| speciation with gene flow in equids despite extensive chromosomal plasticity. | horses, asses, and zebras belong to a single genus, equus, which emerged 4.0-4.5 mya. although the equine fossil record represents a textbook example of evolution, the succession of events that gave rise to the diversity of species existing today remains unclear. here we present six genomes from each living species of asses and zebras. this completes the set of genomes available for all extant species in the genus, which was hitherto represented only by the horse and the domestic donkey. in addi ... | 2014 | 25453089 |
| ancient dna provides new insight into the maternal lineages and domestication of chinese donkeys. | the donkey (equus asinus) is an important domestic animal that provides a reliable source of protein and method of transportation for many human populations. however, the process of domestication and the dispersal routes of the chinese donkey are still unclear, as donkey remains are sparse in the archaeological record and often confused with horse remains. to explore the maternal origins and dispersal route of chinese donkeys, both mitochondrial dna d-loop and cytochrome b gene fragments of 21 s ... | 2014 | 25433485 |
| discovery and comparative analysis of a novel satellite, ec137, in horses and other equids. | centromeres are the sites of kinetochore assembly and spindle fiber attachment and consist of protein-dna complexes in which the dna component is typically characterized by the presence of extended arrays of tandem repeats called satellite dna. here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a 137-bp-long new satellite dna sequence from the horse genome (ec137), which is also present, even if less abundant, in the domestic donkey, the grevy's zebra and the burchelli's zebra. we investiga ... | 2014 | 25342230 |
| effect of post-thaw addition of seminal plasma on motility, viability and chromatin integrity of cryopreserved donkey jack (equus asinus) spermatozoa. | pregnancy rates in donkeys after artificial insemination with cryopreserved semen are still low, compared to the horse species. addition of autologous seminal plasma to frozen-thawed semen appeared to improve pregnancy rates. the aims of this study were to evaluate (1) sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity after thawing (t0) and after one and 2 h (t1 and t2) of post-thaw incubation in either 0% (sp0) or 70% (sp70) autologous seminal plasma and (2) sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity ... | 2014 | 25256158 |
| comparative analgesic and sedative effects of tramadol, tramadol-lidocaine and lidocaine for caudal epidural analgesia in donkeys (equus asinus). | to compare anti-nociceptive and sedative effects of tramadol, a combination of tramadol-lidocaine, and lidocaine alone for perineal analgesia in donkeys. | 2015 | 24984816 |
| evaluation of cardiorespiratory and biochemical effects of ketamine-propofol and guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in donkeys (equus asinus). | to evaluate the cardiorespiratory and biochemical effects of ketamine-propofol (kp) or guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine (gkx) anesthesia in donkeys. | 2014 | 24961870 |
| equus asinus papillomavirus (eapv1) provides new insights into equine papillomavirus diversity. | we detected a novel papillomavirus (eapv1) from healthy skin and from sun associated cutaneous lesions of an asinara (sardinia, italy) white donkey reared in captivity in a wildlife recovery centre. the entire genome of eapv1 was cloned, sequenced, and characterised. genome is 7467 bp long, and shows some characteristic elements of horse papillomaviruses, including a small untranslated region between the early and late regions and the lack of the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor binding domain l ... | 2014 | 24636161 |
| influence of the cardiac glycoside digoxin on cardiac troponin i, acid-base and electrolyte balance, and haematobiochemical profiles in healthy donkeys (equus asinus). | the effect of digoxin administration on the serum concentration of the cardiac troponin i (ctni) has not been reported to date in equidae. this study was therefore designed to evaluate the effect of digoxin on cardiac cell damage in donkeys (equus asinus) as assessed by ctni, acid-base and electrolyte balance and haematobiochemical profiles. ten clinically healthy donkeys were given an iv infusion of digoxin at a dose of 14 μg/kg. blood samples were collected from the donkeys up through 72 h pos ... | 2014 | 24621180 |
| effect of extender and amino acid supplementation on sperm quality of cooled-preserved andalusian donkey (equus asinus) spermatozoa. | the main aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two commercially available liquid stallion semen extenders for the preservation of andalusian donkey semen at 5°c for up to 72h, and to evaluate the effect of amino acid addition on sperm quality of cooled donkey semen. in addition, this study investigated the effect of seasons on semen characteristics of andalusian jackasses. throughout a year, 50 ejaculates were collected from ten adult donkeys and a complete semen evaluation was perfo ... | 2014 | 24602506 |
| hematopoietic effects and mechanisms of fufang e׳jiao jiang on radiotherapy and chemotherapy-induced myelosuppressed mice. | fufang e׳jiao jiang (fej), which has been widely used in clinic to replenish qi (vital energy) and nourish blood, is a famous traditional chinese medicine formula made up of colla corii asini (donkey-hide gelatin prepared by stewing and concentrating from the hide of equus asinus linnaeus.), radix codonopsis pilosulae (the root of codonopsis pilosula (franch.) nannf.), radix ginseng rubra (the steamed and dried root of panax ginseng c.a. mey.), fructus crataegi (the fruit of crataegus pinnatifid ... | 2014 | 24534527 |
| [profiles of estrone, estrone sulfate and progesterone in donkey (equus asinus) mares during pregnancy]. | to gain further data on the hormonal control of pregnancy in the donkey and to obtain reference values for hormonal pregnancy testing. | 2014 | 24518882 |
| a clinical survey on the prevalence and types of cheek teeth disorders present in 400 zamorano-leonés and 400 mirandês donkeys (equus asinus). | dental disease is now recognised as a major but often unrecognised disorder of equids, including horses and donkeys. however, very few large clinical studies have documented the prevalence and type of dental disease present in different equid populations and no dental studies have been reported in zamorano-leonés or mirandês donkeys, two endangered donkey breeds. clinical and detailed oral examinations were performed in 400 mirandês and 400 zamorano-leonés donkeys in portugal and spain. it was f ... | 2013 | 24296357 |
| donkey dermatology. | donkeys (equus asinus) are a species used throughout the world primarily as beasts of burden, but occasionally for other functions, as a meat source or as pets. although closely related to other equids, they have some unique features of their own with regard to dermatologic disease. this article highlights some of the various dermatoses seen or reported in donkeys, as well as some comparisons with horses when prevalence, presentation, or treatment may differ. | 2013 | 24267685 |
| relationship between conventional semen characteristics, sperm motility patterns and fertility of andalusian donkeys (equus asinus). | sperm quality has an important role in determining fertility. the aims of this study were to compare the conventional sperm parameters, plus the characteristics of the motility patterns of the different sperm subpopulations, of donkey donors with different fertility level, and to determine their relationships to fertility. thirty ejaculates from 6 andalusian donkeys were assessed for gel-free volume, ph, sperm concentration, motility and morphology. the fertility of donkeys was classified on the ... | 2013 | 24210876 |
| klossiella equi in a donkey--a first case report from iran. | klossiella equi is the only known and rarely reported coccidian parasite of the renal paranchyma of equids. an aged male donkey (equus asinus asinus) was submitted to necropsy department of veterinary hospital. in histopathological study of renal sections different developmental stages of parasite were observed. these stages were as follow: trophozoites, microgametes, macrogametes, sporont, budding sporont, sporoblasts, free sporoblasts, mature sporoblast and sporocyst. parasitic infection with ... | 2013 | 24189684 |
| localization of alkali-labile sites in donkey (equus asinus) and stallion (equus caballus) spermatozoa. | the presence of constitutive alkali-labile sites (als) has been investigated using a protocol of dna breakage detection-fluorescence in situ hybridization and comet assay in spermatozoa of donkey (equus asinus) and stallion (equus caballus). these results were compared with those obtained using a similar experimental approach using somatic cells. the relative abundance of als was of the order of four times more in spermatozoa than in somatic cells. alkali-labile sites showed a tendency to cluste ... | 2014 | 24182740 |
| computed tomography and sectional anatomy of the head cavities in donkey (equus asinus). | the purpose of this study was to describe the computed tomographic (ct) anatomy of normal donkey head cavities to be used as a basis for interpretation of ct images of donkey. six adult donkeys' heads of undetermined sex were used in this study. the donkey heads were divided into three regions-nasal, orbital, and cranial-to show the morphology of the following cavities: nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, orbital cavity, oral cavity, pharyngeal cavity, especially the guttural pouch, cranial cavity ... | 2014 | 24129705 |
| lack of mitochondrial dna structure in balkan donkey is consistent with a quick spread of the species after domestication. | a total of 132 mtdna sequences from 10 balkan donkey populations were analysed to ascertain their regional genetic structure and to contribute to the knowledge of the spreading of the species after domestication. the balkan donkey sequences were compared with those from 40 burkina faso donkeys as an african outgroup to account for possible local balkan scenarios. the 172 sequences gave 62 different haplotypes (55 in balkan donkey). virtually all the analysed populations had haplotypes assigned t ... | 2014 | 23980868 |
| influence of dental correction on nociceptive test responses, fecal appearance, body condition score, and apparent digestibility coefficient for dry matter of zamorano-leones donkeys (equus asinus). | the influence of dental correction on nociceptive (pressure) test responses, fecal appearance, bcs, and apparent digestibility coefficient for dm was studied in 18 zamorano-leonés donkeys, an endangered local breed from the zamora province in spain. for this purpose, donkeys were divided into 2 homogeneous control and treatment groups, based on age, bcs, and dental findings. on d 1, 45, 90, and 135, bcs and nociceptive test responses were evaluated in all donkeys. feed and fecal samples were col ... | 2013 | 23965395 |
| pour-on alphacypermethrin is an effective treatment for natural werneckiella equi infection in donkeys (equus asinus). | | 2013 | 23826989 |
| il26 gene inactivation in equidae. | interleukin-26 (il26) is a member of the il10 cytokine family. the il26 gene is located between two other well-known cytokines genes of this family encoding interferon-gamma (ifng) and il22 in an evolutionary conserved gene cluster. in contrast to humans and most other mammals, mice lack a functional il26 gene. we analyzed the genome sequences of other vertebrates for the presence or absence of functional il26 orthologs and found that the il26 gene has also become inactivated in several equid sp ... | 2013 | 23808390 |
| male isolation: a behavioral representation of the pheromonal 'female effect' in donkey (equus asinus). | the appearance of a decisive component of the sexual response to chemosexual signals in the male donkey was investigated through a comparison of the variations in the time-span of the behavioral classes and units for the natural versus induced breeding seasons. the results demonstrate that there are significant variations in the length of the appetitive sexual behavior (asb) and consummatory sexual behavior (csb) under these two reproductive conditions. these differences are analyzed for the asb ... | 2013 | 23643586 |
| analysis of new matrilin-1 gene variants in a case-control study related to dental malocclusions in equus asinus. | prognathism and brachygnathism are craniofacial deformities that severely affect the health of human and vertebrates, such as donkeys. the multifactorial etiology of this disease makes the genetic analysis a powerful tool for its understanding and prevention of spreading these deformities. this study aims to contribute to the characterization of the genetic basis of prognathism and brachygnathism in donkeys, using the zamorano-leonés donkey, an endangered spanish breed, as a model. matrilin-1 (m ... | 2013 | 23558247 |
| subchromosomal karyotype evolution in equidae. | equidae is a small family which comprises horses, african and asiatic asses, and zebras. despite equids having diverged quite recently, their karyotypes underwent rapid evolution which resulted in extensive differences among chromosome complements in respective species. comparative mapping using whole-chromosome painting probes delineated genome-wide chromosome homologies among extant equids, enabling us to trace chromosome rearrangements that occurred during evolution. in the present study, we ... | 2013 | 23532666 |
| in situ characterization of glycans in the urothelium of donkey bladder: evidence of secretion of sialomucins. | the glycoprotein pattern was investigated by lectin histochemistry in the urothelium lining the urinary bladder of the donkey equus asinus. tissue sections were stained with a panel of twelve lectins, in combination with saponification and sialidase digestion (k-s). the urinary bladder urothelium has three distinct layers from the basal zone to the lumen consisting of basal, intermediate and superficial cells (umbrella cells). cytoplasm of basal cells reacted with sna, pna, k-s-pna, gsa i-b4 and ... | 2013 | 23523263 |
| sperm motility patterns in andalusian donkey (equus asinus) semen: effects of body weight, age, and semen quality. | the aims of this study were to (1) identify sperm subpopulations with specific motion characteristics in fresh andalusian donkey ejaculates; (2) evaluate the effects of individual donkey and ejaculates within the same donkey on the distribution of the subpopulations found; and (3) explore the relationship between the age and the body weight of donkey donors, the sperm quality parameters, and the sperm subpopulations structure. sixty ejaculates from 12 andalusian donkeys (five ejaculates per donk ... | 2013 | 23473870 |
| asinibacterium lactis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family chitinophagaceae, isolated from donkey (equus asinus) milk. | a novel bacterial strain, designated lcj02(t), was isolated on r2a agar from donkey (equus asinus) milk powder and subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. strain lcj02(t) showed a gram-negative reaction, was non-motile, non-spore-forming and possessed rod-shaped cells and yellow-pigmented colonies. phylogenetic analysis based on 16s rrna gene sequences showed that the novel isolate formed a cluster with several uncultured bacterial clones and with cultured members of the gene ... | 2013 | 23435252 |
| unilateral orchidectomy in donkey (equus asinus): evaluation of different surgical techniques, histological and morphological changes on remaining testis. | unilateral orchidectomy (uo) is required when further breeding potential is important. it is sometimes necessary to remove a single testis in a matured stallion for therapeutic reasons. in this study, twelve donkeys were used to evaluate three techniques of unilateral castration, histological and morphological changes on the remaining testis. results of the study showed that each of the surgical techniques used had its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the other two techniques. the ... | 2013 | 25593678 |
| effect of colla corii asini (e'jiao) on d-galactose induced aging mice. | colla corii asini (e'jiao), donkey-hide gelatin prepared by stewing and concentrating from equus asinus l. donkey hide, is a traditional chinese medicine preparation widely used in clinical hematic antanemic therapy in china. the aim of the present study was to investigate potential anti-aging effect of colla corii asini and explore related mechanisms in d-galactose (gal) induced aging model mice. the mice were artificially induced aging by subcutaneously injection with d-gal at the dose of 100 ... | 2012 | 23207764 |
| plasma disposition of enrofloxacin following intravenous and intramuscular administration in donkeys. | this study was designed to investigate the plasma disposition and systemic availability of enrofloxacin (enr) following intramuscular and intravenous administrations. six donkeys (equus asinus) were used in this study. the animals were allocated into two groups (intramuscular and intravenous groups). after a 2-week washout period, the experiment was repeated with the groups reversed according to a two-phase crossover design. in phase i, group i received intravenously the commercially available i ... | 2012 | 23065257 |
| donkey jack (equus asinus) semen cryopreservation: studies of seminal parameters, post breeding inflammatory response, and fertility in donkey jennies. | the aims of this study were (1) to evaluate motility parameters of donkey jack (jack; equus asinus) semen cryopreserved in inra-96 (inra; imv technologies, france, 2% egg-yolk enriched) using either glycerol (gly) or ethylene glycol (eg) as a cryoprotector; (2) to compare in vitro the postthaw re-extension with homologous seminal plasma (spl) or inra; (3) to compare fertility in donkey jennies (jennies; equus asinus) timed artificially inseminated with jack semen cryopreserved using gly or eg, r ... | 2012 | 22979965 |
| investigation of an outbreak of besnoitiosis in donkeys in northeastern pennsylvania. | to describe the clinical, endoscopic, and serologic features of an outbreak of besnoitiosis in 2 donkey operations in northeastern pennsylvania and to report the outcome of attempted treatment of 1 naturally infected individual. | 2012 | 22607601 |
| detecting population structure and recent demographic history in endangered livestock breeds: the case of the italian autochthonous donkeys. | since its domestication, about 5000 years ago, the donkey (equus asinus) has been extensively used as a work or draft animal in agricultural activities and for the transportation of people and goods. in the last century, technology improvement and growing mechanization strongly affected agriculture and the management and use of this livestock species in the industrialized countries. nowadays, the use of donkeys for work or transport has almost disappeared, together with the need for mules or hin ... | 2013 | 22506921 |
| field immobilization of feral 'judas' donkeys (equus asinus) by remote injection of medetomidine and ketamine and antagonism with atipamezole. | the judas technique is a method used for landscape control of feral donkeys (equus asinus) in northern australia. central to the success of any judas program is the safe, efficient, and humane attachment of the telemetry device. for feral donkeys, this involves the use of field immobilization. we examine the replacement of the current chemical capture agent, succinylcholine, with contemporary immobilization agents to achieve positive animal welfare outcomes. a combination of medetomidine and ket ... | 2012 | 22493118 |
| identification of copy number variants in horses. | copy number variants (cnvs) represent a substantial source of genetic variation in mammals. however, the occurrence of cnvs in horses and their subsequent impact on phenotypic variation is unknown. we performed a study to identify cnvs in 16 horses representing 15 distinct breeds (equus caballus) and an individual gray donkey (equus asinus) using a whole-exome tiling array and the array comparative genomic hybridization methodology. we identified 2368 cnvs ranging in size from 197 bp to 3.5 mb. ... | 2012 | 22383489 |
| the domestic livestock resources of turkey: status, use and some physical characteristics of mules. | mules are known to have been used as carriage and riding animals in mesopotamia and anatolia as early as the beginning of the second millennium bc but may have been first bred in anatolia in the third century bc. they have thus contributed to turkey's cultural, social and economic heritage for more than 4,000 years and were an ancient component of its guild of domestic animals and overall biodiversity. once bred country-wide most mules are now introduced "illegally" to the southeast and east fro ... | 2012 | 24833995 |
| de novo assembly of the donkey white blood cell transcriptome and a comparative analysis of phenotype-associated genes between donkeys and horses. | prior to the mechanization of agriculture and labor-intensive tasks, humans used donkeys (equus africanus asinus) for farm work and packing. however, as mechanization increased, donkeys have been increasingly raised for meat, milk, and fur in china. to maintain the development of the donkey industry, breeding programs should focus on traits related to these new uses. compared to conventional marker-assisted breeding plans, genome- and transcriptome-based selection methods are more efficient and ... | 2015 | 26208029 |
| pathology of gastric lesions in donkeys: a preliminary study. | donkeys (equus africanus asinus) are important working animals, particularly in countries where the majority of the population lives below the poverty line. gastric ulceration has been shown to be common in british donkeys but donkeys from other parts of the world have not been as extensively researched. | 2015 | 25138464 |
| placentation in the plains zebra (equus quagga). | the placenta and fetal gonads of 12 pregnant plains zebra (equus quagga), estimated to be between 81 and 239 days of gestation, were examined. the diffuse, microcotyledonary zebra placenta appeared, developmentally, to be 3-4 weeks behind its counterpart in horse pregnancy and this, together with the presence of small and long-lived endometrial cups, low levels of zebra chorionic gonadotrophin in maternal serum and few accessory corpora lutea in the maternal ovaries during the first half of gest ... | 2017 | 28356184 |
| identification of potential platelet alloantigens in the equidae family by comparison of gene sequences encoding major platelet membrane glycoproteins. | platelet alloantigens in horses may play an important role in the development of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (nait). | 2013 | 24117539 |
| phylogenetic relationships among perissodactyla: secretoglobin 1a1 gene duplication and triplication in the equidae family. | secretoglobin family 1a member 1 (scgb 1a1) is a small anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory protein that is abundantly secreted in airway surface fluids. we recently reported the existence of three distinct scgb1a1 genes in the domestic horse genome as opposed to the single gene copy consensus present in other mammals. the origin of scgb1a1 gene triplication and the evolutionary relationship of the three genes amongst equidae family members are unknown. for this study, scgb1a1 genomic data wer ... | 2013 | 23988306 |
| spatial cognition and perseveration by horses, donkeys and mules in a simple a-not-b detour task. | we investigated perseveration and detour behaviour in 36 equids (equus caballus, e. asinus, e. caballus × e. asinus) and compared these data to those of a previous study on domestic dogs (canis familiaris). the animals were required to make a detour through a gap at one end of a straight barrier in order to reach a visible target. after one, two, three or four repeats (a trials), the gap was moved to the opposite end of the barrier (b trials). we recorded initial deviations from the correct solu ... | 2013 | 23271641 |
| molecular assay to fraud identification of meat products. | detection of species fraud in meat products is important for consumer protection and food industries. a molecular technique such as pcr method for detection of beef, sheep, pork, chicken, donkey, and horse meats in food products was established. the purpose of this study was to identification of fraud and adulteration in industrial meat products by pcr-rflp assay in iran. in present study, 224 meat products include 68 sausages, 48 frankfurters, 55 hamburgers, 33 hams and 20 cold cut meats were c ... | 2014 | 24426061 |
| genetic relationships among american donkey populations: insights into the process of colonization. | this study presents the first insights into the genetic diversity and structure of the american donkey metapopulation. the primary objectives were to detect the main structural features underlying variability among american donkey populations, identify boundaries between differentiated gene pools, and draw the main colonization pathways since the introduction of donkeys into america in the 15th century. a panel of 14 microsatellite markers was applied for genotyping 350 american donkeys from 13 ... | 2016 | 26364918 |
| influence of seminal plasma on leucocyte migration and amount of cox-2 protein in the jenny endometrium after insemination with frozen-thawed semen. | after mating, seminal plasma has an immuno-modulatory effect on the endometrium in some mammals. in jennies, achieving conception via artificial insemination (ai) with frozen-thawed semen is generally much more difficult than in mares. the endometrial inflammatory response is hypothesized to be a contributing factor to the lesser fertility. following a cross-over experimental design, the uterine inflammatory response of six jennies was evaluated at 6h after ai with frozen-thawed semen (deposited ... | 2013 | 24280633 |
| streptococcus orisasini sp. nov. and streptococcus dentasini sp. nov., isolated from the oral cavity of donkeys. | four gram-positive, catalase-negative, coccoid isolates that were obtained from donkey oral cavities formed two distinct clonal groups when characterized by phenotypic and phylogenetic studies. from the results of biochemical tests, the organisms were tentatively identified as a streptococcal species. comparative 16s rrna gene sequencing studies confirmed the organisms to be members of the genus streptococcus. two of the isolates were related most closely to streptococcus ursoris with 95.6 % sim ... | 2013 | 23291897 |
| a molecular and haematological study of theileria equi in balkan donkeys. | equine piroplasmosis in donkeys has been recognised as a serious problem of major economic importance. the present molecular study is the first investigation of the presence of theileria equi and babesia caballi in balkan donkeys and of the possible haematological alterations related to it. a total of 70 apparently healthy donkeys from serbia were included in this study. the overall prevalence of t. equi infection in donkeys tested with multiplex pcr was 50%. there was no b. caballi-positive sam ... | 2017 | 28605963 |
| prevalence, hematology, and treatment of balantidiasis among donkeys in and around lahore, pakistan. | the prevalence of balantidium coli among donkeys in lahore and adjoining areas was surveyed and a trial conducted to determine the efficacy of two antiprotozoal drugs: secnidazole (dysen forte) and kalonji (nigella sativa). four-hundred donkeys were examined, and 73 (18.3%) were found positive for balantidium coli. a slight decrease in pcv and an increase in hb values of infected donkeys were found after antiprotozoal treatment. secnidazole was 89.5% effective for the treatment of equine balanti ... | 2013 | 23394797 |
| equine infectious anemia prevalence in feral donkeys from northeast brazil. | equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. although the virus infects all members of the equidae the vast majority of studies have been conducted in horses (equus caballus) with comparatively little information available for other equid species. brazil has one of the most abundant donkey (e. asinus) populations of any nation although the economic importance of these animals is declining as transportation becomes increasingly mecha ... | 2017 | 28460747 |
| larval cyathostominosis in a working donkey. | parasitic infections are one of the most common factors that threaten the health and working performance of donkeys. one of the life threatening parasites is the small strongyles that encyst or burrow into the large intestine and their larvae can initiate severe damage in the lining of the intestine. a 6 years old female donkey with clinical signs of diarrhea and emaciation was necropsied and gross examination of gastro-intestinal tract revealed thin-walled, hyperemic and hemorrhagic cecum. mult ... | 2015 | 26064028 |
| identification and genetic characterization of equine hepaciviruses in italy. | viruses similar to human hepatitis c virus, hepaciviruses, have been identified in various animal species. equine hepacivirus (eqhv) is the closest relative of human hepaciviruses. although detected worldwide, information on eqhv epidemiology, genetic diversity and pathogenicity is still limited. in this study we investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of eqhv in italian equids. the rna of eqhv was detected in 91/1932 sera (4.7%) whilst it was not detectable in 134 donkey sera screened ... | 2017 | 28757030 |
| voluntary surveillance program for equine influenza virus in the united states from 2010 to 2013. | recent surveillance studies for equine respiratory viruses have shown that equine influenza virus (eiv) continues to be a prevalent respiratory virus of equids throughout the united states and europe. | 2015 | 25586234 |
| molecular characterization and expression of the gdf9 gene in new zealand white rabbits. | growth differentiation factor 9 (gdf9) has been shown to be involved in regulating follicular development and reproduction in many mammalian species. however, related information about the effect of the gdf9 gene on reproductive traits of new zealand white rabbits was rarely reported. in this study, rabbits were distributed into two groups (poor and prolific offspring productions) and cloning and quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) were employed to characterize the rabbit gdf9 gene. by cloning, 25 ... | 2017 | 28674231 |
| livestock and poultry density and childhood cancer incidence in nine states in the usa. | parental occupational and childhood exposures to farm animals have been positively associated with childhood brain tumors, whereas associations with childhood leukemia are equivocal. the developing immune system may be influenced by allergen, virus, or other exposures from animal sources, which may contribute to childhood cancer incidence. | 2017 | 28858758 |
| study of antimicrobial resistance and physiological biomarkers with special reference to salmonellosis in diarrheic foals in punjab, pakistan. | antimicrobial resistance results in selective colonization in animals. in the present study, 447 diarrheic foals (235 horse foals, 165 donkey foals and 47 mule foal) were selected from lahore and sahiwal districts of punjab, pakistan. fresh fecal and blood samples from diarrheic foals were collected for isolation and confirmation of salmonella polymerase chain reaction. results revealed that 50 (11.25%) foals (horse n=29, donkey n=12 and mule n=9) were positive. fifty salmonella enterica isolate ... | 2017 | 28784420 |
| application of the hands-on donkey tool for assessing the welfare of working equids at tuliman, mexico. | equids are still used for diverse chores in mexico and are essential for the livelihoods of numerous families. appropriate health and behavior are prerequisites for performing work without affecting welfare. this study aimed to assess the welfare of working equids in tuliman, applying the hands-on donkey tool. this tool evaluates five dimensions (behavior, body condition score [bcs], wounds, lameness, and other health issues) and was applied to 438 working equids (horses, mules, and donkeys). th ... | 2017 | 28762781 |
| effect of kisspeptin-10, lh and hcg on serum testosterone concentrations in stallions, donkeys and mules. | this study was conducted to determine the response of serum testosterone (t) in male equines (stallions, donkeys and mules) after administering intravenous doses of kisspeptin-10 (kp-10), human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) and luteinizing hormone (lh) and saline as a control. the animals were divided into four groups of three each: group i, 3 ml of 0.95% saline; group ii, 50 μg kp-10; group iii, 2500 iu hcg and group iv, 400 μg lh. the administration of kp-10 and hcg to stallions resulted in a s ... | 2017 | 28753433 |
| identification of a new diagnostic antigen for glanders using immunoproteome analysis. | glanders is a disease of horses, donkeys and mules. the causative agent burkholderia mallei, is a biorisk group 3 pathogen and is also a biothreat agent. simple and rapid diagnostic tool is essential for control of glanders. using a proteomic approach and immunoblotting with equine sera, we identified 12 protein antigens that may have diagnostic potential. various immunoreactive proteins e.g. groel, translation elongation factor tu, elongation factor ts, arginine deiminase, malate dehydrogenase, ... | 2017 | 28750864 |
| projections of nh3 emissions from manure generated by livestock production in china to 2030 under six mitigation scenarios. | china's rapid urbanization, large population, and increasing consumption of calorie-and meat-intensive diets, have resulted in china becoming the world's largest source of ammonia (nh3) emissions from livestock production. this is the first study to use provincial, condition-specific emission factors based on most recently available studies on chinese manure management and environmental conditions. the estimated nh3 emission temporal trends and spatial patterns are interpreted in relation to gov ... | 2017 | 28688258 |
| species-specific identification of collagen components in colla corii asini using a nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry proteomics approach. | colla corii asini (cca) is a protein-based traditional chinese medicine made from donkey skins. because it has the ability to nourish blood, its demand is increasing rapidly. the shortage of donkey skins increases the risk of the adulteration of cca products with other animal skins. to ensure the drug efficacy and safety of cca products, a proteomics technique was applied to reveal proteins in the skins of donkey, horse, cattle, and pig. species-specific peptides for each animal species were pre ... | 2017 | 28670118 |
| west nile virus: seroprevalence in animals in palestine and israel. | west nile virus (wnv) epidemiological situation in israel and palestine, due to their unique location, draws attention following to the global spread of west nile fever (wnf). although much information is available from israel on clinical cases and prevalence of wnv, clinical cases are rarely reported in palestine, and prevalence is not known. the objectives of this study were to determine wnv seroprevalence in various domestic animals in palestine and to reevaluate current seroprevalence, force ... | 2017 | 28628400 |
| a serosurvey of selected cystogenic coccidia in spanish equids: first detection of anti-besnoitia spp. specific antibodies in europe. | equine besnoitiosis, caused by besnoitia bennetti, and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm), caused by sarcocystis neurona and neospora hughesi are relevant equine diseases in the americas that have been scarcely studied in europe. thus, a serosurvey of these cystogenic coccidia was carried out in southern spain. a cross-sectional study was performed and serum samples from horses (n = 553), donkeys (n = 85) and mules (n = 83) were included. an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elis ... | 2017 | 28490374 |
| equine colic: clinical epidemiology and associated risk factors in and around debre zeit. | a prospective study was conducted to describe clinical epidemiology of equine colic in the society for protection of animal abroad and donkey sanctuary project clinic, at debre zeit, ethiopia, from november 2014 to april 2015. the objectives were to describe clinical epidemiology of equine colic, to characterize the main types of equine colic, and to determine the major risk factors associated with equine colic. the method which was used in the study was attending clinical case of equine and ass ... | 2017 | 28401328 |
| the prevalence of lameness and associated risk factors in cart mules in bahir dar, ethiopia. | ethiopia has 7.1 million donkeys and mules, the majority of which are used as pack animals. factors such as poor harness quality, long-distance traveling, and heavy cartloads have been linked to reduced work efficiency. addressing the health and welfare of working equids is imperative not only for the animals but also for the households dependent upon them for livelihood. in developing countries, 75 % of working equids have gait or limb abnormalities, but the relationship between workload and pr ... | 2016 | 27587009 |
| owner reported diseases of working equids in central ethiopia. | working horses, donkeys and mules suffer from numerous diseases and clinical problems. however, there is little information on what owners perceive as important health concerns in their working animals. | 2017 | 27565130 |
| testicular characteristics and the block to spermatogenesis in mature hinny. | most hinnies (female donkey×male horse) and mules (female horse×male donkey) are sterile with few reports of equine fertile hybrids. the main cause of this sterility is thought to be a meiotic block to spermatogenesis and oogenesis. this study compared the developmental features of the testes and a histological analyses of spermatogenesis in a male hinny with those of a normal, fertile stallion and jack donkey. hinny testes showed a thicker tunica albuginea, fewer blood vessels and more connecti ... | 2016 | 26954128 |
| sero-epidemiology of equine toxoplasmosis using a latex agglutination test in the three metropolises of punjab, pakistan. | toxoplasmosis is a serious threat for livestock in addition to being of zoonotic significance. in this study, serodiagnosis of equine toxoplasmosis was conducted in a randomly selected population from the 3 metropolises of punjab, pakistan. to this end, 272 draught equines were screened using a commercial latex agglutination assay kit. association of probable risk factors of equine toxoplasmosis was also documented. a total of 91 (33.5%) equines were found sero-positive for toxoplama (t.) gondii ... | 2015 | 26691256 |
| zoonoses from pets horses, donkeys and mules: with special references to egypt. | a zoonosis is an animal disease that is transmissible to humans. humans are usually an accidental host that acquires disease through close contact with an infected animal, who may or may not be symptomatic. children are at highest risk for infection because they are more likely to have close contact with pets. pets are responsible for transmission of an extensive array of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic zoonotic pathogens. the route of transmission can be through the saliva (e.g., bites or cont ... | 2014 | 24961014 |
| spatial characterization of leptospira spp. infection in equids from the brejo paraibano micro-region in brazil. | the present study, the first to spatially characterize leptospira spp. infection among equids in the brejo paraibano micro-region of the paraiba state in the northeast of brazil, investigated 257 animals in 26 farms properties. serum samples from 204 horses, 46 mules and seven donkeys were serologically diagnosed using the microscopic agglutination test (mat). the distribution of leptospira spp. was studied by employing specific antigens from 24 different leptospira serovars. all farms were geor ... | 2014 | 24893023 |
| luteoprotective role of equine chorionic gonadotropin (ecg) during pregnancy in the mare. | the effects of repeated cloprostenol administration were compared in mares impregnated by horses and mares impregnated by donkeys in order to assess the role of ecg on the development of pregnancy-associated resistance to the luteolytic and abortifacient effects of pgf2α. eleven mares impregnated by donkey (mule pregnancy) and 9 mares impregnated by horse (horse pregnancy) were used. six mares with mule pregnancy and four with horse pregnancy were injected with cloprostenol (0.25 mg) when they w ... | 2014 | 24617452 |
| prevalence of cutaneous pathological conditions and factors associated with the presence of skin wounds in working equids in tropical regions of veracruz, mexico. | a wide spectrum of welfare issues is encountered on working equids. the objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the prevalence of cutaneous lesions in working equids in tropical regions of the north-central of veracruz state, mexico, (ii) to identify the most prevalent cutaneous pathological conditions in this population of working equids, and (iii) to identify risk factors associated to the presence of work-related skin wounds. a number of 467 working equids presented for treatment at d ... | 2014 | 24488621 |
| helping working equidae and their owners in developing countries: monitoring and evaluation of evidence-based interventions. | there are an estimated 112 million equidae (horses, donkeys, mules) in the developing world, providing essential resources for their owners' livelihoods and well-being. the impoverished situation of their owners and the often harsh conditions in which they work mean that the animals' welfare is a cause for concern. a number of equine non-governmental organisations (ngos) operate within working equid communities providing veterinary care, education and training programmes aimed at improving equin ... | 2014 | 24269105 |
| comparison of techniques of detecting immunoglobulin-binding protein reactivity to immunoglobulin produced by different avian and mammalian species. | the rationale of this study was to use several immunological assays to investigate the reactivity of immunoglobulin binding protein (ibp) to immunoglobulins from various avian and mammalian species. the ibp studied were staphylococcal protein a (spa), streptococcal protein g (spg), peptostreptococcal protein l (spl) and recombinant protein la (spla). the various immunological techniques used were double immunodiffusion (ouchterlony technique) that tested positive high protein reactivities, direc ... | 2013 | 24171322 |
| non-neoplastic lesions of equine skin in the central united states and canada: a retrospective study. | a retrospective study evaluated the clinical data and histologic features of non-neoplastic dermatologic lesions in skin biopsies from horses, donkeys, and mules submitted over a 10-year period to the colorado state university diagnostic medicine center and to the university of saskatchewan western college of veterinary medicine and prairie diagnostic services. a total of 1793 non-neoplastic biopsies were available for analysis. based on the histologic description and morphologic diagnosis, each ... | 2013 | 23997263 |
| paternally expressed genes predominate in the placenta. | the discovery of genomic imprinting through studies of manipulated mouse embryos indicated that the paternal genome has a major influence on placental development. however, previous research has not demonstrated paternal bias in imprinted genes. we applied rna sequencing to trophoblast tissue from reciprocal hybrids of horse and donkey, where genotypic differences allowed parent-of-origin identification of most expressed genes. using this approach, we identified a core group of 15 ancient imprin ... | 2013 | 23754418 |
| incidence, management, and outcome of complications of castration in equids: 324 cases (1998-2008). | to determine the incidence of complications and identify risk factors associated with development of complications following routine castration of equids. | 2013 | 23445295 |
| nephrectomy via ventral median celiotomy in equids. | to report technique for, and outcome after, nephrectomy through a ventral median celiotomy in equids. | 2013 | 23432332 |
| the past, present and future of domestic equines in tanzania. | equines are minor species in tanzania's array of domestic livestock. attempts to use them for transport by early explorers from the mid-nineteenth century usually failed. donkeys were used extensively as pack animals to complement human porters by both british and german forces in the first world war, but their advantages were often outweighed by slow progress and competition with troops and porters for water, and they died in huge numbers. the british had regular cavalry troops in their campaig ... | 2013 | 24834000 |
| identification of piroplasms isolated from asymptomatic equine species from southern spain. | the aim of the study was to detect the presence of genetic material of equine piroplasmas and to determine the species isolates from apparently healthy equids, including horses, donkeys and mules, in southern spain. blood samples were collected from 135 animals to assess the presence of dna from equine piroplasmas using pcr. babesia (b.) caballi dna was detected in blood samples of three horses and one donkey, while theileria (t.) equi dna was confirmed in blood of 19 horses, three mules and one ... | 2012 | 23227769 |
| primary cilia in the basal cells of equine epididymis: a serendipitous finding. | occurrence of a solitary cilium was an unexpected discovery while studying the ultrastructure of epididymal epithelium in equidae. primary cilia were detected in epididymal basal cells of all individuals of the equines studied - horses, donkey and mules - independently from age and tract of the duct, emerging from the basal cell surface and insinuating into the intercellular spaces. more rarely solitary cilia occurred also at the luminal surface of the principal cells. the ciliary apparatus was ... | 2013 | 23182032 |
| gastrointestinal nematode burden in working equids from humid tropical areas of central veracruz, mexico, and its relationship with body condition and haematological values. | the east coast of veracruz, mexico, has an important equine population used for working in rural production systems. the objectives of this study were (1) to calculate the prevalence of tropical working equids (donkeys, mules and horses) infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (gins) and the gins involved, and (2) to measure the body condition score (bcs) and haematological values for each working equid and its relationship with faecal worm egg count (epg). one hundred and forty working equids ... | 2013 | 22992947 |
| spermatogonial stem cell markers and niche in equids. | spermatogonial stem cells (sscs) are the foundation of spermatogenesis and are located in a highly dynamic microenvironment called "niche" that influences all aspects of stem cell function, including homing, self-renewal and differentiation. several studies have recently identified specific proteins that regulate the fate of sscs. these studies also aimed at identifying surface markers that would facilitate the isolation of these cells in different vertebrate species. the present study is the fi ... | 2012 | 22937157 |
| social relations in a mixed group of mules, ponies and donkeys reflect differences in equid type. | donkeys and mules are frequently kept as companion animals for horses and ponies, with these different equids often being considered a homogenous group. however, the extent to which domestic equids form inter-specific bonds and display similar social behaviour when living in a mixed herd has not previously been studied. here we compare the social organization of these three (sub)species when housed together, providing the first systematic analysis of how genetic hybridization is expressed in the ... | 2012 | 22709577 |
| luteogenic and luteotropic effects of ecg during pregnancy in the mare. | the role of ecg during pregnancy was evaluated through the study of the temporal relationships between changes in ecg and progesterone concentrations and the formation of supplementary corpora lutea (scl) in mares impregnated with donkey semen (mule pregnancies) or with horse semen (equine pregnancies). concentrations of ecg were higher (p<0.01) in equine than in mule pregnancies between weeks 6.5 and 13. progesterone concentrations were higher in equine than in mule pregnancies between weeks 9 ... | 2012 | 22325968 |
| genetic differences in the serum proteome of horses, donkeys and mules are detectable by protein profiling. | although horses and donkeys belong to the same genus, their genetic characteristics probably result in specific proteomes and post-translational modifications (ptm) of proteins. since ptm can alter protein properties, specific ptm may contribute to species-specific characteristics. therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyse differences in serum protein profiles of horses and donkeys as well as mules, which combine the genetic backgrounds of both species. additionally, changes in ptm ... | 2011 | 22005420 |
| pack wounds of donkeys and mules in the northern high atlas and lowlands of morocco. | wounds are one of the primary welfare concerns of working equids and are often related to harness or load-bearing packs. | 2010 | 20486978 |
| environmental and demographic risk factors for poor welfare in working horses, donkeys and mules in developing countries. | over 85% of equids live in developing countries, where they are usually used for work. we aimed to identify environmental factors associated with potential welfare problems in working equids, helping target welfare interventions towards the most vulnerable animals. over 5 years, non-invasive behavioural and physical data were collected from 5481 donkeys, 4504 horses, and 858 mules across nine developing countries. hoof and limb problems were over 90% prevalent, and 85% of equids were thin. older ... | 2010 | 19926316 |
| 'heshimu punda': brooke builds respect for working donkeys, horses and mules. | | 2006 | 16531577 |
| assessment of the welfare of working horses, mules and donkeys, using health and behaviour parameters. | working animals provide an essential transport resource in developing countries worldwide. many of these animals are owned by poor people and work in harsh environments, so their welfare is a cause for concern. a protocol was developed to assess the welfare of working horses, mules and donkeys in urban and peri-urban areas, using direct observation of health and behaviour parameters. in this study, 4903 animals used for draught, pack and ridden work in afghanistan, egypt, india, jordan and pakis ... | 2005 | 15907574 |
| evaluation of microchip migration in horses, donkeys, and mules. | to determine whether microchips used for identification migrate after implantation in horses, donkeys, and mules. | 2003 | 14621220 |
| pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in donkeys, mules, and horses. | to compare serum disposition of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim after iv administration to donkeys, mules, and horses. | 2002 | 11911569 |
| blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels in donkeys and mules near a secondary lead smelter in jamaica, 1987-88. | during the course of an investigation into community lead poisoning near a secondary lead smelter in jamaica, blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels were measured in 8 exposed and 6 (3 jamaican, 3 us) unexposed donkeys and mules. the blood lead levels of 6 animals in the contaminated area ranged from 7.5 to 33 micrograms/dl (mean = 17.6 micrograms/dl), compared to 1.8 and 2.4 in unexposed jamaican animals. more striking was the difference in zinc protoporphyrin levels; all 8 exposed donkeys a ... | 1990 | 2301150 |
| the contribution of the mule to scientific thought. | the infertility of the mule has proved a continuing challenge to scientific thought. since the chromosomal differences between the two parental species are so great as to render normal meiosis impossible, it is postulated that all mules and hinnies are sterile. the problem now is to explain how mules and hinnies can occasionally produce spermatozoa or ova. the appearance of the mule was sufficient to persuade the ancients that both parents, not just the male, must contribute to the make-up of th ... | 1975 | 1107543 |
| molecular characterization, modeling, in silico analysis of equine pituitary gonadotropin alpha subunit and docking interaction studies with ganirelix. | equine pituitary gonadotropins (elh, efsh, ecg) are heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones with alpha (α) and beta (β) subunits. it is responsible for maintenance of pregnancy in mares during early gestation and fairly valuable for inducing superovulation in animals other than equines. the alpha subunit is common, while beta subunit is species-specific in all glycoprotein hormones. in the present investigation, molecular cloning and in silico characterization including homology modeling and molecul ... | 2016 | 28721542 |
| pooling strategy and chromosome painting characterize a living zebroid for the first time. | we have investigated the complex karyotype of a living zebra-donkey hybrid for the first time using chromosome-specific painting probes produced from flow-sorted chromosomes from a zebra (equus burchelli) and horse (equus caballus). as the chromosomes proved difficult to distinguish from one another, a successful new strategy was devised to resolve the difficulty and characterize each chromosome. this was based on selecting five panels of whole chromosome painting probes that could differentiate ... | 2017 | 28700625 |
| mitochondrial phylogenomics of modern and ancient equids. | the genus equus is richly represented in the fossil record, yet our understanding of taxonomic relationships within this genus remains limited. to estimate the phylogenetic relationships among modern horses, zebras, asses and donkeys, we generated the first data set including complete mitochondrial sequences from all seven extant lineages within the genus equus. bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference confirms that zebras are monophyletic within the genus, and the plains and grevy ... | 2013 | 23437078 |
| molecular phylogeny of extant equids and effects of ancestral polymorphism in resolving species-level phylogenies. | short divergence times and processes such as incomplete lineage sorting and species hybridization are known to hinder the inference of species-level phylogenies due to the lack of sufficient informative genetic variation or the presence of shared but incongruent polymorphism among taxa. extant equids (horses, zebras, and asses) are an example of a recently evolved group of mammals with an unresolved phylogeny, despite a large number of molecular studies. previous surveys have proposed trees with ... | 2012 | 22846684 |
| recalibrating equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early middle pleistocene horse. | the rich fossil record of equids has made them a model for evolutionary processes. here we present a 1.12-times coverage draft genome from a horse bone recovered from permafrost dated to approximately 560-780 thousand years before present (kyr bp). our data represent the oldest full genome sequence determined so far by almost an order of magnitude. for comparison, we sequenced the genome of a late pleistocene horse (43 kyr bp), and modern genomes of five domestic horse breeds (equus ferus caball ... | 2013 | 23803765 |
| the catalytic and the rna subunits of human telomerase are required to immortalize equid primary fibroblasts. | many human primary somatic cells can be immortalized by inducing telomerase activity through the exogenous expression of the human telomerase catalytic subunit (htert). this approach has been extended to the immortalization of cell lines from several mammals. here, we show that htert expression is not sufficient to immortalize primary fibroblasts from three equid species, namely donkey, burchelli's zebra and grevy's zebra. in vitro analysis of a reconstituted telomerase composed by htert and an ... | 2012 | 22797876 |
| donkey genome and insight into the imprinting of fast karyotype evolution. | the donkey, like the horse, is a promising model for exploring karyotypic instability. we report the de novo whole-genome assemblies of the donkey and the asiatic wild ass. our results reflect the distinct characteristics of donkeys, including more effective energy metabolism and better immunity than horses. the donkey shows a steady demographic trajectory. we detected abundant satellite sequences in some inactive centromere regions but not in neocentromere regions, while ribosomal rnas frequent ... | 2015 | 26373886 |