| priming with dna expressing trimeric hiv v1v2 alters the immune hierarchy favoring the development of v2-specific antibodies in rhesus macaques. | the rv144 vaccine trial revealed a correlation between reduced risk of hiv infection and the level of non-neutralizing antibody (ab) responses targeting specific epitopes in the second variable domain (v2) of the hiv gp120 envelope (env) protein, suggesting this region as a target for vaccine development. to favor induction of v2-specific abs, we developed a vaccine regimen that included priming with dna expressing an hiv v1v2 trimeric scaffold immunogen followed by booster immunizations with a ... | 2020 | 33087466 |
| shiv.c.ch505 persistence in art-suppressed infant macaques is characterized by elevated shiv rna in the gut and high abundance of intact shiv dna in naïve cd4+ t cells. | mother-to-child transmission of hiv-1 continues to cause new pediatric cases of infection through breastfeeding, a setting where it is not always possible to initiate early antiretroviral therapy (art). without novel interventions that do not rely on daily art, hiv-1 infected children face lifelong medications to control infection. a detailed analysis of virus persistence following breastmilk transmission of hiv-1 and art has not been performed. here, we used infant rhesus macaques orally-infect ... | 2020 | 33087463 |
| a broadly neutralizing macaque monoclonal antibody against the hiv-1 v3-glycan patch. | a small fraction of hiv-1- infected humans develop broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnabs) against hiv-1 that protect macaques from simian immunodeficiency hiv chimeric virus (shiv). similarly, a small number of macaques infected with shivs develop broadly neutralizing serologic activity, but less is known about the nature of simian antibodies. here, we report on a monoclonal antibody, ab1485, isolated from a macaque infected with shivad8 that developed broadly neutralizing serologic activity ta ... | 2020 | 33084569 |
| complete inhibition of abcb1 and abcg2 at the blood-brain barrier by co-infusion of erlotinib and tariquidar to improve brain delivery of the model abcb1/abcg2 substrate [11c]erlotinib. | p-glycoprotein (abcb1) and breast cancer resistance protein (abcg2) restrict at the blood-brain barrier (bbb) the brain distribution of the majority of currently known molecularly targeted anticancer drugs. to improve brain delivery of dual abcb1/abcg2 substrates, both abcb1 and abcg2 need to be inhibited simultaneously at the bbb. we examined the feasibility of simultaneous abcb1/abcg2 inhibition with i.v. co-infusion of erlotinib and tariquidar by studying brain distribution of the model abcb1 ... | 2020 | 33081568 |
| functional links between sensory representations, choice activity, and sensorimotor associations in parietal cortex. | three-dimensional (3d) representations of the environment are often critical for selecting actions that achieve desired goals. the success of these goal-directed actions relies on 3d sensorimotor transformations that are experience-dependent. here we investigated the relationships between the robustness of 3d visual representations, choice-related activity, and motor-related activity in parietal cortex. macaque monkeys performed an eight-alternative 3d orientation discrimination task and a visua ... | 2020 | 33078705 |
| hypothesis: tau pathology is an initiating factor in sporadic alzheimer's disease. | the etiology of the common, sporadic form of alzheimer's disease (sad) is unknown. we hypothesize that tau pathology within select projection neurons with susceptible microenvironments can initiate sad. this postulate rests on extensive data demonstrating that in human brains tau pathology appears about a decade before the formation of aβ plaques (aβps), especially targeting glutamate projection neurons in the association cortex. data from aging rhesus monkeys show abnormal tau phosphorylation w ... | 2020 | 33075193 |
| efficacy of silk fibroin biomaterial vehicle for in vivo mucosal delivery of griffithsin and protection against hiv and shiv infection ex vivo. | the majority of new hiv infections occur through mucosal transmission. the availability of readily applicable and accessible platforms for anti-retroviral (arv) delivery is critical for the prevention of hiv acquisition through sexual transmission in both women and men. there is a compelling need for developing new topical delivery systems that have advantages over the pills, gels and rings, which currently fail to guarantee protection against mucosal viral transmission in vulnerable populations ... | 2020 | 33073530 |
| cross-species rna-seq study comparing transcriptomes of enriched osteocyte populations in the tibia and skull. | local site-specific differences between bones in different regions of the skeleton account for their different properties and functions. to identify mechanisms behind these differences, we have performed a cross-species study comparing rna transcriptomes of cranial and tibial osteocytes, from bones with very different primary functions and physiological responses, collected from the same individual mouse, rat, and rhesus macaque. bioinformatic analysis was performed to identify 32 genes changed ... | 2020 | 33071985 |
| staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant s. aureus in nepalese primates: resistance to antimicrobials, virulence, and genetic lineages. | staphylococcus aureus is a ubiquitous pathogen and colonizer in humans and animals. there are few studies on the molecular epidemiology of s. aureus in wild monkeys and apes. s. aureus carriage in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) and assam macaques (macaca assamensis) is a species that has not previously been sampled and lives in remote environments with limited human contact. forty staphylococcus aureus isolates including 33 methicillin-susceptible s. aureus (mssa) and seven methicillin-resista ... | 2020 | 33066007 |
| vascular disease and thrombosis in sars-cov-2-infected rhesus macaques. | the covid-19 pandemic has led to extensive morbidity and mortality throughout the world. clinical features that drive sars-cov-2 pathogenesis in humans include inflammation and thrombosis, but the mechanistic details underlying these processes remain to be determined. in this study, we demonstrate endothelial disruption and vascular thrombosis in histopathologic sections of lungs from both humans and rhesus macaques infected with sars-cov-2. to define key molecular pathways associated with sars- ... | 2020 | 33065030 |
| middle identification for rhesus monkeys is influenced by number but not extent. | concept learning provides a fundamental building block for many cognitive functions in humans. here we address whether rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) can learn the abstract concept of "middle" in a series of objects. first, we trained monkeys to select the middle dot in a horizontal series of three dots presented on a touchscreen. monkeys maintained a preference to choose the middle dot despite changes in the appearance, location, and spacing of the horizontal series of dots. they maintained hi ... | 2020 | 33060813 |
| vertical transmission of hepatitis e virus in pregnant rhesus macaques. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the major pathogen of viral hepatitis. hev causes high mortality in pregnant women. its infection during pregnancy usually leads to fulminant hepatic failure, spontaneous abortions, premature delivery, or stillbirth. vertical transmission of hev has been reported, but the pathogenesis during pregnancy remains largely elusive. pregnant rhesus macaques were infected with hev to explore the pathogenesis of genotype 4 hev infection during pregnancy. active hev infections w ... | 2020 | 33060782 |
| neuronal activity distributed in multiple cortical areas during voluntary control of the native arm or a brain-computer interface. | voluntary control of visually-guided upper extremity movements involves neuronal activity in multiple areas of the cerebral cortex. studies of brain-computer interfaces (bcis) that use spike recordings for input, however, have focused largely on activity in the region from which those neurons that directly control the bci, which we call bci units, are recorded. we hypothesized that just as voluntary control of the arm and hand involves activity in multiple cortical areas, so does voluntary contr ... | 2020 | 33060178 |
| genetic correlations in the rhesus macaque dentition. | quantitative genetic analyses can indicate how complex traits respond to natural selection by demonstrating the genetic relationships between features that constrain their evolution. genetic correlations between dental measurements have been estimated previously in baboons, humans, and tamarins and indicate variable patterns of modularity by tooth type across these taxa. here, heritabilities of, and genetic correlations between, linear dental measurements were estimated from the cayo santiago rh ... | 2020 | 33059308 |
| seasonal variation in the gut microbiota of rhesus macaques inhabiting limestone forests of southwest guangxi, china. | data on the gut microbiota of animals can provide new insights into dietary ecology of hosts, consequently assisting in understanding their adaptation strategy and evolutionary potential. we studied the gut microbiota composition and function of the wild rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) using 16s rrna sequencing method. our results revealed that the gut microbiota of the wild rhesus macaques was dominated by firmicutes, bacteroidetes, and spirochaetes. diversity and richness of gut microbiota we ... | 2020 | 33057745 |
| flow rate and apparent volume of cerebrospinal fluid in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) based on the pharmacokinetics of intrathecally administered inulin. | cerebrospinal fluid (csf) flow rate and volume are fundamental to the design and interpretation of preclinical pharmacokineticsand pharmacodynamics studies in nhp. to determine the values of csf flow rate and volume, we evaluated the plasma and csf pharmacokinetics of inulin, an inert polysaccharide tracer, in 5 rhesus macaques with csf ventricular reservoirs and lumbar ports; these reservoirs and ports facilitate humane intrathecal administration and serial csf sampling in unanesthetized macaqu ... | 2020 | 33046181 |
| changes in audiometric threshold and frequency selectivity correlate with cochlear histopathology in macaque monkeys with permanent noise-induced hearing loss. | exposure to loud noise causes damage to the inner ear, including but not limited to outer and inner hair cells (ohcs and ihcs) and ihc ribbon synapses. this cochlear damage impairs auditory processing and increases audiometric thresholds (noise-induced hearing loss, nihl). however, the exact relationship between the perceptual consequences of nihl and its underlying cochlear pathology are poorly understood. this study used a nonhuman primate model of nihl to relate changes in frequency selectivi ... | 2020 | 33045479 |
| application of microrna profiling to understand sevoflurane-induced adverse effects on developing monkey brain. | we have described that prolonged sevoflurane exposure at a clinically-relevant concentration of 2.5 % caused neuronal cell death in the developing monkey brain. postnatal day 5 or 6 rhesus monkeys (n = 3) were exposed to 2.5 % sevoflurane for 8 h. monkeys kept at environmental conditions in the procedure room served as controls (n = 3). brain tissues were harvested four hours after sevoflurane exposure for histological analysis, and rna or protein extraction. microrna (mirna) profiling on the fr ... | 2020 | 33045284 |
| pharmacological evidence for the implication of noradrenaline in effort. | the trade-off between effort and reward is one of the main determinants of behavior, and its alteration is at the heart of major disorders such as depression or parkinson's disease. monoaminergic neuromodulators are thought to play a key role in this trade-off, but their relative contribution remains unclear. rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) performed a choice task requiring a trade-off between the volume of fluid reward and the amount of force to be exerted on a grip. in line with a causal role ... | 2020 | 33044952 |
| regn-cov2 antibodies prevent and treat sars-cov-2 infection in rhesus macaques and hamsters. | an urgent global quest for effective therapies to prevent and treat covid-19 disease is ongoing. we previously described regn-cov2, a cocktail of two potent neutralizing antibodies (regn10987+regn10933) targeting non-overlapping epitopes on the sars-cov-2 spike protein. in this report, we evaluate the in vivo efficacy of this antibody cocktail in both rhesus macaques, which may model mild disease, and golden hamsters, which may model more severe disease. we demonstrate that regn-cov-2 can greatl ... | 2020 | 33037066 |
| long-term low-dose delta-9-tetrahydrocannbinol (thc) administration to simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infected rhesus macaques stimulates the release of bioactive blood extracellular vesicles (evs) that induce divergent structural adaptations and signaling cues. | blood extracellular vesicles (bevs) carry bioactive cargo (proteins, genetic materials, lipids, licit, and illicit drugs) that regulate diverse functions in target cells. the cannabinoid drug delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc) is fda approved for the treatment of anorexia and weight loss in people living with hiv. however, the effect of thc on bev characteristics in the setting of hiv/siv infection needs to be determined. here, we used the siv-infected rhesus macaque model of aids to evaluate th ... | 2020 | 33036231 |
| development and optimization of a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) droplet digital pcr (ddpcr) assay. | accurate and sensitive quantification of rebound competent hiv that persists despite combination antiretroviral treatment (cart), including in latently infected cells (i.e., viral reservoir), is critical for evaluating cure strategies for decreasing or eliminating this reservoir. simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected rhesus macaques are an important non-human primate (nhp) system for studying potential cure strategies as they model many key aspects of human hiv-infection including the per ... | 2020 | 33035247 |
| evaluation of the safety and long-term scleral biomechanical stability of uva cross-linking on scleral collagen in rhesus monkeys. | to investigate the changes of retinal and choroidal parameters, scleral biomechanical strength, and ocular histopathology after scleral ultraviolet-a (uva) cross-linking (cxl) in rhesus monkeys eyes, and to evaluate the safety and long-term biomechanical stability of scleral cxl for preventing myopia from progressing further in clinic. | 2020 | 33034362 |
| predicting susceptibility for sars-cov-2 infection in domestic and wildlife animals using ace2 protein sequence homology. | the article is presenting a bioinformatics based method predicting susceptibility for sars-cov-2 infection in domestic and wildlife animals. recently, there were reports of cats and ferrets, dogs, minks, golden hamster, rhesus monkeys, tigers, and lions testing for sars-cov-2 rna which indicated for the possible interspecies viral transmission. our method successfully predicted the susceptibility of these animals for contracting sars-cov-2 infection. this method can be used as a screening tool f ... | 2020 | 33034084 |
| vedolizumab treatment across antiretroviral treatment interruption in chronic hiv infection: the havarti protocol for a pilot dose-ranging clinical trial to assess safety, tolerance, immunological and virological activity. | continuous antiretroviral therapy (art) suppresses hiv plasma viral load (pvl) to very low levels, which allows for some immune recovery. discontinuation of art leads to pvl rebound from reservoirs of persistence and latency, and progressive immunodeficiency. one promising but controversial strategy targeting cd4+ t lymphocytes with a monoclonal antibody (mab) against α4β7 integrin has shown promise through sustained virological remission of pvl (svr) in siv239-infected rhesus macaques. we propo ... | 2020 | 33033101 |
| rectal acquisition of sivmac239 infection despite vaccine-induced immune responses against the entire siv proteome. | given the complex biology of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and its remarkable capacity to evade host immune responses, hiv vaccine efficacy may benefit from the induction of both humoral and cellular immune responses of maximal breadth, potency, and longevity. guided by this rationale, we set out to develop an immunization protocol aimed at maximizing the induction of anti-envelope (env) antibodies and cd8+ t-cells targeting non-env epitopes in rhesus macaques (rms). our approach was to del ... | 2020 | 33028714 |
| ly-cov555, a rapidly isolated potent neutralizing antibody, provides protection in a non-human primate model of sars-cov-2 infection. | sars-cov-2 poses a public health threat for which therapeutic agents are urgently needed. herein, we report that high-throughput microfluidic screening of antigen-specific b-cells led to the identification of ly-cov555, a potent anti-spike neutralizing antibody from a convalescent covid-19 patient. biochemical, structural, and functional characterization revealed high-affinity binding to the receptor-binding domain, ace2 binding inhibition, and potent neutralizing activity. in a rhesus macaque c ... | 2020 | 33024963 |
| use of introduction enclosures to integrate multimale cohorts into groups of female rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). | integrating animals into a new group is a challenge for both free-ranging and captive adult male rhesus monkeys (macacamulatta), and for females in groups receiving new males. to ensure the genetic viability of the population, however, maletransfers must occur in both natural and captive settings. to facilitate the introduction of groups of adult males to adult females, we designed a new enclosure that is attached to the outdoor compound where females are housed. here we describethe construction ... | 2020 | 33023721 |
| the rabit-ii dca in the rhesus macaque model. | an automated platform for cytogenetic biodosimetry, the "rapid automated biodosimetry tool ii (rabit-ii)," adapts the dicentric chromosome assay (dca) for high-throughput mass-screening of the population after a large-scale radiological event. to validate this test, the u.s. federal drug administration (fda) recommends demonstrating that the high-throughput biodosimetric assay in question correctly reports the dose in an in vivo model. here we describe the use of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) ... | 2020 | 33022052 |
| ultra-high-resolution in vitro mri study of age-related brain subcortical susceptibility alteration in rhesus monkeys at 9.4 t. | iron concentration in the brain has been suggested as a biomarker of pathologic neurodegeneration. however, the iron concentration changes in healthy aging as well. this study aimed to quantify the age-related changes in iron concentration in the gray matter of healthy rhesus monkeys using quantitative susceptibility mapping (qsm). three-dimensional gradient-echo images of 16 female rhesus monkey brains aged between 2 and 26 years were acquired in vitro. the susceptibilities in the brain regions ... | 2020 | 33013351 |
| long-term cocaine self-administration produces structural brain changes that correlate with altered cognition. | an enduring question from cross-sectional clinical studies is whether the structural and functional differences often observed between cocaine users and healthy control subjects result from a history of drug use or instead reflect preexisting differences. to assess causality from drug exposure, true predrug baseline imaging and neurocognitive assessments are needed. | 2020 | 33012519 |
| the forearm and hand musculature of semi-terrestrial rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) and arboreal gibbons (fam. hylobatidae). part ii. quantitative analysis. | nonhuman primates have a highly diverse locomotor repertoire defined by an equally diverse hand use. based on how primates use their hands during locomotion, we can distinguish between terrestrial and arboreal taxa. the 'arboreal' hand is likely adapted towards high wrist mobility and grasping, whereas the 'terrestrial' hand will show adaptations to loading. while the morphology of the forearm and hand bones have been studied extensively, functional adaptations in the forearm and hand musculatur ... | 2020 | 33011967 |
| acute radiation-induced lung injury in the non-human primate: a review and comparison of mortality and co-morbidities using models of partial-body irradiation with marginal bone marrow sparing and whole thorax lung irradiation. | the nonhuman primate, rhesus macaque, is a relevant animal model that has been used to determine the efficacy of medical countermeasures to mitigate major signs of morbidity and mortality of radiation-induced lung injury. herein, a literature review of published studies showing the evolution of lethal lung injury characteristic of the delayed effects of acute radiation exposure between the two significantly different exposure protocols, whole thorax lung irradiation and partial-body irradiation ... | 2020 | 33009295 |
| passive transfer of vaccine-elicited antibodies protects against siv in rhesus macaques. | several hiv-1 and siv vaccine candidates have shown partial protection against viral challenges in rhesus macaques. however, the protective efficacy of vaccine-elicited polyclonal antibodies has not previously been demonstrated in adoptive transfer studies in nonhuman primates. in this study, we show that passive transfer of purified antibodies from vaccinated macaques can protect naive animals against sivmac251 challenges. we vaccinated 30 rhesus macaques with ad26-siv env/gag/pol and siv env g ... | 2020 | 33007262 |
| age-related regional network covariance of magnetic resonance imaging gray matter in the rat. | healthy human aging has been associated with brain atrophy in prefrontal and selective temporal regions, but reductions in other brain areas have been observed. we previously found regional covariance patterns of gray matter with magnetic resonance imaging (mri) in healthy humans and rhesus macaques, using multivariate network scaled subprofile model (ssm) analysis and voxel-based morphometry (vbm), supporting aging effects including in prefrontal and temporal cortices. this approach has yet to ... | 2020 | 33005147 |
| a subtype of cerebrovascular pericytes is associated with blood-brain barrier disruption that develops during normal aging and simian immunodeficiency virus infection. | lax phenotypic characterization of these morphologically distinct pericytes has delayed our understanding of their role in neurological disorders. we herein establish markers which uniquely distinguish different subpopulations of human brain microvascular pericytes and characterize them independently from cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells. furthermore, we begin to elucidate the roles of these subsets in blood-brain barrier (bbb) breakdown by studying natural aging and simian immunodeficiency v ... | 2020 | 33002766 |
| transcriptome analysis of non-human primate induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in 2d monolayer culture versus 3d engineered heart tissue. | stem cell therapy has shown promise for treating myocardial infarction (mi) via re-muscularization and paracrine signaling in both small and large animals. non-human primates (nhps), such as rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta), are primarily utilized in preclinical trials due to their similarity to humans, both genetically and physiologically. currently, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (ipsc-cms) are delivered into the infarcted myocardium by either direct cell injection or an ... | 2020 | 33002105 |
| effective treatment of sars-cov-2-infected rhesus macaques by attenuating inflammation. | | 2020 | 32999427 |
| sexual dimorphism of detrusor function demonstrated by urodynamic studies in rhesus macaques. | the lower urinary tract (lut) and micturition reflexes are sexually dimorphic across mammals. sex as a biological variable is also of critical importance for the development and translation of new medical treatments and therapeutics interventions affecting pelvic organs, including the lut. however, studies of lut function with comparisons between the sexes have remained sparse, especially for larger mammals. detrusor function was investigated by filling cystometry and pressure flow studies in 16 ... | 2020 | 32999325 |
| two sides of a coin: a zika virus mutation selected in pregnant rhesus macaques promotes fetal infection in mice but at a cost of reduced fitness in nonpregnant macaques and diminished transmissibility by vectors. | although fetal death is now understood to be a severe outcome of congenital zika syndrome, the role of viral genetics is still unclear. we sequenced zika virus (zikv) from a rhesus macaque fetus that died after inoculation and identified a single intra-host substitution, m1404i, in the zikv polyprotein, located in ns2b. targeted sequencing flanking position 1404 in 9 additional macaque mothers and their fetuses identified m1404i at sub-consensus frequency in the majority (5 of 9, 56%) of animals ... | 2020 | 32999034 |
| gene transfer in adeno-associated virus seropositive rhesus macaques following rapamycin treatment and subcutaneous delivery of aav6, but not retargeted aav6 vectors. | adeno-associated virus (aav) vectors such as aav6, which shows tropism for primary human cd4+ t cells in vitro, are being explored for delivery of anti-hiv therapeutic modalities in vivo. however, pre-existing immunity and sequestration in nontarget organs can significantly hinder their performance. to overcome these challenges, we investigated whether immunosuppression would allow gene delivery by aav6 or targeted aav6 derivatives in seropositive rhesus macaques. animals were immune suppressed ... | 2020 | 32998579 |
| slow-fast control of eye movements: an instance of zeeman's model for an action. | the rapid eye movements (saccades) used to transfer gaze between targets are examples of an action. the behaviour of saccades matches that of the slow-fast model of actions originally proposed by zeeman. here, we extend zeeman's model by incorporating an accumulator that represents the increase in certainty of the presence of a target, together with an integrator that converts a velocity command to a position command. the saccadic behaviour of several foveate species, including human, rhesus mon ... | 2020 | 32997159 |
| baricitinib treatment resolves lower airway inflammation and neutrophil recruitment in sars-cov-2-infected rhesus macaques. | effective therapeutics aimed at mitigating covid-19 symptoms are urgently needed. sars-cov-2 induced hypercytokinemia and systemic inflammation are associated with disease severity. baricitinib, a clinically approved jak1/2 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory properties is currently being investigated in covid-19 human clinical trials. recent reports suggest that baricitinib may also have antiviral activity in limiting viral endocytosis. here, we investigated the immunologic and virologic ef ... | 2020 | 32995780 |
| enrichment in conservative amino acid changes among fixed and standing missense variations in slowly evolving proteins. | the process of molecular evolution has many elements that are not yet fully understood. evolutionary rates are known to vary among protein coding and noncoding dnas, and most of the observed changes in amino acid or nucleotide sequences are assumed to be non-adaptive by the neutral theory of molecular evolution. however, it remains unclear whether fixed and standing missense changes in slowly evolving proteins are more or less neutral compared to those in fast evolving genes. here, based on the ... | 2020 | 32995099 |
| serial prefrontal pathways are positioned to balance cognition and emotion in primates. | the delicate balance among primate prefrontal networks is necessary for homeostasis and behavioral flexibility. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlpfc) is associated with cognition, while the most ventromedial subgenual cingulate area 25 (a25) is associated with emotion and emotional expression. yet a25 is weakly connected with dlpfc, and it is unknown how the two regions communicate. in rhesus monkeys of both sexes, we investigated how these functionally distinct areas may interact through prege ... | 2020 | 32989097 |
| a circuit mechanism for decision-making biases and nmda receptor hypofunction. | decision-making biases can be features of normal behaviour, or deficits underlying neuropsychiatric symptoms. we used behavioural psychophysics, spiking-circuit modelling and pharmacological manipulations to explore decision-making biases during evidence integration. monkeys showed a pro-variance bias (pvb): a preference to choose options with more variable evidence. the pvb was also present in a spiking circuit model, revealing a potential neural mechanism for this behaviour. to model possible ... | 2020 | 32988455 |
| transcriptomic analysis reveals gender differences in gene expression profiling of the hypothalamus of rhesus macaque with aging. | due to the current delay in childbearing, the importance of elucidating the underlying mechanisms for reproductive aging has increased. human fertility is considered to be controlled by hormones secreted by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. to clarify the changes in hypothalamic gene expression with increasing age, we performed paired-end strand-specific total rna sequencing for the hypothalamus tissues of rhesus. we found that hypothalamic gene expression in females was more susceptible ... | 2020 | 32986013 |
| immunization of human hepatitis e viruses conferred protection against challenge by a camel hepatitis e virus. | dromedary camel hepatitis e virus is a novel hev that belongs to the family hepeviridae, and is classified as genotype 7 hev (hev-7). since hev-7 is transmitted from camels to humans and causes acute hepatitis e, this virus is a non-negligible pathogen for zoonosis, and a vaccine against hev-7 infection is urgently needed. here, we first intravenously inoculated hev-7 to rhesus monkeys to explore the susceptibility, and we established an animal model. we then used virus-like particles (vlps) of ... | 2020 | 32980200 |
| methylation of oxt and oxtr genes, central oxytocin, and social behavior in female macaques. | oxytocin (oxt) and its receptor (oxtr) are encoded by oxt and oxtr, respectively. variable methylation of these genes has been linked to variability in sociability and neuroendophenotypes. here we examine whether oxtr or oxt methylation in blood predicts concentrations of oxt in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) (n = 166) and social behavior (n = 207) in socially-housed female rhesus macaques. we report a similarity between human and rhesus cpg sites for oxt and oxtr and a putative negative association ... | 2020 | 32979349 |
| cx3cl1 and il-15 promote cd8 t cell chemoattraction in hiv and in atherosclerosis. | atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ascvd) remains an important cause of morbidity in the general population and risk for ascvd is increased approximately 2-fold in persons living with hiv infection (plwh). this risk is linked to elevated cd8 t cell counts that are abundant in atherosclerotic plaques and have been implicated in disease pathogenesis yet the mechanisms driving t cell recruitment to and activation within plaques are poorly defined. here we investigated the role of cd8 t cells i ... | 2020 | 32976527 |
| motor resonance in monkey parietal and premotor cortex during action observation: influence of viewing perspective and effector identity. | observing others performing motor acts like grasping has been shown to elicit neural responses in the observer`s parieto-frontal motor network, which typically becomes active when the observer would perform these actions him/herself. while some human studies suggested strongest motor resonance during observation of first person or egocentric perspectives compared to third person or allocentric perspectives, other research either report the opposite or did not find any viewpoint-related preferenc ... | 2020 | 32971263 |
| hurricane-induced demographic changes in a non-human primate population. | major disturbance events can have large impacts on the demography and dynamics of animal populations. hurricanes are one example of an extreme climatic event, predicted to increase in frequency due to climate change, and thus expected to be a considerable threat to population viability. however, little is understood about the underlying demographic mechanisms shaping population response following these extreme disturbances. here, we analyse 45 years of the most comprehensive free-ranging non-hum ... | 2020 | 32968507 |
| a prime/boost vaccine regimen alters the rectal microbiome and impacts immune responses and viremia control post-siv infection in male and female rhesus macaques. | an efficacious hiv vaccine will likely require induction of both mucosal and systemic immune responses. we compared the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two mucosal/systemic vaccine regimens and investigated their effect on the rectal microbiome. rhesus macaques were primed twice mucosally with replication-competent adenovirus type 5 host range mutant (ad5hr)-siv recombinants and boosted twice intramuscularly with alvac-siv recombinant plus siv gp120 protein, or with dna encoding siv ge ... | 2020 | 32967951 |
| elevated serum substance p during simian varicella virus infection in rhesus macaques: implications for chronic inflammation and adverse cerebrovascular events. | varicella and zoster, produced by varicella-zoster virus (vzv), are associated with an increased risk of stroke that may be due to persistent inflammation and hypercoagulability. because substance p is associated with inflammation, hypercoagulability, and atherosclerotic plaque rupture that may contribute to increased stroke risk after vzv infection, we measured serum substance p in simian varicella virus-infected rhesus macaques. we found significantly increased and persistent serum substance p ... | 2020 | 32964407 |
| past, present, and future of remdesivir: an overview of the antiviral in recent times. | in the current covid-19 pandemic, evidence to justify the use of any specific antiviral drug with proven efficacy is not yet available. antiviral drug development always remains a challenge to the scientists. remdesivir has emerged as a promising molecule, based on results of clinical trials and observational studies and has receieved marketing approval for covid-19 treatment under "emergency use authorization" in countries such as united states. remdesivir is a newer antiviral drug that acts as ... | 2020 | 32963442 |
| echocardiographic reference intervals with allometric scaling of 823 clinically healthy rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). | echocardiography is commonly used for assessing cardiac structure and function in various species including non-human primates. a few previous studies reported normal echocardiographic reference intervals of clinically healthy rhesus macaques under sedation. however, these studies were under-powered, and the techniques were not standardized. in addition, body weight, age, and sex matched reference intervals should be established as echocardiographic measurements are commonly influenced by these ... | 2020 | 32962713 |
| neonatal nipple preference and maternal cradling laterality in wild taihangshan macaques (macaca mulatta tcheliensis). | lateralized behavior is considered an observable phenotype of cerebral functional asymmetry and has been documented in many mammalian species. in the present study, we examined evidence of lateralization in neonatal nipple contact, maternal cradling, and the relationship between these two behaviors during the first 12 weeks of life in wild taihangshan macaques (macaca mulatta tcheliensis). the results showed that across our sample of nine mother-infant dyads: (1) seven of nine neonates exhibited ... | 2020 | 32960452 |
| mri-based parcellation and morphometry of the individual rhesus monkey brain: the macaque harvard-oxford atlas (mhoa), a translational system referencing a standardized ontology. | investigations of the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) brain have shed light on the function and organization of the primate brain at a scale and resolution not yet possible in humans. a cornerstone of the linkage between non-human primate and human studies of the brain is magnetic resonance imaging, which allows for an association to be made between the detailed structural and physiological analysis of the non-human primate and that of the human brain. to further this end, we present a novel parc ... | 2020 | 32960419 |
| quantifying antiviral effects against simian/human immunodeficiency virus induced by host immune response. | chimeric simian and human immunodeficiency viruses (shivs) are appropriate animal models for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) because hiv has quite a narrow host range. additionally, shivs that encode the hiv-1 env protein and are infectious to macaques have many strains that show different pathogenesis, such as the highly pathogenic shiv-ks661 and the less pathogenic shiv-#64. therefore, we used shivs to understand different aspects of aids pathogenesis. in a previous study, we establishe ... | 2020 | 32956668 |
| ketamine-induced neuromuscular reactivity is associated with aging in female rhesus macaques. | rhesus macaques represent an important species for translational and pre-clinical research studies across a multitude of disease and injury models, including aging. ketamine anesthesia is used in humans and non-human primates but may be associated with adverse effects, including neuromuscular reactions. the effects of aging on ketamine adverse effects is not well characterized. urodynamic recordings and electromyography (emg) studies were performed in aged (>20 years old) and adult (3.9-14.9 yea ... | 2020 | 32956357 |
| effects of amygdala lesions on object-based versus action-based learning in macaques. | the neural systems that underlie reinforcement learning (rl) allow animals to adapt to changes in their environment. in the present study, we examined the hypothesis that the amygdala would have a preferential role in learning the values of visual objects. we compared a group of monkeys (macaca mulatta) with amygdala lesions to a group of unoperated controls on a two-armed bandit reversal learning task. the task had two conditions. in the what condition, the animals had to learn to select a visu ... | 2020 | 32954409 |
| an automated fluorescence-based method to isolate bone marrow-derived plasma cells from rhesus macaques using sivmac239 sosip.664. | simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection of indian rhesus macaques (rms) is one of the best-characterized animal models for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have shown promise for prevention and treatment of hiv infection. however, it has been difficult to isolate mabs that potently neutralize the highly pathogenic sivmac239 strain. this has been largely due to the low frequency of circulating b cells encoding neutralizing abs. here we describe a no ... | 2020 | 32953929 |
| rhesus macaques as a tractable physiological model of human ageing. | research in the basic biology of ageing is increasingly identifying mechanisms and modifiers of ageing in short-lived organisms such as worms and mice. the ultimate goal of such work is to improve human health, particularly in the growing segment of the population surviving into old age. thus far, few interventions have robustly transcended species boundaries in the laboratory, suggesting that changes in approach are needed to avoid costly failures in translational human research. in this review ... | 2020 | 32951555 |
| behavioral mimicry predicts social favor in adolescent rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). | non-conscious mimicry is a highly conserved component of animal behavior with multifaceted connections to sociality across taxa. one intriguing consequence of this mimicry in primates is that it promotes positive social feedback from the recipient toward the mimicker. this suggests that mimicry in primates may be an important aspect of positive social interaction, but few studies have tracked the consequences of mimicry in naturally occurring complex social conditions. here, we designed a novel ... | 2020 | 32949317 |
| a systematic review of the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (h-ars) in canines and non-human primates: acute mixed neutron/gamma vs. reference quality radiations. | a systematic review of relevant studies that determined the dose response relationship (drr) for the hematopoietic (h) acute radiation syndrome (ars) in the canine relative to radiation quality of mixed neutron:gamma radiations, dose rate, and exposure uniformity relative to selected reference radiation exposure has not been performed. the datasets for rhesus macaques exposure to mixed neutron:gamma radiation are used herein as a species comparative reference to the canine database. the selectio ... | 2020 | 32947486 |
| ethanol-impaired myogenic differentiation is associated with decreased myoblast glycolytic function. | myopathy affects nearly half of individuals with alcohol use disorder (aud), and impaired skeletal muscle regenerative potential is a probable contributing factor. previous findings from our laboratory indicate that chronic in vivo and in vitro ethanol (etoh) treatment decreases myogenic potential of skeletal muscle myoblasts. myogenesis, a highly coordinated process, requires shifts in cellular metabolic state allowing for myoblasts to proliferate and differentiate into mature myotubes. the obj ... | 2020 | 32945016 |
| non-human primates receiving high-dose total-body irradiation are at risk of developing cerebrovascular injury years postirradiation. | nuclear accidents and acts of terrorism have the potential to expose thousands of people to high-dose total-body iradiation (tbi). those who survive the acute radiation syndrome are at risk of developing chronic, degenerative radiation-induced injuries [delayed effects of acute radiation (deare)] that may negatively affect quality of life. a growing body of literature suggests that the brain may be vulnerable to radiation injury at survivable doses, yet the long-term consequences of high-dose tb ... | 2020 | 32942304 |
| eccentricity-dependent effects of simultaneous competing defocus on emmetropization in infant rhesus monkeys. | dual-focus lenses that impose simultaneous competing myopic defocus over the entire visual field produce axial hyperopic shifts in refractive error. the purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of eccentricity on the ability of myopic defocus signals to influence central refractive development in infant monkeys. from 24 to 152 days of age, rhesus monkeys were reared with binocular, dual-focus lenses that had central, zero-powered zones surrounded by alternating concentric annular po ... | 2020 | 32942214 |
| attention-related modulation of caudate neurons depends on superior colliculus activity. | recent work has implicated the primate basal ganglia in visual perception and attention, in addition to their traditional role in motor control. the basal ganglia, especially the caudate nucleus 'head' (cdh) of the striatum, receive indirect anatomical connections from the superior colliculus (sc), a midbrain structure that is known to play a crucial role in the control of visual attention. to test the possible functional relationship between these subcortical structures, we recorded cdh neurona ... | 2020 | 32940607 |
| adeno-associated virus capsid-promoter interactions in the brain translate from rat to the nonhuman primate. | recently, we established an adeno-associated virus (aav9) capsid-promoter interaction that directly determined cell-specific gene expression across two synthetic promoters, cbh and cba, in the rat striatum. these studies not only expand this capsid-promoter interaction to include another promoter in the rat striatum but also establish aav capsid-promoter interactions in the nonhuman primate brain. when aav serotype 9 (aav9) vectors were injected into the rat striatum, the minimal synthetic promo ... | 2020 | 32940068 |
| effects of blocking mglur5 on primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortical neuronal firing and working memory performance. | metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor (mglur5) antagonists are under development for treating cognitive disorders such as fragile x syndrome and alzheimer's disease, largely based on success in mouse models, where post-synaptic mglur5 stimulation weakens synaptic functions in hippocampus. however, human trials of mglur5 antagonists have yet to be successful. this may be due in part to the differing effects of mglur5 in hippocampus vs. prefrontal cortex, as mglur5 are primarily post-synaptic in ... | 2020 | 32939596 |
| medical, genomic, and evolutionary aspects of the peptide sharing between pathogens, primates, and humans. | comparing mammalian proteomes for molecular mimicry with infectious pathogens highlights the highest levels of heptapeptide sharing between pathogens and human, murine, and rat proteomes, while the peptide sharing level is minimal (or absent) with proteomes from nonhuman primates such as gorilla, chimpanzee, and rhesus macaque. from the medical point of view, the data might be useful to clinicians and vaccinologists to develop and evaluate immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic approaches. as a ... | 2020 | 32939517 |
| signal dynamics of midbrain dopamine neurons during economic decision-making in monkeys. | when we make economic choices, the brain first evaluates available options and then decides whether to choose them. midbrain dopamine neurons are known to reinforce economic choices through their signal evoked by outcomes after decisions are made. however, although critical internal processing is executed while decisions are being made, little is known about the role of dopamine neurons during this period. we found that dopamine neurons exhibited dynamically changing signals related to the inter ... | 2020 | 32937434 |
| anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody-conjugated nanoparticles block integrin α4β7 on intravaginal t cells in rhesus macaques. | intravenous administration of anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody in macaques decreases simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) vaginal infection and reduces gut siv loads. because of potential side effects of systemic administration, a prophylactic strategy based on mucosal administration of anti-α4β7 antibody may be safer and more effective. with this in mind, we developed a novel intravaginal formulation consisting of anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody-conjugated nanoparticles (nps) loaded in a 1% hydroxyet ... | 2020 | 32937372 |
| histone deacetylase hda-1 modulates mitochondrial stress response and longevity. | the ability to detect, respond and adapt to mitochondrial stress ensures the development and survival of organisms. caenorhabditis elegans responds to mitochondrial stress by activating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (uprmt) to buffer the mitochondrial folding environment, rewire the metabolic state, and promote innate immunity and lifespan extension. here we show that hda-1, the c. elegans ortholog of mammalian histone deacetylase (hdac) is required for mitochondrial stress-mediate ... | 2020 | 32934238 |
| retinoic acid improves the recovery of replication-competent virus from latent siv infected cells. | the accurate estimation and eradication of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) viral reservoirs is limited by the incomplete reactivation of cells harboring the latent replication-competent virus. we investigated whether the in vitro and in vivo addition of retinoic acid (ra) enhances virus replication and improves the detection of latent virus. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from naive and anti-retroviral therapy (art)-treated siv-infected rhesus macaques (rms) were cultured in vitro ... | 2020 | 32932813 |
| mutational resilience of antiviral restriction favors primate trim5α in host-virus evolutionary arms races. | host antiviral proteins engage in evolutionary arms races with viruses, in which both sides rapidly evolve at interaction interfaces to gain or evade immune defense. for example, primate trim5α uses its rapidly evolving 'v1' loop to bind retroviral capsids, and single mutations in this loop can dramatically improve retroviral restriction. however, it is unknown whether such gains of viral restriction are rare, or if they incur loss of pre-existing function against other viruses. using deep mutat ... | 2020 | 32930662 |
| cortical interlaminar astrocytes are generated prenatally, mature postnatally, and express unique markers in human and nonhuman primates. | interlaminar astrocytes (ilas) are a subset of cortical astrocytes that reside in layer i, express gfap, have a soma contacting the pia, and contain long interlaminar processes that extend through several cortical layers. we studied the prenatal and postnatal development of ilas in three species of primates (rhesus macaque, chimpanzee, and human). we found that ilas are generated prenatally likely from radial glial (rg) cells, that ilas proliferate locally during gestation, and that ilas extend ... | 2020 | 32930323 |
| immune responses of a cv-a16 live attenuated candidate strain and its protective effects in rhesus monkeys. | coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) is a major causative pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (hfmds). the licensed hfmd vaccine targets ev-a71 without cross-protection against cv-a16. thus, a cv-a16 vaccine is needed. in this study, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a live attenuated cv-a16 candidate, k168-8ac, were evaluated in a rhesus monkey model. four passages of this strain (p35, p50, p60, and p70) were administered to monkeys, and its protective effect was identified. the immun ... | 2020 | 32930072 |
| correction for nishimura et al., prevention and treatment of shivad8 infection in rhesus macaques by a potent d-peptide hiv entry inhibitor. | | 2020 | 32929023 |
| the innate immune response in zika virus infection. | zika virus (zikv; flaviviridae, flavivirus) was discovered in 1947 in uganda, africa, from the serum of a sentinel rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta). it is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded rna virus, which encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into 10 individual proteins. in 2015, the zika-epidemic in brazil was marked mainly by the exponential growth of microcephaly cases and other congenital defects. with regard to host-pathogen relationships, understanding the role of the imm ... | 2020 | 32926478 |
| non-invasive cerebral perfusion and oxygenation monitoring augment prolonged field care in a non-human primate model of decompensated hemorrhage and resuscitation. | decompensated hemorrhagic shock (dhs) is the leading cause of preventable death in combat casualties. "golden hour" resuscitation effects on cerebral blood flow and perfusion following dhs in prolonged field care (pfc) are not well investigated. using an established non-human primate model of dhs, we hypothesized non-invasive regional tissue oxygenation (rso2) and transcranial doppler (tcd) would correlate to the invasive measurement of partial pressure of oxygen (pto2) and mean arterial pressur ... | 2020 | 32925606 |
| an antioxidant enzyme therapeutic for covid-19. | the covid-19 pandemic has taken a significant toll on people worldwide, and there are currently no specific antivirus drugs or vaccines. herein it is a therapeutic based on catalase, an antioxidant enzyme that can effectively breakdown hydrogen peroxide and minimize the downstream reactive oxygen species, which are excessively produced resulting from the infection and inflammatory process, is reported. catalase assists to regulate production of cytokines, protect oxidative injury, and repress re ... | 2020 | 32924219 |
| rhesus cytomegalovirus-specific cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes do not become functionally exhausted in chronic sivmac239 infection. | cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) exert potent antiviral activity after hiv/siv infection. however, efforts to harness the antiviral efficacy of ctls for hiv/siv prophylaxis and therapy have been severely hindered by two major problems: viral escape and exhaustion. by contrast, ctls directed against human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), a ubiquitous chronic herpesvirus, seldom select for escape mutations and remain functional and refractory to exhaustion during chronic hcmv and hiv infection. recently ... | 2020 | 32922404 |
| fast responses to images of animate and inanimate objects in the nonhuman primate amygdala. | visual information reaches the amygdala through the various stages of the ventral visual stream. there is, however, evidence that a fast subcortical pathway for the processing of emotional visual input exists. to explore the presence of this pathway in primates, we recorded local field potentials in the amygdala of four rhesus monkeys during a passive fixation task showing images of ten object categories. additionally, in one of the monkeys we also obtained multi-unit spiking activity during the ... | 2020 | 32917917 |
| automated markerless pose estimation in freely moving macaques with openmonkeystudio. | the rhesus macaque is an important model species in several branches of science, including neuroscience, psychology, ethology, and medicine. the utility of the macaque model would be greatly enhanced by the ability to precisely measure behavior in freely moving conditions. existing approaches do not provide sufficient tracking. here, we describe openmonkeystudio, a deep learning-based markerless motion capture system for estimating 3d pose in freely moving macaques in large unconstrained environ ... | 2020 | 32917899 |
| cross-species functional alignment reveals evolutionary hierarchy within the connectome. | evolution provides an important window into how cortical organization shapes function and vice versa. the complex mosaic of changes in brain morphology and functional organization that have shaped the mammalian cortex during evolution, complicates attempts to chart cortical differences across species. it limits our ability to fully appreciate how evolution has shaped our brain, especially in systems associated with unique human cognitive capabilities that lack anatomical homologues in other spec ... | 2020 | 32916286 |
| neural variability determines coding strategies for natural self-motion in macaque monkeys. | we have previously reported that central neurons mediating vestibulo-spinal reflexes and self-motion perception optimally encode natural self-motion (mitchell et al., 2018). importantly however, the vestibular nuclei also comprise other neuronal classes that mediate essential functions such as the vestibulo-ocular reflex (vor) and its adaptation. here we show that heterogeneities in resting discharge variability mediate a trade-off between faithful encoding and optimal coding via temporal whiten ... | 2020 | 32915134 |
| the new zealand white rabbit animal model of acute radiation syndrome: hematopoietic and coagulation-based parameters by radiation dose following supportive care. | animal models that accurately reflect human responses to radiation injury are needed for advanced mechanistic investigation and development of effective therapeutics. the rabbit is an established animal model accepted by the fda for studies of cardiovascular disease, lipid metabolism, the development of anticoagulants, testing of bone implants, and the development of treatments for infectious diseases such as hiv. the purpose of this study was to investigate the new zealand white (nzw) rabbit mo ... | 2020 | 32909860 |
| the impact of supportive care on survival in large animal models of total body irradiation. | well-characterized animal models that mimic the human response to potentially lethal doses of radiation are necessary in order to assess the efficacy of candidate medical countermeasures under the criteria of the u.s. food and drug administration 'animal rule'. development of a model requires the determination of the radiation dose response relationship and time course of mortality and morbidity under scenarios likely to be present in the human population during mass casualty situations. these s ... | 2020 | 32909856 |
| quantification of neurons in the hippocampal formation of chimpanzees: comparison to rhesus monkeys and humans. | the hippocampal formation is important for higher brain functions such as spatial navigation and the consolidation of memory, and it contributes to abilities thought to be uniquely human, yet little is known about how the human hippocampal formation compares to that of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. to gain insight into the comparative organization of the hippocampal formation in catarrhine primates, we quantified neurons stereologically in its major subdivisions-the granular lay ... | 2020 | 32909100 |
| early antiretroviral therapy prevents viral infection of monocytes and inflammation in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. | despite early antiretroviral therapy (art), treatment interruption is associated with viral rebound, indicating early viral reservoir (vr) seeding and absence of full eradication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) that may persist in tissues. herein, we address the contributing role of monocytes in maintaining vrs under art, since these cells may represent a source of viral dissemination due to their ability to replenish mucosal tissues in response to injury. to this aim, monocytes w ... | 2020 | 32907978 |
| biomechanics of the mandible of macaca mulatta during the power stroke of mastication: loading, deformation, and strain regimes and the impact of food type. | mandible morphology has yet to yield definitive information on primate diet, probably because of poor understanding of mandibular loading and strain regimes, and overreliance on simple beam models of mandibular mechanics. we used a finite element model of a macaque mandible to test hypotheses about mandibular loading and strain regimes and relate variation in muscle activity during chewing on different foods to variation in strain regimes. the balancing-side corpus is loaded primarily by sagitta ... | 2020 | 32905895 |
| mapping neutralizing antibody epitope specificities to an hiv env trimer in immunized and in infected rhesus macaques. | bg505 sosip is a well-characterized near-native recombinant hiv envelope (env) trimer that holds promise as part of a sequential hiv immunogen regimen to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnabs). rhesus macaques are considered the most appropriate pre-clinical animal model for monitoring antibody (ab) responses. accordingly, we report here the isolation of 45 bg505 autologous neutralizing antibodies (nabs) with multiple specificities from sosip-immunized and bg505 shiv-infected rhesus maca ... | 2020 | 32905766 |
| a special cranial nucleus (csf-contacting nucleus) in primates. | there is a unique nucleus (csf-contacting nucleus) in the brain of rat. it has been demonstrated in our previous research. the extraordinary feature of this nucleus is that it is not connected to any parenchymal organ but to the csf. in primates, however, the presence or absence of this nucleus has not been proven. confirmation of the presence of this nucleus in primates will provide the structural basis for brain-csf communication and help to understand the neurohumoral regulatory mechanisms in ... | 2020 | 32903455 |
| minimally dependent activity subspaces for working memory and motor preparation in the lateral prefrontal cortex. | the lateral prefrontal cortex is involved in the integration of multiple types of information, including working memory and motor preparation. however, it is not known how downstream regions can extract one type of information without interference from the others present in the network. here, we show that the lateral prefrontal cortex of non-human primates contains two minimally dependent low-dimensional subspaces: one that encodes working memory information, and another that encodes motor prepa ... | 2020 | 32902383 |
| lack of effect of short-term dhea supplementation on the perimenopause ovary†. | dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) hormonal supplementation can improve oocyte quality in women with diminished ovarian function. however, it is unclear whether dhea supplementation can also enhance ovarian function during the perimenopause (i.e., when the number of follicles in the ovary has undergone a marked reduction). to address this question, we examined the impact of 2.5-months of daily 5-mg oral dhea supplementation on the number of ovarian follicles and the concentrations of anti-müllerian h ... | 2020 | 32901819 |
| corticocortical and thalamocortical changes in functional connectivity and white matter structural integrity after reward-guided learning of visuospatial discriminations in rhesus monkeys. | the frontal cortex and temporal lobes together regulate complex learning and memory capabilities. here, we collected resting-state functional and diffusion-weighted mri data before and after male rhesus macaque monkeys received extensive training to learn novel visuospatial discriminations (reward-guided learning). we found functional connectivity changes in orbitofrontal, ventromedial prefrontal, inferotemporal, entorhinal, retrosplenial, and anterior cingulate cortices, the subicular complex, ... | 2020 | 32900835 |
| ultra-high field (10.5 t) resting state fmri in the macaque. | resting state functional connectivity refers to the temporal correlations between spontaneous hemodynamic signals obtained using functional magnetic resonance imaging. this technique has demonstrated that the structure and dynamics of identifiable networks are altered in psychiatric and neurological disease states. thus, resting state network organizations can be used as a diagnostic, or prognostic recovery indicator. however, much about the physiological basis of this technique is unknown. thus ... | 2020 | 32898683 |
| bcl11a enhancer-edited hematopoietic stem cells persist in rhesus monkeys without toxicity. | gene editing of the erythroid-specific bcl11a enhancer in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (hspcs) from patients with sickle cell disease (scd) induces fetal hemoglobin (hbf) without detectable toxicity, as assessed by mouse xenotransplant. here, we evaluated autologous engraftment and hbf induction potential of erythroid-specific bcl11a enhancer-edited hspcs in 4 nonhuman primates. we used a single guide rna (sgrna) with identical human and rhesus target sequences to disrupt a gata1 bind ... | 2020 | 32897878 |