| porcine urinary bladder extracellular matrix grafts (acell vet® corneal discs) for keratomalacia in 17 equids (2012-2013). | to describe the clinical course, outcomes, and complications associated with use of commercially available porcine urinary bladder extracellular matrix (ecm) grafts (acell vet(®) corneal discs) in equid patients with keratomalacia, and to evaluate the efficacy of ecm grafts as a viable alternative to other biomaterials for corneal grafting in equid patients. | 2016 | 25429917 |
| the contribution of donkeys to human health. | | 2014 | 25319161 |
| why does infant stepping disappear and can it be stimulated by optic flow? | two independent experiments (n = 22 and n = 22) showed that 2-month-old infants displayed significantly more stepping movements when supported upright in the air than when supported with their feet contacting a surface. air- and surface-stepping kinematics were quite similar (experiment 2). in addition, when data were collapsed across both experiments, more air steps and more donkey kicks were seen when infants were exposed to optic flows that specified backward compared to forward translation. ... | 2015 | 25295407 |
| induction of ovulation with buserelin in jennies: in search of the minimum effective dose. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the minimum dose of buserelin acetate (buserelin) able to induce ovulation between 24 and 48 h from treatment (positive response) in estrous jennies. jennies were studied during a total of 172 estrous cycles: ovarian activity was routinely monitored by ultrasound; when the dominant follicle reached a diameter of 33 ± 1 mm, estrous jennies were treated by subcutaneous administration of different doses of buserelin, 3.3mg (n = 11), 1.5mg (n = 21), 0.8 mg (n = ... | 2014 | 25293536 |
| long-term leptin fluctuations in female donkeys. | the interest in donkeys is growing due to their integration in the systems of ecological farming, among other reasons. | 2015 | 25266666 |
| prevalence of supporting limb laminitis in a uk equine practice and referral hospital setting between 2005 and 2013: implications for future epidemiological studies. | the electronic patient records of all equine patients of rossdales equine practice between january 1, 2005 and november 1, 2013 were reviewed to determine the number of cases of supporting limb laminitis (sll) in a large equine practice and referral hospital setting in the uk and to discuss the implications for future epidemiological studies. the clinical notes were searched electronically for a combination of 'laminitis and (contralateral or supporting or overload or weight bearing)'. the preva ... | 2015 | 25261271 |
| identifying behavioural differences in working donkeys in response to analgesic administration. | to identify pain-related behaviour in working donkeys in order to assist their owners and veterinarians to recognise and manage pain. | 2016 | 25256702 |
| short communication: monitoring nutritional quality of amiata donkey milk: effects of lactation and productive season. | milk nutritional characteristics are especially interesting when donkey milk is aimed at consumption by children and the elderly. the aim of this study was to monitor the nutritional quality of amiata donkey milk during lactation and productive season to provide information on the milk characteristics and to study action plans to improve milk yield and quality. thirty-one pluriparous jennies belonging to the same farm were selected. individual samples of milk from the morning milking were taken ... | 2014 | 25200774 |
| use of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin in donkey semen cryopreservation improves sperm viability but results in low fertility in mares. | the use of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (clc) on semen cryopreservation has been related with better sperm viability in several species; however, the effect on fertility is not known in donkey semen. ejaculates (n = 25) from five donkeys were diluted in s-medium with 0, 1, 2 or 3 mg of clc/120 × 10(6) spermatozoa. semen was frozen, and thawed samples were evaluated by computer-assisted sperm analyser system (casa), supravital test, hyposmotic swelling test and fluorescent dyes to assess the i ... | 2014 | 25124746 |
| behavioural repertoire of working donkeys and consistency of behaviour over time, as a preliminary step towards identifying pain-related behaviours. | the donkey has a reputation for stoicism and its behavioural repertoire in clinical contexts is under-reported. lack of understanding of the norms of donkey behaviour and how it may vary over time can compromise use of behavioural measures as indicators of pain or emotional state. the objective of this study was to find out whether the behaviour of working donkeys was influenced by gender, the time of day or differed between days with a view to assessing how robust these measures are for inclusi ... | 2014 | 25076209 |
| comparison of donkey hemogram using the lasercyte hematology analyzer, an impedance system, and a manual method. | donkeys are becoming increasingly important worldwide; therefore a reliable and accurate method of diagnosing disease is necessary. flow cytometry-based hematologic analyzers are present in veterinary laboratories, but performance of lasercyte has not been evaluated in donkeys. | 2014 | 25070774 |
| plasma pharmacokinetics, faecal excretion and efficacy of pyrantel pamoate paste and granule formulations following per os administration in donkeys naturally infected with intestinal strongylidae. | the plasma disposition, faecal excretion and efficacy of two formulations of pyrantel pamoate in donkeys were examined in a controlled trial. three groups of seven donkeys received either no medication (control) or pyrantel paste or granule formulations at horse dosage of 20mg/kg b.w. (equals 6.94 mg/kg pyr base) of body weight. heparinized blood and faecal samples were collected at various times between 1 and 144 h after treatment. the samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatogr ... | 2014 | 25015542 |
| [rapid quantification of total nitrogen and end-point determination of hide melting in manufacturing of donkey-hide gelatin]. | hide melting presents itself as one of the most critical processes in the production of donkey-hide gelatin. here a nir-based method was established for the rapid analysis of in-process hide melting solutions as well as for end-point determination of this process. near infrared (nir) spectra of hide melting solutions were collected in transflective mode. with the contents of total nitrogen determined by the kjeldahl method as reference values, partial least squares regression (plsr) was employed ... | 2014 | 24956848 |
| myth-busting: donkey dentistry and other stories. | | 2014 | 24923919 |
| challenges of thermal nociceptive threshold testing in the donkey. | to evaluate a thermal nociceptive threshold (tnt) testing device in the donkey, and the influence of potential confounding factors on tnts. | 2015 | 24890907 |
| chronic pleuropulmonary fibrosis and elastosis of aged donkeys: similarities to human pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis. | donkey pulmonary fibrosis (dpf) is a spontaneous syndrome of aged donkeys with a high prevalence (35%). no previous detailed characterization of dpf has been performed. we sought to determine the similarities between dpf and recognized patterns of human pulmonary fibrosis. | 2014 | 24889435 |
| diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in rectal temperature, respiration and heart rate of pack donkeys in a tropical savannah zone. | the study was designed to determine diurnal and seasonal changes in basic physiologic responses of donkeys adapted to the tropical savannah. the rectal temperature (rt), respiratory rate (rr) and heart rate (hr) of six male nubian pack donkeys, and the dry-bulb temperature (dbt), relative humidity and heat index of the experimental site were concurrently recorded hourly, from 06:00 h to 18:00 h (gmt +1), for three days, spread 1 week apart, during the cold-dry (harmattan), hot-dry and humid (rai ... | 2014 | 24834007 |
| blood analysis in newborn donkeys: hematology, biochemistry, and blood gases analysis. | the knowledge of reference ranges for hematologic, biochemical, and blood gas parameters in the different species and the influence of breed and age on them is a fundamental tool for the clinician. for this reason, the aim of this study was to evaluate the age-related changes of hematologic and biochemical parameters in martina franca donkey foals during the first 3 weeks of life and of blood gases during the first 24 hours of age. fifteen healthy donkey foals were enrolled; blood samples were c ... | 2014 | 24831574 |
| oviduct binding and elevated environmental ph induce protein tyrosine phosphorylation in stallion spermatozoa. | sperm-oviduct binding is an essential step in the capacitation process preparing the sperm for fertilization in several mammalian species. in many species, capacitation can be induced in vitro by exposing spermatozoa to bicarbonate, ca(2+), and albumin; however, these conditions are insufficient in the horse. we hypothesized that binding to the oviduct epithelium is an essential requirement for the induction of capacitation in stallion spermatozoa. sperm-oviduct binding was established by coincu ... | 2014 | 24829033 |
| phonologically driven variability: the case of determiners. | speakers usually produce words in connected speech. in such contexts, the form in which many words are uttered is influenced by the phonological properties of neighboring words. the current article examines the representations and processes underlying the production of phonologically constrained word form variations. for this purpose, we consider determiners whose form is sensitive to phonological context (e.g., in english: a car vs. an animal; in french: le chien 'the dog' vs. l'âne 'the donkey ... | 2014 | 24797443 |
| seasonal infestation of donkeys by lice: phenology, risk factors and management. | a longitudinal study was undertaken over a 21 months period to examine the seasonal abundance of lice infesting donkeys, the risk factors which predispose donkeys to infestation and the effectiveness of louse management. all the lice seen were bovicola (werneckiella) ocellatus. a strong seasonal pattern, which was correlated with mean monthly temperature, was observed with higher prevalence and intensity in the cooler, winter months (october-march). overall infestation in these animals was over- ... | 2014 | 24792748 |
| biotyping of cultivable lactic acid bacteria isolated from donkey milk. | the diversity of lactic acid bacteria (lab) species in donkey's milk was analysed by culture-dependent microbial techniques. dominant strains were isolated on agar media generally used for enumerating lab. to enrich the number of acidifying lab present, the milk samples were incubated at 37°c for 24 h (cultured milk samples, cm). one of the cm samples was heat-treated at 63°c for 10 min before incubation at 37°c (heat-treated and cultured milk sample, tcm) to select thermophilic lab. the microfl ... | 2014 | 24749686 |
| donkeys milk feeding in newborn: myths and facts. | | 2014 | 24736921 |
| sedative and mechanical hypoalgesic effects of butorphanol in xylazine-premedicated donkeys. | combinations of α2 -adrenoceptor and opioid agonists are commonly used in equids, but little scientific information is available on donkeys. | 2015 | 24735190 |
| cardiopulmonary effects during anaesthesia induced and maintained with propofol in acepromazine pre-medicated donkeys. | to evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of anaesthesia induced and maintained with propofol in acepromazine pre-medicated donkeys. | 2015 | 24734965 |
| spontaneous electroencephalographic changes in a castration model as an indicator of nociception: a comparison between donkeys and ponies. | donkeys are believed to be less demonstrative of pain than ponies. research into comparative sensory processing between these species is required to elucidate these behavioural differences. | 2015 | 24612132 |
| ultrasonographic biometry of the eyes of healthy adult donkeys. | | 2014 | 24603466 |
| the influence of various confounding factors on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in the donkey. | to evaluate a mechanical nociceptive threshold (mnt) testing device in the donkey, and to investigate the influence of potential confounders on mnts generated. | 2014 | 24576142 |
| igg, iga, and lysozyme in martina franca donkey jennies and their foals. | because immune transfer from jenny to donkey foal is mostly unknown, the aim of the present study was to evaluate, from 5 days before to 10 days after foaling, immunoglobulin (ig)g, iga, and lysozyme peripartal concentrations in serum and mammary secretions of 10 healthy, spontaneously foaling martina franca jennies and in serum of their mature, viable, healthy foals, in the first 10 days after birth. the results showed that, in jennies, mammary secretion of igg levels (ranging between 16 and 75 ... | 2014 | 24462298 |
| the effectiveness of faecal removal methods of pasture management to control the cyathostomin burden of donkeys. | the level of anthelmintic resistance within some cyathostomin parasite populations has increased to the level where sole reliance on anthelmintic-based control protocols is not possible. management-based nematode control methods, including removal of faeces from pasture, are widely recommended for use in association with a reduction in anthelmintic use to reduce selection pressure for drug resistance; however, very little work has been performed to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of such ... | 2014 | 24460700 |
| analysis of the gut microbiota by high-throughput sequencing of the v5-v6 regions of the 16s rrna gene in donkey. | considerable evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is complex in many mammals and gut bacteria communities are essential for maintaining gut homeostasis. to date the research on the gut microbiota of donkey is surprisingly scarce. therefore, we performed high-throughput sequencing of the 16s rrna genes v5-v6 hypervariable regions from gut fecal material to characterize the gut microbiota of healthy donkeys and compare the difference of gut microbiota between male and female donkeys. sixty he ... | 2014 | 24452427 |
| cow's milk allergy: where have we come from and where are we going? | since the 1930's the scientific literature on cow's milk protein allergy (cmpa) has accumulated. over the last decade new diagnostic tools and treatment approaches have been developed. the diagnosis of reproducible adverse reactions to cow's milk proteins (cmp), i.e. cmpa, still has to be confirmed by controlled elimination and challenge procedures. advanced diagnostic testing using epitope and microarray technology may in the future improve the diagnostic accuracy of cmpa by determination of sp ... | 2014 | 24450456 |
| expression of pgp 9.5 by enteric neurons in horses and donkeys with and without intestinal disease. | intestinal motility disorders are an important problem in horses and donkeys and this study was carried out in order to evaluate the enteric neurons in animals with and without intestinal disease. surplus intestinal tissue samples were collected from 28 horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy for colic. in addition, surplus intestinal samples from 17 control horses were collected immediately following humane destruction for clinical conditions not relating to the intestinal tract. similar sampl ... | 2016 | 24444819 |
| effect of the season on some aspects of the estrous cycle in martina franca donkey. | the martina franca (mf) donkey breed, with 48 jackasses and 515 jennies, is considered an endangered breed according to the data from the monitoring institute for rare breeds and seeds in europe. the knowledge of the estrous cycle characteristics has a great impact for assisted reproduction, especially in endangered species. in this study, the estrous cycle characteristics were investigated in 12 mf jennies throughout the year. estrous cycle, estrous and diestrous lengths, follicular growth and ... | 2014 | 24439127 |
| the range and prevalence of clinical signs and conformation associated with lameness in working draught donkeys in pakistan. | lameness is prevalent in working donkeys and has major welfare implications; however, a detailed study of the associated clinical signs is lacking. | 2014 | 24433378 |
| two recessive mutations in fgf5 are associated with the long-hair phenotype in donkeys. | seven donkey breeds are recognized by the french studbook. individuals from the pyrenean, provence, berry black, normand, cotentin and bourbonnais breeds are characterized by a short coat, while those from the poitou breed (baudet du poitou) are characterized by a long-hair phenotype. we hypothesized that loss-of-function mutations in the fgf5 (fibroblast growth factor 5) gene, which are associated with a long-hair phenotype in several mammalian species, may account for the special coat feature ... | 2014 | 25927731 |
| effects of thermal treatments on donkey milk nutritional characteristics. | human breast milk is the best nutritional support to ensure right development and influence immune status of the newborn infant. however, when it is not possible to breast feed it may be necessary to use commercial infant formulas that mimic, where possible, the levels and types of nutrients present in human milk. despite this, some formula-fed infants develop allergy and/or atopic disease compared to breast-fed infants. most infants with cow's milk protein allergy (cmpa) develop symptoms before ... | 2013 | 24365337 |
| donkey, donkey, reflecting light, in the darkness of the night . . . | | 2013 | 24362803 |
| pedigree and herd characterization of a donkey breed vulnerable to extinction. | most donkey and local horse breeds are vulnerable to extinction as mechanization of agriculture progress throughout the world. the present study analyzed the pedigree and herd records of the donkey asinina de miranda breed (ram), identifying genealogical and human factors that may affect the breed genetic diversity in the future and suggesting suitable strategies to breed preservation, early on the conservation program. the breeding rate was very low, with a ratio of foaling/live animals of 0.23 ... | 2014 | 24330770 |
| effect of single layer centrifugation using androcoll-e-large on the sperm quality parameters of cooled-stored donkey semen doses. | the aim of this study was to determine the effect of single layer centrifugation (slc) using androcoll-e-large on donkey sperm quality parameters after 24 h of cool-storage. ejaculates were collected from andalusian donkeys and then cooled at 5°c. slc was carried out after 24 h of cool-storage using androcoll-e-large. in the first experiment, all sperm parameters assessed (total and progressive sperm motility, viability, sperm morphology and sperm kinematics vcl, vsl, vap, lin, str, wob, alh and ... | 2014 | 24284302 |
| epidemiological and virological investigations of equine influenza outbreaks in ireland (2010-2012). | outbreaks of equine influenza (ei) in endemic populations cause disruption and economic loss. | 2013 | 24224821 |
| morphological variations of the vallate papillae in some mammalian species. | the morpho-structural characteristics of the vallate papillae of the tongue of rat, dog, donkey and buffalo were investigated by macroscopy and their microstructure by light and scanning electron microscopy (sem). the numbers of vallate papillae varied among the different species. in rat, a single vallate papilla surrounded by incomplete groove and an annular fold was observed. taste buds were detected along the entire length of the medial and lateral groove epithelium, but not in the papillary ... | 2014 | 24242871 |
| regenerative medicine approach to reconstruction of the equine upper airway. | airway obstruction is a common cause of poor performance in horses. structural abnormalities (insufficient length, rigidity) can be a cause for the obstruction. currently, there are a few effective clinical options for reconstruction of the equine larynx. a regenerative medicine approach to reconstruction may provide the capability to stabilize laryngeal structures and to encourage restoration of site-appropriate, functional, and host-derived tissue. the purpose of this study was the histopathol ... | 2014 | 24160675 |
| clinical, ultrasonographic, and endocrinological studies on donkey pregnancy. | although donkey breeding has gained new interest in the past two decades, knowledge about donkey reproduction is still scarce, particularly on jenny pregnancy. the aim of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic and endocrine profiles of the physiological pregnancy in the jenny. the study was performed on 12 pregnancies of 7 amiata donkeys from day 10 after ovulation to delivery. because three pregnancies, respectively at weeks 42, 44, and 45, were considered pathologic and treated pharma ... | 2014 | 24157228 |
| a demographic survey of unwanted horses in ireland in 2011 and totals for 2012 and a comparison with 2010. | this report compiles the available information on unwanted horses in ireland for 2011 and 2012 and builds upon the previous report for the period 2005 to 2010. similar trends are present in the high value responsible ownership category and the practicing veterinary profession although extensively involved in horse welfare, euthanises a small proportion of ireland's unwanted horses. welfare groups have limited resources and a limited ability to deal with such an extensive problem, which has invol ... | 2013 | 24156381 |
| links between l-glutamate transporters, na+/k+-atpase and cytoskeleton in astrocytes: evidence following inhibition with rottlerin. | astrocytes are plastic cells that play key roles in brain physiology and pathology, including via their glutamate transporters, excitatory amino acid transporter (eaat)1 and eaat2, maintaining low extracellular glutamate concentrations and protecting against excitotoxic neuronal injury. alterations in cell surface expression of eaats and astrocytic cytoskeleton are important for regulating transporter activity. this study employed the actions of rottlerin, to interrogate the regulation of eaat a ... | 2013 | 24095695 |
| not small horses: improving treatments for donkeys. | | 2013 | 24077145 |
| chronic binge-like alcohol consumption in adolescence causes depression-like symptoms possibly mediated by the effects of bdnf on neurogenesis. | here we investigated whether changes in neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) expression are possible mechanisms involved in the depression-like symptom during the withdrawal/abstinence period after chronic binge-pattern alcohol consumption given the limited number of studies addressing the link between these factors in the adolescent brain. forty-seven male sprague-dawley rats were used in the study and the experimental protocol started when rats were 25-days old. rats were ... | 2013 | 24076087 |
| insulin dysregulation. | abnormalities of insulin metabolism include hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance, and these problems are collectively referred to as insulin dysregulation in this review. insulin dysregulation is a key component of equine metabolic syndrome: a collection of endocrine and metabolic abnormalities associated with the development of laminitis in horses, ponies and donkeys. insulin dysregulation can also accompany prematurity and systemic illness in foals. causes of insulin resistance are discuss ... | 2014 | 24033478 |
| orexinergic innervation of urocortin1 and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript neurons in the midbrain centrally projecting edinger-westphal nucleus. | orexin is a neuropeptide that has been implicated in several processes, such as induction of appetite, arousal and alertness and sleep/wake regulation. multiple lines of evidence also suggest that orexin is involved in the stress response. when orexin is administered intracerebroventricular it activates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (hpa)-axis, which is the main regulator of the stress response. the hpa-axis is not the only player in the stress response evidence suggests that urocortin 1 (u ... | 2013 | 23958928 |
| effect of donkey seminal plasma on sperm movement and sperm-polymorphonuclear neutrophils attachment in vitro. | to evaluate the effect of seminal plasma in endometrial inflammation in donkeys, samples from fresh pure, fresh diluted and frozen-thawed semen of three different jackasses were co-incubated in water bath at 37°c with uterine jennie's secretions collected 6h after artificial insemination with frozen-thawed donkey semen. individual sperm movement parameters using the computerised sperm analysis system (casa) and sperm-polymorphonuclear neutrophils (sperm-pmn) attachment observed in diff-quick sta ... | 2013 | 23891218 |
| comparison of the mechanical hypoalgesic effects of five α2-adrenoceptor agonists in donkeys. | pharmacological pain management is necessary under many clinical situations, but in donkeys little information on analgesic drugs is available. this controlled, randomised, crossover, latin-square, operator-blinded study aimed to assess and compare the hypoalgesic effects of intravenously administered saline and five α2-adrenoceptor agonists on mechanical nociceptive thresholds (mnt) in donkeys. areas under the threshold change versus time curve values for 0-30, 30-60, 60-90 and 90-120 minutes p ... | 2013 | 23878192 |
| essential trace elements in milk and blood serum of lactating donkeys as affected by lactation stage and dietary supplementation with trace elements. | the aim of this trial was to study the concentration of zinc (zn), iron (fe), copper (cu), manganese (mn), selenium (se), cobalt (co) and iodine (i) in milk and blood serum of lactating donkeys, taking into account the effects of lactation stage and dietary supplementation with trace elements. during a 3-month period, 16 clinically healthy lactating donkeys (martina-franca-derived population), randomly divided into two homogeneous groups (control (ctl) and trace elements (te)), were used to prov ... | 2013 | 23845762 |
| a non-cholinergic neuronal loss in the pedunculopontine nucleus of toxin-evoked parkinsonian rats. | the pedunculopontine nucleus (ppn) controls various physiological functions, whilst being deemed a suitable target for low-frequency stimulation therapy for alleviating aspects of parkinson's disease (pd). previous studies showed that the ppn contains mainly cholinergic, γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba)ergic and glutamatergic neurons. here we report on the total number of ppn neurons in laboratory rats, a species frequently used as an experimental model for simulating aspects of human pd. moreover, th ... | 2013 | 23769975 |
| percutaneous approach for sialolith removal in a donkey. | salivary duct lithiasis is a condition characterized by the partial or total obstruction ofa salivary gland or its excretory duct due to the formation of sialoliths. a 9-year-old female donkey, belonging to the unique and endangered indigenous breed of donkey in portugal, was diagnosed with a sialolith in the rostral portion of the right parotid duct based on clinical, oral, dental, and radiographic examination results. surgical removal of the sialolith was done through a percutaneous approach. | 2013 | 23757823 |
| neuro-fuzzy controller to navigate an unmanned vehicle. | a neuro-fuzzy control method for an unmanned vehicle (uv) simulation is described. the objective is guiding an autonomous vehicle to a desired destination along a desired path in an environment characterized by a terrain and a set of distinct objects, such as obstacles like donkey traffic lights and cars circulating in the trajectory. the autonomous navigate ability and road following precision are mainly influenced by its control strategy and real-time control performance. fuzzy logic controlle ... | 2013 | 23705105 |
| post-ischemic treatment with l-kynurenine sulfate exacerbates neuronal damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. | since brain ischemia is one of the leading causes of adult disability and death, neuroprotection of the ischemic brain is of particular importance. acute neuroprotective strategies usually have the aim of suppressing glutamate excitotoxicity and an excessive n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptor function. clinically tolerated antagonists should antagonize an excessive nmda receptor function without compromising the normal synaptic function. kynurenic acid (kyna) an endogenous metabolite of the tr ... | 2013 | 23685169 |
| prevalence of rotavirus and adenovirus associated with diarrhea among displaced communities in khartoum, sudan. | diarrheal diseases represent a major worldwide public health problem particularly in developing countries. each year, at least four million children under five years of age die from diarrhea. rotavirus, enteric adenovirus and some bacterial species are the most common identified infectious agents responsible for diarrhea in young children worldwide. this study was conducted to determine prevalence of rotavirus and adenovirus associated with diarrhea among displaced communities in khartoum state, ... | 2013 | 23657114 |
| extensive polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex dra gene in balkan donkeys: perspectives on selection and genealogy. | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) contains genes important for immune response in mammals, and these genes exhibit high polymorphism and diversity. the dra gene, a member of the mhc class ii family, is highly conserved across a large number of mammalian species, but it displays exceptionally rich sequence variations in equidae members. we analyzed allelic polymorphism of the dra locus in 248 donkeys sampled across the balkan peninsula (albania, bulgaria, croatia, macedonia, greece and m ... | 2013 | 23621397 |
| postpartum reproductive activities and gestation length in martina franca jennies, an endangered italian donkey breed. | the donkey reproductive physiology is still partially known despite the increasing risk of extinction involving several breeds. the present study was designed to describe the postpartum (pp) reproductive performance of an italian endangered breed: the martina franca donkey. to this aim, 52 jennies were monitored to define the foal-heat (fh) and the first and second pp estrus episodes (1st ppe and 2nd ppe). the data indicate that jennies spontaneously recovered reproduction in approximately 10 da ... | 2013 | 23611407 |
| symbolic metal bit and saddlebag fastenings in a middle bronze age donkey burial. | here we report the unprecedented discovery of the skeleton of a ritually interred donkey with a metal horse bit in association with its teeth and saddlebag fastenings on its back. this discovery in the middle bronze age iii sacred precinct (1700/1650-1550 bce) at tel haror, israel, presents a unique combination of evidence for the early employment of equid harnessing equipment, both for chariot bridling (horse bit) and pack animals (saddlebags). the ritually deposited donkey with its unique acco ... | 2013 | 23484046 |
| antitumour effects of pentapeptide derived from donkey serum albumin both in vitro and in vivo. | antitumour effects of pentapeptide (lh) derived from donkey serum albumin hydrolysates were tested against tumour cells both in vitro and in vivo. the mechanism of lh induced tumour cell apoptosis was investigated. | 2013 | 23454170 |
| analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid in clinically normal adult miniature donkeys. | to establish reference intervals for serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) parameters in clinically healthy adult miniature donkeys. | 2013 | 23444916 |
| control of the chewing louse bovicola (werneckiella) ocellatus in donkeys, using essential oils. | infestations by lice can be a significant clinical and welfare issue in the management of large animals. the limited range of commercial pediculicides available and the development of resistance have led to the need to explore alternative louse management approaches. the results of in vitro and in vivo trials undertaken to control populations of the donkey chewing louse, bovicola ocellatus (piaget) (phthiraptera: trichodectidae) using the essential oils of tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) and l ... | 2013 | 23414090 |
| relationship between ultrasound measurements of body fat reserves and body condition score in female donkeys. | several methods have been developed to monitor body fat reserves of farm animals and body condition scoring (bcs) is generally assumed to be the most practical. objective methods, such as real time ultrasonography (rtu), are accepted methods for measuring fat reserves in several farm species but there is no published information about the use of rtu to monitor body fat reserves in donkeys. the aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between rtu measurements and bcs in female d ... | 2013 | 23395347 |
| effect of packing on changes in erythrocyte osmotic fragility and malondialdehyde concentration in donkeys administered with ascorbic acid. | experiments were performed with the aim of investigating the effect of packing on erythrocyte osmotic fragility (eof) and malondialdehyde (mda) concentration in donkeys, and the effect of ascorbic acid (aa). twelve apparently healthy donkeys raised under the traditional extensive system served as experimental subjects. six donkeys administered orally with aa (200 mg/kg) and subjected to packing were used as experimental animals, whilst six others not administered with aa served as controls. bloo ... | 2012 | 23327322 |
| surgical management of penile and preputial neoplasms in equine with special reference to partial phallectomy. | penile and preputial neoplasia in horses occurs infrequently and represents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. the present study was carried out on a total number of 21 equids (14 stallions and 7 donkeys) suffered from different penile and preputial neoplasia. diagnosis of neoplasms was based up on history of the case, clinical examination as well as histopathological evaluation. animals with penile and preputial neoplasms were underwent local excision and partial phallectomy with a slightly ... | 2013 | 26464915 |
| dot and the nodding donkeys-- sycophancy at work. | | 2012 | 23256328 |
| helping donkeys to 'be safe, be seen'. | | 2012 | 23223469 |
| influence of season on testicular morphometry and semen characteristics in martina franca jackasses. | as other european donkey breeds, martina franca could be considered an endangered breed because of the population number (48 jackasses and 515 jennies in 2011). to increase donkey population and breed biodiversity preservation, several research projects on donkey reproduction have been performed; however reproductive seasonality has been only partially investigated in jackasses. for this reason the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seasons and of long (spring to summer; ss) and ... | 2013 | 23218651 |
| effect of sperm concentration on characteristics of frozen-thawed semen in donkeys. | in this study, the effect of donkey sperm concentration in the straw during cryopreservation on the quality of thawed semen was evaluated. samples from seven adult martina franca jackasses were collected three times using a missouri artificial vagina. after estimation of volume and concentration, raw semen was evaluated for motility using a computer-assisted sperm analyzer (casa); viability and acrosome integrity were also determined. fresh semen was then centrifuged and re-suspended at five dif ... | 2012 | 23182476 |
| hemato-biochemical responses to packing in donkeys administered ascorbic acid during the harmattan season. | experiments were performed to investigate the effect of ascorbic acid (aa) in reducing hemato-biochemical changes in pack donkeys during the cold-dry (harmattan) season. six experimental donkeys administered orally aa (200 mg/kg) and six control donkeys not administered ascorbic acid were subjected to packing. blood samples were collected from all donkeys for hematological and biochemical analyses. in the control donkeys, packed cell volume (pcv), erythrocyte count and hemoglobin concentration ( ... | 2015 | 23154452 |
| plasma disposition and milk excretion of eprinomectin following pour-on administration in lactating donkeys. | | 2013 | 23106448 |
| accidental digitoxin intoxication: an interplay between laboratory and clinical medicine. | two italian adults arrived at the emergency department referring diarrhea, nausea and vomiting for 4 days; weakness, fatigue and visual hallucinations were also complained of. patients reported the ingestion of some leaves of a plant, which they supposed to be "donkey ears", a week before. physical examination showed hypotension and bradycardia and ecg examination disclosed sinus rhythm and repolarization abnormalities (scooping of the st-t complex) in both patients and a 2:1 av block in the man ... | 2012 | 23092069 |
| ms-based characterization of α(s2)-casein isoforms in donkey's milk. | the primary structure of four α(s2)-casein (cn) isoforms, present as minor components in the dephosphorylated cn fraction of a milk sample collected in eastern sicily from an individual donkey belonging to the ragusano breed at middle lactation stage, was determined, using the known donkey's α(s2)-cn (genbank acc. no. cav00691; m(r) 26,028 da) as reference. proteins, with experimentally measured m(r) of 25,429, 21,939, 25,203 and 21,713 da, were isolated by the combined use of reversed-phase hig ... | 2012 | 22972783 |
| fat content, energy value and fatty acid profile of donkey milk during lactation and implications for human nutrition. | milk contains numerous nutrients. the content of n-3 fatty acids, the n-6/n-3 ratio, and short- and medium-chain fatty acids may promote positive health effects. in western societies, cow's milk fat is perceived as a risk factor for health because it is a source of a high fraction of saturated fatty acids. recently, there has been increasing interest in donkey's milk. in this work, the fat and energetic value and acidic composition of donkey's milk, with reference to human nutrition, and their v ... | 2012 | 22963037 |
| diet supplementation with donkey milk upregulates liver mitochondrial uncoupling, reduces energy efficiency and improves antioxidant and antiinflammatory defences in rats. | dietary pufa, mainly those of the n-3 family, are known to play essential roles in the maintenance of energy balance and in the reduction of body fat deposition through the upregulation of mitochondrial uncoupling that is the main source of reactive oxygen species. we hypothesized that rat supplementation with raw donkey's milk (dm), characterized by low-fat content and higher n3:n6 ratio, may affect energy balance, lipid metabolism, and prooxidant status as compared to animals treated with cow' ... | 2012 | 22930490 |
| thyroid hormone concentrations differ between donkeys and horses. | reference intervals for thyroid hormones (th) concentrations have not been previously established for donkeys, leading to potential misdiagnosis of thyroid disease. | 2013 | 22909401 |
| rectal temperature responses of donkeys administered with ascorbic acid and subjected to load carrying (packing) during the harmattan season in nigeria. | the aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of 4-h load carrying (packing) on donkeys administered with ascorbic acid (aa) during the harmattan season. six donkeys administered orally with ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg) and subjected to packing served as experimental animals, while six others given only distilled water served as control animals. the rectal temperature (rt) of each donkey and dry-bulb temperature (dbt) and relative humidity (rh) of the research pen were recorded at 0600 hours ... | 2013 | 22869338 |
| development of a quantitative multivariable radiographic method to evaluate anatomic changes associated with laminitis in the forefeet of donkeys. | to establish and validate an objective method of radiographic diagnosis of anatomic changes in laminitic forefeet of donkeys on the basis of data from a comprehensive series of radiographic measurements. | 2012 | 22849682 |
| risk factors for colic in equids hospitalized for ocular disease. | to evaluate the incidence of colic and risk factors for colic in equids hospitalized for ocular disease. | 2012 | 22657933 |
| genetic diversity and variability in endangered pantesco and two other sicilian donkey breeds assessed by microsatellite markers. | the genetic variability of pantesco and other two sicilian autochthonous donkey breeds (ragusano and grigio siciliano) was assessed using a set of 14 microsatellites. the main goals were to describe the current differentiation among the breeds and to provide genetic information useful to safeguard the pantesco breed as well as to manage ragusano and grigio siciliano. in the whole sample, that included 108 donkeys representative of the three populations, a total of 85 alleles were detected. the m ... | 2012 | 22649301 |
| molluscum contagiosum in two donkeys. | | 2012 | 22645156 |
| a comparative study of xylazine-induced mechanical hypoalgesia in donkeys and horses. | to compare the effects of xylazine on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in donkeys and horses. | 2012 | 22574779 |
| pyrethroid tolerance in the chewing louse bovicola (werneckiella) ocellatus. | equine pediculosis is a significant health and welfare issue, particularly in elderly and chronically debilitated animals. currently infestation is controlled predominantly using topically applied pyrethroid insecticides, allowing limited scope for the rotation of drugs and increasing the risk of selection for resistance. here the insecticidal efficacies of two pyrethroid-based products against the louse bovicola (werneckiella) ocellatus collected from donkeys were examined in vitro. the product ... | 2012 | 22513112 |
| plasma leptin concentration in donkeys. | donkeys appear to be more predisposed than large breed horses to suffer from hyperlipemia. the reason for that predisposition is unknown but anorexia is a consistent feature of the disease. leptin, a protein synthesized in fat tissue, is one of the major inhibitors of appetite in mammals. | 2012 | 22493943 |
| european outbreaks of atypical myopathy in grazing equids (2006-2009): spatiotemporal distribution, history and clinical features. | improved understanding of the epidemiology of atypical myopathy (am) will help to define the environmental factors that permit or support the causal agent(s) to exert toxicity. | 2012 | 22448904 |
| a survey of anaesthetic practice in predicting difficult intubation in uk and europe. | unexpected difficulty in tracheal intubation is an intermittent and often terrifying problem for all practising anaesthetists. there are many preoperative assessment tests to predict a difficult laryngeal view or a difficult intubation, but we found no published evidence of how frequently these predictive tests are used or how useful they are perceived to be by anaesthetists. | 2012 | 22374390 |
| economic burden of motorcycle accidents in northern ghana. | motorcycles are the most popular means of transportation in northern ghana, and their accidents are major causes of out-patient attendance and admissions in the bolgatanga municipality. | 2011 | 22359418 |
| homing and reparative effect of intra-articular injection of autologus mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritic animal model. | this work aimed to study the homing evidence and the reparative effect of mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) in the healing process of induced osteoarthritis in experimental animal model (donkeys). | 2011 | 22085445 |
| gastric and enteric phytobezoars caused by ingestion of persimmon in equids. | case description-13 equids (10 horses, 2 donkeys, and 1 pony) were examined for signs of colic (n = 7), weight loss (6), anorexia (3), and diarrhea (2). ten equids were evaluated in the fall (september to november). seven equids had a history of persimmon ingestion. clinical findings-a diagnosis of phytobezoar caused by persimmon ingestion was made for all equids. eight equids had gastric persimmon phytobezoars; 5 had enteric persimmon phytobezoars. gastroscopy or gastroduodenoscopy revealed evi ... | 2011 | 21985354 |
| treating epilepsy: a review of polish historical sources. | the first surviving polish publications on epilepsy were written in the 16th and 17th centuries. many causes of epileptic seizures are quoted and they are divided into two categories: internal and external. internal causes (causa interna) include imbalance in the basic bodily humors, that is, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, and blood. according to medieval writers, the principal cause of epilepsy was vapor, a damp, cold volatile substance originating in the excessive production of one of the ba ... | 2011 | 21775214 |
| a comparative study on the adverse effects of flunixin, ketoprofen and phenylbutazone in miniature donkeys: haematological, biochemical and pathological findings. | to evaluate the adverse effects of flunixin, ketoprofen and phenylbutazone when administered i/v to clinically normal miniature donkeys. | 2010 | 20927172 |
| retrospective analysis of post-mortem findings in 1,444 aged donkeys. | the aim of this study was to describe and report the prevalence of conditions found at necropsy examination of uk donkeys. records from 1,444 donkeys over a 7-year period were included in the analysis. sixty-one categories of post-mortem finding were identified from 9,744 observations. the four most prevalent conditions noted were dental disorder (78.7%), vascular disease other than aneurysm (60.9%), arthritis (55.4%) and foot disorder (44.8%). gastric ulceration was found in 42% of the donkeys ... | 2016 | 20880543 |
| donkey work. | rosie the donkey gave care home residents a treat by allowing them to stroke her at an event to mark a national day of dignity. | 2010 | 27759547 |
| [the library of burros]. | culture and information can reach those interested through different paths. the story of soriano, a columbian teacher, written by one of the most famous italian journalists is proposed. soriano, each week-end, with his two burros, alfa and beto, loaded with books, reaches small villages in the middle of nowhere, to teach adults and children to read and write. the donkeys, symbol of ignorance, are the most effective carriers of culture. | 2010 | 20222523 |
| morphological study of tracheal shape in donkeys with and without tracheal obstruction. | there is limited information on the gross tracheal morphology of donkeys with or without tracheal abnormalities. | 2010 | 20156249 |
| treatment of hyperadrenocorticism in donkeys. | | 2010 | 20118480 |
| mortality associated with heat stress in donkeys in india. | | 2010 | 20118473 |
| necropsy survey of gastric ulcers in a population of aged donkeys: prevalence, lesion description and risk factors. | there is no information about the prevalence of gastric ulceration in donkeys or potential risk factors for its presence in donkeys. the donkey is a stoic, hardy animal that has not previously been thought to suffer from this disease. however, gastric ulceration was found to be a problem in a population of non-working uk donkeys resident at the donkey sanctuary and its prevalence was estimated by examining necropsy data over a 2-year period during 2005 to 2006. associations with clinical and man ... | 2009 | 22444232 |