| human infection due to recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus. | | 2001 | 11529212 |
| rescue of rabies virus from cloned cdna and identification of the pathogenicity-related gene: glycoprotein gene is associated with virulence for adult mice. | in order to identify the viral gene related to the pathogenicity of rabies virus, we tried to establish a reverse genetics system of the attenuated rc-hl strain, which causes nonlethal infection in adult mice after intracerebral inoculation. a full-length genome plasmid encoding the complete antigenomic cdna of the rc-hl strain and helper plasmids containing cdnas of the complete open reading frame of the n, p, and l genes, respectively, were constructed. after transfection of these plasmids int ... | 2001 | 11533176 |
| immunogenicity, safety and lot consistency in adults of a chromatographically purified vero-cell rabies vaccine: a randomized, double-blind trial with human diploid cell rabies vaccine. | the immunogenicity and safety of a chromatographically purified rabies vaccine (cprv) was evaluated using us veterinary medical students. in the first study, 242 healthy adults were enrolled in a randomized, modified double-blind, multicenter trial and received five doses of either cprv or human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) by intramuscular injection on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28 concurrently with human rabies immunoglobulin in a simulated post-exposure prophylaxis regimen. post-immunization titers ... | 2001 | 11535311 |
| kinetics of humoral immune response after rabies vr-g oral vaccination of captive fox cubs (vulpes vulpes) with or without maternally derived antibodies against the vaccine. | in western europe during the spring, the largest proportion of fox populations are cubs and the key to successful rabies oral vaccination campaigns is cub vaccination. in this paper we report on studies of the serology of 93 fox (vulpes vulpes) cubs born to unvaccinated and orally vaccinated captive vixens, some of which were orally vaccinated at 30 or at 90 days of age with the vaccinia recombinant vaccine (vr-g) that expresses the rabies virus glycoprotein. the duration of cub passively acquir ... | 2001 | 11535333 |
| functional interaction map of lyssavirus phosphoprotein: identification of the minimal transcription domains. | lyssaviruses, the causative agents of rabies encephalitis, are distributed in seven genotypes. the phylogenetically distant rabies virus (pv strain, genotype 1) and mokola virus (genotype 3) were used to develop a strategy to identify functional homologous interactive domains from two proteins (p and n) which participate in the viral ribonucleoprotein (rnp) transcription-replication complex. this strategy combined two-hybrid and green fluorescent protein-reverse two-hybrid assays in saccharomyce ... | 2001 | 11559793 |
| isolation and replication of rabies virus in c6 rat glioma cells (clone ccl-107). | the susceptibility of the c6 rat glioma cell line (atcc; ccl-107) to rabies virus was characterized. the kinetics of infection performed with a fixed and a wild strain (from an infected cow) of rabies virus was monitored by direct immunofluorescence. fluorescent cytoplasmic bodies were readily observed by uv microscopy from 24 hours post-infection (hpi) onwards. the ability of c6 to produce rabies infective virion particles was confirmed by determining the viral titres present in the supernatant ... | 2001 | 11580211 |
| immunohistochemical and histopathological studies of fixed rabies virus in goats. | the purpose of this study was to systematically demonstrate and compare the pathological and immunohistochemical changes in goats which were infected by a fixed rabies virus that was used in vaccine production. in the histopathological examinations, varying degrees of inflammatory, degenerative and necrotic changes were detected in the central nervous system. in the preparations stained by the immunoperoxidase (ip) method, intra- and/or extracellular viral antigens were observed on the cerebellu ... | 2001 | 11585097 |
| preexposure efficacy of a novel combination dna and inactivated rabies virus vaccine. | several strategies are being examined to enhance the potency of dna rabies vaccine (drv) so that it can be used for both prophylaxis and postexposure therapy of rabies. in this study, we report a novel combination rabies vaccine (crv) containing a low dose of cell culture-derived inactivated rabies virus vaccine and drv. mice immunized with crv develop higher levels of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (rvna) than those immunized with drv and are completely protected against peripheral as wel ... | 2001 | 11589833 |
| rabies virus glycoprotein pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors enables retrograde axonal transport and access to the nervous system after peripheral delivery. | in this report it is demonstrated for the first time that rabies-g envelope of the rabies virus is sufficient to confer retrograde axonal transport to a heterologous virus/vector. after delivery of rabies-g pseudotyped equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav) based vectors encoding a marker gene to the rat striatum, neurons in regions distal from but projecting to the injection site, such as the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, become transduced. this retrograde transpor ... | 2001 | 11590128 |
| quantitative study of the infection in brain neurons in human rabies. | rabies virus is a highly neuronotropic virus that causes encephalomyelitis. rabies virus infection was studied in neurons in the brain of an 8-year-old girl that died of rabies in mexico. the extent of the neuronal infection was evaluated quantitatively in neuronal cell types of the brain using histologic staining for negri bodies and immunoperoxidase staining for rabies virus antigen in the same neurons. quantitative image analysis was used to compare the amount of infection in five different n ... | 2001 | 11596101 |
| rhabdoviruses and the cellular ubiquitin-proteasome system: a budding interaction. | the matrix (m) proteins of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus (rv) play a key role in both assembly and budding of progeny virions. a pppy motif (py motif or late-budding domain) is conserved in the m proteins of vsv and rv. these py motifs are important for virus budding and for mediating interactions with specific cellular proteins containing ww domains. the py motif and flanking sequences of the m protein of vsv were used as bait to screen a mouse embryo cdna library for cellul ... | 2001 | 11602704 |
| overexpression of cytochrome c by a recombinant rabies virus attenuates pathogenicity and enhances antiviral immunity. | the pathogenicity of individual rabies virus strains appears to correlate inversely with the extent of apoptotic cell death they induce and with the expression of rabies virus glycoprotein, a major inducer of an antiviral immune response. to determine whether the induction of apoptosis by rabies virus contributes to a decreased pathogenicity by stimulating antiviral immunity, we have analyzed these parameters in tissue cultures and in mice infected with a recombinant rabies virus construct that ... | 2001 | 11602721 |
| molecular basis for the interaction between rabies virus phosphoprotein p and the dynein light chain lc8: dissociation of dynein-binding properties and transcriptional functionality of p. | the lyssavirus phosphoprotein p is a co-factor of the viral rna polymerase and plays a central role in virus transcription and replication. it has been shown previously that p interacts with the dynein light chain lc8, which is involved in minus end-directed movement of organelles along microtubules. co-immunoprecipitation experiments and the two-hybrid system were used to map the lc8-binding site to the sequence (139)rssedkstqttgr(151). site-directed mutagenesis of residues d(143) and q(147) to ... | 2001 | 11602781 |
| higher production of rabies virus in serum-free medium cell cultures on microcarriers. | rabies virus suspensions were obtained from vero cells cultivated on solid microcarriers in a bioreactor after infection with the pasteur rabies virus strain (pv). virus production-serum free medium (vp-sfm) or leibovitz 15 (l15) medium supplemented or not with fetal calf serum (fcs) were used to cultivate the vero cells, before and after virus infection. the cell growth was shown to reach higher densities (1.6 x 10(6) cellsmol(-l)), when vp-sfm supplemented with 1% of fcs was used during the ce ... | 2001 | 11604174 |
| failure of multiple-site intradermal postexposure rabies vaccination in patients with human immunodeficiency virus with low cd4+ t lymphocyte counts. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with low cd4(+) t lymphocyte counts had a poor neutralizing antibody response to pre- and postexposure rabies vaccination. this study of hiv-infected patients with cd4(+) t lymphocyte counts < 200/microl indicated that patients had a poor response after 4-site intradermal vaccinations (4-4-4-0-2-2, doubling the intradermal doses of cell-culture rabies vaccine). | 2001 | 11641838 |
| a radical form of nitric oxide suppresses rna synthesis of rabies virus. | hydrophobia is an incurable disease of the central nervous system. therefore, every mode of the immune response is important to inhibit and clear infection. innate immunity such as nitric oxide is significantly upregulated during rabies virus infection in vivo. in this report, the possible role of nitric oxide in inhibition of rabies virus replication was studied. rabies virus infected neuroblastoma cells were treated with nitric oxide generated from snp or snp in the presence of ascorbate. snp- ... | 2001 | 11682131 |
| immunosuppression in rabies virus infection mediated by lymphocyte apoptosis. | previously, we demonstrated a depression of cell-mediated immunity in mice by street rabies virus infection. in the present study, we investigated several events during the course of infection and looked for alterations in the host lymphoid cells for evidence of apoptosis. total cellular rna was extracted from muscle tissues at the inoculation site of peripherally infected mice at different intervals after infection. rabies virus mrna was monitored by reverse transcription-pcr. the length of vir ... | 2001 | 11684783 |
| extensive attenuation of rabies virus by simultaneously modifying the dynein light chain binding site in the p protein and replacing arg333 in the g protein. | rabies virus (rv) is a highly neurotropic virus that migrates from the portal of entry to the central nervous system (cns). the cytoplasmic dynein light chain (lc8), which is involved in a variety of intracellular motile events, was shown to interact with rv phosphoprotein (p). in order to determine the functional significance of this interaction, p residues 143 to 149 or 139 to 149 encompassing a conserved lc8-interacting motif (k/rxtqt) were deleted from recombinant viruses sad-l16 and sad-d29 ... | 2001 | 11689631 |
| association between cancer chemotherapy and canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, and rabies virus antibody titers in tumor-bearing dogs. | to determine the association between cancer chemotherapy and serum canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus (cpv), and rabies virus antibody titers in tumor-bearing dogs. | 2001 | 11697366 |
| comparative immunogenicity and efficacy studies with oral rabies virus vaccine sad p5/88 in raccoon dogs and red foxes. | a comparative study of immunogenicity and efficacy of the oral rabies virus vaccine sad p5/88 in raccoon dogs and foxes was conducted. the raccoon dogs received 10(6.9) (n = 6), 10(6.3) (n = 6) or 10(5.7) ffu sad p5/88 (n = 5) by direct oral application, and subsequently all animals seroconverted. the foxes received 10(7.2) (n = 4), 10(6.2) (n = 4), 10(5.2) (n = 4) and 10(4.2) ffu sad p5/88 (n = 5) by the same route. on days 106 and 196 post vaccination 10 raccoon dogs and 16 foxes were challeng ... | 2001 | 11702339 |
| maternal immunity against rabies in raccoon dogs. | the objective of the study was to examine possible maternally transferred antibodies (maab) against rabies in raccoon dogs. ten cubs born from a rabies-immune animal were bled on days 31, 36, 43, 50, 57 and 64 post partum. the geometric mean titres of the cubs were 1.19, 1.18, 0.45, 0.25, 0.25 and 0.16 iu/ml, respectively. up to 36 days post partum maab were detected in all cubs at levels > or = 0.5 iu/ml and at day 56 post partum all animals had maab levels < 0.5 iu/ml. based on the results of ... | 2001 | 11702340 |
| experimental rabies virus infection in artibeus jamaicensis bats with cvs-24 variants. | an experimental model of rabies was established in the fruit-eating bat species artibeus jamaicensis. the infections caused by cvs-n2c and cvs-b2c, which are both stable variants of cvs-24, were compared after inoculation of adult bats in the right masseter muscle. cvs-n2c produced neurologic signs of rabies with paresis, ataxia, and inability to fly, while cvs-b2c did not produce neurologic signs. bats were sacrificed and the distribution of rabies virus antigen was assessed in tissue sections ... | 2001 | 11704883 |
| silver-haired bat rabies virus variant does not induce apoptosis in the brain of experimentally infected mice. | to examine whether induction of apoptosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of street rabies, we compared the distribution of viral antigens, histopathology, and the induction of apoptosis in the brain of mice infected with a street rabies virus (silver-haired bat rabies virus, shbrv) and with a mouse-adapted laboratory rabies virus strain (challenge virus standard, cvs-24). inflammation was identified in the meninges, but not in the parenchyma of the brain of mice infected with either cvs-24 or ... | 2001 | 11704884 |
| dna-based immunisation against rabies and rabies-related viruses: towards multivalent vaccines. | prototypes of multivalent dna vaccines against lyssaviruses (lv: rabies and rabies-related viruses) and other viruses were developed using chimaeric lv glycoprotein (clvg) dna and clvg dna carrying foreign epitopes. clvg is composed of the n-terminal half of an lv genotype (gt) containing antigenic site ii, the c-terminal half of gt containing antigenic site iii, as well as the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the same or a different gt. both antigenic sites induced virus neutralizing an ... | 2000 | 11713814 |
| interaction of lyssaviruses with the low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor p75ntr. | the low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor p75ntr interacts in vitro with the rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein and serves as a receptor for rv. the lyssavirus genus comprises seven genotypes (gts) of rabies and rabies-related viruses. the ability of p75ntr to interact with the glycoprotein of representative lyssaviruses from each gt was investigated. this investigation was based on a specific binding assay between bsr cells infected with a lyssavirus and spodoptera frugiperda (sf21) cells expre ... | 2001 | 11714960 |
| [development of a rapid method of immunologic monitoring during pregnancy]. | the authors validate the efficiency of enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) for rapid diagnosis of rabies and titration of specific antibodies and of the method of isolation of field rabies strains in the rat gasser's node neurinoma cells. highly active specific diagnostic agents for elisa and immunofluorescent test based on sheep immunoglobulins have been created for detection of the rabies agent in pathological material from different animals and humans. | 2001 | 11715711 |
| field trial with oral vaccination of dogs against rabies in the philippines. | the potential role of oral vaccination of dogs against rabies in the philippines was investigated in terms of safety and efficacy. | 2001 | 11737869 |
| expression of the b-cell and t-cell epitopes of the rabies virus nucleoprotein in mycobacterium bovis bcg and induction of an humoral response in mice. | expression vectors containing rabies virus nucleoprotein b-cell and t-cell epitopes in mycobacterium bovis bcg were constructed. the epitopes were subcloned into the m. leprae 18-kda gene to ensure correct presentation to the host immune system. expression of the 18-kda::b+t epitope fusion protein was driven by either the hsp60 promoter, which is constitutively activated at a high level in m. bovis bcg, or the 18-kda promoter, which is strongly induced in vivo. mice were immunised intra-peritone ... | 2001 | 11738736 |
| one-time gene gun or intramuscular rabies dna vaccination of non-human primates: comparison of neutralizing antibody responses and protection against rabies virus 1 year after vaccination. | we have previously shown that macaca fascicularis (cynomologus) monkeys receiving a primary and either one or two booster rabies dna vaccinations are protected against rabies virus. in this study, we determined whether monkeys that had been vaccinated only once via gene gun or intramuscularly (i.m.) with different concentrations of dna would be protected against rabies virus challenge. neutralizing antibody responses were assayed for 1 year before the monkeys were challenged. neutralizing antibo ... | 2001 | 11738747 |
| rhabdovirus-based vectors with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelopes display hiv-1-like tropism and target human dendritic cells. | we describe replication-competent, vaccine strain-based rabies viruses (rvs) that lack their own single glycoprotein and express, instead, a chimeric rv-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope protein composed of the ectodomain and transmembrane domains of hiv-1 gp160 and the cytoplasmic domain of rv g. the envelope proteins from both x4 (nl4-3)- and r5x4 (89.6)-tropic hiv-1 strains were utilized. these recombinant viruses very closely mimicked an hiv-1- like tropism, as indicated b ... | 2002 | 11739668 |
| rabies vaccination of foxes: vaccine residues as potential biohazardous waste. | | 2001 | 11740336 |
| regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in serengeti spotted hyenas. | we report a previously unrecognized complexity to the ecology of rabies in wildlife. rabies-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies in spotted hyenas, the most numerous large carnivore in the serengeti ecosystem (tanzania, east africa), revealed a high frequency of exposure of 37.0% to rabies virus, and reverse transcriptase (rt) pcr demonstrated rabies rna in 13.0% of hyenas. despite this high frequency, exposure neither caused symptomatic rabies nor decreased survival among members of hyena soc ... | 2001 | 11742089 |
| rabies in marmosets (callithrix jacchus), ceará, brazil. | a new rabies virus variant, with no close antigenic or genetic relationship to any known rabies variants found in bats or terrestrial mammals in the americas, was identified in association with human rabies cases reported from the state of ceará, brazil, from 1991 to 1998. the marmoset, callithrix jacchus acchus, was determined to be the source of exposure. | 2001 | 11747745 |
| first case of human rabies in chile caused by an insectivorous bat virus variant. | the first human rabies case in chile since 1972 occurred in march 1996 in a patient without history of known exposure. antigenic and genetic characterization of the rabies isolate indicated that its reservoir was the insectivorous bat tadarida brasiliensis. this is the first human rabies case caused by an insectivorous bat rabies virus variant reported in latin america. | 2002 | 11749754 |
| interaction of the poliovirus receptor cd155 with the dynein light chain tctex-1 and its implication for poliovirus pathogenesis. | the cellular receptor for poliovirus cd155 (or pvr) is the founding member of a new class of membrane-associated immunoglobulin-like proteins, which include the mouse tumor-associated antigen e4 (tage4) and three proteins termed "nectins." using a yeast two-hybrid screen we have discovered that the cytoplasmic domain of cd155 associates strongly and specifically with tctex-1, a light chain of the dynein motor complex, the latter representing the major driving force for retrograde transport of en ... | 2002 | 11751937 |
| serological responses of coyotes to two commercial rabies vaccines. | between august 1993 and september 1994 we documented serological responses of coyotes (canis latrans) vaccinated with two commercial rabies vaccines licensed for use in domestic dogs. serologic responses were documented by testing for rabies virus neutralizing antibodies with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) at 30, 90, 180, 270, and 365 days post-vaccination. all coyotes vaccinated with imrab 3 (rhone-merieux, inc.), and 75% of those vaccinated with dura-rab 3 (immunovet, inc. ... | 2001 | 11763743 |
| the efficacy of a new single post-exposure treatment of rabies in mice without vaccination. | local application of rabies immune serum and isoprinosine, an immunomodulator with antiviral activity was effective in mice infected with a sylvatic rabies virus. in this way, a single medical or veterinary treatment is only required, which is particularly important for developing but also for developed countries. the importance of using a post-exposure potency test to monitor rabies vaccines is emphasized. the same principle could be applied to other emerging viral infections of humans (for exa ... | 2001 | 11765237 |
| is it possible to orally vaccinate juvenile red foxes against rabies in spring campaigns? | the rabies antibody status of juvenile foxes (vulpes vulpes) was evaluated in large-scale, long-term oral vaccination campaigns. between 9% (n = 659) and 21% (n = 42) of the juvenile foxes examined in 1993-94 and 1997, respectively, showed rabies virus neutralizing antibody (nab)-titers > or = 0.5 iu/ml following bait distribution in spring. the presence of nab may be due to either the passive transfer of maternal antibodies, or active immunization derived from spring vaccination campaigns. the ... | 2001 | 11765716 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2000. | during 2000, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,364 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 5 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 4.3% from 7,067 cases in nonhuman animals reported in 1999. ninety-three percent (6,855 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.9% (509 cases) were in domestic species (compared wth 91.5% in wild animals and 8.5% in domestic species in 1999). compared with cases reported in 1999, the numbe ... | 2001 | 11767918 |
| production, purification and analysis of an experimental dna vaccine against rabies. | the basic and applied research efforts devoted to the development of dna vaccines must be accompanied by manufacturing processes capable of being scaled up and delivering a clinical-grade product. this work describes a rapid process of this kind, based on hydrophobic interaction chromatography (hic) for the production of milligram quantities of an experimental dna rabies vaccine. its properties and protective activity are tested in comparison with the same plasmid dna purified with a commercial ... | 2001 | 11778904 |
| detection of rabies virus rna isolated from several species of animals in brazil by rt-pcr. | brain samples from different animal species including humans: five vampire bats, 14 cattle, 12 dogs, 11 cats, two horses, one pig, one sheep and three humans collected from various geographical regions of brazil were found to be positive for rabies by means of the fluorescent antibody test (fat) and the mouse inoculation test (mit). the brain samples were retested for rabies by means of the reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) with 2 primer sets (p1/p2 and rhni/rhns3), wh ... | 2001 | 11789609 |
| postexposure treatment of rabies infection: can it be done without immunoglobulin? | the last remaining international manufacturer of equine rabies immunoglobulin (erig) discontinued production in 2001. however, erig remains an essential biological that has no substitute other than human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig), which is in short supply and virtually unaffordable in developing countries. physicians in regions where canine rabies is endemic and neither erig nor hrig is available are providing less-than-optimal treatment to patients exposed to rabies. if no immunoglobulin is ... | 2002 | 11797174 |
| a novel expression cassette of lyssavirus shows that the distantly related mokola virus can rescue a defective rabies virus genome. | by comparing three expression vectors for the rabies virus (rv) minigenome, we show that the characteristic of the rv rna is important for efficient rescue despite its not being crucial for replication. moreover, we show that the coexpression of the viral proteins from helper rv and mokola virus could rescue the rv minigenome while rv-related european bat lyssavirus 1 could not, suggesting that the signals controlling transcription and replication are conserved in the distantly related rv and mo ... | 2002 | 11799201 |
| safety of lyophilized sag2 oral rabies vaccine in collared lemmings. | fifteen collared lemmings (dicrostonyx groenlandicus) were exposed to a lyophilized oral rabies vaccine designed to immunize wild carnivore populations. no animals contracted rabies from the vaccine as determined by the absence of clinical signs after 37 days and lack of rabies virus in brain tissue determined by the fluorescent antibody (fa) test. these results suggest that collared lemmings would not contract rabies if they ingested this lyophilized vaccine in the wild during bait vaccination ... | 2002 | 11838220 |
| distribution of rabies antigen in infected brain material: determining the reliability of different regions of the brain for the rabies fluorescent antibody test. | to assist in making recommendations for sampling of brains for the fluorescent antibody test (fat), a study was conducted to determine the regions of the brain where rabies antigen is found most reliably. each identifiable part of 252 rabies-positive brains of various species was re-tested using routine fa tests. it was found that there was frequent variation in the quantity of antigen between regions of the brain. the thalamus, pons and medulla were the most reliable parts of the brain as they ... | 2002 | 11849687 |
| urine samples for rabies rna detection in the diagnosis of rabies in humans. | | 2002 | 11850870 |
| [combined experimental infection of microtus gregalis by tick-borne encephalitis and rabies viruses and probable interference]. | narrow-skulled voles (microtus gregalis) were inoculated with tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) and rabies (rv) viruses isolated in the steppe zone of west siberia. tbe infection was asymptomatic and nonlethal in all voles. the virus was eliminated from the voles between days 14 and 60 postinoculation. only 1 of 26 tested animals produced anti-tbe antibodies in titer 1:20. rv infection was acute and lethal. all sick animals contained rv in the brain, 42.1% in salivary glands, 5.3% in the lungs and k ... | 2002 | 11852779 |
| induction of protective immunity by topic application of a recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein. | the objective of this study was to determine if a replication defective recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein (adrab.gp) given through a non-invasive vaccination route (by topical application) onto the skin (nivs) could elicit an immune response and/or protection against rabies. groups of mice were immunized by nivs with various doses of adrab.gp. for comparison, groups of mice were immunized intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intradermally with adrab.gp. mice received two ... | 2002 | 11856579 |
| [a study on the epidemiological characteristics and the preventive measures of rabies in shanghai]. | to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the preventive measures of rabies in shanghai from 1950 to 2000. | 2001 | 11860835 |
| [studies on the manufacture and immunogenicity of purified rabies vaccines on humans vero cell]. | using vero cell as basic cultural material to improve the quality of rabies vaccines and to produce rabies vaccines for humans. | 2001 | 11860837 |
| [studies on schedules for human rabies immunization]. | to study the feasibility of interferon (inf) plus an immunization schedule of two dose-two dose-one dose (2 - 2 - 1) of rabies vaccine and a simple 2 - 2 - 1 schedule, and to explore immune regulation mechanism of inf. | 2000 | 11860898 |
| novel, chimpanzee serotype 68-based adenoviral vaccine carrier for induction of antibodies to a transgene product. | an e1-deletion-containing adenoviral recombinant based on the chimpanzee serotype 68 (adc68) was developed to express the rabies virus glycoprotein. mice immunized with this construct (adc68rab.gp) developed antibodies to rabies virus and remained resistant to challenge with an otherwise lethal dose of rabies virus. in naïve mice immunized intranasally, the rabies virus-specific antibody responses elicited by adc68rab.gp were comparable with regard to both titers and isotype profiles to those in ... | 2002 | 11861833 |
| typing of field rabies virus strains in fr yugoslavia by limited sequence analysis and monoclonal antibodies. | a total of 32 rabies virus isolates (15 of fox, 14 of cat and 3 of dog origin) from the territory of fr yugoslavia were collected from december 1996 till february 1998 and analyzed by limited sequencing of n gene and by indirect immunofluorescence and a panel of 20 antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mabs). all examined strains were characterized as sylvatic fox strains. two main genetic variants were detected, 15 isolates belonging to group i, 14 belonging to group ii, while the remaining 3 ... | 2001 | 11876006 |
| first case of cat rabies in southern brazil for 11 years. | | 2002 | 11878440 |
| live and killed rhabdovirus-based vectors as potential hepatitis c vaccines. | a highly attenuated, recombinant rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vector was utilized as a new immunization strategy to induce humoral and cellular responses against hepatitis c (hcv) glycoprotein e2. we showed previously that rv-based vectors are able to induce strong immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) antigens. here we constructed and characterized three replication-competent rv-based vectors expressing either both hcv envelope proteins e1 and e2 or a mo ... | 2002 | 11878905 |
| genetic constraints and the adaptive evolution of rabies virus in nature. | we used a molecular evolutionary approach to investigate the species adaptation of rabies virus in nature. a maximum likelihood analysis of selection pressures revealed that the nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein (g) genes of natural viral isolates were highly constrained, especially at nonsynonymous sites, in contrast to the higher rates of nonsynonymous evolution observed in viruses subject to laboratory passage. positive selection was only found at a single amino acid site--position 183 in th ... | 2002 | 11878928 |
| antigenic diversity and distribution of rabies virus in mexico. | rabies remains a public health problem in the americas because of the great diversity of wild reservoirs that maintain the virus in nature. here we report the antigenic characterization of 254 rabies viruses isolated from 148 nonreservoir and 106 reservoir hosts collected in 27 states of mexico. nine out of 11 antigenic variants previously reported in the united states were detected in mexico by using the limited panel of monoclonal antibodies donated by the centers for disease control and preve ... | 2002 | 11880422 |
| overexpression of the rabies virus glycoprotein results in enhancement of apoptosis and antiviral immune response. | a recombinant rabies virus (rv) carrying two identical glycoprotein (g) genes (spbnga-ga) was constructed and used to determine the effect of rv g overexpression on cell viability and immunity. immunoprecipitation analysis and flow cytometry showed that tissue culture cells infected with spbnga-ga produced, on average, twice as much rv g as cells infected with rv carrying only a single rv g gene (spbnga). the overexpression of rv g in spbnga-ga-infected na cells was paralleled by a significant i ... | 2002 | 11884563 |
| rabies. | | 2002 | 11885952 |
| postexposure treatment and animal rabies, ontario, 1958-2000. | this paper investigates the relationship between animal rabies and postexposure treatment (pet) in ontario by examining the introduction of human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) in 1980 and the initiation of an oral rabies vaccination program for wildlife in 1989. introducing hdcv led to an immediate doubling of treatments. both animal rabies and human treatments declined rapidly after the vaccination program was introduced, but human treatments have leveled off at approximately 1,000 per year. | 2002 | 11897079 |
| pathologic quiz case. a 54-year-old man presents with severe back pain. | | 2002 | 11900582 |
| identification of central nervous system neurons innervating the respiratory muscles of the mouse: a transneuronal tracing study. | in recent years, the central control of breathing in mammals has been the subject of numerous studies. the aim of the present one was to characterize the neuronal network projecting to the main respiratory motoneurons, in adult mice. to this end, the morphology and location of the respiratory motoneurons and their sequential connections with other neurons were revealed using a transneuronal tracing technique by means of the rabies virus infection. the injections of the rabies virus in the respir ... | 2002 | 11922984 |
| both viral transcription and replication are reduced when the rabies virus nucleoprotein is not phosphorylated. | rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) plays vital roles in regulation of viral rna transcription and replication by encapsidation of the nascent genomic rna. rabies virus n is phosphorylated, and previous studies demonstrated that mutation of the phosphorylated serine at position 389 to alanine resulted in reduction of viral transcription and/or replication of a rabies virus minigenome. in the present study, we mutated the serine (s) at position 389 to alanine (a), glycine (g), aspartic acid (d), aspar ... | 2002 | 11932380 |
| differential use of the nicotinic receptor by rabies virus based upon substrate origin. | to determine the role that the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor plays in the adsorption process of rabies virus (rv), adult dorsal root ganglion dissociated cultures were exposed to nicotinic agonists before being inoculated. the fixed strain of rv challenge virus standard-11 (cvs-11) was used after being passaged in two different ways, in baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells and in adult mouse brain (mb). carbachol and nicotine reduced the percentage of cvs-mb infected neurons, yet none of ... | 2002 | 11935467 |
| rabies vaccines. | | 2002 | 11957338 |
| [standardization of rabies virus genome amplification for its use in molecular epidemiology studies]. | in order to improve the diagnosis and typification of rabies viruses at the instituto nacional de salud national reference laboratory for rabies, we standardized techniques for the amplification of a 902 nucleotide dna fragment, complementary to a selected region of the rabies virus genomic rna. this region codes for a segment of both the glycoprotein and protein l, and contains the g-l intergenic noncoding region known as pseudogen psi. the standardized techniques included: 1) biological amplif ... | 2002 | 11957368 |
| modern concepts of brainstem anatomy: from extraocular motoneurons to proprioceptive pathways. | the extraocular muscles, unlike the skeletal muscles, contain non-twitch muscle fibers. recent experiments have located the non-twitch motoneurons. they lie around the periphery of the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nuclei, separate from the more usual twitch motoneurons that cluster within the boundaries of the classical motor nuclei. the premotor inputs to non-twitch neurons were traced by the injection of rabies virus into the distal tip of the lateral rectus muscle. retrogradely labeled ... | 2002 | 11960795 |
| cryptogenic rabies, bats, and the question of aerosol transmission. | human rabies is rare in the united states; however, an estimated 40,000 patients receive rabies postexposure prophylaxis each year. misconceptions about the transmission of rabies are plentiful, particularly regarding bats. most cases of human rabies caused by bat variants have no definitive history of animal bite. three hypotheses are proposed and reviewed for the transmission of rabies from bats to human beings. they include nonbite transmission (including aerosol transmission), the alternate ... | 2002 | 11973559 |
| dogs, cats, raccoons, and bats: where is the real risk for rabies? | | 2002 | 11973561 |
| [molecular epidemiological characterization of rabies virus isolated from guangxi]. | to analyze the genotype of rabies virus isolated from different areas in guangxi at different time. | 2001 | 11986719 |
| targeted transduction patterns in the mouse brain by lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with vsv, ebola, mokola, lcmv, or mulv envelope proteins. | lentiviral vectors have proven to be promising tools for transduction of central nervous system (cns) cells in vivo and in vitro. in this study, cns transduction patterns of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with envelope glycoproteins from ebola virus, murine leukemia virus (mulv), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv), or the rabies-related mokola virus were compared to a vector pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (vsv-g). mokola-, lcmv-, and vsv-g-pseudotyped vectors ... | 2002 | 11991743 |
| a heminested polymerase chain reaction for the detection of brazilian rabies isolates from vampire bats and herbivores. | a heminested-pcr (hn-pcr) using primers to the nucleoprotein-coding gene in a nested set was evaluated in the detection of brazilian strains of rabies virus (rv). a representative number of rv nucleoprotein sequences belonging to genotype 1 were aligned. based on such alignment, primers were directed to highly conserved regions. all 42 clinical samples positive by both fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation tests were also positive by the hn-pcr. brain tissue that had been left to decompose, ... | 2002 | 11992159 |
| rabies antibody testing and the uk pet travel scheme. | the pet travel scheme (pets) commenced on february 28, 2000, allowing pet dogs and cats from named countries to enter the uk without spending six months in quarantine as long as they met specific criteria. since the start of the scheme to the end of february 2002, more than 45,000 animals have successfully entered the uk under pets. in this article, dr tony fooks and colleagues consider the results of serological testing under the scheme at the veterinary laboratories agency and look to future d ... | 2002 | 11993970 |
| epidemiology of urban canine rabies, santa cruz, bolivia, 1972-1997. | we analyzed laboratory data from 1972 to 1997 from santa cruz, bolivia, to determine risk factors for laboratory canine samples' testing positive for rabies virus (rabv). of 9,803 samples, 50.7% tested positive for rabv; the number of cases and the percentage positive has dropped significantly since 1978. a 5- to 6-year cycle in rabies incidence was clearly apparent, though no seasonality was noted. male dogs had significantly increased odds of testing positive for rabv (odds ratio [or]=1.14), a ... | 2002 | 11996678 |
| knowledge of bat rabies and human exposure among united states cavers. | we surveyed cavers who attended the national speleological society convention in june 2000. fifteen percent of respondents did not consider a bat bite a risk for acquiring rabies; only 20% had received preexposure prophylaxis against the disease. an under-appreciation of the risk for rabies from bat bites may explain the preponderance of human rabies viruses caused by variant strains associated with bats in the united states. | 2002 | 11996694 |
| rabies post-exposure management in south africa: a telephonic survey used as a rapid tool for operational research. | rabies is an important disease in rural south africa, and vaccine and immunoglobulin are provided, at the state's expense, to humans following suspected exposure to rabies virus by bite, scratch or mucosal splash. health facilities where post-exposure treatment is available are listed, with contact telephone numbers, in national rabies guidelines. to verify the accuracy of this recently updated information, members of the national rabies advisory group were tasked to complete a rapid survey. a s ... | 2002 | 12000656 |
| rabies induced in a cat by high-egg-passage flury strain vaccine. | an adult male domestic short-hair cat developed posterior paralysis 22 days after being vaccinated for rabies with a high-egg-passage flury strain vaccine currently approved for use in cats. a diagnosis of rabies was confirmed by mouse inoculations, and viral typing using a panel of monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that it was vaccine induced. | 1983 | 12002593 |
| evaluation of various serum and animal protein free media for the production of a veterinary rabies vaccine in bhk-21 cells. | we have carried out the adaptation of bhk-21 cells to two serum free (ex cell 520 and hyq pf cho) and three animal protein free media: ex cell 302, hyq pf cho mps and rencyte bhk. after a direct switch or a gradual adaptation, we have achieved bhk-21 cells growth in the following media: hyq pf cho, hyq pf cho mps, rencyte bhk and ex cell 302. the most suitable media for bhk-21 cells growth, with respect to cell density and specific growth rate, were hyq pf cho and hyq pf cho mps. hence we have s ... | 2002 | 12007860 |
| cats differ from mink and ferrets in their response to commercial vaccines: a histologic comparison of early vaccine reactions. | early histologic changes in lesions at vaccine sites were compared in cats, mink, and ferrets. twenty-four 4-month-old cats, 20 4-month-old mink, and 20 12-month-old ferrets were vaccinated with three rabies virus vaccines, two feline leukemia virus vaccines, alum adjuvant, and saline. injection sites were excised at selected time points up to 21 days postvaccination. histologic examination of the tissue revealed significant differences among the cats, mink, and ferrets in the local response to ... | 2002 | 12009059 |
| rabies dna vaccination of non-human primates: post-exposure studies using gene gun methodology that accelerates induction of neutralizing antibody and enhances neutralizing antibody titers. | pre-exposure dna vaccination protects non-human primates against rabies virus. post-exposure protection of monkeys against rabies virus by dna vaccination has not been attempted. presumably, post-exposure experiments have not been undertaken because neutralizing antibody is usually slow to be induced after dna vaccination. in this study, we initially attempted to accelerate the induction of neutralizing antibody by varying the route and site of dna vaccination and booster frequency. gene gun (gg ... | 2002 | 12009276 |
| immunopathology and immunoprotection in cns virus infections: mechanisms of virus clearance from the cns. | | 2002 | 12014188 |
| comparison between the counter immunoelectrophoresis test and mouse neutralization test for the detection of antibodies against rabies virus in dog sera. | the detection of rabies antibodies is extremely valuable for epidemiological studies, determination of immune status in man, animals, and for the diagnosis of the disease. several serological procedures have been described for this purpose. the present study reports a comparison between counterimmunoelectrophoresis test (ciet) and mouse neutralization test (mnt) in the detection of antibodies against rabies virus from 212 serum samples of vaccinated dogs. the agreement between both techniques wa ... | 2002 | 12016453 |
| effect of the contents and form of rabies glycoprotein on the potency of rabies vaccination in cattle. | one of the methods used for controlling cattle rabies in brazil consists of vaccination. sometimes, however, rabies occurs in cattle supposedly protected. since rabies vaccine batches are officially controlled by tests performed on laboratory animals, it is questionable whether the minimal mandatory requirements really correspond to immunogenicity in the target species. we have analyzed the association among potencies of rabies vaccines tested by the nih test, the contents and form (free-soluble ... | 2002 | 12016455 |
| comparative evaluation of a simple indirect immunofluorescence test and mouse neutralization test for assaying rabies antibodies. | in this study, we have developed and evaluated a simple indirect immunofluorescence test (iift) to detect rabies antibodies in a two-step immunofluorescence assay. one hundred and eighty five serum samples from people who had taken different rabies vaccines and 8 pairs of serum and csf samples from confirmed paralytic rabies cases were tested by iift and results evaluated in comparison to standard mouse neutralization test (mnt). though the titres of rabies antibodies obtained with iift were 2-4 ... | 2001 | 12024919 |
| mapping the oculomotor system: the power of transneuronal labelling with rabies virus. | neuronal networks underlying and related to horizontal eye movements were visualized by retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the left medial rectus muscle in guinea pigs. time-sequenced labelling revealed distinct circuitries involved in particular oculomotor functions, i.e. vestibulo-ocular reflex and saccade generation (brainstem circuitry), adaptive plasticity (cerebellar modules) and possibly motivation and navigation (limbic, hippocampal and cortical structures). our resu ... | 2002 | 12028367 |
| rabies virus glycoprotein can fold in two alternative, antigenically distinct conformations depending on membrane-anchor type. | rabies virus glycoprotein (g) is a trimeric type i transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates both receptor recognition and low ph-induced membrane fusion. we have previously demonstrated that a soluble form of the ectodomain of g (g(1-439)), although secreted, is folded in an alternative conformation, which is monomeric and antigenically distinct from the native state of the complete, membrane-anchored glycoprotein. this has raised questions concerning the role of the transmembrane domain (tmd) i ... | 2002 | 12029162 |
| new approaches to the development of live attenuated rabies vaccines. | in the united states, extensive reservoirs of the rabies virus exist in many diverse wild animal species, which continue to pose a serious risk of lethal infection of humans and cause an economic burden exceeding $1 billion annually. previous experience with rabies control in foxes in europe has clearly demonstrated that oral immunization with live vaccines is the only practical approach to eradicate rabies in free-ranging animals. however, unlike europe where vulpine rabies was the only major r ... | 2002 | 12031103 |
| immunogenicity of a recombinant lumpy skin disease virus (neethling vaccine strain) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein in cattle. | rabies virus (rv) readily infects cattle and causes a fatal neurological disease. a stable vaccine, which does not require the maintenance of a cold chain and that is administered once to elicit lifelong immunity to rabies would be advantageous. the present study describes the construction of a live recombinant lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) vaccine, expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus (rg) and assessment of its ability to generate a humoral and cellular immune response against rabies v ... | 2002 | 12034095 |
| molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates from trinidad. | bovine rabies continues to be a serious problem facing the cattle industry in south and central america. although trinidad played an important role in originally demonstrating the link between bats and bovine rabies, relatively little is known about rabies in trinidad, an island 7miles off the coast of venezuela. in order to obtain a more complete understanding of bovine rabies in the region, we report herein on a study undertaken in trinidad to characterize isolates of rabies virus obtained fro ... | 2002 | 12034537 |
| rabies virus detection by rt-pcr in decomposed naturally infected brains. | the warm climate of israel and mishandling of the cadavers during transit to the laboratory requires an accurate method for diagnosis of rabies in decomposed tissues. by using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) 10 decomposed brain samples that collected between 1998 and 2000 were diagnosed as negative by direct fluorescent antibody test (fat), were found positive. three of the 10 decomposed brains were confirmed as positive by isolation of rabies virus in tissue culture ... | 2002 | 12034539 |
| oral efficacy of an attenuated rabies virus vaccine in skunks and raccoons. | raccoons and skunks are major rabies reservoirs in north america. oral vaccination is one method to consider for disease control in these carnivores. under field conditions in the usa, only one oral rabies vaccine has been used. it is efficacious in wildlife such as raccoons (procyon lotor), coyotes (canis latrans), and foxes (vulpes vulpes) but not in skunks (mephitis mephitis). the objectives of this study were to evaluate an attenuated sag-2 rabies virus vaccine for safety, immunogenicity, an ... | 2002 | 12038142 |
| safety studies of the oral rabies vaccine sad b19 in striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). | safety of the modified live rabies virus vaccine, sad b19, was studied in striped skunks (mephitis mephitis). seven skunks received 10(7.9) foci formatting units by direct oral administration. in four cages, a vaccinated animal was placed with a control animal, the other three vaccinated skunks were housed individually. saliva and nasal swabs were collected 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, and 72 hr post-vaccination. from all vaccinated and control animals (n = 11) blood samples were collected 0, 28, 56, 84, an ... | 2002 | 12038143 |
| role of dietary antioxidants to protect against dna damage in adult dogs. | we studied the effects of feeding an antioxidant blend of vitamins, minerals and carotenoids to a mixed adult dog population (n = 40, mean 4.4 +/- 1.85 y) for a 16-wk period. compared to the control group of dogs (n = 20), the antioxidant (aox)-supplemented group of dogs (n = 20) demonstrated significant increases in plasma levels of vitamin e and taurine by 4 wk of supplementation (p < 0.01) and total antioxidant activity (as measured by ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay) by 8 wk of suppl ... | 2002 | 12042506 |
| update on rabies. | rabies remains an important public health problem worldwide due to endemic dog rabies in developing countries. rabies was a re-emerging disease in the united states during the 1990s due to bat rabies virus variants. australian bat lyssavirus also emerged in australian bat populations and caused two human deaths. there have been important recent advances in our knowledge of the pathogenesis of rabies and in our ability to diagnose and prevent it. | 2002 | 12045733 |
| antigenic typing of brazilian rabies virus samples isolated from animals and humans, 1989-2000. | animal and human rabies samples isolated between 1989 and 2000 were typified by means of a monoclonal antibody panel against the viral nucleoprotein. the panel had been previously established to study the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in the americas. samples were isolated in the diagnostic laboratory of the pasteur institute and in other rabies diagnostic centers in brazil. in addition to the fixed virus samples cvs-31/96-ip, preserved in mouse brain, and pv-bhk/97, preserved in cell c ... | 2002 | 12048546 |
| clinical trials in healthy volunteers with the new purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine for man. | behringwerke has developed the new, safe and economical purified chick embryo cell (pcec) rabies vaccine. due to the purification by zonal centrifugation the compatibility of this vaccine is excellent. among 933 vaccinations in 219 healthy volunteers the only side-effect was mild pain at the injection-site in 17 vaccinations (1.7 per cent). the sero-conversion of pcec rabies vaccine was 100 per cent in the tested healthy volunteers. the kinetics of antibody induction after pcec rabies vaccine is ... | 1984 | 12055789 |
| an attempt to predict a possible existence of antiviral and antimicrobial activity. | it is known that many pathogenic and toxic agents may attach to binding site of the same endogenic receptor. such an effect is due to the resemblance between chemical structures in foreign agents. one may imagine the structure which contains binding-site fragments and may compete with the receptor for foreign agents. then next suggestions are probable: (1)the same substance may interact with some agents with established resemblance; (2) if substance (1) interacts with agents a and b and substanc ... | 2002 | 12056882 |
| antibody responses induced by immunization with a japanese rabies vaccine determined by neutralization test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | the immunogenicity of a japanese purified chick embryo cell culture rabies vaccine (pcecv) was examined. serum samples were obtained from 86 subjects after pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis. rabies antibody titres were determined by neutralization test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). titres higher than 0.5 international units (iu)/ml were demonstrated by neutralization test in all the 19 subjects after three-time pre-exposure immunization on days 0, 30 and 180. titres high ... | 2002 | 12057599 |
| morphology of marburg virus np-rna. | when marburg virus (mbgv) nucleoprotein (np) is expressed in insect cells, it binds to cellular rna and forms np-rna complexes such as insect cell-expressed nucleoproteins from other nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses. recombinant mbgv np-rna forms loose coils that resemble rabies virus n-rna. mbgv np monomers are rods that are spaced along the coil similar to the nucleoprotein monomers of the rabies virus n-rna. high salt treatment induces tight coiling of the mbgv np-rna, again a charact ... | 2002 | 12069528 |
| [experiences with follow-up investigations of oral vaccination campaigns against rabies in foxes in saxony with special emphasis on a standardised serology]. | an 8-year experience with organisation and standardisation of follow-up investigations within oral vaccination campaigns against rabies in foxes (ovf) in saxony is summarised. with respect to ovf, the number of diagnostic tests performed during the years 1992-2000 on foxes amounts to a total of 52,226 fluorescence antibody-(fat), 7,551 marker-(tc) and 11,645 serological tests. the mean bait-uptake and the mean immunisation rate in foxes ranged between 78-86% and 60-89%, respectively. based on th ... | 2002 | 12073494 |