervus elaphus). growing antlers constitute a model organ for examining regeneration processes of tissues because they are the only mammalian appendages capable of regeneration. histological study revealed that the tip of a growing antler consists of hairy skin, perichondrium, mesenchyme and chondroprogenitors area. by performing immunochistochemistry, we found that cell expressing ki-67 and pcna antigens wer ... | 2009 | 19469766 |
| identification of gene co-regulatory modules and associated cis-elements involved in degenerative heart disease. | cardiomyopathies, degenerative diseases of cardiac muscle, are among the leading causes of death in the developed world. microarray studies of cardiomyopathies have identified up to several hundred genes that significantly alter their expression patterns as the disease progresses. however, the regulatory mechanisms driving these changes, in particular the networks of transcription factors involved, remain poorly understood. our goals are (a) to identify modules of co-regulated genes that undergo ... | 2009 | 19476647 |
| increased pea3/e1af and decreased net/elk-3, both ets proteins, characterize human nsclc progression and regulate caveolin-1 transcription in calu-1 and nci-h23 nsclc cell lines. | caveolin-1 protein has been called a 'conditional tumor suppressor' because it can either suppress or enhance tumor progression depending on cellular context. caveolin-1 levels are dynamic in non-small-cell lung cancer, with increased levels in metastatic tumor cells. we have shown previously that transactivation of an erythroblastosis virus-transforming sequence (ets) cis-element enhances caveolin-1 expression in a murine lung epithelial cell line. based on high sequence homology between the mu ... | 2009 | 19483189 |
| population density of north american elk: effects on plant diversity. | large, herbivorous mammals have profound effects on ecosystem structure and function and often act as keystone species in ecosystems they inhabit. density-dependent processes associated with population structure of large mammals may interact with ecosystem functioning to increase or decrease biodiversity, depending on the relationship of herbivore populations relative to the carrying capacity (k) of the ecosystem. we tested for indirect effects of population density of large herbivores on plant ... | 2009 | 19484268 |
| synthesis and characterization of biologically active recombinant elk and horse fsh. | the objective of this investigation was to clone and express the elk and horse common alpha-subunit and fsh beta-subunit cdnas, and to produce recombinant fsh from both species in vitro. the rnas extracted from elk and horse pituitary glands were reverse-transcribed and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. the cdnas corresponding to both subunits of elk and horse were cloned into the expression vector pbudce4.1 and transfected into crl-9096 cells. expression of both genes was determined in th ... | 2010 | 19500922 |
| the kinase defective ephb6 receptor tyrosine kinase activates map kinase signaling in lung adenocarcinoma. | decreased expression levels of ephb6, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinases (rtks), are associated with an increased risk of metastasis development in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (nsclc). however, the signaling properties of the kinase-defective ephb6 receptor are not well-understood. here, we show that expression of ephb6 in a549 lung adenocarcinoma cells led to phosphorylation of the map kinase erk. conversely, sirna based knockdown of ephb6 reversed erk phosphorylation. intrigu ... | 2009 | 19513565 |
| comparison of concentrations of copper in plasma and serum from farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). | to determine the relationship between the concentrations of cu in plasma and serum in red deer, and to compare this relationship with those previously reported in cattle and sheep. | 2009 | 19521466 |
| stable isotope ratio analysis to differentiate temporal diets of a free-ranging herbivore. | stable isotope ratio analysis (sira) of carbon (delta13c) and nitrogen (delta15n) in tissue samples of herbivores can identify photosynthetic pathways (c3 vs. c4) of plants consumed. we present results from free-ranging rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) that highlight the ability to differentiate diets using tissue delta13c and delta15n. the signatures of delta13c and delta15n differed in tissues of varying metabolic activity: muscle, a short-term dietary indicator (i.e., 1-2 months) and hoof, ... | 2009 | 19530151 |
| melanin-concentrating hormone induces neurite outgrowth in human neuroblastoma sh-sy5y cells through p53 and mapkinase signaling pathways. | melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) peptide plays a major role in energy homeostasis regulation. little is known about cellular functions engaged by endogenous mch receptor (mch-r1). here, mch-r1 mrna and cognate protein were found expressed in human neuroblastoma sh-sy5y cells. electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that mch modulated k(+) currents, an effect depending upon the time of cellular growth. mch treatments induced a transient phosphorylation of mapkinases, abolished by pd98059 ... | 2009 | 19540893 |
| transdisciplinary habitat models for elk and cattle as a proxy for bovine tuberculosis transmission risk. | zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis (tb) that infect wildlife and livestock are particularly difficult to eradicate where wild animals make extensive use of agricultural landscapes. transmission of tb between cattle (bos taurus) and wild elk (cervus elaphus) in southwestern manitoba, canada remains poorly understood but there is a risk when commingling occurs on summer pasture. elk use of cattle summer pastures was assessed using ecological data (187 vhf and 25 gps collared elk monitor ... | 2009 | 19541377 |
| a common fads2 promoter polymorphism increases promoter activity and facilitates binding of transcription factor elk1. | fatty acid desaturases (fads) play an important role in the formation of omega-6 and omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (hufas). the composition of hufas in the human metabolome is important for membrane fluidity and for the modulation of essential physiological functions such as inflammation processes and brain development. several recent studies reported significant associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the human fads gene cluster with hufa levels and composition. the p ... | 2010 | 19546342 |
| density dependence and climate effects in rocky mountain elk: an application of regression with instrumental variables for population time series with sampling error. | 1. sampling error in annual estimates of population size creates two widely recognized problems for the analysis of population growth. first, if sampling error is mistakenly treated as process error, one obtains inflated estimates of the variation in true population trajectories (staples, taper & dennis 2004). second, treating sampling error as process error is thought to overestimate the importance of density dependence in population growth (viljugrein et al. 2005; dennis et al. 2006). 2. in ec ... | 2009 | 19549144 |
| oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via pkc-delta/p42/p44 mapk/elk-1 cascade in brain astrocytes. | after ischemic injury to brain, disruption of the blood-brain barrier (bbb) raises the possibility of exposing the central nervous system (cns) to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxldl), a risk factor implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. matrix metalloproteinases (mmps), especially mmp-9, contribute to extracellular matrix (ecm) remodeling during the cns diseases. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying oxldl-induced mmp-9 expression in astrocytes remained unclear. here, we reported ... | 2010 | 19554388 |
| chorionic gonadotropin regulates prostaglandin e synthase via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-extracellular regulatory kinase pathway in a human endometrial epithelial cell line: implications for endometrial responses for embryo implantation. | successful implantation necessitates modulation of the uterine environment by the embryo for a specific period of time during the menstrual cycle. infusion of chorionic gonadotropin (cg) into the oviducts of baboons to mimic embryo transit induces a myriad of morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes in the endometrium. endometrial epithelial cells from both baboons and humans when stimulated by cg in vitro, activates a camp-independent mapk pathway leading to prostaglandin e(2) (pge(2)) ... | 2009 | 19556419 |
| identification and characterization of a novel 5 bp deletion in a putative insulin response element in the lipoprotein lipase gene. | our aim was to identify an insulin response element (ire) in the lipoprotein lipase (lpl) gene. we identified a 19 bp sequence as a putative ire in lpl non-coding exon 10 using bioinformatics. upon sequencing the ire region, a novel 5 bp deletion was identified in hispanics (n=406) with a carrier frequency of 4.2% but not in non-hispanic whites (n=604) or africans. electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed binding sites for regulatory factor(s) in muscle cell nuclear extracts with putative i ... | 2009 | 19563912 |
| mir-145 and mir-143 regulate smooth muscle cell fate and plasticity. | micrornas (mirnas) are regulators of myriad cellular events, but evidence for a single mirna that can efficiently differentiate multipotent stem cells into a specific lineage or regulate direct reprogramming of cells into an alternative cell fate has been elusive. here we show that mir-145 and mir-143 are co-transcribed in multipotent murine cardiac progenitors before becoming localized to smooth muscle cells, including neural crest stem-cell-derived vascular smooth muscle cells. mir-145 and mir ... | 2009 | 19578358 |
| heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein r enhances transcription from the naturally configured c-fos promoter in vitro. | transcription of a proto-oncogene c-fos is induced rapidly to high levels by various extracellular stimuli. to explore the molecular mechanism of c-fos gene induction, we established a defined in vitro transcription system for the c-fos promoter that consists of purified activators (srf, elk-1, camp-responsive element-binding protein, and atf1), general transcription factors, and rna polymerase ii. in this reconstituted transcription system, activation of c-fos transcription was highly dependent ... | 2009 | 19581295 |
| papillomavirus-associated fibropapillomas of red deer ( cervus elaphus ). | oval, firm, cutaneous tumours with a rough, hairless, pigmented surface, exhibiting a moderately pronounced papillary structure were detected on the abdominal skin of two young red deer ( cervus elaphus ). one animal was shot in lower austria in 2004, the other at a deer farm in hungary in 2007. histological examination of both samples classified the tumours as fibropapillomas, showing marked proliferation of fibroblasts and connective tissue, accompanied by hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis and aca ... | 2009 | 19584046 |
| radiocarbon and stable isotope investigations at the central rhineland sites of gönnersdorf and andernach-martinsberg, germany. | the late glacial open-air sites of gönnersdorf and andernach-martinsberg in the german central rhineland are well known for their magdalenian occupation and activities. the latter site also produced evidence for a younger, final palaeolithic occupation of the locality by people of the federmessergruppen. both sites are particularly well preserved, largely due to their burial beneath volcanic deposits of the late glacial laacher see eruption. we conducted a program of ams radiocarbon dating and s ... | 2009 | 19589558 |
| cervids with different vocal behavior demonstrate different viscoelastic properties of their vocal folds. | the authors test the hypothesis that vocal fold morphology and biomechanical properties covary with species-specific vocal function. they investigate mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) vocal folds, building on, and extending data on a related cervid, the rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). the mule deer, in contrast to the elk, is a species with relatively little vocal activity in adult animals. mule deer and elk vocal folds show the typical three components of the mammalian vocal fold (ep ... | 2010 | 19603411 |
| granulomatous inflammation in retropharyngeal lymph nodes of wild cervids in saskatchewan. | a portion of retropharyngeal lymph nodes from 6,824 wild cervids, comprising 1,458 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), 5,345 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), 11 unidentified deer (odocoileus spp.), and 10 elk (cervus elaphus), were examined histologically for evidence of inflammation. focal granulomatous lymphadenitis was detected in 0.3% of white-tailed deer, 1.3% of mule deer, and in one of 10 elk. material consistent with splendore-hoeppli phenomenon was present in 70 (93%) of 75 case ... | 2009 | 19617472 |
| babesia capreoli infections in alpine chamois (rupicapra r. rupicapra), roe deer (capreolus c. capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) from switzerland. | five cases of fatal babesiosis in free-ranging chamois (rupicapra r. rupicapra) attributed to infections with babesia capreoli were recently recorded in two regions of the swiss alps. to investigate the ecologic factors that possibly lead to those fatal b. capreoli infections in chamois, blood, ticks, and demographic data of 46 roe deer (capreolus c. capreolus), 48 chamois, and nine red deer (cervus elaphus) were collected in 2006 and 2007 in both affected regions. whereas no parasitic inclusion ... | 2009 | 19617485 |
| glucocorticoid stress hormones and the effect of predation risk on elk reproduction. | predators affect prey demography through direct predation and through the costs of antipredator behavioral responses, or risk effects. experiments have shown that risk effects can comprise a substantial proportion of a predator's total effect on prey dynamics, but we know little about their strength in wild populations, or the physiological mechanisms that mediate them. when wolves are present, elk alter their grouping patterns, vigilance, foraging behavior, habitat selection, and diet. these re ... | 2009 | 19617549 |
| successful low dose insemination of flow cytometrically sorted sika (cervus nippon) sperm in wapiti (cervus elaphus). | the purpose of this study was to determine a practical method in wapiti (cervus elaphus) of using predetermined sexed sika (cervus nippon) semen. semen was collected by electro-ejaculation from one stag of proven fertility and transported to the laboratory where it was retained as unsorted (control) or was separated into x- and y-chromosome-bearing sperm using a modified high-speed cell sorter. wapiti hinds (n=81) were inseminated into the uterus by rectum manipulation with 1 x 10(6) (x1 and y1 ... | 2010 | 19619965 |
| the jnks differentially regulate rna polymerase iii transcription by coordinately modulating the expression of all tfiiib subunits. | rna polymerase (pol) iii-dependent transcription is subject to stringent regulation by tumor suppressors and oncogenic proteins and enhanced rna pol iii transcription is essential for cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. since the c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnks) display both oncogenic and tumor suppressor properties, the roles of these proteins in regulating rna pol iii transcription were examined. in both mouse and human cells, loss or reduction in jnk1 expression represses rna pol iii tr ... | 2009 | 19620725 |
| immunohistochemical and biochemical characteristics of bse and cwd in experimentally infected european red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus). | the cause of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) epidemic in the united kingdom (uk) was the inclusion of contaminated meat and bone meal in the protein rations fed to cattle. those rations were not restricted to cattle but were also fed to other livestock including farmed and free living deer. although there are no reported cases to date of natural bse in european deer, bse has been shown to be naturally or experimentally transmissible to a wide range of different ungulate species. moreo ... | 2009 | 19635142 |
| extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields activate the erk cascade, increase hsp70 protein levels and promote regeneration in planaria. | to use regenerating planaria dugesia dorotocethala as a model to determine whether an intermittent modulated extremely low frequency electro-magnetic field (elf-emf) produces elevated levels of the heat shock protein hsp70 and stimulates intracellular pathways known to be involved in injury and repair. we focused on serum response element (sre) binding through the extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) cascade. | 2009 | 19639507 |
| community structure and seasonal dynamics of dactylogyrus spp. (monogenea) on the fathead minnow (pimephales promelas ) from the salt valley watershed, lancaster county, nebraska. | the gill monogene communities of pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) in 3 distinct sites on converging streams were investigated from 2004 to 2006 in 3 different seasons. thirty collections of p. promelas were made in southeastern nebraska along 3 converging tributaries: elk creek (40.88534°n, 96.83366°w), west oak creek (40.9082°n, 96.81432°w), and oak creek (40.91402°n, 96.770583°w), lancaster county, nebraska. in all, 103 p. promelas were collected from elk creek, 115 from west oak creek, an ... | 2009 | 19642810 |
| to what extent might deep venous thrombosis and chronic venous insufficiency share a common etiology? | according to the valve cusp hypoxia hypothesis (vchh), deep venous thrombosis is caused by sustained non-pulsatile (streamline) venous blood flow. this leads to hypoxemia in the valve pockets; hypoxic injury to the inner (parietalis) endothelium of the cusp leaflets activates the elk-1/egr-1 pathway, leading to leukocyte and platelet swarming at the site of injury and, potentially, blood coagulation. here, we propose an extension of the vchh to account for chronic venous insufficiency. first, sh ... | 2009 | 19648868 |
| abomasal parasite syndrome in north american elk (cervus elaphus canadensis). | an 18-month clinical course of chronic ill-thrift, weight loss and emaciation, and eventual death occurred in a group of 520 translocated elk of mixed age and sex. translocation was carried out without regard to animal welfare or health risks associated with the translocation. mortality was approximately 84% (436/520) despite supportive nutritional and medical treatment. pathological findings: general clinical and postmortem examinations indicated only se and cu imbalances and nutritional inadeq ... | 2009 | 19649019 |
| congenital nutritional myodegeneration (white muscle disease) in a red deer (cervus elaphus) calf. | a 5-day-old red deer calf was submitted with tachypnoea and dyspnoea, and was reluctant to move. | 2009 | 19649021 |
| utilizing ras signaling pathway to direct selective replication of herpes simplex virus-1. | re-engineering the tropism of viruses is an attractive translational strategy for targeting cancer cells. the ras signal transduction pathway is a central hub for a variety of pro-oncogenic events with a fundamental role in normal and neoplastic physiology. in this work we were interested in linking ras activation to hsv-1 replication in a direct manner in order to generate a novel oncolytic herpes virus which can target cancer cells. to establish such link, we developed a mutant hsv-1 in which ... | 2009 | 19652721 |
| inter- and intrasexual variation in aging patterns across reproductive traits in a wild red deer population. | in polygynous species, adult mortality is generally higher in males than in females, and theory predicts that this should result in the evolution of faster rates of senescence in males. detailed investigations of sex differences in patterns of aging across the many and varied phenotypic characteristics associated with successful reproduction in wild populations of polygynous vertebrates are currently lacking. here, we use longitudinal data collected from a wild red deer population to compare agi ... | 2009 | 19653847 |
| effect of milk minerals on calf gains and sex differences in mineral composition of milk from iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus). | milk mineral content has received little attention in studies focusing on milk nutrient effects on offspring growth. this study examines calf growth in iberian deer and compares the influence of milk minerals, other nutrients, and lactation variables relevant for growth to discern the relative weight of each factor. in addition, because iberian deer hinds are the first mammal found to produce different milk for sons and daughters, the present study examines whether there are also sex differences ... | 2009 | 19656958 |
| evaluation of the cervidtb stat-pak for the detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in wild deer in great britain. | deer are acknowledged as hosts of mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (btb), and determining the prevalence of infection in deer species is one of the key steps in understanding the epidemiological role played by cervids in the transmission and maintenance of btb in the united kingdom. this study evaluated a rapid lateral-flow test for the detection of btb in samples from wild deer species in the united kingdom. fallow deer (dama dama), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), ... | 2009 | 19656989 |
| impact of major histocompatibility complex class ii polymorphisms on iberian red deer parasitism and life history traits. | host genetic diversity plays an important role in buffering populations against pathogens. we characterized the allelic diversity at the second exon of the b (drb-2) chain of the major histocompatibility complex class ii (mhc-ii) locus in a population of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and its impact on parasitism by macroparasites, on a microparasite causing tuberculosis, and on relevant life history traits (spleen size and body condition). no drb-2 haplotype conferred general resi ... | 2009 | 19664721 |
| elucidation of the elk1 target gene network reveals a role in the coordinate regulation of core components of the gene regulation machinery. | transcription factors play an important role in orchestrating the activation of specific networks of genes through targeting their proximal promoter and distal enhancer regions. however, it is unclear how the specificity of downstream responses is maintained by individual members of transcription-factor families and, in most cases, what their target repertoire is. we have used chip-chip analysis to identify the target genes of the ets-domain transcription factor elk1. two distinct modes of elk1 ... | 2009 | 19687146 |
| fecal chlorophyll describes the link between primary production and consumption in a terrestrial herbivore. | spatiotemporal variation in primary productivity is known to have strong and far-reaching effects on herbivore ecology, but this relationship is often studied indirectly at broad scales, in part due to the difficulty in measuring selection for green biomass by individual animals. in aquatic systems, the concentration of chlorophyll in herbivore feces has been used as a direct measure of the consumption of photosynthetic primary production, but this method has not been applied to terrestrial syst ... | 2009 | 19688938 |