| characterization of genes expressed in response to cadmium exposure in the earthworm eisenia fetida using ddrt-pcr. | the transition metal cadmium is a pervasive and persistent environmental contaminant that is both a human toxicant and a carcinogen. to inhibit cadmium-induced damage, cells increase the expression of genes encoding stress-response proteins. the transcription of many stress-responsive genes, including those that encode metallothioneins, glutathione-s-transferases (gsts) and heat shock proteins have been reported. the aim of this work was to investigate in eisenia fetida the genes whose expressio ... | 2010 | 20674023 |
| nesting behavior of centris (hemisiella) vittata lepeletier (hymenoptera: apidae) in an area of the cerrado in the northeast of the state of maranhão, brazil. | the nesting behavior of centris (hemisiella) vittata lepeletier was studied in the urbano santos cerrado in the northeast of maranhão state, brazil. to date, this species has only been studied in trap-nests. the nesting behavior of this species in a natural condition is recorded for the first time. nesting occurred in preexisting holes in dead trunks of aroeira, astronium myracrodruon (anacardiaceae), at the end of the rainy season. the cells were constructed with a mixture of sand and oil. afte ... | 2010 | 20676511 |
| genetic aspect of venom allergy: association with hla class i and class ii antigens. | stings from bees and wasps can cause systemic allergic reactions in sensitized patients. however, the mystery of why some cases develop allergic reactions while others do not, remains poorly understood. we investigated whether particular human leukocyte antigen (hla) class i and class ii genes contribute to the development of venom allergy. a total of 21 bee and/or wasp venom sensitive patients who had life-threatening allergic symptoms after a sting, and positive diagnostic tests (group 1), wer ... | 2010 | 20684489 |
| parasitic infection leads to decline in hemolymph sugar levels in honeybee foragers. | parasites by drawing nutrition from their hosts can exert an energetic stress on them. honeybee foragers with their high metabolic demand due to flight are especially prone to such a stress when they are infected. we hypothesized that infection by the microsporidian gut parasite nosema ceranae can lower the hemolymph sugar level of an individual forager and uncouple its energetic state from its normally tight correlation with the colony energetic state. we support our hypothesis by showing that ... | 2010 | 20685210 |
| comparative analysis of expressed sequence tags from three castes and two life stages of the termite reticulitermes flavipes. | termites (isoptera) are eusocial insects whose colonies consist of morphologically and behaviorally specialized castes of sterile workers and soldiers, and reproductive alates. previous studies on eusocial insects have indicated that caste differentiation and behavior are underlain by differential gene expression. although much is known about gene expression in the honey bee, apis mellifera, termites remain relatively understudied in this regard. therefore, our objective was to assemble an expre ... | 2010 | 20691076 |
| the anti-nociceptive effect and the possible mechanism of acupoint stimulation caused by chemical irritants in the bee venom pain model. | many studies have demonstrated the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of injecting bee venom (bv) into the zusanli (zsl) acupoint in rats. the present study was designed to determine whether the injection of other chemical irritants, such as formalin and complete freund's adjuvant (cfa), into the zsl acupoint can produce anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in the bv pain model and to determine the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. first, the effects of injectin ... | 2010 | 20696145 |
| quantification of toxins in a cry1ac + cpti cotton cultivar and its potential effects on the honey bee apis mellifera l. | transgenic cry1ac + cpti cotton (ccri41) is increasingly planted throughout china. however, negative effects of this cultivar on the honey bee apis mellifera l., the most important pollinator for cultivated ecosystem, remained poorly investigated. the objective of our study was to evaluate the potential side effects of transgenic cry1ac + cpti pollen from cotton on young adult honey bees a. mellifera l. two points emphasized the significance of our study: (1) a higher expression level of insecti ... | 2010 | 20700762 |
| middle cerebral artery infarct following multiple bee stings. | neurologic events following bee stings are very rare. we report a 59-year-old man who became drowsy with slurred speech following multiple bee stings. in the hospital, he was found to have left-sided hemplegia, seventh cranial nerve palsy, and left conjugate gaze palsy. further investigation revealed dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and a middle cerebral artery territory infarct. his limb weakness and speech improved before his discharge from the hospital. | 2010 | 20702115 |
| thermoregulation of water foraging honeybees--balancing of endothermic activity with radiative heat gain and functional requirements. | foraging honeybees are subjected to considerable variations of microclimatic conditions challenging their thermoregulatory ability. solar heat is a gain in the cold but may be a burden in the heat. we investigated the balancing of endothermic activity with radiative heat gain and physiological functions of water foraging apis mellifera carnica honeybees in the whole range of ambient temperatures (t(a)) and solar radiation they are likely to be exposed in their natural environment in middle europ ... | 2010 | 20705071 |
| photoreceptor spectral sensitivity in the bumblebee, bombus impatiens (hymenoptera: apidae). | the bumblebee bombus impatiens is increasingly used as a model in comparative studies of colour vision, or in behavioural studies relying on perceptual discrimination of colour. however, full spectral sensitivity data on the photoreceptor inputs underlying colour vision are not available for b. impatiens. since most known bee species are trichromatic, with photoreceptor spectral sensitivity peaks in the uv, blue and green regions of the spectrum, data from a related species, where spectral sensi ... | 2010 | 20711523 |
| the behavior and social communication of honey bees (apis mellifera carnica poll.) under the influence of alcohol. | in this study, the effects of ethanol on honey bee social communication and behavior within the hive were studied to further investigate the usefulness of honey bees as an ethanol-abuse model. control (1.5 m sucrose) and experimental (1.5 m sucrose, 2.5% w/v ethanol) solutions were directly administered to individual forager bees via proboscis contact with glass capillary tubes. the duration, frequency, and proportion of time spent performing social and nonsocial behaviors were the dependent var ... | 2010 | 20712158 |
| application and potential of capillary electroseparation methods to determine antioxidant phenolic compounds from plant food material. | antioxidants are one of the most common active ingredients of nutritionally functional foods which can play an important role in the prevention of oxidation and cellular damage inhibiting or delaying the oxidative processes. in recent years there has been an increased interest in the application of antioxidants to medical treatment as information is constantly gathered linking the development of human diseases to oxidative stress. within antioxidants, phenolic molecules are an important category ... | 2010 | 20719447 |
| increased frequency of sister chromatid exchanges and decrease in cell viability and proliferation kinetics in human peripheral blood lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to whole bee venom. | the present study was aimed to investigate the impact of bee venom on frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (sce) and viability in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. in addition, the proportion of lymphocytes that undergo one, two or three cell divisions as well as proliferative rate index (pri) have been determined. aqueous solution of whole bee venom was added to whole blood samples in concentrations ranging from 0.1 microg/ml to 20 microg/ml in different lengths of time. results s ... | 2010 | 20730658 |
| diversity of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits. | nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast synaptic transmission in the insect nervous system and are targets of a major group of insecticides, the neonicotinoids. they consist of five subunits arranged around a central ion channel since the subunit composition determines the functional and pharmacological properties of the receptor the presence of nachr families comprising several subunit-encodinggenes provides a molecular basis for broad function ... | 2010 | 20737786 |
| sudden deaths and colony population decline in greek honey bee colonies. | during june and july of 2009, sudden deaths, tremulous movements and population declines of adult honey bees were reported by the beekeepers in the region of peloponnesus (mt. mainalo), greece. a preliminary study was carried out to investigate these unexplained phenomena in this region. in total, 37 bee samples, two brood frames containing honey bee brood of various ages, eight sugar samples and four sugar patties were collected from the affected colonies. the samples were tested for a range of ... | 2010 | 20804765 |
| comparison of the antimicrobial activity of ulmo honey from chile and manuka honey against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa. | honey has previously been shown to have wound healing and antimicrobial properties, but this is dependent on the type of honey, geographical location and flower from which the final product is derived. we tested the antimicrobial activity of a chilean honey made by apis mellifera (honeybee) originating from the ulmo tree (eucryphia cordifolia), against selected strains of bacteria. | 2010 | 20813024 |
| timing of eclosion affects diapause development, fat body consumption and longevity in osmia lignaria, a univoltine, adult-wintering solitary bee. | most insects from temperate areas enter diapause ahead of winter. species diapausing in a feeding stage and accumulating metabolic reserves during permissive pre-wintering conditions are expected to enter diapause shortly before the onset of winter. in contrast, species diapausing in a non-feeding stage are expected to lower their metabolism as soon as possible to avoid excessive consumption of metabolic reserves. the solitary bee osmia lignaria winters as a non-feeding adult within its cocoon, ... | 2010 | 20816851 |
| toxicities of fipronil enantiomers to the honeybee apis mellifera l. and enantiomeric compositions of fipronil in honey plant flowers. | fipronil is a chiral phenylpyrazole insecticide that is effective for control of a wide range of agricultural and domestic pests at low application rates. wide application of fipronil also causes poisoning of some nontarget insects, such as honeybees. in the present study, toxicities of fipronil enantiomers and racemate to the honeybee apis mellifera l. were determined to examine whether using formulations of single or enriched fipronil enantiomer is a possible option to reduce risks to bees. co ... | 2010 | 20821427 |
| effects of sublethal concentrations of bifenthrin and deltamethrin on fecundity, growth, and development of the honeybee apis mellifera ligustica. | bifenthrin and deltamethrin have been widely used as pesticides in agriculture and forestry and are becoming an increasing risk to honeybees. the honeybee, apis mellifera ligustica, is widely recognized as a beneficial insect of agronomic, ecological, and scientific importance. it is important to understand what effects these chemicals have on bees. effects of two pesticides at sublethal concentrations on fecundity, growth, and development of honeybees were examined with the feeding method for a ... | 2010 | 20821489 |
| bee venom inhibits hepatic fibrosis through suppression of pro-fibrogenic cytokine expression. | bee venom (bv) has a long tradition of use for the control of pain and inflammation in various chronic diseases. carbon tetrachloride (ccl4) is known to induce hepatotoxicity after being metabolized to the highly reactive trichloromethyl free radical and its peroxy radical. the purpose of the current study was to examine whether bv regulates the pro-inflammation and fibrosis related genes against a mouse model of hepatic fibrosis induced by ccl4 and ethanol-treated hepatocytes (eth). test mice w ... | 2010 | 20821823 |
| suppression subtractive hybridization analysis reveals expression of conserved and novel genes in male accessory glands of the ant leptothorax gredleri. | during mating, insect males eject accessory gland proteins (acps) into the female genital tract. these substances are known to affect female post-mating behavior and physiology. in addition, they may harm the female, e.g., in reducing its lifespan. this is interpreted as a consequence of sexual antagonistic co-evolution. whereas sexual conflict abounds in non-social species, the peculiar life history of social insects (ants, bees, wasps) with lifelong pair-bonding and no re-mating aligns the rep ... | 2010 | 20825642 |
| ovine smoke/burn ards model: a new ventilator-controlled smoke delivery system. | our current ovine smoke/burn acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) model utilizes a manual bee smoker. this smoke delivery system lacks standardization and reproducibility, with 20% of sheep failing to meet ards criteria. time to reach ards criteria and survival time are also variable. the mild volutrauma (15 ml/kg) applied after smoke/burn injury may also fail to induce ards within 24 h. we hypothesized that these inconsistencies were associated with the bee smoker and the mild volutrauma. ... | 2010 | 20828741 |
| brain architecture of the largest living land arthropod, the giant robber crab birgus latro (crustacea, anomura, coenobitidae): evidence for a prominent central olfactory pathway? | abstract: | 2010 | 20831795 |
| trait-mediated interactions and lifetime fitness of the invasive plant centaurea solstitialis. | plants interact with numerous enemies and mutualists simultaneously and sequentially. such multispecies interactions can give rise to trait-mediated indirect effects that are likely to be common in nature but which are also inherently difficult to predict. understanding multispecies interactions is also important in the use of biological control agents to control invasive plants because modern approaches to biocontrol rely on releasing multiple agents for each target weed. centaurea solstitialis ... | 2010 | 20836450 |
| gc-ms analysis and antileishmanial activities of two turkish propolis types. | propolis is a honeybee product with a very complex chemical composition and various pharmacological properties. this study was aimed to investigate antileishmanial activities of "bursa" and "hatay" propolis samples against leishmania infantum and leishmania tropica strains. propolis samples were analysed with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. promastigotes were incubated in roswell park memorial institute culture medium in the absence and presence of several concentrations (50, ... | 2011 | 20842509 |
| isolation and characterization of a nocardiopsis sp. from honeybee guts. | although actinomycetes are the plant-associated environmental bacteria best known for producing thousands of antibiotics, their presence in the guts of flower-feeding honeybees has rarely been reported. here, we report on the selective isolation of actinomycetes from the gut microbiota of healthy honeybees, and their inhibitory activity against honeybee indigenous bacteria. more than 70% of the sampled honeybees (n>40) in a season carried at least one cfu of actinomycete. the isolates from bees ... | 2010 | 20846361 |
| phenols and antioxidant activity of hydro-alcoholic extracts of propolis from algarve, south of portugal. | propolis is a natural honeybee product known to be beneficial for human health, with a complex chemical composition, highly dependent on the collection site. the objective of the present research was to evaluate phenols and antioxidant activity of propolis samples collected in three main areas of algarve, south of portugal. water revealed to be less effective for extracting phenolic compounds from propolis than the methanol and water/ethanol. the last two were good extraction solvents of phenols ... | 2010 | 20849908 |
| acetic acid bacteria, newly emerging symbionts of insects. | recent research in microbe-insect symbiosis has shown that acetic acid bacteria (aab) establish symbiotic relationships with several insects of the orders diptera, hymenoptera, hemiptera, and homoptera, all relying on sugar-based diets, such as nectars, fruit sugars, or phloem sap. to date, the fruit flies drosophila melanogaster and bactrocera oleae, mosquitoes of the genera anopheles and aedes, the honey bee apis mellifera, the leafhopper scaphoideus titanus, and the mealybug saccharicoccus sa ... | 2010 | 20851977 |
| use of an innovative t-tube maze assay and the proboscis extension response assay to assess sublethal effects of gm products and pesticides on learning capacity of the honey bee apis mellifera l. | transgenic cry1ac+cpti cotton (ccri41) is a promising cotton cultivar throughout china but side effects and especially sublethal effects of this transgenic cultivar on beneficial insects remain poorly studied. more specifically potential sublethal effects on behavioural traits of the honey bee apis mellifera l. have not been formally assessed despite the importance of honey bees for pollination. the goal of our study was to assess potential effects of ccri41 cotton pollen on visual and olfactory ... | 2010 | 20872243 |
| amelioration of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury with calendula officinalis. | calendula officinalis of family asteraceae, also known as marigold, has been widely used from time immemorial in indian and arabic cultures as an anti-inflammatory agent to treat minor skin wound and infections, burns, bee stings, sunburn and cancer. at a relatively high dose, calendula can lower blood pressure and cholesterol. since inflammatory responses are behind many cardiac diseases, we sought to evaluate if calendula could be cardioprotective against ischemic heart disease two groups of h ... | 2010 | 20874690 |
| proboscis conditioning experiments with honeybees, apis mellifera caucasica, with butyric acid and deet mixture as conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. | three experiments are described investigating whether olfactory repellents deet and butyric acid can support the classical conditioning of proboscis extension in the honeybee, apis mellifera caucasica (hymenoptera: apidae). in the first experiment deet and butyric acid readily led to standard acquisition and extinction effects, which are comparable to the use of cinnamon as a conditioned stimulus. these results demonstrate that the odor of deet or butyric acid is not intrinsically repellent to h ... | 2010 | 20879917 |
| effect of bee pollen levels on productive, reproductive and blood traits of nzw rabbits. | forty new zealand white (nzw) rabbit does were equally divided among four groups feeding the same commercial diet and receiving a water solution containing, respectively, 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 mg bee pollen/kg body weight (bw), 1 week before and after mating during moderate (october-february) and hot seasons (may-september) for three consecutive mating in each season. does were mated with non-treated adult nzw male rabbits 11 days after kindling. body weight of does, number of service pe ... | 2010 | 20880286 |
| a cell culture model for nosema ceranae and nosema apis allows new insights into the life cycle of these important honey bee-pathogenic microsporidia. | the population of managed honey bees has been dramatically declining in the recent past in many regions of the world. consensus now seems to be that pathogens and parasites (e.g. the ectoparasitic mite varroa destructor, the microsporidium nosema ceranae and viruses) play a major role in this demise. however, little is known about host-pathogen interactions for bee pathogens and attempts to develop novel strategies to combat bee diseases have been hampered by this gap in our knowledge. one reaso ... | 2010 | 20880328 |
| disulfide bonds of phospholipase a2 from bee venom yield discrete contributions to its conformational stability. | disulfide bonds are known to be crucial for protein stability. to probe the contribution of each of the five disulfide bonds (c9-c31, c30-c70, c37-c63, c61-c95, and c105-c113) in bee venom phospholipase a(2) to stability, variants with deleted disulfide bonds were produced by substituting two serine residues for each pair of cysteine residues. the mutations started from the pseudo-wild-type variant (pwt) with the mutation i1a (markert et al., biotechnol. bioeng. 98 (2007) 48-59). all variants we ... | 2010 | 20884319 |
| the transformer gene of ceratitis capitata: a paradigm for a conserved epigenetic master regulator of sex determination in insects. | the transformer gene in ceratitis capitata (cctra(ep)) is the founding member of a family of related sr genes that appear to act as the master epigenetic switch in sex determination in insects. a functional protein seems to be produced only in individuals with a female xx karyotype where it is required to maintain the productive mode of expression through a positive feedback loop and to direct female development by instructing the downstream target genes accordingly. when zygotic activation of t ... | 2010 | 20890720 |
| longevity and aging in insects: is reproduction costly; cheap; beneficial or irrelevant? a critical evaluation of the "trade-off" concept. | the most prevalent hypothesis concerning the relationship between reproduction and longevity predicts that reproduction is costly, particularly in females. specifically, egg production and sexual harassment of females by males reduce female longevity. this may apply to some short-lived species such as drosophila, but not to some long-lived species such as the queens of ants and bees. bee queens lay up to 2000 eggs a day for several years, but they nevertheless live at least 20 times longer than ... | 2010 | 20920508 |
| recombinants between deformed wing virus and varroa destructor virus-1 may prevail in varroa destructor-infested honeybee colonies. | we have used high-throughput illumina sequencing to identify novel recombinants between deformed wing virus (dwv) and varroa destructor virus-1 (vdv-1), which accumulate to higher levels than dwv in both honeybees and varroa destructor mites. the recombinants, vdv-1(vvd) and vdv-1(dvd), exhibit crossovers between the 5'-utr and the regions encoding the structural (capsid) and non-structural viral proteins. this implies that the genomes are modular and that each region may evolve independently, a ... | 2010 | 20926636 |
| varroa destructor is an effective vector of israeli acute paralysis virus in the honeybee, apis mellifera. | the israeli acute paralysis virus (iapv) is a significant marker of honeybee colony collapse disorder (ccd). in the present work, we provide the first evidence that varroa destructor is iapv replication-competent and capable of vectoring iapv in honeybees. the honeybees became infected with iapv after exposure to varroa mites that carried the virus. the copy number of iapv in bees was positively correlated with the density of varroa mites and time period of exposure to varroa mites. further, we ... | 2010 | 20926637 |
| biological effects of treatment of an animal skin wound with honeybee (apis mellifera. l) venom. | wound healing is a dynamic and complex process of tissue repair, which involves a number of cellular and molecular events. it progresses from an inflammatory response to re-epithelialisation and, finally, to the formation of a permanent scar. the pharmacological activities of honeybee (apis mellifera l.) venom (bv) have been used in wound healing for centuries. | 2010 | 20943448 |
| iridovirus and microsporidian linked to honey bee colony decline. | in 2010 colony collapse disorder (ccd), again devastated honey bee colonies in the usa, indicating that the problem is neither diminishing nor has it been resolved. many ccd investigations, using sensitive genome-based methods, have found small rna bee viruses and the microsporidia, nosema apis and n. ceranae in healthy and collapsing colonies alike with no single pathogen firmly linked to honey bee losses. | 2010 | 20949138 |
| bee venom attenuates neuroinflammatory events and extends survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models. | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) is a disease affecting the central nervous system that is either sporadic or familial origin and causing the death of motor neurons. one of the genetic factors contributing to the etiology of als is mutant sod1 (mtsod1), which induces vulnerability of motor neurons through protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, cytoskeletal abnormalities, defective axonal transport, glutamate excitotoxicity, inadequate growth factor signaling, and neu ... | 2010 | 20950451 |
| effect of bee venom acupuncture on methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, hyperthermia and fos expression in mice. | acupuncture has been used to treat drug addiction by nicotine, alcohol, cocaine and morphine. this study was designed to investigate the effect of bee venom (bv) acupuncture on hyperactivity and hyperthermia induced by acute exposure to methamphetamine (meth, 1mg/kg, s.c.) in mice. diluted bv (20μl of 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10mg/ml in saline, s.c.) was administered bilaterally into the zusanli acupoint (st36) or control points (sp9 or gb39 or tail base). bv injection into st36 dose dependently reduced ... | 2010 | 20950675 |
| enhanced excitatory and reduced inhibitory synaptic transmission contribute to persistent pain-induced neuronal hyper-responsiveness in anterior cingulate cortex. | the anterior cingulate cortex (acc) has been demonstrated to play an important role in the affective dimension of pain. although much evidence has pointed to an increased excitatory synaptic transmission in the acc in some of the pathological pain state, the inhibitory synaptic transmission in this process has not been well studied. also, the overall changes of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission have not been comparatively studied in an animal model displaying both long-term persist ... | 2010 | 20951771 |
| actinomadura apis sp. nov., isolated from a honey bee (apis mellifera) hive in thailand and the reclassification of actinomadura cremea subsp. rifamycini gauze et al. 1987 as actinomadura rifamycini (gauze et al. 1987) sp. nov., comb. nov. | a gram-positive aerobic actinomycete, designated strain im17-1(t), was isolated from a honey bee (apis mellifera) hive collected from chiang mai province, thailand. this strain formed a branched substrate mycelium and the mature aerial mycelium bore short chains of arthrospores with warty surfaces. the cell wall contained meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid (type iii) and the whole cell sugars were fucose, galactose, glucose, madurose, mannose and ribose. the major isoprenoid quinone was hexahydrogenat ... | 2010 | 20952541 |
| effects of honeybee venom supplementation in drinking water on growth performance of broiler chickens. | the effects of water supplementation of bee venom (bv) on performance, antioxidant activity, and liver function in arbor acres broiler chickens were investigated. hence, 3 experimental treatment groups (control, 0.5 mg/l of bv, and 1 mg/l of bv) were allocated to 3 replicates of 5,000 one-day-old chicks each. the control group was kept on tap water, whereas the other 2 groups were supplied water supplemented with 0.5 and 1 mg of bv, respectively, per liter of drinking water. broilers were provid ... | 2010 | 20952702 |
| nosema ceranae, a new parasite in thai honeybees. | adult workers of apis cerana, apis florea and apis mellifera from colonies heavily infected with nosema ceranae were selected for molecular analyses of the parasite. pcr-specific 16s rrna primers were designed, cloned, sequenced and compared to genbank entries. the sequenced products corresponded to n. ceranae. we then infected a. cerana with n. ceranae spores isolated from a. florea workers. newly emerged bees from healthy colonies were fed 10,000, 20,000 and 40,000 spores/bee. there were signi ... | 2010 | 20965196 |
| horizontal transmission of deformed wing virus: pathological consequences in adult bees (apis mellifera) depend on the transmission route. | recent reports on a steady decline of honeybee colonies in several parts of the world caused great concern. there is a consensus that pathogens are among the key players in this alarming demise of the most important commercial pollinator. one of the pathogens heavily implicated in colony losses is deformed wing virus (dwv). overt dwv infections manifested as deformed-wing syndrome started to become a threat to honeybees only in the wake of the ectoparasitic mite varroa destructor, which horizont ... | 2010 | 20965988 |
| genomic survey of the ectoparasitic mite varroa destructor, a major pest of the honey bee apis mellifera. | the ectoparasitic mite varroa destructor has emerged as the primary pest of domestic honey bees (apis mellifera). here we present an initial survey of the v. destructor genome carried out to advance our understanding of varroa biology and to identify new avenues for mite control. this sequence survey provides immediate resources for molecular and population-genetic analyses of varroa-apis interactions and defines the challenges ahead for a comprehensive varroa genome project. | 2010 | 20973996 |
| individualization as driving force of clustering phenomena in humans. | one of the most intriguing dynamics in biological systems is the emergence of clustering, in the sense that individuals self-organize into separate agglomerations in physical or behavioral space. several theories have been developed to explain clustering in, for instance, multi-cellular organisms, ant colonies, bee hives, flocks of birds, schools of fish, and animal herds. a persistent puzzle, however, is the clustering of opinions in human populations, particularly when opinions vary continuous ... | 2010 | 20975937 |
| contagious parthenogenesis, automixis, and a sex determination meltdown. | because of the twofold cost of sex, genes conferring asexual reproduction are expected to spread rapidly in sexual populations. however, in reality this simple prediction is often confounded by several complications observed in natural systems. motivated by recent findings in the cape honey bee and in the parasitoid wasp lysiphlebus fabarum, we explore through mathematical models the spread of a recessive, parthenogenesis inducing allele in a haplodiploid population. the focus of these models is ... | 2010 | 21029077 |
| virological and molecular epidemiological investigations into the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of influenza a/h5n1 in central thailand. | a serological and virological surveillance program to investigate the hpai h5n1 virus in wild bird populations was undertaken from february 2007 to october 2008. the purpose of the survey was to investigate the infection status in free ranging wild birds in banglane district, nakhon pathom province, central thailand. samples from wild birds were collected every two months. choanal and cloacal swabs, serum and tissue samples were collected from 421 birds comprising 44 species. sero-prevalence of ... | 2010 | 21041042 |
| temperature dependent virulence of obligate and facultative fungal pathogens of honeybee brood. | chalkbrood (ascosphaera apis) and stonebrood (aspergillus flavus) are well known fungal brood diseases of honeybees (apis mellifera), but they have hardly been systematically studied because the difficulty of rearing larvae in vitro has precluded controlled experimentation. chalkbrood is a chronic honeybee-specific disease that can persist in colonies for years, reducing both brood and honey production, whereas stonebrood is a rare facultative pathogen that also affects hosts other than honeybee ... | 2010 | 21050682 |
| histamine effect on melanocyte proliferation and vitiliginous keratinocyte survival. | repigmention of vitiligo requires melanocyte proliferation and migration. keratinocytes have been shown to play a role in this process. data from this laboratory showed that bee venom (bv) stimulated melanocyte proliferation and migration as well as melanogenesis. as histamine release is associated with bv, its effect on melanocyte proliferation and migration was examined. cultured normal human melanocytes treated with histamine were studied with and without receptor-specific antagonists or agon ... | 2010 | 21054556 |
| cryptic plasticity underlies a major evolutionary transition. | the origin of eusociality is often regarded as a change of macroevolutionary proportions [1, 2]. its hallmark is a reproductive division of labor between the members of a society: some individuals ("helpers" or "workers") forfeit their own reproduction to rear offspring of others ("queens"). in the hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps), there have been many transitions in both directions between solitary nesting and sociality [2-5]. how have such transitions occurred? one possibility is that multiple ... | 2010 | 21055940 |
| distribution of nosema ceranae in the european honeybee, apis mellifera in japan. | the microsporidian species, nosema apis and nosema ceranae are both known to infect the european honeybee, apis mellifera. nosema disease has a global distribution and is responsible for considerable economic losses among apiculturists. in this study, 336 honeybee samples from 18 different prefectures in japan were examined for the presence of n. apis and n. ceranae using a pcr technique. although n. ceranae was not detected in most of the apiaries surveyed, the parasite was detected at three of ... | 2010 | 21056042 |
| the anti-arthritic effects of synthetic melittin on the complete freund's adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis model in rats. | bee venom (bv) has been used for millennia in chinese traditional medicine to treat rheumatoid arthritis (ra). however, its components and mechanism remain unclear, which has hampered its development and application for the treatment of ra. in this study, we examined the anti-arthritis effects of melittin, which composes nearly 50% of the dry weight of whole bv, on the complete freund's adjuvant-induced (cfa-induced) ra model in rats. the ra animal models were treated with solutions of bv, melit ... | 2010 | 21061459 |
| bee venom reduces atherosclerotic lesion formation via anti-inflammatory mechanism. | the components of bee venom (bv) utilized in the current study were carefully scrutinized with chromatography. despite its well documented anti-inflammatory property, there are no reports regarding the influence of bv on the expression of cellular adhesion molecules in the vascular endothelium. a great amount of information exists concerning the effects of an atherogenic diet on atherosclerotic changes in the aorta, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms and the levels of gene regula ... | 2010 | 21061462 |
| conceptualization of above and below relationships by an insect. | relational rules such as 'same' or 'different' are mastered by humans and non-human primates and are considered as abstract conceptual thinking as they require relational learning beyond perceptual generalization. here, we investigated whether an insect, the honeybee (apis mellifera), can form a conceptual representation of an above/below spatial relationship. in experiment 1, bees were trained with differential conditioning to choose a variable target located above or below a black bar that act ... | 2010 | 21068040 |
| wasp hawking induces endothermic heat production in guard bees. | when vespine wasps, vespa velutina lepeletier (hymenoptera: vespidae), hawk (capture) bees at their nest entrances alerted and poised guards of apis cerana cerana f. and apis mellifera ligustica spinola (hymenoptera: apidae) have average thoracic temperatures slightly above 24° c. many additional worker bees of a. cerana, but not a. mellifera, are recruited to augment the guard bee cohort and begin wing-shimmering and body-rocking, and the average thoracic temperature rises to 29.8 ± 1.6° c. if ... | 2010 | 21073346 |
| probable interaction between warfarin and bee pollen. | a probable interaction between warfarin and honeybee-collected pollen is reported. | 2010 | 21098375 |
| apis cerana japonica discriminates between floral color phases of the oriental orchid, cymbidium floribundum. | foragers of the japanese honeybee (apis cerana japonica) were attracted by flowers of an oriental orchid (cymbidium floribundum) and were observed to carry the pollinia on their scutella. after the removal of pollinia from the flowers, their labial color changed from white to reddish brown. both artificial removal of pollinia and ethrel treatment of the flowers also induced this labial color change. labia in color-changed flowers showed a decreased reflectance of wavelengths less than 670 nm com ... | 2010 | 21110714 |
| antifungal activity of the honeybee products against candida spp. and trichosporon spp. | honeybee products (honey, royal jelly, pollen, and propolis) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of 40 yeast strains of candida albicans, candida glabrata, candida krusei, and trichosporon spp. the broth microdilution method was used to assess the antifungal activity of honeybee products against yeasts. fluconazole was selected as the antifungal control agent. using the broth microdilution method, minimal inhibitory concentration ranges with regard to all isolates were 5-80% ( ... | 2010 | 21128826 |
| genetic polymorphisms and their relationships with inbreeding and breed structure in rare british sheep: the portland, manx loghtan, and hebridean. | 320 sheep of three rare british breeds were typed for blood group and biochemical polymorphism. genetic distance was least between the manx loghtan and hebridean (d = 0.1241, supporting historical evidence of a close relationship between the breeds. distances to the portland breed were 0.144 and 0.186, respectively. the claim that the portland is related to the dorset horn was substantiated by the fact that both breeds possess the i blood group allele. pedigree analysis showed that most rare or ... | 1989 | 21129024 |
| spider, bee, and bird communities in cities are shaped by environmental control and high stochasticity. | spatially organized distribution patterns of species and communities are shaped by both autogenic processes (neutral mechanism theory) and exogenous processes (niche theory). in the latter, environmental variables that are themselves spatially organized induce spatial structure in the response variables. the relative importance of these processes has not yet been investigated in urban habitats. we compared the variance explained by purely spatial, spatially structured environmental, and purely e ... | 2010 | 21141195 |
| [characteristics of three spiroplasma isolates from honeybee (apis mellifera)]. | to investigate the kinds and characteristics of spiroplasma in honeybees, as well as to study the taxonomy and transmission of honeybee spiroplasma under natural conditions. | 2010 | 21141472 |
| human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines are differentially radiosensitised by the honeybee product propolis. | propolis, a product of honeybees, has anti-tumoural, cytotoxic, anti-metastatic and anti-inflammatory properties. the aim of this study was the evaluation of the radiosensitising capacity of propolis in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (hnscc) cells. | 2010 | 21142702 |
| severe lower limb ischemia after bee stings. | bee stings entail allergic reactions that can be severe, sometimes even lethal. these reactions can occur immediately or several days after being stung. in this study, we report a case of severe ischemia of the left lower limb observed in a man, with no medical history, who was stung several times by bees. | 2010 | 21145702 |
| pathological effects of the microsporidium nosema ceranae on honey bee queen physiology (apis mellifera). | nosema ceranae, a microsporidian parasite originally described in the asian honey bee apis cerana, has recently been found to be cross-infective and to also parasitize the european honey bee apis mellifera. since this discovery, many studies have attempted to characterize the impact of this parasite in a. mellifera honey bees. nosema species can infect all colony members, workers, drones and queens, but the pathological effects of this microsporidium has been mainly investigated in workers, desp ... | 2010 | 21156180 |
| dual olfactory pathway in hymenoptera: evolutionary insights from comparative studies. | in the honeybee (apis mellifera) and carpenter ant (camponotus floridanus) the antennal lobe output is connected to higher brain centers by a dual olfactory pathway. two major sets of uniglomerular projection neurons innervate glomeruli from two antennal-lobe hemispheres and project via a medial and a lateral antennal-lobe protocerebral tract in opposite sequence to the mushroom bodies and lateral horn. comparison across insects suggests that the lateral projection neuron tract represents a spec ... | 2010 | 21167312 |
| fred: the floral reflectance database--a web portal for analyses of flower colour. | flower colour is of great importance in various fields relating to floral biology and pollinator behaviour. however, subjective human judgements of flower colour may be inaccurate and are irrelevant to the ecology and vision of the flower's pollinators. for precise, detailed information about the colours of flowers, a full reflectance spectrum for the flower of interest should be used rather than relying on such human assessments. | 2010 | 21170326 |
| evaluation of different glycoforms of honeybee venom major allergen phospholipase a2 (api m 1) produced in insect cells. | allergic reactions to hymenoptera stings are one of the major reasons for ige-mediated anaphylaxis. however, proper diagnosis using venom extracts is severely affected by molecular cross-reactivity. in this study recombinant honeybee venom major allergen phospholipase a2 (api m 1) was produced for the first time in insect cells. using baculovirus infection of different insect cell lines allergen versions providing a varying degree of cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants as well as a non glyc ... | 2011 | 21171948 |
| honeybee (apis mellifera ligustica) drone embryo proteomes. | little attention has been paid to the drone honeybee (apis mellifera ligustica) which is a haploid individual carrying only the set of alleles that it inherits from its mother. molecular mechanisms underlying drone embryogenesis are poorly understood. this study evaluated protein expression profiles of drone embryogenesis at embryonic ages of 24, 48 and 72h. more than 100 reproducible proteins were analyzed by mass spectrometry on 2d electrophoresis gels. sixty-two proteins were significantly ch ... | 2010 | 21172355 |
| a simple and distinctive microbiota associated with honey bees and bumble bees. | specialized relationships with bacteria often allow animals to exploit a new diet by providing a novel set of metabolic capabilities. bees are a monophyletic group of hymenoptera that transitioned to a completely herbivorous diet from the carnivorous diet of their wasp ancestors. recent culture-independent studies suggest that a set of distinctive bacterial species inhabits the gut of the honey bee, apis mellifera. here we survey the gut microbiotae of diverse bee and wasp species to test whethe ... | 2010 | 21175905 |
| discrimination between the regioisomeric 1,2- and 1,3-diacylglycerophosphocholines by phospholipases. | the artificial 1,3-diacyl-glycero-2-phosphocholines (1,3-pcs), which form similar aggregate structures as the naturally occurring 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines (1,2-pcs), were tested as substrates for different classes of phospholipases such as phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) from porcine pancreas, bee and snake venom, and arabidopsis thaliana, phospholipase c (plc) from bacillus cereus, and phospholipase d (pld) from cabbage and streptomyces species. the regioisomers of the natural phosph ... | 2010 | 21195068 |
| patterns of widespread decline in north american bumble bees. | bumble bees (bombus) are vitally important pollinators of wild plants and agricultural crops worldwide. fragmentary observations, however, have suggested population declines in several north american species. despite rising concern over these observations in the united states, highlighted in a recent national academy of sciences report, a national assessment of the geographic scope and possible causal factors of bumble bee decline is lacking. here, we report results of a 3-y interdisciplinary st ... | 2011 | 21199943 |
| large-scale field application of rnai technology reducing israeli acute paralysis virus disease in honey bees (apis mellifera, hymenoptera: apidae). | the importance of honey bees to the world economy far surpasses their contribution in terms of honey production; they are responsible for up to 30% of the world's food production through pollination of crops. since fall 2006, honey bees in the u.s. have faced a serious population decline, due in part to a phenomenon called colony collapse disorder (ccd), which is a disease syndrome that is likely caused by several factors. data from an initial study in which investigators compared pathogens in h ... | 2010 | 21203478 |
| rna viruses in hymenopteran pollinators: evidence of inter-taxa virus transmission via pollen and potential impact on non-apis hymenopteran species. | although overall pollinator populations have declined over the last couple of decades, the honey bee (apis mellifera) malady, colony collapse disorder (ccd), has caused major concern in the agricultural community. among honey bee pathogens, rna viruses are emerging as a serious threat and are suspected as major contributors to ccd. recent detection of these viral species in bumble bees suggests a possible wider environmental spread of these viruses with potential broader impact. it is therefore ... | 2010 | 21203504 |
| in vitro biphasic effect of honey bee venom on basophils from screened healthy blood donors. | apis mellifera l. bee venom is the most studied hymenoptera allergen, but many aspects of its action on human basophils remain unclear. allergologists seek evidence of the effectiveness of bee venom immunotherapy as this approach is the chosen treatment for systemic allergic reactions. the effect of bee venom on human basophils in vitro has not been studied in detail for many reasons, including the paucity of basophils in peripheral blood, inter-individual basophil response variability, and the ... | 2010 | 21217927 |
| [binding of tylosin, tilmicosin and oxytetracycline to proteins from honeybees, larvae and beehive products]. | american foulbrood (afb) caused by the spore-forming bacterium paenibacillus larvae is the most serious disease of bacterial origin affecting larvae and pupae of honeybees. antibiotics are used in many countries for the control of afb in high incidence areas, but their misuse may lead to antibiotic resistance of bacterial strains and honey contamination. the objective of the present work was to determine, through a biological method, the protein binding of tylosin, tilmicosin and oxytetracycline ... | 2010 | 21229198 |
| abnormal mitochondrial cristae were experimentally generated by high doses of apis mellifera venom in the rat adrenal cortex. | in the present study, apis mellifera venom (amv) was tested for its ability to cause ultrastructural changes in mitochondria of rat adrenal cortex in vivo. in order to achieve this goal, different amv treatments were performed and the effects were quantified on transmission electron micrographs. in a first experimental group, amv injected for 30 days in low daily doses (700 μg/kg) generated important ultrastructural changes in zona fasciculata. the mitochondrial ultrastructure was not affected, ... | 2010 | 21247771 |
| [rt-pcr detection of deformed wing virus in the honey bee apis mellifera l. in the moscow region]. | deformed wing virus (dwv) was first detected in the honey bee apis mellifera by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pct) in the moscow region. molecular phylogenetic analysis of the detected nucleotide sequence of the virus fragment vp2-vp1 of dwv demonstrated that the russian virus sequence is united in the common cluster with all earlier revealed nucleotide sequences of dwv in the genbank worldwide, which confirms the previous conclusions that this virus has recently distribute ... | 2010 | 21260995 |
| caffeic acid phenethyl ester inhibits pdgf-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells via activation of p38 mapk, hif-1a, and heme oxygenase-1. | hyperproliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs) is critically involved in the onset of atherosclerosis and restenosis. although caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape, 1), one of the main constituents of honeybee propolis, has been shown to exert a beneficial effect in models of vascular injury in vivo, detailed mechanistic investigations in vascular cells are scarce. this study has examined the antiproliferative activity of 1 in platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf)-stimulated primary ra ... | 2011 | 21265554 |
| molecular cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of an estrogen receptor-related receptor homologue in the cricket, teleogryllus emma. | the estrogen receptor-related receptors (errs) are a group of nuclear receptors that were originally identified on the basis of sequence similarity to estrogen receptors. the three mammalian err genes have been implicated in diverse physiological processes ranging from placental development to maintenance of bone density, but the function and regulation of errs in invertebrates are not well understood. a homologue of human err was isolated from the cricket teleogryllus emma (ohmachi and matsumur ... | 2010 | 21265615 |
| bee venom reduces neuroinflammation in the mptp-induced model of parkinson's disease. | this study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of bee venom (bv) in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp)-induced mouse model of parkinson's disease (pd). | 2011 | 21265705 |
| expression and function of c5a receptor in a fatal anaphylaxis after honey bee sting. | the mechanisms leading to death from anaphylaxis after insect sting involve antigen cross-linkage of antibody molecules that activate immunoglobulin receptors on inflammatory cells. the aim of our study was to investigate the pathomorphology and the expression of c5ar in fatal anaphylaxis in a patient after a fatal insect sting. a 38-year-old women was stung by a honeybee. c5r1 expression was detected in many dilated capillaries in the lungs. pulmonary epithelial cells did not bind the monoclona ... | 2011 | 21265844 |
| pollination of adenocalymma bracteatum (bignoniaceae): floral biology and visitors. | adenocalymma bracteatum is a shrub of dense foliage and yellow flowers, easily found on grasslands areas in central brazil. the aim of this study was to determine the reproductive biology and the flower visitors of a. bracteatum in a pasture area nearby ivinhema city, ms (brazil). the flowering peak occurs in winter. the flower reflects ultraviolet light. anthesis begins at 6:30h, and pollen and nectar are the resources to visitors. we captured 1,038 floral visitors. the bees apis mellifera (l.) ... | 2010 | 21271062 |
| draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive argentine ant (linepithema humile). | ants are some of the most abundant and familiar animals on earth, and they play vital roles in most terrestrial ecosystems. although all ants are eusocial, and display a variety of complex and fascinating behaviors, few genomic resources exist for them. here, we report the draft genome sequence of a particularly widespread and well-studied species, the invasive argentine ant (linepithema humile), which was accomplished using a combination of 454 (roche) and illumina sequencing and community-base ... | 2011 | 21282631 |
| gradual disintegration of the floral symmetry gene network is implicated in the evolution of a wind-pollination syndrome. | angiosperms exhibit staggering diversity in floral form, and evolution of floral morphology is often correlated with changes in pollination syndrome. the showy, bilaterally symmetrical flowers of the model species antirrhinum majus (plantaginaceae) are highly specialized for bee pollination. in a. majus, cycloidea (cyc), dichotoma (dich), radialis (rad), and divaricata (div) specify the development of floral bilateral symmetry. however, it is unclear to what extent evolution of these genes has r ... | 2011 | 21282634 |
| draft genome of the red harvester ant pogonomyrmex barbatus. | we report the draft genome sequence of the red harvester ant, pogonomyrmex barbatus. the genome was sequenced using 454 pyrosequencing, and the current assembly and annotation were completed in less than 1 y. analyses of conserved gene groups (more than 1,200 manually annotated genes to date) suggest a high-quality assembly and annotation comparable to recently sequenced insect genomes using sanger sequencing. the red harvester ant is a model for studying reproductive division of labor, phenotyp ... | 2011 | 21282651 |
| viruses associated with ovarian degeneration in apis mellifera l. queens. | queen fecundity is a critical issue for the health of honeybee (apis mellifera l.) colonies, as she is the only reproductive female in the colony and responsible for the constant renewal of the worker bee population. any factor affecting the queen's fecundity will stagnate colony development, increasing its susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens. we discovered a pathology affecting the ovaries, characterized by a yellow discoloration concentrated in the apex of the ovaries resulting from dege ... | 2011 | 21283547 |
| stereoscopic motion analysis in densely packed clusters: 3d analysis of the shimmering behaviour in giant honey bees. | | 2011 | 21303539 |
| overview of pesticide residues in stored pollen and their potential effect on bee colony (apis mellifera) losses in spain. | in the last decade, an increase in honey bee (apis mellifera l.) colony losses has been reported in several countries. the causes of this decline are still not clear. this study was set out to evaluate the pesticide residues in stored pollen from honey bee colonies and their possible impact on honey bee losses in spain. in total, 1,021 professional apiaries were randomly selected. all pollen samples were subjected to multiresidue analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (ms) and liquid c ... | 2010 | 21309214 |
| facilitative production of an antimicrobial peptide royalisin and its antibody via an artificial oil-body system. | royalisin found in the royal jelly of apis mellifera is an antimicrobial peptide (amp). it has a molecular weight of 5.5 kda, which contains six cysteine residues. in this study, royalisin was overexpressed in escherichia coli ad494 (de3) as two oleosin-fusion proteins for preparation of its antibodies and functional purification. the recombinant royalisin, fused with oleosin central hydrophobic domain in both n- and c-termini, was reconstituted with triacylglycerol and phospholipids to form art ... | 2010 | 21312363 |
| 100 years of hyposensitization: history of allergen-specific immunotherapy (asit). | hundred years ago, leonhard noon and john freeman published their pioneering works on allergen-specific immunotherapy (asit) using grass pollen extracts. to honor their contribution to the development of asit as the only causal treatment of ige-mediated allergies, we review the history of asit that started with the anecdotal descriptions of asit performed by the ancient king mithridates (132-63 b.c.) and jenner's development of a cowpox vaccine. following noon's and freeman's first controlled hu ... | 2011 | 21320133 |
| metalloprotease production by paenibacillus larvae during the infection of honeybee larvae. | american foulbrood is a bacterial disease of worldwide distribution that affects larvae of the honeybee apis mellifera. the causative agent is the gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium paenibacillus larvae. several authors have proposed that p. larvae secretes metalloproteases that are involved in the larval degradation that occurs after infection. the aim of the present work was to evaluate the production of a metalloprotease by p. larvae during larval infection. first, the complete gene encod ... | 2011 | 21330433 |
| effects induced by apis mellifera venom and its components in experimental models of nociceptive and inflammatory pain. | the effects induced by apis mellifera venom (amv), melittin-free amv, fraction with molecular mass < 10 kda (f<10) or melittin in nociceptive and inflammatory pain models in mice were investigated. subcutaneous administration of amv (2, 4 or 6 mg/kg) or melittin-free amv (1, 2 or 4 mg/kg) into the dorsum of mice inhibited both phases of formaldehyde-induced nociception. however, f<10 (2, 4 or 6 mg/kg) or melittin (2 or 3 mg/kg) inhibited only the second phase. amv (4 or 6 mg/kg), but not f<10, m ... | 2011 | 21333665 |
| gangliosides inhibit bee venom melittin cytotoxicity but not phospholipase a(2)-induced degranulation in mast cells. | sting accident by honeybee causes severe pain, inflammation and allergic reaction through ige-mediated anaphylaxis. in addition to this hypersensitivity, an anaphylactoid reaction occurs by toxic effects even in a non-allergic person via cytolysis followed by similar clinical manifestations. auto-injectable epinephrine might be effective for bee stings, but cannot inhibit mast cell lysis and degranulation by venom toxins. we used connective tissue type canine mast cell line (cm-mc) for finding a ... | 2011 | 21334356 |
| prevalence and infection intensity of nosema in honey bee (apis mellifera l.) colonies in virginia. | nosema ceranae is a recently described pathogen of apis mellifera and apis cerana. relatively little is known about the distribution or prevalence of n. ceranae in the united states. to determine the prevalence and potential impact of this new pathogen on honey bee colonies in virginia, over 300 hives were sampled across the state. the samples were analyzed microscopically for nosema spores and for the presence of the pathogen using real-time pcr. our studies indicate that n. ceranae is the domi ... | 2011 | 21345338 |
| the analysis of hymenoptera hypersensitive patients in ankara, turkey. | background: although there are some published data about the prevalence of honeybee and vespid venom allergy from turkey, there has been no report about hymenoptera venom immunotherapy practice. our aim was to determine the characteristics of hymenoptera venom hypersensitivity and venom immunotherapy practice in ankara, turkey. methods: demographic and clinical data, intradermal test, and serum specific ige results of 65 hymenoptera venom allergic patients who were followed up in our department ... | 2011 | 21345577 |
| electrophysiological and structural aspects in the frontal cortex after the bee (apis mellifera) venom experimental treatment. | the aim of this study is to evaluate the bioelectrical and structural-functional changes in frontal cortex after the bee venom (bv) experimental treatments simulating both an acute envenomation and a subchronic bv therapy. wistar rats were subcutaneously injected once with three different bv doses: 700 µg/kg (t(1) group), 2100 µg/kg (t(3) group), and 62 mg/kg (sublethal dose-in t(sl) group), and repeated for 30 days with the lowest dose (700 µg/kg-in t(s) group). bv effects were assessed by elec ... | 2011 | 21359542 |