| apobec3g cytidine deaminase association with coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. | we previously reported that replacing hiv-1 nucleocapsid (nc) domain with sars-cov nucleocapsid (n) residues 2-213, 215-421, or 234-421 results in efficient virus-like particle (vlp) production at a level comparable to that of wild-type hiv-1. in this study we demonstrate that these chimeras are capable of packaging large amounts of human apobec3g (ha3g), and that an hiv-1 gag chimera containing the carboxyl-terminal half of human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e) n as a substitute for nc is capable ... | 2009 | 19345973 |
| new developments for the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of potent sars-cov 3cl(pro) inhibitors. | a series of trifluoromethyl, benzothiazolyl or thiazolyl ketone-containing peptidic compounds as sars-cov 3cl protease inhibitors were developed and their potency was evaluated by in vitro protease inhibitory assays. three candidates had encouraging results for the development of new anti-sars compounds. | 2009 | 19362479 |
| translational control of the subgenomic rnas of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the 3'-one-third of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) genome contains genes for four essential structural proteins and eight virus-specific genes. the expression of this genomic information of sars-cov involves synthesis of a nested set of subgenomic rnas (sgrnas). in this study, we showed that the translational levels of 10 sars-cov sgrnas including the two low-abundance sgrnas 2-1 and 3-1 varied considerably in translation reporter assays. we also demonstrated that t ... | 2009 | 19363699 |
| mrna display design of fibronectin-based intrabodies that detect and inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. | the nucleocapsid (n) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus plays important roles in both viral replication and modulation of host cell processes. new ligands that target the n protein may thus provide tools to track the protein inside cells, detect interaction hot spots on the protein surface, and discover sites that could be used to develop new anti-sars therapies. using mrna display selection and directed evolution, we designed novel antibody-like protein affinity rea ... | 2009 | 19364769 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like protease ubiquitin-like domain and catalytic domain regulate antagonism of irf3 and nf-kappab signaling. | the outcome of a viral infection is regulated in part by the complex coordination of viral and host interactions that compete for the control and optimization of virus replication. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) intimately engages and regulates the host innate immune responses during infection. using a novel interferon (ifn) antagonism screen, we show that the sars-cov proteome contains several replicase, structural, and accessory proteins that antagonize the ifn pathwa ... | 2009 | 19369340 |
| the sr-rich motif in sars-cov nucleocapsid protein is important for virus replication. | the multimerization/self-interaction of viral proteins is an important step in the process of viral assembly and maturation. our previous study indicated that the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) nucleocapsid protein forms self-multimers through a serine-arginine (sr)-rich motif (ssrsssrsrgnsr) by using a mammalian two-hybrid system. to determine the biological relevance of this motif, we constructed a sars-cov reverse genetic construct by using a bacterial art ... | 2009 | 19370068 |
| thiopurine analogue inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus papain-like protease, a deubiquitinating and deisgylating enzyme. | in the search for effective therapeutics against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), 6-mercaptopurine (6mp) and 6-thioguanine (6tg) were found to be specific inhibitors for the sars-coronavirus (cov) papain-like protease (plpro), a cysteine protease with deubiquitinating and deisgylating activity. 6mp and 6tg have long been used in cancer chemotherapy for treatment of acute lymphoblastic or myeloblastic leukaemia. development and optimization of 6mp and 6tg will not only be important for a ... | 2009 | 19374142 |
| use of gfp to investigate expression of plant-derived vaccines. | plants are low-cost bioreactors for the production of various biopharmaceuticals including oral vaccines. plant-derived oral vaccines are potentially useful in combating viral infections involving mucosal immunity. transgenic plants have been generated to successfully produce mucosal vaccines against cholera, hepatitis b, foot-and-mouth disease, and norwalk virus. as a first step toward the generation of oral vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), we have ... | 2009 | 19378126 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus m protein inhibits type i interferon production by impeding the formation of traf3.tank.tbk1/ikkepsilon complex. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus is highly pathogenic in humans and evades innate immunity at multiple levels. it has evolved various strategies to counteract the production and action of type i interferons, which mobilize the front-line defense against viral infection. in this study we demonstrate that sars coronavirus m protein inhibits gene transcription of type i interferons. m protein potently antagonizes the activation of interferon-stimulated response element-dependent ... | 2009 | 19380580 |
| incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: a systematic review. | knowledge of the incubation period is essential in the investigation and control of infectious disease, but statements of incubation period are often poorly referenced, inconsistent, or based on limited data. in a systematic review of the literature on nine respiratory viral infections of public-health importance, we identified 436 articles with statements of incubation period and 38 with data for pooled analysis. we fitted a log-normal distribution to pooled data and found the median incubation ... | 2009 | 19393959 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus accessory protein 9b is a virion-associated protein. | eight accessory proteins have been identified in severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). they are believed to play roles in the viral life cycle and may contribute to the pathogenesis and virulence. orf9b as one of these accessory proteins is located in subgenomic mrna9 and encodes a 98 amino acid protein. however, whether 9b protein is a structural component of sars-cov particles remains unknown. in this study, we demonstrate that 9b protein is translated from bicis ... | 2009 | 19394665 |
| determining sars sub-clinical infection: a longitudinal seroepidemiological study in recovered sars patients and controls after an outbreak in a general hospital. | a cohort of 67 confirmed sars patients were prospectively followed for 16 months and were compared with a control population. serum samples taken at various times were tested for igg and igm; dynamic serological changes in these antibodies were described. the positive responses of igm and igg antibodies in sera against sars virus from the first week to the sixth week after onset of the illness in patients with sars were measured. the elisa test of igg antibody was negative in 200 community contr ... | 2009 | 19396666 |
| the ion channel activity of the sars-coronavirus 3a protein is linked to its pro-apoptotic function. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) caused an outbreak of atypical pneumonia in 2003. the sars-cov viral genome encodes several proteins which have no homology to proteins in any other coronaviruses, and a number of these proteins have been implicated in viral cytopathies. one such protein is 3a, which is also known as x1, orf3 and u274. 3a expression is detected in both sars-cov infected cultured cells and patients. among the different functions identified, 3a is a capa ... | 2009 | 19398035 |
| expression and characterization of recombinant s2 subunit of sars-coronavirus s fusion protein. | | 2009 | 19400136 |
| molecular determinants for subcellular localization of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus open reading frame 3b protein. | viruses such as hepatitis c and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) encode proteins that are distributed between mitochondria and the nucleus, but little is known about the factors that control partitioning between these sites. sars-cov encodes a unique accessory gene called open reading frame (orf) 3b that, like other unique accessory genes in sars-cov, likely contributes to viral pathogenicity. the orf 3b protein is 154 amino acids and is predicted to express from the ... | 2009 | 19403678 |
| mavs-mediated apoptosis and its inhibition by viral proteins. | host responses to viral infection include both immune activation and programmed cell death. the mitochondrial antiviral signaling adaptor, mavs (ips-1, visa or cardif) is critical for host defenses to viral infection by inducing type-1 interferons (ifn-i), however its role in virus-induced apoptotic responses has not been elucidated. | 2009 | 19404494 |
| lack of association between polymorphisms of masp2 and susceptibility to sars coronavirus infection. | the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory disease syndrome (sars) is not fully understood. one case-control study has reported an association between susceptibility to sars and mannan-binding lectin (mbl) in china. as the downstream protein of mbl, variants of the mbl-associated serine protease-2 (masp2) gene may be associated with sars coronavirus (sars-cov) infection in the same population. | 2009 | 19405982 |
| expression, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of human coronavirus hku1 nonstructural protein 9. | human coronavirus hku1 (hcov-hku1) belongs to coronavirus group ii and encodes 16 nonstructural proteins (nsps) which mediate genome replication and transcription. among these nsps, nsp9 has been shown to possess single-stranded dna/rna-binding properties. the gene that encodes hcov-hku1 nsp9 was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli and the protein was subjected to crystallization trials. the crystals diffracted to 2.7 a resolution and belonged to space group p2(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell param ... | 2009 | 19407394 |
| towards construction of viral vectors based on avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus for gene delivery and vaccine development. | manipulation of the coronavirus genome to accommodate and express foreign genes is an attractive approach for gene delivery and vaccine development. by using an infectious cloning system developed recently for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene, the firefly luciferase gene and several host and viral genes (eif3f, sars orf6, dengue virus 1 core protein gene) were inserted into various positions of the ibv genome, and the eff ... | 2009 | 19409420 |
| two adjacent mutations on the dimer interface of sars coronavirus 3c-like protease cause different conformational changes in crystal structure. | the 3c-like protease of sars coronavirus (sars-cov 3cl(pro)) is vital for sars-cov replication and is a promising drug target. it has been extensively proved that only the dimeric enzyme is active. here we discovered that two adjacent mutations (ser139_ala and phe140_ala) on the dimer interface resulted in completely different crystal structures of the enzyme, demonstrating the distinct roles of these two residues in maintaining the active conformation of sars-cov 3cl(pro). s139a is a monomer th ... | 2009 | 19409595 |
| ectodomain shedding of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in human airway epithelia. | angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is a terminal carboxypeptidase and the receptor for the sars and nl63 coronaviruses (cov). loss of ace2 function is implicated in severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) pathogenesis, but little is known about ace2 biogenesis and activity in the airways. we report that ace2 is shed from human airway epithelia, a site of sars-cov infection. the regulation of ace2 release was investigated in polarized human airway epithelia. constitutive generation of solubl ... | 2009 | 19411314 |
| interaction of a peptide corresponding to the loop domain of the s2 sars-cov virus protein with model membranes. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) envelope spike (s) glycoprotein is responsible for the fusion between the membranes of the virus and the target cell. in the case of the s2 domain of protein s, it has been found a highly hydrophobic and interfacial domain flanked by the heptad repeat 1 and 2 regions; significantly, different peptides pertaining to this domain have shown a significant leakage effect and an important plaque formation inhibition, which, similarly to hiv- ... | 2009 | 19412834 |
| identification of in vivo-interacting domains of the murine coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. | the coronavirus nucleocapsid protein (n), together with the large, positive-strand rna viral genome, forms a helically symmetric nucleocapsid. this ribonucleoprotein structure becomes packaged into virions through association with the carboxy-terminal endodomain of the membrane protein (m), which is the principal constituent of the virion envelope. previous work with the prototype coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) has shown that a major determinant of the n-m interaction maps to the carbox ... | 2009 | 19420077 |
| early upregulation of acute respiratory distress syndrome-associated cytokines promotes lethal disease in an aged-mouse model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. | several respiratory viruses, including influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), produce more severe disease in the elderly, yet the molecular mechanisms governing age-related susceptibility remain poorly studied. advanced age was significantly associated with increased sars-related deaths, primarily due to the onset of early- and late-stage acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) and pulmonary fibrosis. infection of aged, but not young, mice with recombina ... | 2009 | 19420084 |
| development of a chimeric dna-rna hammerhead ribozyme targeting sars virus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a severe pulmonary infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus. to develop an effective and specific medicine targeting the sars-coronavirus (cov), a chimeric dna-rna hammerhead ribozyme was designed and synthesized using a sequence homologous with the mouse hepatitis virus (mhv). | 2009 | 19420961 |
| label-free, electrical detection of the sars virus n-protein with nanowire biosensors utilizing antibody mimics as capture probes. | antibody mimic proteins (amps) are polypeptides that bind to their target analytes with high affinity and specificity, just like conventional antibodies, but are much smaller in size (2-5 nm, less than 10 kda). in this report, we describe the first application of amp in the field of nanobiosensors. in(2)o(3) nanowire based biosensors have been configured with an amp (fibronectin, fn) to detect nucleocapsid (n) protein, a biomarker for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). using these devices ... | 2009 | 19422193 |
| antigenicity and immunogenicity of sars-cov s protein receptor-binding domain stably expressed in cho cells. | the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) spike (s) protein contains multiple conformation-dependent epitopes that induce neutralizing antibody responses. here we used cho-k1 cells to establish a cell line for stable expression of a 193-mer (residues 318-510) rbd (rbd193-cho) and determined its antigenicity and immunogenicity. we found that rbd193-cho reacted strongly with a panel of six monoclonal antibodies recognizing various conformational and linear epitopes in rbd, s ... | 2009 | 19422787 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein does not modulate transcription of the human fgl2 gene. | among the structural and nonstructural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), the nucleocapsid (n) protein plays pivotal roles in the biology and pathogenesis of viral infection. n protein is thought to dysregulate cell signalling and the transcription of cellular genes, including fgl2, which encodes a prothrombinase implicated in vascular thrombosis, fibrin deposition and pneumocyte necrosis. here, we showed that n protein expressed in cultured human cells was pre ... | 2009 | 19423547 |
| procyanidins and butanol extract of cinnamomi cortex inhibit sars-cov infection. | we found that the butanol fraction of cinnamomi cortex (cc/fr.2) showed moderate inhibitory activity in wild-type severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (wtsars-cov) and hiv/sars-cov s pseudovirus infections. the inhibition on pseudovirus was also seen in cells pretreated with the cc and cc/fr.2 (ic(50s), 283.4+/-16.3 and 149.5+/-13.5 microg/ml, respectively), however the highest activities on wtsars-cov were observed when the viruses were treated by the extracts before challenging (ic(50 ... | 2009 | 19428598 |
| toward better clinical data in emerging infectious diseases. | | 2009 | 19435434 |
| the sars-unique domain (sud) of sars coronavirus contains two macrodomains that bind g-quadruplexes. | since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in 2003, the three-dimensional structures of several of the replicase/transcriptase components of sars coronavirus (sars-cov), the non-structural proteins (nsps), have been determined. however, within the large nsp3 (1922 amino-acid residues), the structure and function of the so-called sars-unique domain (sud) have remained elusive. sud occurs only in sars-cov and the highly related viruses found in certain bats, but is absent from ... | 2009 | 19436709 |
| elevated plasma surfactant protein d (sp-d) levels and a direct correlation with anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-specific igg antibody in sars patients. | pulmonary sp-d is a defence lectin promoting clearance of viral infections. sp-d is recognized to bind the s protein of sars-cov and enhance phagocytosis. moreover, systemic sp-d is widely used as a biomarker of alveolar integrity. we investigated the relation between plasma sp-d, sars-type pneumonia and the sars-specific igg response. sixteen patients with sars, 19 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) (streptococcus pneumonia) and 16 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the stu ... | 2009 | 19439011 |
| characterization of a highly conserved domain within the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein s2 domain with characteristics of a viral fusion peptide. | many viral fusion proteins are primed by proteolytic cleavage near their fusion peptides. while the coronavirus (cov) spike (s) protein is known to be cleaved at the s1/s2 boundary, this cleavage site is not closely linked to a fusion peptide. however, a second cleavage site has been identified in the severe acute respiratory syndrome cov (sars-cov) s2 domain (r797). here, we investigated whether this internal cleavage of s2 exposes a viral fusion peptide. we show that the residues immediately c ... | 2009 | 19439480 |
| therapies for coronaviruses. part 2: inhibitors of intracellular life cycle. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus emerged from an animal reservoir in 2002 and has the potential to reemerge, as shown by the occurrence of non-laboratory-associated new cases in the winter of 2003. in the absence of a vaccine, broad spectrum anticoronaviral medications are needed. | 2009 | 19441924 |
| review of new and newly discovered respiratory tract viruses in children. | respiratory tract viral infection continues to be among the most common reasons for emergency department visits and hospitalization of children, particularly infants younger than 1 year, in the united states. throughout the years, clinicians have considered respiratory syncytial virus followed by influenza as the most common pathogens responsible. over the past decade, new viruses have been discovered through both more specific testing and the finding of new agents causing infection. this includ ... | 2009 | 19444037 |
| therapies for coronaviruses. part i of ii -- viral entry inhibitors. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus emerged fleetingly in the winter of 2002 and again in the winter of 2003, resulting in the infection of ~8,000 people and the death of ~800. the identification of the putative natural reservoir suggests that a re-emergence is possible. the functions of many coronaviral proteins have now been elucidated, resulting in many novel approaches to therapy. | 2009 | 19449500 |
| sars-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ace2 expression and inflammation in patients with sars. | angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2), a monocarboxylase that degrades angiotensin ii to angiotensin 1-7, is also the functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov) and is highly expressed in the lungs and heart. patients with sars also suffered from cardiac disease including arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, and systolic and diastolic dysfunction. | 2009 | 19453650 |
| rapid pulmonary fibrosis induced by acute lung injury via a lipopolysaccharide three-hit regimen. | based on the common characteristic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and highly pathogenic avian influenza and the mechanism of inflammation and fibrosis, it is speculated that there should exist a fundamental pathological rule that severe acute lung injury (ali)-induced rapid pulmonary fibrosis is caused by various etiological factors, such as sars coronavirus, h5n1-virus, or other unknown factors, and also by lipopolysaccharide (lps), the most common etiological factor. the investiga ... | 2009 | 19474208 |
| characterization of cytotoxic t-lymphocyte epitopes and immune responses to sars coronavirus spike dna vaccine expressing the rgd-integrin-binding motif. | integrins are critical for initiating t-cell activation events. the integrin-binding motif arg-gly-asp (rgd) was incorporated into the pcdna 3.1 mammalian expression vector expressing the codon-optimized extracellular domain of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) spike protein, and tested by immunizing c57bl/6 mice. significant cell-mediated immune responses were characterized by cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (51)cr release assay and interferon-gamma secretion elispot assay against rma-s target cells presentin ... | 2009 | 19475608 |
| synthetic peptides coupled to the surface of liposomes effectively induce sars coronavirus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes and viral clearance in hla-a*0201 transgenic mice. | we investigated whether the surface-linked liposomal peptide was applicable to a vaccine based on cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov). we first identified four hla-a*0201-restricted ctl epitopes derived from sars-cov using hla-a*0201 transgenic mice and recombinant adenovirus expressing predicted epitopes. these peptides were coupled to the surface of liposomes, and inoculated into mice. two of the liposomal peptides were effecti ... | 2009 | 19490987 |
| bats and emerging zoonoses: henipaviruses and sars. | nearly 75% of all emerging infectious diseases (eids) that impact or threaten human health are zoonotic. the majority have spilled from wildlife reservoirs, either directly to humans or via domestic animals. the emergence of many can be attributed to predisposing factors such as global travel, trade, agricultural expansion, deforestation/habitat fragmentation, and urbanization; such factors increase the interface and/or the rate of contact between human, domestic animal, and wildlife populations ... | 2009 | 19497090 |
| management guidelines for obstetric patients and neonates born to mothers with suspected or probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). | this document summarizes the limited experience of sars in pregnancy and suggests guidelines for management. | 2009 | 19497157 |
| toll-like receptors, chemokine receptors and death receptor ligands responses in sars coronavirus infected human monocyte derived dendritic cells. | the sars outbreak in 2003 provides a unique opportunity for the study of human responses to a novel virus. we have previously reported that dendritic cells (dcs) might be involved in the immune escape mechanisms for sars-cov. in this study, we focussed on the gene expression of toll-like receptors (tlrs), chemokine receptors (ccrs) and death receptor ligands in sars-cov infected dcs. we also compared adult and cord blood (cb) dcs to find a possible explanation for the age-dependent severity of s ... | 2009 | 19505311 |
| antiviral activity of chloroquine against human coronavirus oc43 infection in newborn mice. | until recently, human coronaviruses (hcovs), such as hcov strain oc43 (hcov-oc43), were mainly known to cause 15 to 30% of mild upper respiratory tract infections. in recent years, the identification of new hcovs, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, revealed that hcovs can be highly pathogenic and can cause more severe upper and lower respiratory tract infections, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. to date, no specific antiviral drugs to prevent or treat hcov infections ... | 2009 | 19506054 |
| development of interfering rna agents to inhibit sars-associated coronavirus infection and replication. | | 2009 | 19509435 |
| construction of plasmids expressing sars-cov encoding proteins and their effects on transcription of hfgl2 prothrombinase. | sars coronavirus (sars-cov) is the etiologic agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome. the aim of this study was to construct sars-cov membrane (m), nucleocapsid (n) and spike 2 (s2) gene eukaryotic expression plasmids, and identify their expression in vitro. gene fragments encoding n protein, m protein and s2 protein of sars-cov were amplified by pcr using cdna obtained from lung samples of sars patients as template, and subcloned into pcdna3.1 vector to form eukaryotic expression plasmids. s ... | 2009 | 19513614 |
| multiplex pcr tests sentinel the appearance of pandemic influenza viruses including h1n1 swine influenza. | since the turn of the century seven new respiratory viruses have infected man and two of these have resulted in worldwide epidemics. both sars coronavirus which quickly spread to 29 countries in february 2003 and h1n1 swine influenza that recently spread from mexico to 30 countries in three weeks represent major pandemic threats for mankind. diagnostic assays are required to detect novel influenza strains with pandemic potential. | 2009 | 19515609 |
| boosted expression of the sars-cov nucleocapsid protein in tobacco and its immunogenicity in mice. | vaccines produced in plant systems are safe and economical; however, the extensive application of plant-based vaccines is mainly hindered by low expression levels of heterologous proteins in plant systems. here, we demonstrated that the post-transcriptional gene silencing suppressor p19 protein from tomato bushy stunt virus substantially enhanced the transient expression of recombinant sars-cov nucleocapsid (rn) protein in nicotiana benthamiana. the rn protein in the agrobacteria-infiltrated pla ... | 2009 | 19523911 |
| characterization of sars-cov-specific memory t cells from recovered individuals 4 years after infection. | sars-cov infection of human results in antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. however, it is critical to determine whether sars-cov-specific memory t cells can persist for long periods of time. in this study, we analyzed the cellular immune response from 21 sars-recovered individuals who had been diagnosed with sars in 2003 by using elisa, cba, elispot and multiparameter flow cytometry assays. our results demonstrated that low levels of specific memory t cell responses to sars-c ... | 2009 | 19526193 |
| studies on membrane topology, n-glycosylation and functionality of sars-cov membrane protein. | the glycosylated membrane protein m of the severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (sars-cov) is the main structural component of the virion and mediates assembly and budding of viral particles. the membrane topology of sars-cov m and the functional significance of its n-glycosylation are not completely understood as is its interaction with the surface glycoprotein s. using biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses we found that m consists of a short glycosylated n-terminal ec ... | 2009 | 19534833 |
| sars vaccines: where are we? | in this review, the current state of vaccine development against human severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus, focusing on recently published data is assessed. we discuss which strategies have been assessed immunologically and which have been evaluated in sars coronavirus challenge models. we discuss inactivated vaccines, virally and bacterially vectored vaccines, recombinant protein and dna vaccines, as well as the use of attenuated vaccines. data regarding the correlates of prote ... | 2009 | 19538115 |
| [effect on mrna and secretion levels of proinflammatory cytokines in dc infected by sars-cov n gene recombinant adenovirus]. | to investigate the exact mechanism of sars-cov pathogenesis at the protein level. | 2008 | 19544636 |
| coronavirus diversity, phylogeny and interspecies jumping. | the sars epidemic has boosted interest in research on coronavirus biodiversity and genomics. before 2003, there were only 10 coronaviruses with complete genomes available. after the sars epidemic, up to december 2008, there was an addition of 16 coronaviruses with complete genomes sequenced. these include two human coronaviruses (human coronavirus nl63 and human coronavirus hku1), 10 other mammalian coronaviruses [bat sars coronavirus, bat coronavirus (bat-cov) hku2, bat-cov hku4, bat-cov hku5, ... | 2009 | 19546349 |
| [synthesis in escherichia coli cells and characterization of the active exoribonuclease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus]. | the nsp14 protein, an exoribonuclease of the dedd superfamily encoded by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), was expressed in fusion with different affinity tags. the recombinant nspl4 proteins with either gst fusion or 6-histidine tag were shown to possess ribonuclease activity but nspl4 with a short mghhhhhhgs tag sequence at the n-terminus increased the solubility of nspl4 protein and facilitated the protein purification. mutations of the conserved residues of nspl4 resu ... | 2009 | 19548531 |
| toll-like receptor 4 deficiency increases disease and mortality after mouse hepatitis virus type 1 infection of susceptible c3h mice. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is characterized by substantial acute pulmonary inflammation with a high mortality rate. despite the identification of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) as the etiologic agent of sars, a thorough understanding of the underlying disease pathogenesis has been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model that recapitulates the human disease. intranasal (i.n.) infection of a/j mice with the cov mouse hepatitis virus strain 1 (mhv-1) induces an acute respiratory ... | 2009 | 19553337 |
| simultaneous detection of five biothreat agents in powder samples by a multiplexed suspension array. | a suspension array-based multiplexed immunoassay was developed for rapid, sensitive, specific, and simultaneous detection of multiple biothreat-associated agents in powder samples. the 5-plexed immunoassays using sets of 9-plexed coupled fluorescent beads were employed to simultaneously detect five representative biothreat agents, including b. anthracis spore, y. pestis, sars-cov, staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb) and ricin from a single powder sample and the feasibility for field samples was d ... | 2009 | 19555207 |
| comparative study of synonymous codon usage variations between the nucleocapsid and spike genes of coronavirus, and c-type lectin domain genes of human and mouse. | coronaviruses (covs) are single-stranded rna viruses which contain the largest rna genomes, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), a newly found group 2 cov, emerged as infectious disease with high mortality rate. in this study, we compared the synonymous codon usage patterns between the nucleocapsid and spike genes of covs, and c-type lectin domain (ctld) genes of human and mouse on the codon basis. findings indicate that the nucleocapsid genes of covs were affected from ... | 2009 | 19561398 |
| enhancing immune responses against sars-cov nucleocapsid dna vaccine by co-inoculating interleukin-2 expressing vector in mice. | the immunogenicity of sars-cov nucleocapsid dna vaccine and the immunoregulatory activity of interleukin-2 (il-2) were investigated. dna vaccine plasmids, pcdna-n and pcdna-il2, were constructed and inoculated into balb/c mice with or without pcdna-il2 by intramuscular injection. cellular and humoral immune responses were assessed by indirect elisa, lymphocyte proliferation assays, elispot and facs. the nucleocapsid dna vaccine had good immunogenicity and can induce specific humoral and cellular ... | 2009 | 19579009 |
| multifunctional nanoarchitectures from dna-based abc monomers. | the ability to attach different functional moieties to a molecular building block could lead to applications in nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, intelligent sensing and drug delivery. the building unit needs to be both multivalent and anisotropic, and although many anisotropic building blocks have been created, these have not been universally applicable. recently, dna has been used to generate various nanostructures or hybrid systems, and as a generic building block for various applications. here ... | 2009 | 19581895 |
| candidate genes associated with susceptibility for sars-coronavirus. | assuming that no human had any previously acquired immunoprotection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) during the 2003 sars outbreak, the biological bases for possible difference in individual susceptibility are intriguing. however, this issue has never been fully elucidated. based on the premise that sars patients belonging to a given genotype group having a significantly higher sars infection rate than others would imply that genotype group being more susceptible, ... | 2010 | 19590927 |
| structure and inhibition of the sars coronavirus envelope protein ion channel. | the envelope (e) protein from coronaviruses is a small polypeptide that contains at least one alpha-helical transmembrane domain. absence, or inactivation, of e protein results in attenuated viruses, due to alterations in either virion morphology or tropism. apart from its morphogenetic properties, protein e has been reported to have membrane permeabilizing activity. further, the drug hexamethylene amiloride (hma), but not amiloride, inhibited in vitro ion channel activity of some synthetic coro ... | 2009 | 19593379 |
| immunogenicity difference between the sars coronavirus and the bat sars-like coronavirus spike (s) proteins. | sars-like coronavirus (sl-cov) in bats have a similar genomic organization to the human sars-cov. their cognate gene products are highly conserved with the exception of the n-terminal region of the s proteins, which have only 63-64% sequence identity. the n-terminal region of coronavirus s protein is responsible for virus-receptor interaction. in this study, the immunogenicity of the sl-cov s protein (s(sl)) was studied and compared with that of sars-cov (s(sars)). dna immunization in mice with ... | 2009 | 19595990 |
| investigation of the pharmacophore space of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) ntpase/helicase by dihydroxychromone derivatives. | aryl diketoacids have been identified as the first sars-cov ntpase/helicase inhibitors with a distinct pharmacophore featuring an arylmethyl group attached to a diketoacid. in order to search for the pharmacophore space around the diketoacid core, three classes of dihydroxychromone derivatives were prepared. based on sar study, an extended feature of the pharmacophore model of sars-cov ntpase/helicase was proposed which is constituted of a diketoacid core, a hydrophobic arylmethyl substituent, a ... | 2009 | 19625187 |
| interferon priming enables cells to partially overturn the sars coronavirus-induced block in innate immune activation. | sars coronavirus (sars-cov) is known to efficiently suppress the induction of antiviral type i interferons (ifn-alpha/beta) in non-lymphatic cells through inhibition of the transcription factor irf-3. plasmacytoid dendritic cells, in contrast, respond to infection with production of high levels of ifns. here, we show that pretreatment of non-lymphatic cells with small amounts of ifn-alpha (ifn priming) partially overturns the block in ifn induction imposed by sars-cov. ifn priming combined with ... | 2009 | 19625461 |
| angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) from raccoon dog can serve as an efficient receptor for the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | raccoon dog is one of the suspected intermediate hosts of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). in this study, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) gene of raccoon dog (rdace2) was cloned and sequenced. the amino acid sequence of rdace2 has identities of 99.3, 89.2, 83.9 and 80.4 % to ace2 proteins from dog, masked palm civet (pcace2), human (huace2) and bat, respectively. there are six amino acid changes in rdace2 compared with huace2, and four changes compared with pc ... | 2009 | 19625462 |
| angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) from raccoon dog can serve as an efficient receptor for the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | raccoon dog is one of the suspected intermediate hosts of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). in this study, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) gene of raccoon dog (rdace2) was cloned and sequenced. the amino acid sequence of rdace2 has identities of 99.3, 89.2, 83.9 and 80.4 % to ace2 proteins from dog, masked palm civet (pcace2), human (huace2) and bat, respectively. there are six amino acid changes in rdace2 compared with huace2, and four changes compared with pc ... | 2009 | 19625462 |
| nmr assignment of the domain 513-651 from the sars-cov nonstructural protein nsp3. | sequence-specific nmr assignments of an internal domain of the protein nsp3, nsp3(513-651), which is a part of the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) replicase polyprotein, have been determined, using triple-resonance nmr experiments with the uniformly [(13)c,(15)n]-labeled protein. the complete assignments (>99%) provide the basis for the ongoing three-dimensional structure determination. | 2007 | 19636862 |
| nmr assignment of the nonstructural protein nsp3(1066-1181) from sars-cov. | sequence-specific nmr assignments of the globular core comprising the residues 1066-1181 within the non-structural protein nsp3e from the sars coronavirus have been obtained using triple-resonance nmr experiments with the uniformly [(13)c, (15)n]-labeled protein. the backbone and side chain assignments are nearly complete, providing the basis for the ongoing nmr structure determination. a preliminary identification of regular secondary structures has been derived from the (13)c chemical shifts. | 2008 | 19636888 |
| host-pathogen interactions during coronavirus infection of primary alveolar epithelial cells. | viruses that infect the lung are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in animals and humans worldwide. coronaviruses are being associated increasingly with severe diseases in the lower respiratory tract. alveolar epithelial cells are an important target for coronavirus infection in the lung, and infected cells can initiate innate immune responses to viral infection. in this overview, we describe in vitro models of highly differentiated alveolar epithelial cells that are currently being ... | 2009 | 19638499 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein 2 interacts with a host protein complex involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and intracellular signaling. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) generates 16 nonstructural proteins (nsp's) through proteolytic cleavage of a large precursor protein. although several nsp's exhibit catalytic activities that are important for viral replication and transcription, other nsp's have less clearly defined roles during an infection. in order to gain a better understanding of their functions, we attempted to identify host proteins that interact with nsp's during sars-cov infections. for nsp ... | 2009 | 19640993 |
| mesodynamics in the sars nucleocapsid measured by nmr field cycling. | protein motions on all timescales faster than molecular tumbling are encoded in the spectral density. the dissection of complex protein dynamics is typically performed using relaxation rates determined at high and ultra-high field. here we expand this range of the spectral density to low fields through field cycling using the nucleocapsid protein of the sars coronavirus as a model system. the field-cycling approach enables site-specific measurements of r (1) at low fields with the sensitivity an ... | 2009 | 19641854 |
| structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of novel and reversible inhibitors for the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus papain-like protease. | we describe here the design, synthesis, molecular modeling, and biological evaluation of a series of small molecule, nonpeptide inhibitors of sars-cov plpro. our initial lead compound was identified via high-throughput screening of a diverse chemical library. we subsequently carried out structure-activity relationship studies and optimized the lead structure to potent inhibitors that have shown antiviral activity against sars-cov infected vero e6 cells. upon the basis of the x-ray crystal struct ... | 2009 | 19645480 |
| progress in anti-sars coronavirus chemistry, biology and chemotherapy. | | 2007 | 19649165 |
| detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus nucleocapsid protein in human serum using a localized surface plasmon coupled fluorescence fiber-optic biosensor. | in order to enhance the sensitivity of conventional immunoassay technology for the detection of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) nucleocapsid protein (n protein), we developed a localized surface plasmon coupled fluorescence (lspcf) fiber-optic biosensor that combines sandwich immunoassay with the lsp technique. experimentally, a linear relationship between the fluorescence signal and the concentration of recombinant sars-cov n (gst-n) protein in buffer solution could be observed from 0.1 pg/ml to 1 ... | 2009 | 19660929 |
| shuffling multivariate adaptive regression splines and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system as tools for qsar study of sars inhibitors. | in this work, the inhibitory activity of pyridine n-oxide derivatives against human severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is predicted in terms of quantitative structure-activity relationship (qsar) models. these models were developed with the aid of multivariate adaptive regression spline (mars) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (anfis) combined with shuffling cross-validation technique. a shuffling mars algorithm is utilized to select the most important variables in qsar modeling an ... | 2009 | 19665859 |
| recombinant receptor-binding domain of sars-cov spike protein expressed in mammalian, insect and e. coli cells elicits potent neutralizing antibody and protective immunity. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a newly emerging infectious disease. the potential recurrence of the disease from animal reservoirs highlights the significance of development of safe and efficient vaccines to prevent a future sars epidemic. in this study, we expressed the recombinant receptor-binding domain (rrbd) in mammalian (293t) cells, insect (sf9) cells, and e. coli, respectively, and compared their immunogenicity and protection against sars-cov infection in an established mous ... | 2009 | 19683779 |
| rna aptamer-based sensitive detection of sars coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is the etiological agent of a newly emerged disease sars. the sars-cov nucleocapsid (n) protein is one of the most abundant structural proteins and serves as a diagnostic marker for accurate and sensitive detection of the virus. using a selex (systematic evolution of ligand by exponential enrichment) procedure and recombinant n protein, we selected a high-affinity rna aptamer capable of binding to n protein with a dissociation constant of ... | 2009 | 19684916 |
| potential enhancement of osteoclastogenesis by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a/x1 protein. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) causes a lung disease with high mortality. in addition, osteonecrosis and bone abnormalities with reduced bone density have been observed in patients following recovery from sars, which were partly but not entirely explained by the short-term use of steroids. here, we demonstrate that human monocytes, potential precursors of osteoclasts, partly express angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2), a cellular receptor of sars-cov, and that expres ... | 2009 | 19685004 |
| avian influenza virus, streptococcus suis serotype 2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and beyond: molecular epidemiology, ecology and the situation in china. | the outbreak and spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus and the subsequent identification of its animal origin study have heightened the world's awareness of animal-borne or zoonotic pathogens. in addition to sars, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv), h5n1, and the lower pathogenicity h9n2 aiv have expanded their host ranges to infect human beings and other mammalian species as well as birds. even the 'well-known' reservoir animals for influenza virus, m ... | 2009 | 19687041 |
| the antiviral action of common household disinfectants and antiseptics against murine hepatitis virus, a potential surrogate for sars coronavirus. | the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) infected over 8000 people and killed 774. transmission of sars occurred through direct and indirect contact and large droplet nuclei. the world health organization recommended the use of household disinfectants, which have not been previously tested against sars coronavirus (sars-cov), to disinfect potentially contaminated environmental surfaces. there is a need for a surrogate test system given the limited availability of the sars-co ... | 2009 | 19692148 |
| temporal variability and social heterogeneity in disease transmission: the case of sars in hong kong. | the extent to which self-adopted or intervention-related changes in behaviors affect the course of epidemics remains a key issue for outbreak control. this study attempted to quantify the effect of such changes on the risk of infection in different settings, i.e., the community and hospitals. the 2002-2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbreak in hong kong, where 27% of cases were healthcare workers, was used as an example. a stochastic compartmental seir (susceptible-exposed-infecti ... | 2009 | 19696879 |
| reverse genetic characterization of the natural genomic deletion in sars-coronavirus strain frankfurt-1 open reading frame 7b reveals an attenuating function of the 7b protein in-vitro and in-vivo. | during the outbreak of sars in 2002/3, a prototype virus was isolated from a patient in frankfurt/germany (strain frankfurt-1). as opposed to all other sars-coronavirus strains, frankfurt-1 has a 45-nucleotide deletion in the transmembrane domain of its orf 7b protein. when over-expressed in hek 293 cells, the full-length protein but not the variant with the deletion caused interferon beta induction and cleavage of procaspase 3. to study the role of orf 7b in the context of virus replication, we ... | 2009 | 19698190 |
| reverse genetic characterization of the natural genomic deletion in sars-coronavirus strain frankfurt-1 open reading frame 7b reveals an attenuating function of the 7b protein in-vitro and in-vivo. | during the outbreak of sars in 2002/3, a prototype virus was isolated from a patient in frankfurt/germany (strain frankfurt-1). as opposed to all other sars-coronavirus strains, frankfurt-1 has a 45-nucleotide deletion in the transmembrane domain of its orf 7b protein. when over-expressed in hek 293 cells, the full-length protein but not the variant with the deletion caused interferon beta induction and cleavage of procaspase 3. to study the role of orf 7b in the context of virus replication, we ... | 2009 | 19698190 |
| two-step conformational changes in a coronavirus envelope glycoprotein mediated by receptor binding and proteolysis. | the coronaviruses mouse hepatitis virus type 2 (mhv-2) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) utilize proteases to enter host cells. upon receptor binding, the spike (s) proteins of both viruses are activated for membrane fusion by proteases, such as trypsin, present in the environment, facilitating virus entry from the cell surface. in contrast, in the absence of extracellular proteases, these viruses can enter cells via an endosomal pathway and utilize endosomal cathepsin ... | 2009 | 19706706 |
| rhesus theta-defensin prevents death in a mouse model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pulmonary disease. | we evaluated the efficacy of rhesus theta-defensin 1 (rtd-1), a novel cyclic antimicrobial peptide, as a prophylactic antiviral in a mouse model of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) lung disease. balb/c mice exposed to a mouse-adapted strain of sars-cov demonstrated 100% survival and modest reductions in lung pathology without reductions in virus titer when treated with two intranasal doses of rtd-1, while mortality in untreated mice was approximately 75%. rtd-1-treated, ... | 2009 | 19710146 |
| sars-coronavirus spike s2 domain flanked by cysteine residues c822 and c833 is important for activation of membrane fusion. | the s2 domain of the coronavirus spike (s) protein is known to be responsible for mediating membrane fusion. in addition to a well-recognized cleavage site at the s1-s2 boundary, a second proteolytic cleavage site has been identified in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) s2 domain (r797). c-terminal to this s2 cleavage site is a conserved region flanked by cysteine residues c822 and c833. here, we investigated the importance of this well conserved region for sars-cov s- ... | 2009 | 19717178 |
| american chemical society fall meeting, 16-20 august, washington, d.c. sugary achilles' heel raises hope for broad-acting antiviral drugs. | | 2009 | 19729635 |
| commentary on the feature article. | | 2009 | 19736875 |
| [study on interaction between sars-cov n and map19]. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is the etiological agent of sars, an emerging disease characterized by atypical pneumonia. using a yeast two-hybrid screen with the nucleocapsid (n)protein of sars-cov as a bait, the n protein was found to interact with map19, a non-enzymatic protein of masp(mannan-associated serine protease). the interaction between sars-cov n and map19 would be further tested in cells in this article. | 2009 | 19737459 |
| efficient induction of cytotoxic t lymphocytes specific for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus by immunization with surface-linked liposomal peptides derived from a non-structural polyprotein 1a. | spike and nucleocapsid are structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) and major targets for cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls). in contrast, non-structural proteins encoded by two-thirds of viral genome are poorly characterized for cell-mediated immunity. we previously demonstrated that nucleocapsid-derived peptides chemically coupled to the surface of liposomes effectively elicited sars-cov-specific ctls in mice. here, we attempted to identify ... | 2009 | 19748524 |
| human monoclonal antibodies to sars-coronavirus inhibit infection by different mechanisms. | sars-cov causes an acute infection making targeted passive immunotherapy an attractive treatment strategy. we previously generated human mabs specific to the s1 region of sars-cov s protein. these mabs bind epitopes within the receptor binding domain (rbd) or upstream of the rbd. we show that mabs recognizing epitopes within the rbd inhibit infection by preventing viral attachment to the cellular receptor. one mab binds upstream of the rbd and prevents viral entry by inhibiting a post-binding ev ... | 2009 | 19748648 |
| [the cloning, expression and structural analysis of putative unknown protein orf 9b in sars-cov]. | orf 9b was amplified by pcr from sars-cov genome and cloned into the nco i and bam hi sites of the pet32c expression vector, and then recombinant plasmid pet32c-orf 9b was constructed. the recombinant fusion protein orf 9b was expressed by iptg induction and purifed. after being cleaved by rek, orf 9b protein with mw 11 kd was separated and collected. it was demonstrated by elisa that the purified orf 9b protein could react with sera of sars rehabilitaion patients but not with sera from healthy ... | 2009 | 19769160 |
| inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue elicited by a protein cage nanoparticle enhances protection in mice against diverse respiratory viruses. | destruction of the architectural and subsequently the functional integrity of the lung following pulmonary viral infections is attributable to both the extent of pathogen replication and to the host-generated inflammation associated with the recruitment of immune responses. the presence of antigenically disparate pulmonary viruses and the emergence of novel viruses assures the recurrence of lung damage with infection and resolution of each primary viral infection. thus, there is a need to develo ... | 2009 | 19774076 |
| just like sars. | | 2009 | 19774678 |
| signal from noise? | | 2009 | 19775957 |
| coronavirus n protein n-terminal domain (ntd) specifically binds the transcriptional regulatory sequence (trs) and melts trs-ctrs rna duplexes. | all coronaviruses (covs), including the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), encode a nucleocapsid (n) protein that harbors two independent rna binding domains of known structure, but poorly characterized rna binding properties. we show here that the n-terminal domain (ntd) of n protein from mouse hepatitis virus (mhv), a virus most closely related to sars-cov, employs aromatic amino acid-nucleobase stacking interactions with a triple adenosine motif to mediate high-affin ... | 2009 | 19782089 |
| distant relatives of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and close relatives of human coronavirus 229e in bats, ghana. | we tested 12 bat species in ghana for coronavirus (cov) rna. the virus prevalence in insectivorous bats (n = 123) was 9.76%. cov was not detected in 212 fecal samples from eidolon helvum fruit bats. leaf-nosed bats pertaining to hipposideros ruber by morphology had group 1 and group 2 covs. virus concentrations were < or =45,000 copies/100 mg of bat feces. the diversified group 1 cov shared a common ancestor with the human common cold virus hcov-229e but not with hcov-nl63, disputing hypotheses ... | 2009 | 19788804 |
| distant relatives of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and close relatives of human coronavirus 229e in bats, ghana. | we tested 12 bat species in ghana for coronavirus (cov) rna. the virus prevalence in insectivorous bats (n = 123) was 9.76%. cov was not detected in 212 fecal samples from eidolon helvum fruit bats. leaf-nosed bats pertaining to hipposideros ruber by morphology had group 1 and group 2 covs. virus concentrations were < or =45,000 copies/100 mg of bat feces. the diversified group 1 cov shared a common ancestor with the human common cold virus hcov-229e but not with hcov-nl63, disputing hypotheses ... | 2009 | 19788804 |
| phylogenetic perspectives on the epidemiology and origins of sars and sars-like coronaviruses. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a respiratory disease caused by a zoonotic coronavirus (cov) named sars-cov (scov), which rapidly swept the globe after its emergence in rural china during late 2002. the origins of scov have been mysterious and controversial, until the recent discovery of sars-like cov (slcov) in bats and the proposal of bats as the natural reservior of the coronaviridae family. in this article, we focused on discussing how phylogenetics contributed to our understandi ... | 2009 | 19800030 |
| dual effect of nitric oxide on sars-cov replication: viral rna production and palmitoylation of the s protein are affected. | nitric oxide is an important molecule playing a key role in a broad range of biological process such as neurotransmission, vasodilatation and immune responses. while the anti-microbiological properties of nitric oxide-derived reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni) such as peroxynitrite, are known, the mechanism of these effects are as yet poorly studied. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) belongs to the family coronaviridae, was first identified during 2002-2003. mortality i ... | 2009 | 19800091 |