| induction of mucosal immunity with a replication-defective adenoviral recombinant. | a replication-defective adenoviral recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein was tested for induction of transgene specific central and mucosal antibodies upon systemic inoculation or upon application to the mucosa of the airways, the rectum or the female genital tract. mice developed serum and mucosal antibody titers to rabies virus upon subcutaneous or intranasal immunization with the latter route favoring induction of genital and intestinal secretion of antibodies of the iga isotyp ... | 1999 | 10217600 |
| an arctic fox rabies virus strain as the cause of human rabies in russian siberia. | a case of human rabies in the arctic zone of siberia is described. the victim was bitten by a wolf, but characterization of the isolate by monoclonal antibodies showed that it was an arctic fox virus strain. this discovery reaffirmed the value of strain typing rabies virus isolates in regions where this has not been done already: such characterization pertains to the identification of the reservoir host, to the natural history of the virus in the reservoir, and to future surveillance, post-expos ... | 1999 | 10226626 |
| association of hla and t-cell receptor gene polymorphisms with semple rabies vaccine-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis. | semple rabies vaccine is derived from brain tissue infected with rabies virus that is subsequently inactivated with phenol. semple rabies vaccine-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis (sae) occurs in 1 in 220 immunized individuals. the immune response to myelin basic protein and pathological changes of demyelination in sae suggest that this disease is the human homologue of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae). sae and eae are frequently studied as models for the human demyelinating di ... | 1999 | 10319881 |
| [a study on efficacy of rabies vaccine prepared by primary hamster kidney cells in guangxi]. | to study the efficacy of post-exposure use of concentrated rabies vaccine prepared by primary hamster kidney cells during the past 16 years (1980-1995) in the guangxi zhuang autonomous region and the role of ambulant care for the victims injured by dog-bite. | 1998 | 10322757 |
| rabies virus-induced membrane fusion. | rabies virus is a member of the rhabdovirus family. it enters cells by a process of receptor mediated endocytosis. following this step, the viral envelope fuses with the endosomal membrane to allow release of the viral nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm. fusion is induced by the low ph of the endosomal compartment and is mediated by the single viral glycoprotein g, a homotrimeric integral membrane protein. rabies virus fusion properties are related to different conformational states of g. by differ ... | 1999 | 10332734 |
| an evaluation of immunofluorescence and pcr methods for detection of rabies in archival carnoy-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue. | direct immunofluorescence and pcr detection methods were compared for sensitivity in evaluating the rabies status of archival specimens of carnoy-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue. the material consisted of 23 samples obtained during a rabies outbreak in finland in 1988, and one sample isolated from a bat researcher who died of rabies in finland in 1985. these results were compared with the original diagnoses performed on the fresh tissues. the immunofluorescence assay detected 100% (12/12) ... | 1999 | 10337236 |
| intracellular behavior of rabies virus matrix protein (m) is determined by the viral glycoprotein (g). | to investigate the nature and intracellular behavior of the matrix (m) protein of an avirulent strain (hep-flury) of rabies virus, we cloned and sequenced the cdna of the protein. using expression vectors pzip-neosv(x)1 and pcdm8, the cdna was transfected to animal cells (bhk-21 and cos-7) with or without coexpression of viral glycoprotein (g). when m protein alone was expressed in the cells, it displayed homogeneous distribution in the whole cell including the nucleus. in contrast, coexpression ... | 1999 | 10338196 |
| human rabies postexposure prophylaxis during a raccoon rabies epizootic in new york, 1993 and 1994. | we describe the epidemiology of human rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep) in four upstate new york counties during the 1st and 2nd year of a raccoon rabies epizootic. we obtained data from records of 1,173 persons whose rabies pep was reported to local health departments in 1993 and 1994. mean annual pep incidence rates were highest in rural counties, in summer, and in patients 10 to 14 and 35 to 44 years of age. pep given after bites was primarily associated with unvaccinated dogs and cats, b ... | 1999 | 10341178 |
| a new quantitative method for rabies virus by detection of nucleoprotein in virion using elisa. | we have developed a new quantitative method for rabies virus (rv) detection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the method named n-elisa was based on the quantitation of nucleoprotein (n) in rv virions captured by rv-specific polyclonal antibodies on an elisa plate. both infective and defective interfering (di) particles of rv could be detected by this method. when viruses were propagated in a medium of ph 7.4 adjusted with 7% nahco3, n-elisa could detect them with titers of more th ... | 1999 | 10342293 |
| induction of genital immunity by dna priming and intranasal booster immunization with a replication-defective adenoviral recombinant. | mice immunized through different routes such as i.m., intradermally, or intratracheally with a dna vaccine to rabies virus developed high titers of serum ab but only borderline levels of mucosal abs determined from vaginal secretions. dna vaccines given by either route enhanced vaginal iga and igg2a secretion upon a subsequent intranasal booster immunization with an e1-deleted adenoviral recombinant expressing the same ag of rabies virus. dna vaccine priming reduced the ab response to the adenov ... | 1999 | 10352290 |
| mutations in the glycoprotein of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus that affect virulence for fish and the ph threshold for membrane fusion. | to study the molecular basis of virulence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv), we used a cross-reactive neutralizing mab to select mab-resistant (mar) mutants with reduced pathogenicity for fish. from sequence determination of the g gene of mar mutants, attenuated laboratory variant and avirulent field strains, we identified two distant regions of the glycoprotein associated with virulence: region i (aa 135-161), homologous to the putative fusion peptide of both rabies virus (rv) and ... | 1999 | 10355769 |
| discrimination between epidemiological cycles of rabies in mexico. | the design of efficient rabies control programs within a geographic area requires an appropriate knowledge of the local epidemiological cycles. in latin america, there is a geographical overlap of the two main epidemiological cycles: (a) the terrestrial cycle, where the dog is the main terrestrial vector and the principal cause of human transmission; and (b) the aerial cycle, in which the vampire bat desmodus rotundus is representative in mexico. this bat is the major sylvatic rabies vector tran ... | 1999 | 10372450 |
| modification of membrane currents in mouse neuroblastoma cells following infection with rabies virus. | 1. the effect on membrane currents of infection of mouse neuroblastoma na cells with rabies virus was studied by using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. 2. three types of membrane currents, namely voltage-dependent na+ current (i(na)), delayed rectifier k+ current (i(k-dr)) and inward rectifier k+ current (i(k-ir)) were elicited in uninfected cells. 3. in cells 3 days after infection with the virus, no detectable change was observed in morphology and membrane capacitance, but i(na) and i(k-i ... | 1999 | 10372810 |
| immune response to rabies booster vaccination in subjects who had postexposure treatment more than 5 years previously. | | 1999 | 10381966 |
| intradermal rabies vaccination and concurrent use of mefloquine. | | 1999 | 10381968 |
| display of epitopes on the surface of tobacco mosaic virus: impact of charge and isoelectric point of the epitope on virus-host interactions. | the biophysical properties of the tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (tmv) coat protein (cp) make it possible to display foreign peptides on the surface of tmv. the immunogenic epitopes g5-24 from the rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein, and 5b19 from murine hepatitis virus (mhv) s-glycoprotein were successfully displayed on the surface of tmv, and viruses accumulated to high levels in infected leaves of nicotiana tabacum xanthi-nn. the peptide rb19, which contains an arginine residue plus the 5b19 epitope f ... | 1999 | 10388554 |
| effect of the bacillus of calmette-guérin, propionibacter acnes and avridine as immunomodulators in antirabies vaccination of mice using the fuenzalida-palacios mouse brain vaccine. | using the laboratory mice, fuenzalida-palacios mouse brain human rabies vaccine was administered in groups of animals previously inoculated with rabies virus and then submitted to treatments with the immunomodulators onco-bcg, avridine and propionibacterium acnes. humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated through the macrophage inhibition factor (mif), intra-pad inoculation (ipi) and serum neutralization (sn) tests and by the detection of gamma-interferon (ifn-gamma). the ipi test was ... | 1999 | 10392627 |
| immunogenicity and safety in adults of a new chromatographically purified vero-cell rabies vaccine (cprv): a randomized, double-blind trial with purified vero-cell rabies vaccine (pvrv). | recent improvements in chromatographic purification procedures have made it possible to develop a new chromatographically purified rabies vaccine (cprv) by further purifying the current rabies vaccine prepared from vero-cell culture (verorab; pasteur mérieux connaught). the immunogenicity and safety of primary immunization, followed by a booster at one year, with cprv was compared to that of the purified vero cell vaccine (pvrv) in a randomized, double-blind study carried out at four veterinary ... | 1998 | 10403033 |
| a comparison of two serological methods for detecting the immune response after rabies vaccination in dogs and cats being exported to rabies-free areas. | levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibody in sera from dogs and cats were titrated to endpoint by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) and retested by the rffit and the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (favn). the two tests were compared for their ability to detect the 0.5 international units/ml (i.u.) of antibody required by the world health organization and the office international des epizooties as the minimum response for proof of rabies immunization. no diffe ... | 1998 | 10403038 |
| rabies virus entry into cultured rat hippocampal neurons. | rabies virus entry into cultured hippocampal neurons was investigated by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. hippocampal neurons were susceptible to rabies virus infection and became filled with viral antigen 1 day after infection. infection was inhibited by the lysosomotropic agents chloroquine and ammonium chloride. to study entry, neurons were adsorbed with rabies virus at 4 degrees c and warmed to 37 degrees c for short periods of time prior to fixation and localization of viral anti ... | 1998 | 10405023 |
| effect of bacillus of calmette-guérin, avridine and propionibacterium acnes as immunomodulators on rabies in mice. | the cellular and humoral immune responses of mice inoculated with rabies virus and treated with the bacillus of calmette-guérin, avridine and propionibacterium acnes were evaluated in this paper. there was a higher percentage of surviving mice in groups submitted to p. acnes treatment. lower levels of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) were found in infected mice. the intra-pad inoculation test (ipi) was not effective to detect cellular immune response, contrary to the results found in mif reaction. t ... | 1999 | 10413958 |
| soluble ectodomain of rabies virus glycoprotein expressed in eukaryotic cells folds in a monomeric conformation that is antigenically distinct from the native state of the complete, membrane-anchored glycoprotein. | rabies virus glycoprotein (g) is a trimeric type i transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates both virus receptor recognition and low ph-induced membrane fusion. g can assume three different states: the 'native' state (n) detected at the virus surface, which is responsible for receptor binding, the activated hydrophobic state (a), which interacts with the target membrane as a first step in the fusion process, and the fusion-inactive conformation (i). these three states, which are structurally diff ... | 1999 | 10423132 |
| neuronal vacuolation in raccoons from oregon. | during a 2-year period (1995-1997), vacuoles were detected in neurons of 21/50 (42% prevalence) raccoons (procyon lotor) in oregon. age or sex predisposition was not apparent. twenty of these raccoons were from within a radius of 40 km of corvallis in western oregon. microscopically, the vacuoles were variable in size, were in the perikarya, and were consistently present in pontine nuclei. brain tissues were negative for rabies virus antigen by fluorescent antibody test and for the protease-resi ... | 1999 | 10424643 |
| comparison of visual microscopic and computer-automated fluorescence detection of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies. | the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) and the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (favnt) are both diagnostic tests for determining levels of rabies neutralizing antibodies. an automated method for determining fluorescence has been implemented to reduce the work time required for fluorescent visual microscopic observations. the automated method offers several advantages over conventional visual observation, such as the ability to rapidly test many samples. the antibody t ... | 1999 | 10424648 |
| 5-hydroxytryptamine2c receptors on spinal neurons controlling penile erection in the rat. | the localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine2c receptors in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat was investigated using selective antibodies raised against the carboxyl-terminal part of the rat receptor. the distribution of immunoperoxidase labelling at the light microscope level revealed numerous labelled neurons in the gray matter, with a higher intensity in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus, the dorsal gray commissure and particularly the motoneurons of the ventral horn. confocal microscope ana ... | 1999 | 10426504 |
| b-cell responses to myelin basic protein and its epitopes in autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by semple rabies vaccine. | semple rabies vaccine is composed of rabies virus-infected sheep or goat brain inactivated with phenol and is administered daily after exposure for 14-21 days. semple rabies vaccine-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis (sae) has clinico-pathological findings of demyelination similar to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) caused by injection of central nervous system tissue or purified myelin proteins into experimental animals and frequently studied as a model for the human demyelinat ... | 1999 | 10430042 |
| an elisa suitable for the detection of rabies virus antibodies in serum samples from human vaccinated with either cell-culture vaccine or suckling-mouse-brain vaccine. | an indirect elisa for determination of post-vaccination rabies antibody was applied. purified rabies virus was used as antigen to coat plates, and staphylococcal protein a linked with horseradish peroxidase was used for detecting igg antibody in human sera. sera from humans, vaccinated with cell-culture vaccine or suckling-mouse-brain vaccine, were examined. elisa results were compared to those obtained from the virus neutralization test. the mean and standard deviation of od were determined for ... | 1999 | 10436669 |
| association of a cellular 21-kda transmembrane protein (vap21) with enveloped viruses. | we reported previously that the rabies virions contained a 21-kda cellular transmembrane protein (referred to as vap21) as a minor component (sagara, j. et al, microbiol. immunol. 41(12): 947-955, 1997). in this study, we further examined the possible interactions of vap21 with other enveloped viruses, including the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv; negative-stranded rna virus), sindbis virus (positive-stranded rna virus) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1; double-stranded dna virus). an immu ... | 1999 | 10449251 |
| antibody response after a four-site intradermal booster vaccination with cell-culture rabies vaccine. | the current world health organization recommendation for booster vaccination of previously immunized individuals with potential exposure to rabies is two doses of vaccine intramuscularly or intradermally on days 0 and 3. we report responses to two types of postexposure treatment of healthy individuals who had received preexposure rabies vaccination 1 year previously. group a individuals received four intradermal doses (one-fifth of the diluent volume of vaccine per dose) on day 0, and group b in ... | 1999 | 10452642 |
| [analysis of human anti-rabies post exposure treatment in the great area of sao paulo, brazil]. | the treatment of human beings with risk of exposure to rabies virus infection still presents some cases of undesirable post treatment reactions. the knowledge resulting from the regular analysis of the epidemiological features associated with these practices would minimize the occurrence of these troubles. | 1999 | 10457003 |
| extraneural organ involvement in human rabies. | human rabies is a fatal encephalomyelitis. after the development of the central nervous system infection, there is centrifugal spread of the rabies virus to extraneural (systemic) organs. with histochemical staining and localization of rabies virus antigen (rva) with immunoperoxidase staining, we have examined tissue sections of organs from 14 postmortem pediatric and adult cases of human rabies acquired in mexico and the people's republic of china. rva was found in nerve plexuses in multiple or ... | 1999 | 10462032 |
| rabies vaccine. developments employing molecular biology methods. | rabies vaccines produced by means of molecular biology are described. recombinant vaccines employing either viruses as vectors (vaccinia, adenovirus, poxvirus, baculovirus, plant viruses) or a plasmid vector carrying the rabies virus glycoprotein gene are discussed. synthetic peptide technology directed to rabies vaccine production is also presented. | 1999 | 10464768 |
| dynamics of rabies virus quasispecies during serial passages in heterologous hosts. | to understand the mutations and genetic rearrangements that allow rabies virus infections of new hosts and adaptation in nature, the quasispecies structure of the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes as well as two noncoding sequences of a rabies virus genome were determined. gene sequences were obtained from the brain and from the salivary glands of the original host, a naturally infected european fox, and after serial passages in mice, dogs, cats and cell culture. a relative genetic stasis of ... | 1999 | 10466802 |
| laboratory investigation of human deaths from vampire bat rabies in peru. | in the spring of 1996, multiple cases of an acute febrile illness resulting in several deaths in remote locations in peru were reported to the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc). the clinical syndromes for these cases included dysphagia and encephalitis. because bat bites were a common occurrence in the affected areas, the initial clinical diagnosis was rabies. however, rabies was discounted primarily because of reported patient recovery. samples of brain tissue from two of the fat ... | 1999 | 10466985 |
| the effect of cpg sequences on the b cell response to a viral glycoprotein encoded by a plasmid vector. | the effect of palindromic cpg sequences on the b cell response to plasmid vectors expressing a highly immunogenic viral glycoprotein was investigated. methylation of the cpg sequences of bacterial expression vectors abolished their ability to induce an antibody response to the transgene product in mice. the antibody response could be rescued by concomitant injection of oligonucleotides carrying immunostimulatory sequences. the b cell response to two plasmid vectors, both expressing the same vira ... | 1999 | 10467369 |
| safety evaluation of the sag2 rabies virus mutant in tunisian dogs and several non-target species. | the safety of the sag2 rabies virus, a highly attenuated mutant of the sad strain intended to vaccinate dogs by the oral route, was evaluated in local tunisian dogs and in five other local species likely to consume vaccine baits. these species were the domestic cat (felis catus), the jackal (canis aureus), the jerboa (jaculus orientalis), the merion (meriones sp.) and the gerbil (gerbillus campestris). the vaccine was administered orally to 21 dogs, 11 cats and eight jackals and orally or intram ... | 1999 | 10478416 |
| rabies in skunks from mexico. | an enzootic focus of rabies in skunks in mexico is described. fifty three wild animals including two badgers (taxidea taxus), 32 bats (various species), one bobcat (lynx rufus), two coatis (nasua narica) three foxes (urocyon cineroargenteus), one raccoon (procyon lotor) and 12 skunks (see below) were tested for rabies by direct immunofluorescence assay from 1991 to 1997 in the central part of san luis potosi state, mexico. rabies occurrence was 21% of all tested mammals, with 19% in skunks and o ... | 1999 | 10479094 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies in thailand. | for the purpose of making clear the dynamics of rabies viruses that are prevalent among dogs in asia, especially thailand, nucleoprotein (n) genes of isolates derived from thailand were partially sequenced, and a phylogenetic analysis was performed on the basis of the sequencing data. firstly, all 27 isolates from thailand belonged to one group that was distantly related to an isolate from china and was separated into at least six lineages. on the other hand, the isolate from japan was related t ... | 1999 | 10480551 |
| apoptosis in experimental rabies in bax-deficient mice. | the challenge virus standard (cvs) of fixed rabies virus produces a fatal encephalitis in adult and suckling mice after intracerebral inoculation. the infection is associated with apoptotic cell death in brain neurons and increased immunoreactivity to the bax protein in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. five- to 7-day-old bax-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates were inoculated intracerebrally with either cvs or the rv194-2 variant of rabies virus, which is avirulent in adult mice a ... | 1999 | 10483787 |
| characterization and observation of animals responsible for rabies post-exposure treatment in phnom penh, cambodia. | in order to provide relevant therapeutic answers to human patients exposed to risk of rabies infection who visit the institut pasteur du cambodge for post-exposure treatment and to improve control of rabies in cambodia, a pilot study was carried out in phnom penh province in november and december 1997 with three objectives: characterization of the population of animals responsible for the exposure to rabies, observation of the animals concerned, and confirmation of the presence of rabies virus i ... | 1999 | 10486830 |
| a rabies serosurvey of domestic dogs in rural tanzania: results of a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) and a liquid-phase blocking elisa used in parallel. | during a serosurvey of domestic dogs in tanzania, a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) and a liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) were used to measure rabies antibodies in vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs. post-vaccination titres measured by lpbe correlated closely with those found by rffit. of 567 unvaccinated dogs tested using the lpbe, 42 (7.4%) were seropositive, with titres exceeding 32. of this group, 233 dogs were tested using the rffit and 115 (49.4%) were seropositive, with t ... | 1999 | 10487652 |
| an update on safety studies of sad b19 rabies virus vaccine in target and non-target species. | sad b19 is an attenuated vaccine virus for oral vaccination of carnivores against rabies. the safety of sad b19 was investigated in 16 animal species by different routes of administration. during the observation period all animals given the vaccine virus, irrespective of the route of administration, did not show any clinical signs of rabies, with the exception of certain rodent species. in these animals a low residual pathogenicity was observed, however transmission of the vaccine virus to contr ... | 1999 | 10487653 |
| detection and identification of rabies and rabies-related viruses using rapid-cycle pcr. | the rapid identification of suspect rabies infection is essential in human cases, to ensure appropriate post-exposure treatment of contacts, and in animal cases to allow specific control strategies to be decided and implemented. we describe here the use of high speed air thermo-cycler pcr as a diagnostic tool for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses. using this technique we were able to diagnose rabies in a human within 5 h. furthermore, the application of automated sequencing of t ... | 1999 | 10488762 |
| rabies transmission by oral and other non-bite routes. | | 1998 | 10489748 |
| multiple human exposures to a rabid bear cub at a petting zoo and barnwarming--iowa, august 1999. | on august 27, 1999, a black bear cub, approximately 5-6 months old, died after several hours of acute central nervous system symptoms; preliminary test results available on august 28 indicated the bear had rabies. the bear was part of the swenson's wild midwest exotic petting zoo in clermont, iowa (northeastern iowa). at the petting zoo, visitors fed, wrestled, and may have been nipped by the bear. the bear also was taken to an august 14 barnwarming at the tharp barn in holy cross, iowa (eastern ... | 1999 | 10499789 |
| [progress in developing viral polynucleotide (dna) vaccines]. | reviews published reports on the progress in development of dna vaccines protecting from viral diseases. emphasizes the advantages of the preparation injection into the epidermis and the possibility of stimulating the immunogenicity of dna vaccines with adjuvants and cytokines. discusses the results of studies on the immunogenicity of dna vaccines from human, simian, and feline immunodeficiency viruses, hepatitis b and c viruses, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, influenza and measles virus ... | 1999 | 10500980 |
| oxytocinergic innervation of autonomic nuclei controlling penile erection in the rat. | in the rat, spinal autonomic neurons controlling penile erection receive descending pathways that modulate their activity. the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus contributes oxytocinergic fibers to the dorsal horn and preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic cell columns. we used retrograde tracing techniques with pseudorabies virus combined with immunohistochemistry against oxytocin and radioligand binding detection of oxytocinergic receptors to evidence the oxytocinergic innervat ... | 1999 | 10501469 |
| lyssavirus glycoproteins expressing immunologically potent foreign b cell and cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitopes as prototypes for multivalent vaccines. | truncated and chimeric lyssavirus glycoprotein (g) genes were used to carry and express non-lyssavirus b and t cell epitopes for dna-based immunization of mice, with the aim of developing a multivalent vaccine prototype. truncated g (gpviii) was composed of the c-terminal half (aa 253-503) of the pasteur rabies virus (pv: genotype 1) g containing antigenic site iii and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. the chimeric g (gebl1-pv) was composed of the n-terminal half (aa 1-250) of the europ ... | 1999 | 10501486 |
| pet travel scheme. | | 1999 | 10501588 |
| an experimental study on the endurance of immunologic memory of intradermal micro-injection with rabies vaccine and boosting immune effect. | the purpose of the experimental study is to observe the effect of the immune recall responses induced by intramuscular (i.m.) injection with concentrated primary hamster kidney cell vaccine(phkcv) on days 180, 365, 545 and 730 after 0.1 ml nonconcentrated phkcv was inoculated intradermally (i.d.), so as to determine the duration of the immunologic memory induced by i.d. 0.1 ml nonconcentrated phkcv and chieve the goal of protecting the rabies patients with a short incubation. the results indicat ... | 1999 | 10510577 |
| spinal and brain circuits to motoneurons of the bulbospongiosus muscle: retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus. | retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the left bulbospongiosus muscle (bs) was used to identify the neural circuits underlying its peripheral and central activation. rats were killed at 2, 3, 4, and 5 days post-inoculation (p.i.). rabies immunolabelling was combined with immunohistochemical detection of choline acetyltransferase and oxytocin. virus uptake was restricted to ipsilateral bs motoneurons (2 days p.i.). the onset of transfer (3 days p.i.) visualized interneurons in t ... | 1999 | 10516590 |
| immunization of dogs with a dna vaccine induces protection against rabies virus. | rabies is a fatal encephalomyelitis which is transmitted to man, mostly by dogs in developing countries. this zoonosis can be prevented by vaccination of humans before or after exposure. however, a more radical approach is possible, involving the elimination of the principal vector/reservoir by vaccinating dogs. the vaccine must be effective, safe and inexpensive. mass production of plasmids is possible and dna-based immunization with a plasmid encoding the antigen responsible for inducing prote ... | 1999 | 10519937 |
| public preferences regarding rabies-prevention policies in the uk. | the current 6-month quarantine system for all cats and dogs entering the uk has kept the uk rabies-free since 1922. however, pressure is mounting for a change to a system of vaccination, microchip identification and serological testing. in response to the increasing controversy surrounding the quarantine system, the uk government recently set up an independent review panel to assess the alternatives. this paper quantifies public preferences for the current policy and three alternative rabies-pre ... | 1999 | 10530425 |
| nucleocapsid formation and/or subsequent conformational change of rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) is a prerequisite step for acquiring the phosphatase-sensitive epitope of monoclonal antibody 5-2-26. | we investigated the antigenic maturation of rabies virus n protein, for which we used some conformational epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and an mab (5-2-26) against a phosphorylation-dependent linear epitope. infected cells were lysed with a deoxycholate-free lysis buffer and separated by ultracentrifugation into the soluble top and the nucleocapsid fractions. none of the study mabs recognized n proteins in the top fraction, whereas nucleocapsid-associated n proteins were recogniz ... | 1999 | 10544112 |
| molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates from mexico: implications for transmission dynamics and human risk. | twenty-eight samples from humans and domestic and wild animals collected in mexico between 1990 and 1995 were characterized by using anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies and limited sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein gene. the variants of rabies viruses identified in these samples were compared with other isolates from mexico and the rest of the americas to establish epidemiologic links between cases and outbreaks and to increase the understanding of rabies epidemiology in the western he ... | 1999 | 10548293 |
| public health response to a potentially rabid bear cub--iowa, 1999. | on august 27, 1999, a 5-6 month-old black bear cub in a petting zoo in clermont, iowa, died after developing acute central nervous system signs; the initial direct fluorescent-antibody (dfa) test results available on august 28 indicated the bear had rabies. on august 29, in response to the positive laboratory report, the iowa department of public health (idph) initiated a campaign to identify and inform persons potentially exposed to the bear's saliva. within 72 hours, idph staff verified contac ... | 1999 | 10553812 |
| basis of rabies virus neurovirulence in mice: expression of major histocompatibility complex class i and class ii mrnas. | expression of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) molecules on cells of the central nervous system (cns) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute viral encephalitis. we have compared the induction of mhc class i and ii mrna transcripts in mice upon infection with the virulent challenge virus standard (cvs) strain of rabies virus and avirulent rabies virus variant rv194-2. rabies virus antigen was detected with immunoperoxidase staining and 35s-labeled rna probes were used to detec ... | 1999 | 10568885 |
| ecology and evolution of rabies virus in europe. | the evolution of rabies viruses of predominantly european origin was studied by comparing nucleotide sequences of the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes, and by typing isolates using rflp. phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequence data revealed a number of distinct groups, each associated with a particular geographical area. such a pattern suggests that rabies virus has spread westwards and southwards across europe during this century, but that physical barriers such as the vistula river in p ... | 1999 | 10573146 |
| oral rabies vaccine contact by raccoons and nontarget species in a field trial in florida. | rabies is enzootic in raccoons (procyon lotor) in the eastern united states. oral vaccination of free-ranging raccoons against rabies has the potential to control the disease in a principal reservoir and reduce the risk of rabies exposure among domestic animals and humans. free-ranging animal contact with baits containing a vaccinia virus recombinant vaccine expressing the rabies glycoprotein gene (v-rg) was monitored in pinellas county (florida, usa) from february through may 1997. bait contact ... | 1999 | 10574527 |
| phylogeographic patterns exhibited by ontario rabies virus variants. | a previous study on n gene variation of rabies viruses circulating in ontario red foxes identified four viral variants. this study confirms the geographical localization of these variants and extends the analysis to the less conserved g gene of these viruses. a greater number of regionally localized variants was revealed and their phylogenetic relationships have been examined. ongoing surveillance on recent disease outbreaks revealed that variants do not always persist in specific areas. the dis ... | 1999 | 10579454 |
| therapeutic failures with rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin. | | 1999 | 10585844 |
| the phosphoprotein of rabies virus is phosphorylated by a unique cellular protein kinase and specific isomers of protein kinase c. | the phosphoprotein (p) gene of rabies virus (cvs strain) was cloned and expressed in bacteria. the purified protein was used as the substrate for phosphorylation by the protein kinase(s) present in cell extract prepared from rat brain. two distinct types of protein kinases, staurosporin sensitive and heparin sensitive, were found to phosphorylate the p protein in vitro by the cell extract. interestingly, the heparin-sensitive kinase was not the ubiquitous casein kinase ii present in a variety of ... | 2000 | 10590095 |
| dna vaccination of mice against rabies virus: effects of the route of vaccination and the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl). | adjuvants are known to strongly enhance immune responses generated by traditional vaccines, but less is known about the effects of adjuvants on vaccination with dna. in this study, we investigated the use of the immunostimulant monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl(r)) as an adjuvant, and analyzed three routes of dna vaccination to determine if this adjuvant could enhance anti-rabies virus neutralizing antibody responses. compared with antibody titers elicited with dna only, antibody titers were enhanced ... | 2000 | 10590326 |
| rabies oral vaccination of foxes during the summer with the vrg vaccine bait. | the vaccination of foxes by distributing vaccine baits in the environment was initiated in france in 1986. two campaigns per year were carried out: one in the spring and one in the autumn. after the spring campaigns, only 22-52% of fox cubs consumed vaccine baits compared to 75% of the adults and 70-80% of the adults or fox cubs after autumn campaigns. in order to reduce the period of time during which fox cubs do not have access to baits and are not immunised, a vaccination campaign was organis ... | 1999 | 10596407 |
| vaccination of tunisian dogs with the lyophilised sag2 oral rabies vaccine incorporated into the dbl2 dog bait. | the protective effect of the lyophilised sag2 oral vaccine bait dbl2, already demonstrated on laboratory dogs, needed to be verified on common tunisian dogs. seven tunisian dogs consumed totally or partially one dbl2 bait containing 10(8.3) tcid50 of the highly attenuated rabies vaccine strain, sag2. five of the seven vaccinated animals survived a challenge administered 33 days later with a tunisian canine street rabies virus to which five of the six controls that were not vaccinated and had no ... | 1999 | 10596408 |
| experimental rabies virus infection of p75 neurotrophin receptor-deficient mice. | the low-affinity neurotrophin (nt) receptor, p75(ntr), has complex biologic functions. a recent report provided evidence that the p75(ntr) is a rabies virus receptor in cultured bsr cells. we studied the experimental infection of 6-day-old p75(ntr)-deficient mice with the challenge virus standard strain of fixed rabies virus inoculated intracerebrally. the mice developed a fatal encephalitis. there were morphologic changes of apoptotic cell death involving neurons in widespread areas of the brai ... | 1999 | 10603041 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 1998. | during 1998, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,961 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention, a decrease of 6.5% from 8,509 cases in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings reported in 1997. more than 92% (7,358 cases) were in wild animals, whereas > 7.5% (603 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93% in wild animals and 7% in domestic species in 1997). decreases were evident in al ... | 1999 | 10613210 |
| rabies in two privately owned domestic rabbits. | two privately owned domestic rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) in maryland were found to be infected with the raccoon variant of the rabies virus in 1998. both rabbits had an acute onset of anorexia and paralysis or paresis of the left forelimb; 1 also developed head tremors and a head tilt. one of the rabbits became ill 25 days after being attacked by a raccoon (procyon lotor) and was euthanatized 3 days after onset of illness. the other rabbit, which was housed in an outdoor hutch, died 4 days a ... | 1999 | 10613216 |
| how to succeed as a virus: strategies for dealing with the immune system. | viruses may be viewed as genetic information whose success depends on avoiding elimination from individual hosts, or, if this is not possible, in persisting in the population of their hosts. the immune system represents the crucial defense mechanism responsible for the elimination of viruses from individual hosts and for the establishment of immunity that prevents a recurring infection by the same virus. herd immunity, i.e., immunity of the population against infection resulting from the immunit ... | 1999 | 10614500 |
| molecular epidemiology of enzootic rabies in california. | molecular characterization of rabies virus has been used to trace spillover transmission from reservoir species to non-reservoir animals and humans (molecular epidemiology), and to monitor emergence of specific strains of the virus into new species and geographic areas (molecular surveillance). | 1999 | 10614858 |
| rabies. | | 2000 | 10619725 |
| safety and immunogenicity of preexposure rabies vaccination in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | | 2000 | 10619765 |
| mapping of epitopes and structural analysis of antigenic sites in the nucleoprotein of rabies virus. | linear epitopes on the rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) recognized by six mabs raised against antigenic sites i (mabs 6-4, 12-2 and 13-27) and iv (mabs 6-9, 7-12 and 8-1) were investigated. based on our previous studies on sites i and iv, 24 consecutively overlapping octapeptides and n- and c-terminal-deleted mutant n proteins were prepared. results showed that all three site i epitopes studied and two site iv epitopes (for mabs 8-1 and 6-9) mapped to aa 358-367, and that the other site iv epitope ... | 2000 | 10640549 |
| in situ stimulation of a t helper cell hybridoma with a cellulose-bound peptide antigen. | many enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays take advantage of immobilized antigens for the identification of antibody binding sites. generally, the analysis of cellulose membrane-bound b-cell epitopes is currently considered of high utility. we adapted this methodology for the stimulation of a t helper cell hybridoma with known specificity. forty overlapping peptides corresponding to the entire rabies virus nucleoprotein were synthesized in duplicates on a single sheet of 90x130 mm size amino-modifi ... | 2000 | 10648860 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolates from israel and other middle- and near-eastern countries. | a total of 226 isolates of rabies virus from different areas of israel, including three human isolates and one sample from south lebanon were identified between 1993 and 1998 by direct immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies to the viral nucleoprotein (n). an epidemiological survey based on nucleotide sequence analysis of 328 bp from the c terminus of the n coding region and the noncoding region between the nucleoprotein and the phosphoprotein (ns gene) was performed. phylogenetic analysi ... | 2000 | 10655381 |
| immune response in cattle vaccinated against rabies. | in order to determine the best type of rabies vaccine to use as a booster, 78 serological samples from singly vaccinated cattle were analyzed by counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique. the animals were divided into several groups, received the first vaccine dose with modified live virus vaccine (era strain) and were revaccinated with inactivated virus or modified live virus vaccines. boosters were given at 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks following first vaccination. results showed high titres in the ca ... | 2000 | 10656710 |
| natural killer activity in mice infected with rabies virus and submitted to p. acnes (propionibacterium acnes) as immunomodulator. | the natural killer (nk) activity and lethality were evaluated in swiss mice experimentally infected with street rabies virus and submitted to immunomodulation by p. acnes (formerly corynebacterium parvum). the infected animals were sacrificed at different times and spleen non-adherent cells were obtained through ficoll-hypaque gradient and depletion of glass-adherent cells. immunosuppression was observed in rabies virus infected mice correlated with lower nk activity in clinically ill animals. h ... | 2000 | 10670698 |
| rabies mass vaccination campaigns in tunisia: are vaccinated dogs correctly immunized? | among the 301 dogs vaccinated against rabies in a suburban area of tunis, 165 were sero-surveyed for 13 months. one month after vaccination, 65% of the dogs less than 1 year of age and 76-84% of the older dogs had significant antibody titers. one month after annual revaccination, these percentages ranged between 92% and 100%. puppies (less than 3 months old) responded to vaccination with no significant interference by passive maternal immunity. based on these percentages, a 93% rate of protectio ... | 1999 | 10674663 |
| the development of monoclonal human rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies as a substitute for pooled human immune globulin in the prophylactic treatment of rabies virus exposure. | to provide a more defined and safer replacement for the human rabies immune globulin (hrig) from pooled serum which is currently used for treatment of exposure to rabies virus we have developed a series of human rabies virus-specific monoclonal antibodies. mouse-human heterohybrid myeloma cells producing rabies virus-specific human monoclonal antibodies were prepared using b cells obtained from volunteers recently-immunized with a commercial rabies virus vaccine (hdcv). cell lines producing anti ... | 2000 | 10675760 |
| update: raccoon rabies epizootic--united states and canada, 1999. | in 1977, an outbreak of raccoon rabies was detected in an area on the west virginia-virginia border. since then, the area affected by this distinct variant of rabies virus associated with raccoons has spread to ohio in the west and new york, pennsylvania, vermont, new hampshire, and maine in the north. in addition, the once separate epizootics of rabies among raccoons in the southeastern and mid-atlantic states converged in north carolina. in july 1999, the raccoon rabies virus variant was repor ... | 2000 | 10680602 |
| assessment of template quality by the incorporation of an internal control into a rt-pcr for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses. | a method is described to assess rna template quality by the incorporation of a ribosomal rna (rrna) internal (in tube) control into a standard rabies and rabies-related virus specific rt-pcr. specific virus and rrna templates were co-amplified in a duplex reaction from rna extracts derived from 60 isolates representing all six of the established lyssavirus genotypes. to ensure a wide species applicability of this technique we demonstrated that the rrna assay was capable of functioning using the ... | 2000 | 10680960 |
| rabies in an american bison from north dakota. | in north dakota (usa) during april 1998, a ranched female bison (bison bison) was found dead. at gross necropsy, there was profound hair loss and consolidated lung lobes. intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions suggestive of negri bodies were observed in the brain stem and hippocampus, and a diagnosis of rabies was confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test. antigenic typing demonstrated the occurrence of a rabies virus variant associated with skunks from the upper midwestern usa. this case of a ra ... | 2000 | 10682762 |
| [isolation of rabies virus in molossus ater in (chiroptera: molossidae)in são paulo state, brazil]. | this is a report of rabies infection in insectivorous bat molossus ater in the city districts of araçatuba, penápolis and são josé do rio preto, in são paulo state, brazil. fluorescent antibody test detected the virus in the brain and isolation was obtained by intracerebral inoculation of mice with nervous tissue and organs suspension. there was no contact with humans or other animals. | 1999 | 10689381 |
| recombinant rabies virus as potential live-viral vaccines for hiv-1. | recombinant, replication-competent rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vectors were developed expressing hiv type i (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein (gp160) from both a laboratory-adapted (cxcr4-tropic) and a primary (dual-tropic) hiv-1 isolate. an additional transcription stop/start unit within the rv genome was used to express hiv-1 gp160 in addition to the other rv proteins. the hiv-1 gp160 protein was stably and functionally expressed, as indicated by fusion of human t cell lines after infec ... | 2000 | 10706640 |
| immunogenicity and effectiveness of post-exposure rabies prophylaxis with a new chromatographically purified vero-cell rabies vaccine (cprv): a two-stage randomised clinical trial in the philippines. | recent improvements in chromatographic purification procedures have made it possible to develop a new chromatographically purified rabies vaccine (cprv) by further purifying the current rabies vaccine prepared from vero-cell culture (pvrv) (verorab; pasteur merieux connaught). the immunogenicity and effectiveness of post-exposure rabies prophylaxis with this new vaccine were evaluated in a two-stage clinical trial conducted in the philippines. in both study stages. post-exposure treatment consis ... | 2000 | 10708006 |
| study of the dog population and the rabies control activities in the mirigama area of sri lanka. | the national health authorities of sri lanka have adopted a combined strategy of rabies vaccination and stray dog removal to control endemic dog rabies. despite the control efforts, an increase of animal and human rabies cases has occurred since 1994. as a consequence, a project to evaluate the national rabies control program has been started and a study focussing on the dog population and rabies control activities in a limited area of mirigama was conducted. information on canine abundance and ... | 2000 | 10708011 |
| immunostimulatory effects of polar glycopeptidolipids of mycobacterium chelonae for inactivated rabies vaccine. | humoral and cellular immune responses were analyzed with fuenzalida-palacios rabies vaccine associated with pgpl-mc, polar glycopeptidolipids extracted from mycobacterium chelonae, aiming at its use as adjuvant. these results were compared to those obtained with bcg, a well-known immunostimulator, under the same conditions. rabies vaccine plus pgpl-mc (2.5 mg/kg) induced a significant increase in serum neutralizing activity, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation (spontaneous, specific and mitogen st ... | 2000 | 10715527 |
| rabies vaccination: comparison of neutralizing antibody responses after priming and boosting with different combinations of dna, inactivated virus, or recombinant vaccinia virus vaccines. | long-term levels of neutralizing antibody were evaluated in mice after a single immunization with experimental dna or recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv) vaccines encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein (g), or the commercially available inactivated virus human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv). anamnestic antibody titers were also evaluated after two booster immunizations with vaccines that were identical to or different from the priming vaccine. five hundred and forty days (1.5 year) after a single immu ... | 2000 | 10738096 |
| [neuronal expression of foreign genes with recombinant rabies virus variants]. | rabies virus variants obtained by recombinant dna techniques enabled us to use the high neurotropism of rabies virus to express foreign genes (e.g: chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene) in neuronal cell cultures as well as in rodent brain. the foreign gene was inserted in the viral pseudogene region; this insertion did not affect the neurotropism of rabies virus, as shown by infection of neuronal cell cultures without any major cytopathic effects for several days. stereotaxic inoculation of t ... | 2000 | 10740094 |
| a panel of monoclonal antibodies targeting the rabies virus phosphoprotein identifies a highly variable epitope of value for sensitive strain discrimination. | a recombinant rabies virus phosphoprotein fusion product (gst-p) was used to generate a series of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with anti-p reactivity. competitive binding assays classified 27 of these mabs into four groups (i to iv), and 24 of them were deemed to recognize linear epitopes, as judged by their reaction in immunoblots. the linear epitope recognized in each case was mapped by using two series of n- and c-terminally deleted recombinant phosphoproteins. assessment of the reactivities ... | 2000 | 10747114 |
| rabies seroprevalence of street dogs from são paulo city, brazil. | a sample of 602 street dogs captured by the são paulo zoonosis-control municipal service was analyzed for the presence of serum antibodies against the rabies virus and compared to a control sample of 37 dogs from the kennel of the police of são paulo. data were stratified into 4 age intervals and the age from the street-dog sample was estimated by general aspects and dental observation according to standard techniques. we assumed that seropositivity was due to previous vaccination (no sub-clinic ... | 2000 | 10760397 |
| genotypic and phenotypic diversity of rabies virus variants involved in human rabies: implications for postexposure prophylaxis. | rabies virus variants associated with silver-haired bats (shbrv) are responsible for most recent human rabies cases in the united states, which are not associated with a history of exposure. we compared their genotype and phenotype with those of dog rabies virus (drv) variants, the classic cause of rabies in humans, to determine whether differences in these strains might have ramifications for therapeutic intervention, particularly vaccination. | 2000 | 10774807 |
| rabies virus entry at the neuromuscular junction in nerve-muscle cocultures. | early events in rabies virus entry into neurons were investigated in chick spinal cord-muscle cocultures. rabies virus (cvs strain) was adsorbed to the surface of cells in the cold. at times up to 10 min of warming to 37 degrees c, virus was most intensely localized to dense swellings on the myotube surface. texas red-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin, which binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, colocalized precisely with virus at the densities identifying these regions as neuromuscular junctions ... | 2000 | 10797395 |
| viral encephalitis of public health significance in india: current status. | japanese encephalitis (je) and rabies are 2 viral encephalitis that are of public health importance in india. je is a zoonosis with the primary cycle occurring in arthropods (mosquito vectors) and vertebrate animals (primarily the pig), man being only an incidental 'dead end' host. out-breaks have been seen in most parts of india except the north west. the disease presents with a prodromal stage, an acute encephalitic stage with coma, convulsions and variable deficits and a convalescent stage. d ... | 1999 | 10798039 |
| antibody response in cattle after vaccination with inactivated and attenuated rabies vaccines. | despite the absence of current official reports showing the number of cattle infected by rabies, it is estimated that nearly 30,000 bovines are lost each year in brazil. in order to minimize the important economic losses, control of the disease is achieved by eliminating bat colonies and by herd vaccination. in this study, we compare the antibody response in cattle elicited by vaccination with an attenuated era vaccine (aevac) and an inactivated-adjuvanted pv (ipvvac) vaccine. the antibody titer ... | 2000 | 10810324 |
| adult dogs receiving a rabies booster dose with a recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein develop high titers of neutralizing antibodies. | retired greyhound dogs, with low or absent antibody titers to rabies virus following previous vaccinations with commercially available vaccines, were immunized either subcutaneously or intramuscularly with a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein termed adrab.gp. immunized animals developed high titers (geometric mean titers of 2630 and 5329) of viral neutralizing antibodies (vna) against rabies virus by 10 days after vaccination. the antibody titer ... | 2000 | 10812222 |
| bat rabies in urban centers in chile. | one hundred and five rabies isolates obtained from domestic animals and insectivorous bats in chile between 1977 and 1998 were molecularly characterized by limited sequence analysis of their nucleoprotein genes. these isolates were compared with viruses isolated from known domestic and wildlife rabies reservoirs in the americas to identify potential reservoirs of rabies in chile. the phylogenetic analyses showed that none of the chilean isolates segregated with viruses from the terrestrial reser ... | 2000 | 10813604 |
| postexposure rabies vaccination in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | | 1999 | 10825063 |
| antigenic characterization of rabies virus isolates from vaccinated dogs in plateau state, nigeria. | rabies isolates (genotype 1 lyssaviruses) from vaccinated dogs that died of rabies infection in the plateau area of nigeria were characterized using monoclonal antibodies (mabs). the isolates were examined for rabies (genotype 1) and rabies-related (genotypes 2, 3 and 4) viruses by the indirect fluorescent antibody test carried out with mab 502-2, which recognizes the nucleocapsid protein of all known lyssaviruses, and with mab 422-5, which identifies only rabies-related viruses. all three isola ... | 2000 | 10836279 |
| molecular methods to distinguish between classical rabies and the rabies-related european bat lyssaviruses. | a rapid and sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay for the detection of classical rabies virus (genotype 1) and the rabies related european bat lyssaviruses (ebls) (genotypes 5 and 6) was developed. when combined with specific oligonucleotide probes and a pcr-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (pcr-elisa), genotype 5 and 6 viruses can be distinguished from each other and from genotype 1 viruses. ninety-two isolates from the six established genotypes of rabies and ... | 2000 | 10856759 |