| synthesis and in vitro anti-protozoal activity of a series of benzotropolone derivatives incorporating endocyclic hydrazines. | the preparation and evaluation as potential anti-protozoal agents of molecules bearing an endocyclic hydrazine moiety is presented. the synthetic route to this new series of compounds is straightforward, involving a hetero diels-alder reaction between different benzotropolone esters and diethyl azodicarboxylate (dead). while they show limited or no in vitro activity against leishmania donovani, plasmodium falciparum and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, several of the compounds have activities aga ... | 2003 | 14642327 |
| selective antimicrotubule activity of n1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-n4,n4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide (gb-ii-5) against kinetoplastid parasites. | analogs of the antimitotic herbicide oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-n4,n4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide) were recently prepared that were more potent in vitro than the parent compound against the kinetoplastid parasite leishmania donovani (bioorg med chem lett 12:2395-2398, 2002). in the present work, we show that the most active molecule in the group, n1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-n4,n4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide (gb-ii-5), is a potent, selective antimitotic agent against kinetoplastid parasites. gb-ii-5 possesses ic5 ... | 2003 | 14645662 |
| heterologous expression of a mammalian protein tyrosine phosphatase gene in leishmania: effect on differentiation. | leishmania is a protozoan pathogen which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected sandfly. this infection results in a spectrum of diseases throughout the developing world, collectively known as leishmaniasis. during its life cycle, leishmania differentiates from the promastigote stage in the sandfly vector into the amastigote stage in the mammalian host where it multiplies exclusively in macrophage phagolysosomes. although differentiation of leishmania is essential for its survi ... | 2003 | 14651635 |
| leishmania-induced inhibition of macrophage antigen presentation analyzed at the single-cell level. | a number of studies have previously examined the capacity of intracellular leishmania parasites to modulate the capacity of macrophages to process and present ags to mhc class ii-restricted cd4(+) t cells. however, the bulk culture approaches used for assessing t cell activation make interpretation of some of these studies difficult. to gain a more precise understanding of the interaction between leishmania-infected macrophages and effector t cells, we have analyzed various parameters of t cell ... | 2003 | 14662874 |
| functional expression and characterization of a purine nucleobase transporter gene from leishmania major. | leishmania major, like all the other kinetoplastid protozoa, are unable to synthesize purines and rely on purine nucleobase and nucleoside acquisition across the parasite plasma membrane by specific permeases. although, several genes have been cloned that encode nucleoside transporters in leishmania and trypanosoma brucei, much less progress has been made on nucleobase transporters, especially at the molecular level. the studies reported here have cloned and expressed the first gene for a l. maj ... | 2004 | 14668134 |
| apoptotic death in leishmania donovani promastigotes in response to respiratory chain inhibition: complex ii inhibition results in increased pentamidine cytotoxicity. | the biochemical changes consequent to respiratory chain inhibition and their relationship to cell death in leishmania spp. remain elusive. inhibitors of respiratory chain complexes i, ii, and iii were able to induce apoptotic death of the bloodstream form of leishmania donovani. complex i inhibition resulted in mitochondrial hyperpolarization that was preceded by increased superoxide production. limitation of electron transport by thenoyltrifluoroacetone and antimycin a, inhibitors of complexes ... | 2004 | 14679210 |
| targetable water-soluble polymer-drug conjugates for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. | the present work describes the synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of targetable n-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (hpma) copolymer-anti-leishmanial drug conjugates for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). conjugates of hpma copolymer with npc1161, an 8-aminoquinoline analog with anti-leishmanial activity, containing n-acetylmannosamine (mann) in the side chains were synthesized and characterized. in vitro anti-leishmanial efficacy of the conjugates was determined in ... | 2004 | 14684276 |
| inhibition of cd1 expression in human dendritic cells during intracellular infection with leishmania donovani. | dendritic cells can initiate antimicrobial responses by cd1-mediated presentation of pathogen-derived glycolipids. we show that the protozoan leishmania donovani inhibits cd1 expression and prevents activation of cd1-restricted t cells by dendritic cells. evasion of presentation by cd1 may represent a leishmania survival strategy to avoid recognition of abundant parasite glycolipids. | 2004 | 14688141 |
| [validation of therapeutic test in the diagnosis and treatment of kala-azar in children]. | the author studied the value of therapeutic test for the diagnosis and treatment of kala-azar in children by comparing two groups of patients. the identification of leishmania donovani in smears of bone marrow confirmed the diagnosis in all fifty seven patients of the control group. in another group with sixteen children, the diagnosis was based on the successful response to the treatment with meglumine antimonate. in none of the patients of the second group the protozoa was identified and the d ... | 1995 | 14688993 |
| in vitro and in vivo activities of a triterpenoid saponin extract (px-6518) from the plant maesa balansae against visceral leishmania species. | the in vitro and in vivo activities of a mixture of six oleane triterpene saponins, recovered from the methanolic extract of the leaves of the vietnamese plant maesa balansae (px-6518), were evaluated against drug-sensitive visceral leishmania strains. the in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) against intracellular leishmania infantum amastigotes was 0.04 micro g/ml. the cytotoxic concentrations causing 50% cell death (cc(50)s) were about 1 micro g/ml in murine macrophage host cells and ... | 2004 | 14693530 |
| cholesterol is required for leishmania donovani infection: implications in leishmaniasis. | leishmania donovani is an obligate intracellular parasite that infects macrophages of the vertebrate host, resulting in visceral leishmaniasis in humans, which is usually fatal if untreated. the molecular mechanisms involved in host-parasite interaction leading to attachment on the cell surface and subsequent internalization of the parasite are poorly characterized. cholesterol is a major constituent of eukaryotic membranes and plays a crucial role in cellular membrane organization, dynamics, fu ... | 2004 | 14698427 |
| pcr as a rapid and sensitive tool in the diagnosis of human and canine leishmaniasis using leishmania donovani s.l.-specific kinetoplastid primers. | this study was performed in order to test the efficacy of a new polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for the diagnosis of both human and canine leishmaniasis caused by leishmania infantum. the new primers were developed on the basis of a complete dna sequence of the l. infantum kinetoplast minicircle. specificity and sensitivity were evaluated by testing bone marrow spots on filter paper and skin biopsy samples, and the pcr results were compared to data from in vitro cultures. leishmania strain ... | 2004 | 14702834 |
| diagnosis of symptomatic kala-azar by polymerase chain reaction using patient's blood. | detection of leishmania parasite in patients by classical methods at the early stage of infection is limited. several studies have shown that polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is more effective for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in clinical samples. the purpose of this study was to develop a simple, specific and sensitive pcr-based assay for detecting vl caused by any species of the genus leishmania. | 2004 | 14704640 |
| antigenaemia and antibody response to leishmania donovani stage-specific antigens and rk39 antigen in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. | in order to define the possible markers for the early diagnosis of asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals, the antigenaemia and antibody response to stage-specific leishmania donovani and rk39 antigens is assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunoreactivity to stage-specific antigens analysed by western blot. serum samples from two out of 100 hiv-infected individuals were found positive for antigenaemia, antibody respo ... | 2003 | 14725337 |
| crystal structure of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase from leishmania tarentolae: potential implications for aprt catalytic mechanism. | the three-dimensional structure of leishmania tarentolae adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) in complex with adenosine-5-monophosphate (amp) and a phosphate ion has been solved. refinement against x-ray diffraction data extending to 2.2-a resolution led to a final crystallographic r factor of 18.3%. structural comparisons amongst this aprt enzyme and other 'type i' prtases whose structures have been determined reveal several important features of the prtases catalytic mechanism. based on st ... | 2004 | 14726202 |
| diamine derivatives with antiparasitic activities. | there are a lack of effective chemotherapies for many parasitic diseases. polyamine pathways have been reported as potential targets for the development of new chemotherapies against parasitic diseases. in the present study, different libraries of substituted diamines totalling 78 compounds have been synthesized on solid support and their activities against malaria and leishmania parasites have been determined. most active compounds demonstrated submicromolar activities against both organisms an ... | 2004 | 14741254 |
| myd88-dependent in vivo maturation of splenic dendritic cells induced by leishmania donovani and other leishmania species. | the usual agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the old world is leishmania donovani, which typically produces systemic diseases in humans and mice. l. donovani has developed efficient strategies to infect and persist in macrophages from spleen and liver. dendritic cells (dc) are sentinels of the immune system. following recognition of evolutionary conserved microbial products, dc undergo a maturation process and activate antigen-specific naïve t cells. in the present report we provide new insights ... | 2004 | 14742526 |
| characterization of immunoglobulin g and its subclass response to indian kala-azar infection before and after chemotherapy. | serologic parameters of kala-azar were evaluated by western blot analysis. sera from kala-azar patients with confirmed diagnoses were screened for immunoglobulin g (igg) and igg subclass-specific reactivity against leishmania donovani membrane antigen (lag). heterogeneous lag-specific igg reactivity with numerous proteins with molecular masses ranging from 18 to 190 kda was observed. though the individual band patterns were varied, seven polypeptides of approximately 31, 34, 51, 63, 72, 91, and ... | 2004 | 14742530 |
| identification of parasite antigen, correlation of parasite density and inflammation in skin lesions of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. | post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) is an unusual dermatosis following kala-azar (ka). demonstration of the amastigotes in lesions plays an important role in the diagnosis of pkdl. it was aimed to evaluate the utility of an antibody g2d10 in detecting leishmania parasite antigen, to correlate the parasite number/percentage of parasites with the inflammation, and to assess the epidemiological significance associated with the location of the parasites. | 2003 | 14744086 |
| subcellular localization of adenine and xanthine phosphoribosyltransferases in leishmania donovani. | the subcellular location of a protein is a critical factor in its physiological function and an important consideration in therapeutic paradigms that target the protein. because leishmania donovani cannot synthesize purine nucleotides de novo, they rely predominantly upon therapeutically germane phosphoribosyltransferase (prt) enzymes, hypoxanthine-guanine prt (hgprt), adenine prt (aprt), and xanthine prt (xprt), for purine acquisition from the host. previous studies have shown that the l. donov ... | 2004 | 14747142 |
| a novel form of actin in leishmania: molecular characterisation, subcellular localisation and association with subpellicular microtubules. | to study the occurrence and subcellular distribution of actin in trypanosomatid parasites, we have cloned and overexpressed leishmania donovani actin gene in bacteria, purified the protein, and employed the affinity purified rabbit polyclonal anti-recombinant actin antibodies as a probe to study the organisation and subcellular distribution of actin in leishmania cells. the leishmania actin did not cross react with antimammalian actin antibodies but was readily recognized by the anti-leishmania ... | 2004 | 14747148 |
| in vitro antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities of some alkaloids, quinones, flavonoids, and coumarins. | | 2004 | 14765298 |
| laboratory infection with leishmania donovani; a case report. | | 1950 | 14771388 |
| cutaneous lesions following inoculation of live culture of leishmania donovani in man. | | 1951 | 14831939 |
| electron and photomicrographic studies of the flagellate form of leishmania donovani. | | 1951 | 14843179 |
| [diagnosis of chronic kala-azar and morphology of leishmania donovani]. | | 1951 | 14893730 |
| the fate of leishmania donovani and leptomonas donovani injected into the peritoneal cavity of chinese hamsters and guinea-pigs. | | 1951 | 14905521 |
| adrenal lipid and alkaline phosphatase in hamsters infected with leishmania donovani. | | 1952 | 14926696 |
| trypanosoma cruzi: molecular cloning and characterization of the s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. | s-adenosylhomocysteine (adohcy) hydrolase has emerged as an attractive target for antiparasitic drug design because of its role in the regulation of all s-adenosylmethionine-dependent transmethylation reactions, including those reactions crucial for parasite replication. from a genomic dna library of trypanosoma cruzi, we have isolated a gene that encodes a polypeptide containing a highly conserved adohcy hydrolase consensus sequence. the recombinant t. cruzi enzyme was overexpressed in escheric ... | 2003 | 14969692 |
| a comparative study of the effectiveness of diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis. | we compared the validity of pancytopenia, the formol-gel test (fgt), the indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifat), the direct agglutination test (dat), and the rk39 dipstick test as diagnostic criteria for visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in nepal. between september 2000 and january 2002, 310 clinical suspects had a bone marrow aspirate, and if negative, a spleen aspirate smear examined for leishmania donovani. sensitivity and specificity of all tests were determined compared with parasitology and ... | 2004 | 14971701 |
| direct agglutination test with urine samples for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. | a new direct agglutination test (dat) for use with urine samples for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) has been developed and compared with the conventional dat with serum samples and our previously reported enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with urine samples (urine elisa). the new dat, in which anti-human igg was used as enhancing antibody, was tested with urine samples from 75 vl patients and 225 non-vl patients and healthy people. the sensitivity of the new dat (90.7%), wa ... | 2004 | 14971702 |
| leishmania donovani-derived lipophosphoglycan plus bcg induces a th1 type immune response but does not protect syrian golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) and balb/c mice against leishmania donovani. | the efficacy of leishmania donovani-derived lipophosphoglycan (lpg) plus mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guerin (bcg) as a vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniosis in susceptible balb/c mouse and syrian golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus) models was investigated. following a triple vaccination with a total dose of 150 microl bcg plus 60 microg or 30 microg of lpg for hamsters and balb/c mice respectively, there were no noticeable side effects both locally and systemically; implyin ... | 2003 | 14971728 |
| identification of sialic acids on leishmania donovani amastigotes. | the presence of neu5ac on promastigotes of leishmania donovani, the causative organism of indian visceral leishmaniasis, has been reported recently. here we report the occurrence of neu5ac as a major component on amastigotes, as well as neu5gc, neu5,9ac2 and neu9ac5gc as indicated by fluorimetric high performance liquid chromatography and gas liquid chromatography/electron impact mass spectrometry. furthermore, binding studies with sambucus nigra agglutinin (sna), maackia amurensis agglutinin (m ... | 2004 | 14977047 |
| miltefosine induces apoptosis-like death in leishmania donovani promastigotes. | miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine [hepc]) has proved to be a potent oral treatment for human visceral leishmaniasis due to leishmania donovani. the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the antileishmanial activity of hepc are still unknown. we report that in wild-type promastigotes of leishmania donovani hepc is able to induce a cell death process with numerous cytoplasmic, nuclear, and membrane features of metazoan apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, dna fragmentation into oligonucleosom ... | 2004 | 14982775 |
| targeting of parasite-specific immunoliposome-encapsulated doxorubicin in the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | a parasite-specific 51-kda protein has been isolated from the membrane of macrophages infected with leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. active targeting of doxorubicin to infected macrophages was studied by incorporating it in immunoliposomes prepared by grafting f(ab)'(2) of anti-51-kda antibody onto the liposomal surface. in a 45-day mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis, complete elimination of spleen parasite burden was achieved by doxorubicin incorporated in ... | 2004 | 14999606 |
| antigen genes for molecular epidemiology of leishmaniasis: polymorphism of cysteine proteinase b and surface metalloprotease glycoprotein 63 in the leishmania donovani complex. | efficient monitoring of endemic and resurgent visceral leishmaniasis (vl) requires discriminatory molecular tools that allow direct characterization of etiological agents (i.e., the leishmania donovani complex) in host tissues. this characterization is possible through restriction fragment-length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-amplified sequences (pcr-rflp). | 2004 | 14999607 |
| a mixed th1/th2 response elicited by a liposomal formulation of leishmania vaccine instructs th1 responses and resistance to leishmania donovani in susceptible balb/c mice. | in this study, we have developed a vaccine with leishmania donovani promastigote membrane antigens (leishmanial antigens (lag)) encapsulated in a liposome carrier formulated with distearyol (dspc, transition temperature (tc) = 54 degrees c) derivative of l-alpha-phosphatidyl choline, for immunizing balb/c mice against progressive visceral leishmaniasis. this formulation could limit hepatosplenomegaly to almost normal levels and conferred strong levels of protection in both liver and spleen again ... | 2004 | 15003644 |
| hexadecylphosphocholine interaction with lipid monolayers. | the phospholipid analogue miltefosine or hexadecylphosphocholine (hepc) is a drug of high interest in the treatment for fatal visceral leishmaniasis (vl) due to leishmania donovani particularly because of its activity by oral route. in this study, the interaction of hepc with a monolayer of beta-palmitoyl-gamma-oleyl-phosphatidylcholine (popc) as membrane model or sterol (ergosterol or cholesterol) was investigated. at a constant pressure of 25 mn/m, the adsorption kinetics of hepc into the mono ... | 2004 | 15003884 |
| post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl): a first case report from nepal. | post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) is a non-ulcerative lesion of the skin caused by leishmania donovani, which is usually seen after completion of treatment of the kala-azar. the condition is yet to be reported from nepal. we document and report for the first time a case of pkdl in nepal. | 2003 | 15022913 |
| ulcerative post-kala azar mucosal leishmaniasis masquerading as a carcinoma--a case report. | post kala-azar mucosal leishmaniasis (pkml) is relatively rare in the indian subcontinent. we describe an ulcerative variant of pkml with nasal involvement in a nepalese adult male. he had ulcerated plaque over the upper lip with extensive involvement of nasal columella and septum. he came from endemic area for kala-azar and had a previous history of kala-azar. there were plenty of ld bodies in microsections and fna of submandibular lymph node. | 2003 | 15025319 |
| synthesis and antitubulin activity of n1- and n4-substituted 3,5-dinitro sulfanilamides against african trypanosomes and leishmania. | thirty analogues of n(1)-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-n(4),n(4)-di-n-propylsulfanilamide (gb-ii-5, compound 3), a new antikinetoplastid antimitotic agent, have been synthesized and evaluated. the addition of simple functional groups to the n1 aromatic ring generally decreases antiparasitic and antimitotic potency, but placement of a dibutyl substituent at the n4 nitrogen to give n(1)-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-n(4),n(4)-di-n-butylsulfanilamide (compound 35) augments antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activity. ... | 2004 | 15027874 |
| generation of leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes: their growth and biological characteristics. | in this report, we describe an in vitro culture system for the generation and propagation of axenic amastigotes from the well characterised 1s-cl2d line of leishmania donovani. fine structure analyses of these in vitro-grown amastigotes demonstrated that they possessed morphological features characteristic of l. donovani tissue-derived amastigotes. further, these axenic amastigotes (ldaxam) were shown to synthesise and release a secretory acid phosphatase isoform similar to that produced by intr ... | 2004 | 15037106 |
| antimalarial and antileishmanial activities of aroyl-pyrrolyl-hydroxyamides, a new class of histone deacetylase inhibitors. | | 2004 | 15047563 |
| leishmania donovani induces interferon regulatory factor in murine macrophages: a host defense response. | macrophages play a key role in directing the host immune response to infection. interaction of leishmania donovani with macrophages results in the antagonization of host defense mechanisms by interfering with a cascade of cell signaling processes in the macrophages. macrophages secrete interferon (ifn), as well as other cytokines, following lipopolysaccharide (lps) stimulation. the interferon regulatory factors (irfs) comprise a family of dna-binding proteins that have been implicated in the tra ... | 2004 | 15063806 |
| the human pathogen leishmania donovani secretes a histidine acid phosphatase activity that is resistant to proteolytic degradation. | promastigotes of all pathogenic leishmania species secrete acid phosphatase (sacp) activity during their growth in vitro. it has been suggested that this enzyme may play a role in the survival of the parasite within its sandfly-vector host. to carry out such functions, sacp would have to be relatively resistant to endogenous sandfly gut-proteases. therefore, the current study was undertaken to ascertain whether l. donovani sacp activity was affected by treatment with various proteases. native l. ... | 2004 | 15068272 |
| dna polymorphism assay distinguishes isolates of leishmania donovani that cause kala-azar from those that cause post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in humans. | leishmania donovani in india causes visceral infection (kala-azar) and dermal infection (post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis). we report here the identification of polymorphism in a well-defined genetic locus among the leishmania parasites causing the visceral and dermal manifestations, in a comparison of 15 post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis and 12 kala-azar patient isolates. | 2004 | 15071036 |
| nested pcr assay for detection of leishmania donovani in slit aspirates from post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis lesions. | a nested pcr assay to detect parasite dna in slit aspirates from skin lesions of patients with post-kala-azar dermal lesihmaniasis (pkdl) is described. pcr results were positive in 27 of 29 (93%) samples by nested pcr assay, while only 20 of 29 (69%) were positive in a primary pcr assay. the nested pcr assay allowed reliable diagnosis of pkdl in a noninvasive manner. | 2004 | 15071047 |
| noninvasive method for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by a latex agglutination test for detection of antigens in urine samples. | | 2004 | 15071070 |
| formulation and evaluation of oil-in-water emulsions of piperine in visceral leishmaniasis. | present studies are aimed to find out the utility of oil-in-water emulsions also known as lipid nanospheres (ln) or fat emulsions for delivering piperine for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. lipid nanosphere formulations of piperine were prepared using soybean oil, egg lecithin, cholesterol, stearylamine and phosphatidylethanolamine distearylmethoxypolyethyleneglycol (dspe-peg) by homogenization followed by ultrasonication of oil and aqueous phases. antileishmanial activity of all the fo ... | 2004 | 15074591 |
| leishmania donovani complex: genotyping with the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and the mini-exon. | intergenic region typing by restriction analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) and mini-exon provide diagnostic markers for some leishmania. here, we evaluate restriction analysis of these targets for genotyping and phylogenetic analysis within the leishmania donovani complex (agents of visceral leishmaniasis). each method was useful for genotyping of both l. donovani complex strains and old world leishmania species. the targets produced less robust groups than gp63 intergen ... | 2004 | 15074875 |
| epidemiological study of kala-azar by direct agglutination test in two rural communities of eastern nepal. | we conducted a sero-epidemiological study of kala-azar in two endemic communities (kasaini and gidhaniya) situated in the terai (plain) of eastern nepal. direct agglutination test (dat) was used as a serological test for screening. capillary blood samples were collected by filter paper method from 601 (96%) people of a total population of 628 in kasaini and from 482 (94%) people of 515 in gidhaniya. positive dat titres (1:2000) were found in 66 (6.09%) of 1083 sera tested. the male-female sero-p ... | 2004 | 15078273 |
| fungus-elicited metabolites from plants as an enriched source for new leishmanicidal agents: antifungal phenyl-phenalenone phytoalexins from the banana plant (musa acuminata) target mitochondria of leishmania donovani promastigotes. | two antifungal phenyl-phenalenone phytoalexins isolated from the banana plant (musa acuminata) elicited with the fungus fusarium oxysporum, together with a methoxy derivative of one of them and two epoxide precursors of their chemical synthesis, were tested for leishmanicidal activity on leishmania donovani promastigotes and l. infantum amastigotes. drugs inhibited proliferation of both forms of the parasite with a 50% lethal concentration range between 10.3 and 68.7 micro g/ml. their lethal mec ... | 2004 | 15105102 |
| phytomonas iron superoxide dismutase: a possible molecular marker. | we have isolated and biochemically characterized two iron superoxide dismutases activities (sodi and sodii) from a plant trypanosomatid isolated from euphorbia characias. the isoenzyme fesodii has immunogenic capacity, and the positivity of the anti-sodii serum persists to a dilution of 1/40,000, by western blot. in addition, western blot has been used to test the positivity of the anti-sodii serum against antigen fractions (sod) from 17 isolates belonging to the family trypanosomatidae and for ... | 2004 | 15109721 |
| immunotherapy with ox40l-fc or anti-ctla-4 enhances local tissue responses and killing of leishmania donovani. | enhancing granuloma development and effector function, but without inducing the pathology associated with excess granulomatous inflammation, poses a major challenge for immunotherapeutic intervention against diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis (vl). here, we demonstrate that a chimeric fusion protein (ox40l-fc) which stimulates t cells through ox40 and a monoclonal antibody which blocks ctla-4, an inhibitory receptor on t cells, both enhanced the rate of granuloma maturation, cd4(+) t cell p ... | 2004 | 15114677 |
| camptothecin induced mitochondrial dysfunction leading to programmed cell death in unicellular hemoflagellate leishmania donovani. | the parasites of the order kinetoplastidae including leishmania spp. emerge from most ancient phylogenic branches of unicellular eukaryotic lineages. in their life cycle, topoisomerase i plays a significant role in carrying out vital cellular processes. camptothecin (cpt), an inhibitor of dna topoisomerase i, induces programmed cell death (pcd) both in the amastigotes and promastigotes form of l. donovani parasites. cpt-induced cellular dysfunction in l. donovani promastigotes is characterized b ... | 2004 | 15118764 |
| oxidative stress and non-enzymatic antioxidative status in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. | leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal chronic protozoan disease in human, canine and rodent species. the infection by leishmania is endemic in the mediterranean sea region, africa, asia and south america. canine visceral leishmaniasis (canvl) is a systemic disease caused by leishmania infantum and leishmania chagasi from the leishmania donovani complex group. the blood glutathione (gsh), plasma malondialdehyde (mda), ascorbic acid (aa), beta-carotene, retinol and ceruloplasmin levels of dogs with ... | 2004 | 15120954 |
| detection of circulating antigens in sera from visceral leishmaniasis patients using dot-elisa. | the anti-amastigote igg antibodies were raised in rabbits purified and fractionated using the standard methods. from the same anti-amastigote igg antibodies, a peroxidase conjugate reagent was prepared. initially, the anti-amastigote igg antibodies and their corresponding peroxidase conjugate reagents were analyzed with respect to their ability to recognise the homologous antigens. thirty five serum samples from visceral leishmaniasis patients (vlp) were examined using dot-elisa. in addition, th ... | 2004 | 15125515 |
| reconstitution and functional characterization of the unusual bi-subunit type i dna topoisomerase from leishmania donovani. | leishmania donovani topoisomerase i is an unusual bi-subunit enzyme. the activity of the enzyme has been detected when the genes of the individual subunits were co-expressed in yeast [j. biol. chem. 278 (2003) 3521]. here, we report for the first time, the in vitro reconstitution of the two recombinant proteins, ldtop1l and ldtop1s, corresponding to the large and small subunits and localization of the active enzyme in both the nucleus and kinetoplast. the proteins were purified from bacterial ex ... | 2004 | 15135057 |
| purine salvage pathways in the apicomplexan parasite toxoplasma gondii. | we have exploited a variety of molecular genetic, biochemical, and genomic techniques to investigate the roles of purine salvage enzymes in the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii. the ability to generate defined genetic knockouts and target transgenes to specific loci demonstrates that t. gondii uses two (and only two) pathways for purine salvage, defined by the enzymes hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hxgprt) and adenosine kinase (ak). both hxgprt and ak are single-cop ... | 2004 | 15140885 |
| antikinetoplastid activity of 3-aryl-5-thiocyanatomethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles. | a series of 5-thiocyanatomethyl- and 5-alkyl-3-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles were synthesized and evaluated for their activity against kinetoplastid parasites. formation of the oxadiazole ring was accomplished through the reaction of benzamidoximes with acyl chlorides, while the thiocyanate group was inserted by reacting the appropriate 5-halomethyl oxadiazole with ammonium thiocyanate. the thiocyanate-containing compounds possessed low micromolar activity against leishmania donovani and trypanosoma br ... | 2004 | 15142541 |
| [construction of lack gene recombinant plasmid and detection of its expression in eukaryotic cell]. | the lack gene from leishmania, an analogue of the receptor of activated protein kinase c, was discovered recently. in this study, the lack gene of leishmania donovani was obtained from the recombinant plasmid t-lack by pcr. the gene was cloned into eukaryotic expressed plasmid pcdna3.1(+) to construct recombinant plasmid. this recombinant plasmid then was transfected into the eukaryotic cell cos-7, and the expression of lack gene in eukaryotic cell was detected by rt-pcr and immunofluorescent st ... | 2004 | 15143557 |
| genetics and visceral leishmaniasis in the sudan: seeking a link. | | 2004 | 15147677 |
| effective immunotherapy against canine visceral leishmaniasis with the fml-vaccine. | the potential effect of the fucose mannose ligand (fml)-vaccine on immunotherapy of canine visceral leishmaniasis was assayed on five mongrel dogs experimentally infected with leishmania donovani and on 21 leishmania chagasi naturally infected dogs when seropositive to fml but completely asymptomatic. the clinical signs of the experimentally infected, symptomatic dogs only disappeared after the complete vaccination. protection was obtained in 3/5 animals that remained asymptomatic, idr positive ... | 2004 | 15149782 |
| comparative activities of the triterpene saponin maesabalide iii and liposomal amphotericin b (ambisome) against leishmania donovani in hamsters. | maesabalide iii (mb-iii), an oleane triterpene saponin isolated from the vietnamese plant maesa balansae, is a new antileishmanial lead compound whose activity against leishmania donovani (mhom/et/67/l82) in groups of five golden hamsters was evaluated after administration of a single subcutaneous dose on either day 1 (prophylactic treatment) or day 28 (curative treatment) after infection. liposomal amphotericin b (ambisome), administered intravenously at 5 mg/kg of body weight, was used as the ... | 2004 | 15155199 |
| infectivity and attenuation of leishmania donovani promastigotes. ii: association of the loss of parasite infectivity with the terminal galactosylation of precursor acceptors present in virulent parasites by the developmentally regulated galactosyltransferase. | the beta1-4 galactosyltransferase enzyme of the leishmania donovani promastigotes, was found to be developmentally regulated and expressed only in the attenuated parasites. the enzymatic product of soluble determinants of virulent promastigotes and the galactosyltransferase enzyme was found to stimulate the macrophage burst activity but inhibit in vitro intracellular parasitism. in contrast, removal of terminal galactose moieties from soluble determinants of attenuated parasites resulted in the ... | 2003 | 15157029 |
| transmembrane domain 5 of the ldnt1.1 nucleoside transporter is an amphipathic helix that forms part of the nucleoside translocation pathway. | transporters of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ent) family promote the uptake of nucleosides, nucleobases, and a variety of therapeutic drugs in eukaryotes from protozoa to mammals. despite its importance, the translocation pathway that mediates the internalization of these substrates has not been identified yet in any of the ent carriers. previous genetic studies on the ldnt1.1 nucleoside transporter from leishmania donovani defined two amino acid residues in predicted transmembrane ... | 2004 | 15157113 |
| a leishmania donovani gene that confers accelerated recovery from stationary phase growth arrest. | we have isolated a gene, ldgf1, from the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani. overexpression of this gene confers a strong selective advantage in liquid culture after stationary phase growth arrest. we could show that recombinant l. donovani or leishmania major, when overexpressing ldgf1, recover faster from a stationary phase growth arrest than control parasite strains. while no advantage of ldgf1 overexpression could be observed in log phase cultures or after a hydroxyurea-induced s-phase g ... | 2004 | 15157763 |
| visceral leishmaniasis with multiple nodular lesions of the liver and spleen: ct and sonographic findings. | visceral leishmaniasis is a severe disease caused by the intracellular protozoa leishmania donovani. diagnosis is based on examination of bone marrow or serology. the role of imaging techniques as diagnostic tools remains to be established in visceral leishmaniasis. we report multiple nodular lesions in the liver and spleen on ultrasonography and computed tomography in a patient with visceral leishmaniasis. to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of multiple nodular hepatosplenic lesio ... | 2004 | 15160758 |
| the ribosomal rna gene promoter and adjacent cis-acting dna sequences govern plasmid dna partitioning and stable inheritance in the parasitic protozoan leishmania. | detailed analysis of the leishmania donovani ribosomal rna (rrna) gene promoter region has allowed the identification of cis-acting sequences involved in plasmid dna partitioning and stable plasmid inheritance. we report that plasmids bearing the 350 bp rrna promoter along with the 200 bp region immediately 3' to the promoter exhibited a 6.5-fold increase in transformation frequency and were transmitted to daughter cells as single-copy molecules. this is in contrast to what has been observed for ... | 2004 | 15161957 |
| ancistrotanzanine c and related 5,1'- and 7,3'-coupled naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids from ancistrocladus tanzaniensis. | three new naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, the 7,3'-coupled ancistrotanzanine c (6), the 5,1'-coupled o-methylancistrocladinine (7), and the likewise 5,1'-coupled o,n-dimethylancistrocladine (8, previously known only as a partial-synthetic compound), have been isolated from the highland liana ancistrocladus tanzaniensis, along with the two known 7,3'-coupled naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids ancistrocladidine (4) and ancistrotectorine (5). all of the compounds are s-configured at c-3 and bear an oxy ... | 2004 | 15165131 |
| a new antimalarial quassinoid from simaba orinocensis. | a new antimalarial quassinoid, namely, orinocinolide (1), was isolated from the root bark of simaba orinocensis, together with the previously reported simalikalactone d (2). the structure of 1 was determined primarily from 1d and 2d nmr analysis, as well as by chemical derivatization. compound 1 was found to be as equally potent as 2 against plasmodium falciparum clones d6 and w2 (ic(50) 3.27 and 8.53 ng/ml vs 3.0 and 3.67 ng/ml, respectively), but was 4- and 28-fold less toxic than 2 against ve ... | 2004 | 15165136 |
| arbitrary-primed pcr for genomic fingerprinting and identification of differentially regulated genes in indian isolates of leishmania donovani. | the arbitrary-primed pcr (ap-pcr) technique was employed with the twin goals of identifying genetic polymorphisms within the indian isolates and to identify differentially expressed gene sequences. the parasite isolates from indian kala-azar patients could be differentiated from leishmania donovani isolates from distinct geographic regions. moreover, differences within the indian isolates could also be identified. a majority (17/19) of the indian isolates gave identical ap-pcr pattern, while two ... | 2004 | 15172218 |
| infection and blood transfusion: a guide to donor screening. | in recent years, blood-component therapy has become more accessible in veterinary practice. as with human medicine, care must be taken to minimize the risk of disease transmission from donor to recipient. determining the appropriate diseases to screen for is complicated by regional variations in disease incidence, the existence of chronic carrier states for some diseases, the difficulty in screening-test selection, and testing cost. the feline diseases considered include retroviral infections, f ... | 2004 | 15179926 |
| synthesis and antileishmanial activity of novel buparvaquone oxime derivatives. | novel oxime derivatives (2, 3 and 5) of buparvaquone (1) and o-methyl-buparvaquone (4) were synthesized and their in vitro activities against leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), were determined. buparvaquone-oxime (2) was also studied as a bioreversible prodrug structure of buparvaquone (1). buparvaquone-oxime (2) released buparvaquone (1) in vitro when it was incubated with induced rat liver microsomes, which suggests that the oxime-structure is a useful pro ... | 2004 | 15186834 |
| evaluation of a urinary antigen-based latex agglutination test in the diagnosis of kala-azar in eastern nepal. | we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy as well as the reproducibility of the urine latex agglutination test 'katex' in the diagnosis of kala-azar in patients recruited at a tertiary care centre in dharan, nepal, between november 2000 and january 2002. | 2004 | 15189464 |
| protective vaccination against murine visceral leishmaniasis using aldehyde-containing quillaja saponaria sapogenins. | the presence of aldehyde groups at c-23 and c-24 of the triterpen aglycon moiety was disclosed in 1h nmr spectra of both the riedel de haen saponin (r) (delta 9.336) and quillaja saponaria quila saponin (delta 9.348). the sign of the c-28 acylated linked moiety (delta 176) was present in both saponins, while the delta 171 at c-28 (carboxy group) corresponding to the deacylated saponin, was only detected in the quila preparation, indicating 50% of hydrolysis of the ester moiety, probably due to t ... | 2004 | 15193411 |
| mast cells at the host-pathogen interface: host-protection versus immune evasion in leishmaniasis. | infection of a susceptible host with leishmania, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease leishmaniasis, which is characterized by neutrophil, eosinophil, macrophage, lymphocyte and mast cell infiltration into the infected tissue followed by parasite growth. although the roles played by other cells in leishmaniasis are known, the role of mast cells remains to be ascertained. here, we demonstrate that leishmania regulates mast cell infiltration to the site of infection, mast cell production and m ... | 2004 | 15196239 |
| nerve involvement in indian post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. | | 2004 | 15202852 |
| incomplete glycosylation and defective intracellular targeting of mutant solute carrier family 11 member 1 (slc11a1). | solute carrier family 11 member 1 (slc11a1, formerly nramp1) is a highly glycosylated, 12 transmembrane domain protein expressed in macrophages. it resides in the membrane of late endosomes and lysosomes, where it functions as a bivalent cation transporter. mice susceptible to infection by various intracellular pathogens including leishmania donovani and salmonella typhimurium carry a glycine to aspartic acid substitution at position 169 (g169d, gly(169)-->asp), within transmembrane domain 4 of ... | 2004 | 15202932 |
| harmine: evaluation of its antileishmanial properties in various vesicular delivery systems. | harmine, a beta-carboline amine alkaloid isolated from peganum harmala, was tested for its antileishmanial properties both in vitro and in vivo. in vitro antileishmanial activity of harmine was encouraging and prompted us to confirm the activity in vivo in hamster models. harmine was tested both in free form and in different vesicular forms viz. liposomes, niosomes and nanoparticles. the different vesicles were prepared by the published protocols. the percent intercalation of harmine in liposome ... | 2004 | 15203896 |
| mutational analysis of methionine adenosyltransferase from leishmania donovani. | the methionine adenosyltransferase (mat; ec 2.5.1.6) mediated synthesis of s-adenosylmethionine (adomet) is a two-step process, consisting of the formation of adomet and the subsequent cleavage of the tripolyphosphate (pppi) molecule, a reaction induced, in turn, by adomet. the fact that the two activities--adomet synthesis and tripolyphosphate hydrolysis--can be measured separately is particularly useful when the site-directed mutagenesis approach is used to determine the functional role of the ... | 2004 | 15206944 |
| genetic polymorphism within the leishmania donovani complex: correlation with geographic origin. | random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) was used to detect intraspecific diversity for the leishmania donovani complex. fifty-two decameric to 21-meric primers of arbitrary sequence were applied to 15 strains that belong to nine zymodemes. strains belonging to the species l. major and l. tropica were used as outgroups. a total of 902 amplicons generated by rapd were scored. most primers produced species-specific profiles, only 0.6% amplicons were shared by all species, while 4.3% amplicons were ... | 2004 | 15211001 |
| cloning of s-adenosyl-l-methionine:c-24-delta-sterol-methyltransferase (erg6) from leishmania donovani and characterization of mrnas in wild-type and amphotericin b-resistant promastigotes. | the 24-alkylated sterols have been shown previously to be absent in membranes of amphotericin b (amb)-resistant leishmania donovani promastigotes, suggesting that the s- adenosyl-l-methionine:c-24-delta-sterol-methyltransferase (scmt or erg6) was not functional or not expressed in amb-resistant (amb-r) parasites. from an l. donovani wild-type clone, we cloned two cdnas with an identical open reading frame encoding a putative scmt, the enzyme responsible for a first sterol methylation at the c-24 ... | 2004 | 15215088 |
| altered expression, polymerisation and cellular distribution of alpha-/beta-tubulins and apoptosis-like cell death in arsenite resistant leishmania donovani promastigotes. | studies in mammalian systems have shown specific affinity of arsenite for tubulin proteins. the sodium m-arsenite (naaso2) resistant leishmania donovani used in this study is resistant to 20 microm naaso2, which is a 13-fold increase in resistance compared to the wild type. data presented in this study shows decreased expression of alpha- and beta-tubulin in wild type l. donovani promastigotes on exposure to naaso2 from 0.0016 to 5.0 microm (ic50 in the wild type strain) in a dose-dependent mann ... | 2004 | 15217730 |
| immune response to leishmania infection. | antileishmanial immune response is shown to be host genotype dependent so that some inbred strains of mouse are susceptible while others are resistant. the resistance is conferred by t-helper type-1 (th1) cells while the susceptibility is conferred by th2 cells. th1 cells secrete il-2 and ifn-gamma but th2 cells secrete il-4, il-5 and il-10. it has been shown that ifn-gamma activates macrophages to express inos2, the enzyme catalyzing the formation of nitric oxide. nitric oxide kills the intrace ... | 2004 | 15243162 |
| comparison between splenic and lymph node aspirations as sampling methods for the parasitological detection of leishmania chagasi infection in dogs. | the sensitivities of spleen and lymph node cultures for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis were compared in 64 anti-leishmania antibody positive dogs from an endemic area in brazil. the sensitivity of spleen cultures for leishmania detection was 97.9%; in lymph node cultures it was 25%. positive spleen culture was more frequent (p = 0.048, fisher's exact probability test) in symptomatic (28 out of 33 animals) than in asymptomatic animals (19 out of 31 animals). these results support ... | 2004 | 15250475 |
| dual action of antimonial drugs on thiol redox metabolism in the human pathogen leishmania donovani. | despite extensive use of antimonial compounds in the treatment of leishmaniasis, their mode of action remains uncertain. here we show that trivalent antimony (sb(iii)) interferes with trypanothione metabolism in drug-sensitive leishmania parasites by two inherently distinct mechanisms. first, sb(iii) decreases thiol buffering capacity by inducing rapid efflux of intracellular trypanothione and glutathione in approximately equimolar amounts. second, sb(iii) inhibits trypanothione reductase in int ... | 2004 | 15252045 |
| sri lankan cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by leishmania donovani zymodeme mon-37. | sri lankan cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl), once considered sporadic, is fairly widespread in some parts of the country. identification of 5 isolates from 4 cl patients by enzyme analysis during 2002 showed that they were all leishmania donovani zymodeme mon-37, the parasite which also causes visceral leishmaniasis in india and east africa. | 2003 | 15259461 |
| in vitro antileishmanial activity of acetogenins from annonaceae. | twelve acetogenins from annonaceae were evaluated in vitro for their antileishmanial activities in order to search for new lead-compounds having antileishmanial properties. the compounds were comparatively evaluated by the 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic50) determination on promastigote forms of wild-type and four drug-resistant lines of leishmania donovani. in addition, after testing the toxicity on mouse peritoneal macrophages, the compounds were evaluated on amastigote infected macrophages ... | 2004 | 15271421 |
| novel azasterols as potential agents for treatment of leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. | this paper describes the design and evaluation of novel azasterols as potential compounds for the treatment of leishmaniasis and other diseases caused by trypanosomatid parasites. azasterols are a known class of (s)-adenosyl-l-methionine: delta24-sterol methyltransferase(24-smt) inhibitors in fungi, plants, and some parasitic protozoa. the compounds prepared showed activity at micromolar and nanomolar concentrations when tested against leishmania spp. and trypanosoma spp. the enzymatic and stero ... | 2004 | 15273104 |
| role of positional hydrophobicity in the leishmanicidal activity of magainin 2. | the emergence of membrane-active antimicrobial peptides as new alternatives against pathogens with multiantibiotic resistance requires the design of better analogues. among the different physicochemical parameters involved in the optimization of linear antimicrobial peptides, positional hydrophobicity has recently been incorporated. this takes into consideration the concept of the topological distribution of hydrophobic residues throughout the sequence rather than the classical concept of hydrop ... | 2004 | 15273109 |
| possible mechanism of miltefosine-mediated death of leishmania donovani. | miltefosine causes leishmanial death, but the possible mechanism(s) of action is not known. the mode of action of miltefosine was investigated in vitro in leishmania donovani promastigotes as well as in extra- and intracellular amastigotes. here, we demonstrate that miltefosine induces apoptosis-like death in l. donovani based on observed phenomena such as nuclear dna condensation, dna fragmentation with accompanying ladder formation, and in situ labeling of dna fragments by the terminal deoxyri ... | 2004 | 15273114 |
| inhibitors of leishmania mexicana crk3 cyclin-dependent kinase: chemical library screen and antileishmanial activity. | the crk3 cyclin-dependent kinase of leishmania has been shown by genetic manipulation of the parasite to be essential for proliferation. we present data which demonstrate that chemical inhibition of crk3 impairs the parasite's viability within macrophages, thus further validating crk3 as a potential drug target. a microtiter plate-based histone h1 kinase assay was developed to screen crk3 against a chemical library enriched for protein kinase inhibitors. twenty-seven potent crk3 inhibitors were ... | 2004 | 15273118 |
| modulation of host cell intracellular ca2+. | during the course of evolution, protozoan parasites have developed strategies to subvert the immune response of their host in order to multiply, reproduce and survive. one of these inherited strategies is their capacity to modulate the host cell transductional mechanisms in their favor. alteration of host cells ca(2-) homeostasis following interaction and/or invasion by protozoan parasites such as leishmania donovani, trypanosoma cruzi, plasmodium falciparum or entamoeba histolytica has been rep ... | 1996 | 15275223 |
| the role of ca2+ in the process of cell invasion by intracellular parasites. | in order to replicate, many parasites must invade host cells. changes in the intracellular ca(2+) concentration ([ca(2+)](i)) of different parasites and tissue culture cells during their interaction have been studied. an increase in cytosolic ca(2+) in trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes occurs after association of the parasites with host cells. ca(2+) mobilization in the host cells also takes place upon contact with t. cruzi trypomastigotes, leishmania donovani amastigotes or plasmodium falciparu ... | 1996 | 15275256 |
| sensitivity of splenic and bone marrow aspirate study for diagnosis of kala-azar. | fifty adult patients of kala-azar were included in this prospective study from medicine unit-i of mymensingh medical college hospital. splenic and bone marrow aspiration were done simultaneously to compare the sensitivity and other related merits and demerits of each procedure. splenic aspiration appeared to be more sensitive procedure than bone marrow aspiration. leishman - donovan (ld) bodies were found in 90 percent and 72 percent of the spleen and bone marrow aspirates respectively. splenic ... | 2004 | 15284686 |
| involvement of leishmania donovani major surface glycoprotein gp63 in promastigote multiplication. | the major surface glycoprotein gp63 of the kinetoplastid protozoal parasite leishmania is implicated as a ligand mediating uptake of the parasite into, and survival within, the host macrophage. by expressing gp63 antisense rna from an episomal vector in l. donovani promastigotes, gp63-deficient transfectants were obtained. reduction of the gp63 level resulted in increased generation times, altered cell morphology, accumulation of cells in the g2/m phase of the cell cycle, and increased numbers o ... | 2004 | 15286399 |
| substrate specificity of the leishmania donovani myo-inositol transporter: critical role of inositol c-2, c-3 and c-5 hydroxyl groups. | inositol is an essential precursor for the formation of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchors found in the majority of surface molecules in trypanosomatids, in addition to its requirement for phoshatidylinositol signal transduction pathways. in leishmania donovani, high-affinity inositol transport is catalyzed by the active myo-inositol/h+ transporter mit, which is driven by a proton gradient across the parasite membrane. we have characterized the substrate specificity and pharmacology of ... | 2004 | 15287594 |
| combination of ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol as a preventive therapy against structural and functional defects of erythrocytes in visceral leishmaniasis. | the redox unbalance in erythrocytes has been found to contribute significantly in the development of anemia in visceral leishmaniasis (vl). the present study revealed enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ros) and gradual depletion of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate in the erythrocytes of infected animals. the response of erythrocytes to chronic treatment with antioxidants was studied in hamsters during leishmanial infection. treatment with a combination of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbat ... | 2004 | 15293561 |
| immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides are potent enhancers of protective immunity in mice immunized with recombinant orff leishmanial antigen. | unmethylated cpg dinucleotides in bacterial dna or synthetic oligonucleotides (odn) have proved as promising adjuvants for promotion of t helper 1 (th1) type immune response. the potent th1 like immune activation by cpg-odns suggests a possible utility for vaccination against leishmaniasis. we therefore investigated the effect of odn containing immunostimulatory cg motifs as adjuvant with recombinant orff (rorff) leishmanial antigen. balb/c mice were vaccinated with the rorff with or without cpg ... | 2004 | 15297055 |