| evolution of trnas and trna genes in acholeplasma laidlawii. | the genes for 22 trna species from acholeplasma laidawii, belonging to the class mollicutes (mycoplasmas), have been cloned and sequenced. sixteen genes are organized in 3 clusters consisting of eleven, three and two trna genes, respectively, and the other 6 genes exist as a single gene. the arrangement of trna genes in the 11-gene, the 3-gene and the 2-gene clusters reveals extensive similarity to several parts of the 21-trna or 16-trna gene cluster in bacillus subtilis. the 11-gene cluster is ... | 1991 | 1722304 |
| structure and evolution of ribonuclease p rna. | eubacterial rnase p contains a catalytic rna that cleaves 5' leader sequences from precursor trnas. we review the current understanding of rnase p rna structure and evolution, from the perspective of phylogenetic comparative analysis. | 1991 | 1722425 |
| [the inhibition of transcription in bacillus subtilis during repression by a secreted enzyme of its own synthesis]. | | 1991 | 1722711 |
| regulation of levels of purine biosynthetic enzymes in bacillus subtilis: effects of changing purine nucleotide pools. | the genes encoding the enzymes of imp biosynthesis in bacillus subtilis constitute the pur operon, whereas the genes encoding gmp biosynthetic enzymes, guaa (gmp synthetase) and guab (imp dehydrogenase), and the pura gene encoding adenylosuccinate (samp) synthetase all occur as single units. the purb gene encodes an enzyme involved in both imp and amp biosynthesis and is located in the pur operon. the levels of purine biosynthetic enzymes (except for gmp synthetase) were repressed in cells grown ... | 1991 | 1722815 |
| genotoxicity of beryllium, gallium and antimony in short-term assays. | the genotoxicity of beryllium, gallium and antimony compounds was studied with the rec, salmonella mutagenicity and sce assays. in the rec assay, all the salts of the metals, becl2, be(no3)2, gacl3, ga(no3)3, sbcl3, sbcl5, and an oxide, sb2o3, had dna-damaging activity. none of the compounds was mutagenic to salmonella. in the sce assays using v79 cells, 2 antimony(iii) compounds, sbcl3 and sb2o3, and 2 beryllium compounds, becl2 and be(no3)2, induced sces significantly. sb2o3, slightly soluble ... | 1991 | 1723493 |
| molecular basis of tetracycline action: identification of analogs whose primary target is not the bacterial ribosome. | tetracycline analogs fell into two classes on the basis of their mode of action. tetracycline, chlortetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline, and 6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline inhibited cell-free translation directed by either escherichia coli or bacillus subtilis extracts. a second class of analogs tested, including chelocardin, anhydrotetracycline, 6-thiatetracycline, anhydrochlortetracycline, and 4-epi-anhydrochlortetracycline, failed to inhibit protein synthesis in vitro or were very poor inh ... | 1991 | 1725100 |
| escherichia coli purb gene: cloning, nucleotide sequence, and regulation by purr. | escherichia coli purb encodes adenylosuccinate lyase (asl), the enzyme that catalyzes step 8 in the pathway for de novo synthesis of imp and also the final reaction in the two-step sequence from imp to amp. gene purb was cloned and found to encode an asl protein of 435 amino acids having a calculated molecular weight of 49,225. e. coli asl is homologous to the corresponding enzymes from bacillus subtilis and chickens and also to fumarase from b. subtilis. gene phop is 232 bp downstream of purb. ... | 1992 | 1729205 |
| distribution of an l-isoaspartyl protein methyltransferase in eubacteria. | a protein carboxyl methyltransferase (ec 2.1.1.77) that recognizes age-damaged proteins for potential repair or degradation reactions has been found in all vertebrate tissues and cells examined to date. this enzyme catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups from s-adenosylmethionine to the carboxyl groups of d-aspartyl or l-isoaspartyl residues that are formed spontaneously from normal l-aspartyl and l-asparaginyl residues. a similar methyltransferase has been found in two bacterial species, escher ... | 1992 | 1729230 |
| temporal expression of a membrane-associated protein putatively involved in repression of initiation of dna replication in bacillus subtilis. | a bacillus subtilis membrane-associated protein that binds specifically to the origin region of dna replication may act as an inhibitor of dna replication (j. laffan and w. firshein, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 85:7452-7456, 1988). this protein, originally estimated to be 64 kda, had a slightly lower molecular size (57 kda), as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis during these studies. the size difference may be due to processing that results in modification of ... | 1992 | 1729239 |
| characterization of spoiva, a sporulation gene involved in coat morphogenesis in bacillus subtilis. | we report the cloning and characterization of the bacillus subtilis sporulation locus spoiva, mutations at which cause an unusual defect in spore formation in which the coat misassembles as swirls within the mother cell. we show that spoiva is a single gene of 492 codons that is capable of encoding a polypeptide of 55 kda. transcription of spoiva is induced at about the second hour of sporulation by the regulatory protein sigma e from two closely spaced promoters designated p1 and p2. experiment ... | 1992 | 1729246 |
| characterization of a sporulation gene, spoiva, involved in spore coat morphogenesis in bacillus subtilis. | mutations in the spoiva locus of bacillus subtilis abolish cortex synthesis and interfere with the synthesis and assembly of the spore coat. we have characterized the cloned spoiva locus in terms of its physical structure and regulation during sporulation. the locus contains a single gene capable of encoding an acidic protein of 492 amino acids (molecular weight, 55,174). the gene is transcribed from a sigma e-dependent promoter soon after the formation of the spore septum. a genetic test indica ... | 1992 | 1729247 |
| synthesis of beta-hydroxy fatty acids and beta-amino fatty acids by the strains of bacillus subtilis producing iturinic antibiotics. | the iturinic antibiotics, which contain long chain beta-amino acids, are produced by bacillus subtilis. screening these strains for the presence of a possible precursor of the iturinic antibiotics, we isolated a lipopeptide containing beta-hydroxy fatty acids. the structure of this compound was studied and it appears to be identical or structurally very similar to surfactin. the carbon chain of its beta-hydroxy fatty acids was n c16, iso c16, iso c15 or anteiso c15. the percentages of each beta- ... | 1992 | 1730046 |
| effects of growth factors, hormones, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, and lipotechoic acids on the clonal growth of normal ureteral epithelial cells in serum-free culture. | in vitro tissue culture techniques were employed to study the effects of bacterial endotoxins on the growth of normal epithelial cells from the human ureter (nhu). primary cultures of nhu cells were initiated from explant outgrowth cultures of human ureteral tissue and cultured on collagen gel in f-12* medium containing 1% fetal calf serum (fcs). optimal clonal growth of secondary cultures of nhu cells seeded at relatively low seeding cell densities, directly on plastic dishes, was achieved in f ... | 1992 | 1730786 |
| characterization of the bacillus subtilis sporulation gene spovk. | the sporulation gene spovk of bacillus subtilis was cloned by use of the insertional mutation spovk::tn917 omega hu8. the spovk gene was shown to be the site of an incorrectly mapped mutation called spovj517. thus, a separate spovj gene as defined by the 517 mutation does not exist and is instead identical with spovk. | 1992 | 1732196 |
| characterization of a regulatory network that controls sigma b expression in bacillus subtilis. | the sigb operon of bacillus subtilis encodes sigma b and three additional open reading frames (orfv, orfw, and orfx). having previously mapped several mutations that alter the induction pattern of a sigma b-dependent promoter (ctc) to regions of cloned b. subtilis dna which contain these three open reading frames, we directly tested the regulatory potential of orfv, orfw, and orfx by creating null alleles of each of these genes and examining the effects of the mutations, either singly or in pair ... | 1992 | 1732211 |
| nucleotide sequences of the arb genes, which control beta-glucoside utilization in erwinia chrysanthemi: comparison with the escherichia coli bgl operon and evidence for a new beta-glycohydrolase family including enzymes from eubacteria, archeabacteria, and humans. | the phytopathogenic bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi, unlike other members of the family enterobacteriaceae, is able to metabolize the beta-glucosides, arbutin, and salicin. a previous genetic analysis of the e. chrysanthemi arb genes, which mediate beta-glucoside metabolism, suggested that they were homologous to the escherichia coli k-12 bgl genes. we have now determined the nucleotide sequence of a 5,065-bp dna fragment containing three genes, arbg, arbf, and arbb. deletion analysis, expression ... | 1992 | 1732212 |
| cloning and dna sequence of a mycoplasmal reca gene. | mycoplasmas are wall-less prokaryotes phylogenetically related to gram-positive bacteria. in order to investigate dna recombination in these organisms, we have cloned the reca gene from the mycoplasma acholeplasma laidlawii. dna sequence data indicate extensive homology between the a. laidlawii reca gene and reca genes from other bacteria, particularly bacillus subtilis. the reca sequences from three a. laidlawii strains (strains ja1, k2, and 8195) were compared, and surprisingly, the gene from ... | 1992 | 1732213 |
| properties of bacillus megaterium and bacillus subtilis mutants which lack the protease that degrades small, acid-soluble proteins during spore germination. | during germination of spores of bacillus species the degradation of the spore's pool of small, acid-soluble proteins (sasp) is initiated by a protease termed gpr, the product of the gpr gene. bacillus megaterium and b. subtilis mutants with an inactivated gpr gene grew, sporulated, and triggered spore germination as did gpr+ strains. however, sasp degradation was very slow during germination of gpr mutant spores, and in rich media the time taken for spores to return to vegetative growth (defined ... | 1992 | 1732215 |
| low resolution solution structure of the bacillus subtilis glucose permease iia domain derived from heteronuclear three-dimensional nmr spectroscopy. | a low resolution solution structure of the iia domain of the bacillus subtilis phosphoenolpyruvate-sugar phosphotransferase system (pts) glucose permease has been determined using 945 inter-residue and 724 intra-residue distance constraints derived from three-dimensional 15n and 13c edited noesy spectra. a total of 15 structures was generated using distance geometry calculations. the protein is comprised of 13 beta-strands forming an antiparallel beta-barrel. the average backbone atomic rms devi ... | 1992 | 1733770 |
| cyclohexadienyl dehydratase from pseudomonas aeruginosa. molecular cloning of the gene and characterization of the gene product. | the gene encoding cyclohexadienyl dehydratase (denoted phec) was cloned from pseudomonas aeruginosa by functional complementation of a phea auxotroph of escherichia coli. the gene was highly expressed in e. coli due to the use of the high-copy number vector puc18. the p. aeruginosa cyclohexadienyl dehydratase expressed in e. coli was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. the latter enzyme exhibited identical physical and biochemical properties as those obtained for cyclohexadienyl dehydratase ... | 1992 | 1733946 |
| chromosome transfer in rhodobacter sphaeroides: hfr formation and genetic evidence for two unique circular chromosomes. | a 600-bp orit-containing dna fragment from the rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 s factor (orits) (a. suwanto and s. kaplan, j. bacteriol. 174:1124-1134, 1992) was shown to promote polarized chromosomal transfer when provided in cis. a kmr-orits-sacr-sacb (kts) dna cassette was constructed by inserting orits-sacr-sacb into a putmini-tn5 km1 derivative. with this delivery system, kts appeared to be randomly inserted into the genome of r. sphaeroides, generating mutant strains which also gained the ab ... | 1992 | 1735708 |
| transcriptional activation of the listeria monocytogenes hemolysin gene in bacillus subtilis. | the prfa gene of listeria monocytogenes was recently reported to be required for expression of hly, which encodes a pore-forming hemolysin essential for pathogenicity (m. leimeister-wachter, c. haffner, e. domann, w. goebel, and t. chakraborty, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 87:8336-8340, 1990). we demonstrate here that a hly-lacz fusion introduced into bacillus subtilis is strongly activated when the prfa gene product is supplied in trans under the control of an isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranosi ... | 1992 | 1735720 |
| analysis of the bacillus subtilis tyrs gene: conservation of a regulatory sequence in multiple trna synthetase genes. | the bacillus subtilis tyrs gene, which encodes tyrosyl-trna synthetase (tyrts), was isolated, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. the cloned gene was shown to complement an escherichia coli tyrs (ts) mutant. the predicted amino acid sequence exhibited 70% identity to that of bacillus stearothermophilus tyrts and 55% identity to that of e. coli tyrts, while identity to a second cryptic b. subtilis tyrts gene, designated tyrz, was only 27%. primer extension analysis indicated that tyrs tra ... | 1992 | 1735721 |
| identification and analysis of the genes coding for the putative pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex in acholeplasma laidlawii. | a monospecific antibody recognizing two membrane proteins in acholeplasma laidlawii identified a plasmid clone from a genomic library. the nucleotide sequence of the 4.6-kbp insert contained four sequential genes coding for proteins of 39 kda (e1 alpha, n terminus not cloned), 36 kda (e1 beta), 57 kda (e2), and 36 kda (e3; c terminus not cloned). the n termini of the cloned e2, e1 beta, and native a. laidlawii e2 proteins were verified by amino acid sequencing. computer-aided searches showed tha ... | 1992 | 1735725 |
| cloning and sequencing of the gene coding for alcohol dehydrogenase of bacillus stearothermophilus and rational shift of the optimum ph. | using bacillus subtilis as a host and ptb524 as a vector plasmid, we cloned the thermostable alcohol dehydrogenase (adh-t) gene (adht) from bacillus stearothermophilus nca1503 and determined its nucleotide sequence. the deduced amino acid sequence (337 amino acids) was compared with the sequences of adhs from four different origins. the amino acid residues responsible for the catalytic activity of horse liver adh had been clarified on the basis of three-dimensional structure. since those catalyt ... | 1992 | 1735726 |
| the subtilin gene of bacillus subtilis atcc 6633 is encoded in an operon that contains a homolog of the hemolysin b transport protein. | sequence analysis upstream from the subtilin structural gene (spas) in bacillus subtilis atcc 6633 revealed several open reading frames, spab, spac, and spad. spab, consisting of 599 amino acid residues, shows excellent homology with a variety of membrane translocator proteins, such as hlyb from escherichia coli and some mammalian multidrug resistance proteins. when the spab gene was interrupted by integration of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, the ability of the cell to produce subtil ... | 1992 | 1735728 |
| electrophoretic heterogeneity of ribosomal protein at-l30 among actinomycete genera. | the ribosomal proteins from 17 type strains of species belonging to various actinomycete genera were compared by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. i detected a striking variability among certain ribosomal proteins (designated at-l30 proteins) with respect to electrophoretic mobility in the first dimension. in contrast, such variability was not observed among ribosomal l30 proteins from other bacteria, such as escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and stap ... | 1992 | 1736962 |
| subtilisin from bacillus subtilis strain 72. the influence of substrate structure, temperature and ph on catalytic properties. | kinetic constants for the hydrolysis of the series of p-nitroanilide peptide substrates catalyzed by subtilisin from bacillus subtilis strain 72 have been determined. the series of n-protected p-nitroanilides of the z-a2-a1-pna, z-a3-a2-a1-pna, z-a4-a3-a2-a1-pna types (z-, benzyloxycarbonyl-1; -pna, p-nitroanilide; a1-an, amino acid residues of the l-configuration) have been used. subsite s1 reveals a preference for hydrophobic amino acid residues, i.e., leucine and phenylalanine. a preference f ... | 1992 | 1737049 |
| bacillus subtilis chemotaxis: a deviation from the escherichia coli paradigm. | in escherichia coli, chemotactic sensory transduction is believed to involve phosphoryl transfer for excitation, and changes in receptor methylation for adaptation. in bacillus subtilis, changes in degree of receptor methylation do not bring about adaptation. novel methylation reactions are believed to be involved in excitation in b. subtilis. the main chemotaxis proteins of e. coli--chea, cheb, cher, chew and chey--are present in b. subtilis but play somewhat different roles in the two organism ... | 1992 | 1738311 |
| spba locus ensures the segregational stability of pth1030, a novel type of gram-positive replicon. | the replication region of the plasmid pht1030 of bacillus thuringiensis was previously mapped to a 2.9 kb dna fragment. the dna sequence was analysed and it was shown that the minimal replicon resides within a 1 kb fragment of dna carrying no potential protein coding sequence. moreover, no production of single-stranded dna intermediates was detected in the plasmid-containing cells. pht1030 therefore belongs to a class of replicons not previously described in gram-positive bacteria. examination o ... | 1992 | 1738313 |
| control of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in bacillus subtilis. | | 1991 | 1741612 |
| site-directed mutagenesis and nmr spectroscopic approaches to the elucidation of the structure-function relationships in translation initiation factors if1 and if3. | | 1991 | 1742345 |
| suppression of defective-sporulation phenotypes by mutations in transcription factor genes of bacillus subtilis. | mutations in the bacillus subtilis major rna polymerase sigma factor gene (rpod/crsa47) and a sensory receiver gene (spooa/rvta11) are potent intergenic suppressors of several stage 0 sporulation mutations (spoob, oe, of & ok). we show here that these suppressors also rescue temperature-sensitive sporulation phenotypes (spots) caused by mutations in rna polymerase, ribosomal protein, and protein synthesis elongation factor ef-g genes. the effects of the crsa and rvta suppressors on rna polymeras ... | 1991 | 1742359 |
| a c-terminal deletion in corynebacterium glutamicum homoserine dehydrogenase abolishes allosteric inhibition by l-threonine. | in escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis and corynebacterium glutamicum, homoserine dehydrogenase (hd), the enzyme after the branch point of the threonine/methionine and lysine biosynthetic pathways, is allosterically inhibited by l-threonine. to investigate the regulation of the c. glutamicum hd enzyme by l-threonine, the structural gene, hom, was mutated by uv irradiation of whole cells to obtain a deregulated allele, homdr. l-threonine inhibits the wild-type (wt) enzyme with a ki of 0.16 mm. th ... | 1991 | 1743520 |
| synthesis and fractionation properties of spoiiga, a protein essential for pro-sigma e processing in bacillus subtilis. | sigma e, a major sporulation-specific sigma factor of bacillus subtilis, is derived from an inactive precursor protein (pro-sigma e). the formation of sigma e from pro-sigma e requires the products of several stage ii genes, including spoiiga, a gene that is cotranscribed with the pro-sigma e coding region (spoiigb, or sige). spoiiga has been hypothesized to be both a membrane-bound protein and the protease which converts pro-sigma e into sigma e. to learn more of its properties, we joined the e ... | 1991 | 1744037 |
| genetic evidence for interaction of sigma e with the spoiiid promoter in bacillus subtilis. | during sporulation in bacillus subtilis, new rna polymerase sigma factors are produced. these sigma factors direct the transcription of genes that are required for this cellular differentiation. in order to determine the role of each sigma factor in this process, it is necessary to know which promoters are recognized by each sigma factor. the spoiiid gene product plays an important role in the establishment of mother cell-specific gene expression during sporulation. we found that substitution of ... | 1991 | 1744038 |
| molecular analysis of bacillus subtilis ada mutants deficient in the adaptive response to simple alkylating agents. | previously, we isolated and characterized six bacillus subtilis ada mutants that were hypersensitive to methylnitroso compounds and deficient in the adaptive response to alkylation. cloning of the dna complementing the defects revealed the presence of an ada operon consisting of two tandem and partially overlapping genes, adaa and adab. the two genes encoded proteins with methylphosphotriester-dna methyltransferase and o6-methylguanine-dna methyltransferase activities, respectively. to locate th ... | 1991 | 1744039 |
| cloning and nucleotide sequencing of a novel 7 beta-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporanic acid acylase gene of bacillus laterosporus and its expression in escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis. | a strain of bacillus species which produced an enzyme named glutaryl 7-aca acylase which converts 7 beta-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporanic acid (glutaryl 7-aca) to 7-amino cephalosporanic acid (7-aca) was isolated from soil. the gene for the glutaryl 7-aca acylase was cloned with phsg298 in escherichia coli jm109, and the nucleotide sequence was determined by the m13 dideoxy chain termination method. the dna sequence revealed only one large open reading frame composed of 1,902 bp correspondin ... | 1991 | 1744041 |
| genetic method to identify regulons controlled by nonessential elements: isolation of a gene dependent on alternate transcription factor sigma b of bacillus subtilis. | we describe a general, in vivo method for identifying bacillus subtilis genes controlled by specific, nonessential regulatory factors. we establish the use of this approach by identifying, isolating, and characterizing a gene dependent on sigma b, an alternate transcription factor which is found early in stationary phase but which is not essential for sporulation. the method relies on two features: (i) a plate transformation technique to introduce a null mutation into the regulatory gene of inte ... | 1991 | 1744042 |
| effect of chromosome location of bacillus subtilis forespore genes on their spo gene dependence and transcription by e sigma f: identification of features of good e sigma f-dependent promoters. | translational lacz fusions to forespore genes of bacillus subtilis were not expressed in spoiiac (sigma f) or spoiiie mutants when the lacz fusions were integrated at the loci of the same genes or at the sp beta locus. however, some of these genes, including gera, gpr, spoiiig (sigma g), and sspe, were expressed in spoiiie mutants and spoiiie spoiiig double mutants (but not in spoiiac mutants) when the lacz fusions were integrated at the amye locus. when tested, the beta-galactosidase made in th ... | 1991 | 1744043 |
| the bacteriocin lactococcin a specifically increases permeability of lactococcal cytoplasmic membranes in a voltage-independent, protein-mediated manner. | lactococcin a is a bacteriocin produced by lactococcus lactis. its structural gene has recently been cloned and sequenced (m. j. van belkum, b. j. hayema, r. e. jeeninga, j. kok, and g. venema, appl. environ. microbiol. 57:492-498, 1991). purified lactococcin a increased the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane of l. lactis and dissipated the membrane potential. a significantly higher concentration of lactococcin a was needed to dissipate the membrane potential in an immune strain of l. lact ... | 1991 | 1744049 |
| cloning, characterization, and expression of the spovb gene of bacillus subtilis. | mutation of the spovb gene in bacillus subtilis causes the production of spores containing a defective cortex and unable to acquire heat resistance. the spovb locus is highly linked to another spo locus, spoiiif, characterized by a single mutation (i. l. lamont and j. mandelstam, j. gen. microbiol. 130:1253-1261, 1984). a 18-kb dna region overlapping the spoiiif-spovb region was cloned in successive steps starting from a tn917 insertion in the nic locus. the exact location of the spoiiif and spo ... | 1991 | 1744050 |
| [photodamage of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cells in the presence of chlorin e6 derivatives]. | the kinetics of photoinduced damage sensitized by chlorine e6 and its derivatives was studied in escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis. the effectiveness of e. coli photoinactivation in the presence of chlorines was 100-200 times lower as compared with that of b. subtilis. the structural organisation of bacterial cell walls apparently played an essential role in the penetration of tetrapyrrole pigments into the cell and in their binding. | 1991 | 1745143 |
| molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the glycogen branching enzyme gene (glgb) from bacillus stearothermophilus and expression in escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis. | the structural gene for the bacillus stearothermophilus glycogen branching enzyme (glgb) was cloned in escherichia coli. nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a 1917 nucleotide open reading frame (orf) encoding a protein with an mr of 74787 showing extensive similarity to other bacterial branching enzymes, but with a shorter n-terminal region. a second orf of 951 nucleotides encoding a 36971 da protein started upstream of the glgb gene. the n-terminus of the orf2 gene product had similarity to t ... | 1991 | 1745226 |
| highly bioluminescent bacillus subtilis obtained through high-level expression of a luxab fusion gene. | bioluminescence levels comparable to those achievable in escherichia coli have yet to be obtained from luxab expression in gram-positive bacteria. in this communication we describe the gene engineering required to generate a highly bioluminescent derivative of bacillus subtilis. the combination of a powerful promoter, pxyn, a fusion derivative of luxab from vibrio harveyi and translational coupling have overcome the previously reported limitations in luxab expression. the implications for highly ... | 1991 | 1745233 |
| [subcloning and study of the gtp-cyclohydrolase gene of bacillus subtilis]. | bacillus subtilis gtp-cyclohydrolase gene and its deletion derivatives were subcloned in escherichia coli cells. the position of the gene within the riboflavine operon was defined. the deletion of the 14 kda fragment from the n-end of gtp-cyclohydrolase gene did not affect the enzyme activity. | 1991 | 1745263 |
| [diaminopimelate pathway for lysine synthesis in escherichia coli and bacilli]. | the diaminopimmelate (dap) pathway for lysine biosynthesis in escherichia coli and some species of bacillus are presented in the review. it was shown that the major variations of the dap pathway of bacillus subtilis from that described and extensively studied in escherichia coli exist. | 1991 | 1745266 |
| [mobilization transfer of the pub110 plasmid between gram-positive bacteria]. | the three factor crosses between the donor strain bacillus subtilis 168 harbouring the plasmid pub102-4, bacillus thuringiensis strain carrying the mobilizing plasmid pam beta 1 and recipient strain lactobacillus fermenti were conducted in order to elaborate the optimal conditions of the plasmid pub102-4 mobilization for transfer into gram-positive microorganisms and to elucidate the possible expression of endogluconase genes in a lactobacillus strain. the lactobacillus fermenti transconjugants ... | 1991 | 1745269 |
| [study of cat gene expression in sa and pc194 plasmids in escherichia coli, francisella tularensis, and bacillus subtilis cells]. | the unit activities were defined for chloramphenicol-acetyltransferases coded for by the cat-genes of the plasmids sa and pc194 in francisella tularensis, escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis cells. francisella tularensis cells were shown to hold intermediate position between escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis cells in their ability to express the genes of the different taxonomic origin. the direct dependence was found between the dose of the gene coding for chloramphenicol-acetyltransfera ... | 1991 | 1745271 |
| non-functional expression of escherichia coli signal peptidase i in bacillus subtilis. | the escherichia coli lep gene, encoding signal peptidase i (spase i) was provided with bacillus subtilis transcription/translation signals and expressed in this organism. when present on a low-copy-number plasmid, the amount of e. coli spase i produced (per mg cell protein) in b. subtilis was half that produced in wild-type e. coli cells. the production of e. coli spase i in b. subtilis was increased approximately fivefold by cloning the lep gene into a high-copy-number plasmid. the expression o ... | 1991 | 1748865 |
| [enzymatic synthesis of acyl peptides containing p-nitroanilides of basic amino acids]. | a method is suggested for synthesis of acylpeptides, containing arginine or lysine p-nitroanilides at the c-terminus, via the acyl transfer reaction catalyzed by the bacillus subtilis serine proteinase. acyl-di- and acyltripeptide ethers with l- and d-amino acids were used as the carboxyl component taken in a twofold excess. when the concentration of dimethylformamide increases, the hydrolysis of the initial ether and the reaction product diminishes. because of the enzyme inactivation by dimethy ... | 1991 | 1750835 |
| [the selection of the composition of the medium for optimizing the amine-synthetic activity of aerobic bacilli]. | nutrient medium chosen as a basic one after preliminary test of several media known from literature has been optimized to intensify biosynthesis and amine nitrogen production by three strains of aerobic sporulating bacteria to culture liquid. the method of mathematical planning used in the experiments has permitted obtaining the components ratio for the medium on which production of amine nitrogen to the environment increased 2.3-3.2 times. the best variants of the optimized medium promoted an i ... | 1991 | 1753888 |
| biological calcium absorption edge imaging using monochromatic synchrotron radiation. | soft x-ray contact absorption edge images of unfixed, unstained biological specimens were made using monochromatic synchrotron radiation. x-ray contact replicas of unfixed, hydrated biological specimens at the nitrogen absorption edge and above and below the caliii absorption edge were compared to comparative conventional morphological and elemental high-resolution imaging methods (scanning and transmission electron microscopy, tem-histochemistry and tem-x-ray microanalysis). soft x-ray absorpti ... | 1991 | 1755114 |
| [cytomorphological and cultural characteristics of tylosin-producing strains with different antibiotic activity]. | cytomorphological and cultural characteristics of highly and low active collection strains of streptomyces fradiae producing tylosin were studied. the strains were grown on agarized and liquid media. it was shown that unlike the low active strain, the highly active one was less sporogenic, the difference being more pronounced when tylosin was added to the agarized medium. when the strains were grown in the fermentation medium there were detected differences between them in the growth type and mi ... | 1991 | 1755702 |
| nucleotide sequence of the clostridium thermocellum laminarinase gene. | the sequence presented (1022 bp) shows the clostridium thermocellum laminarinase gene (lam1) and its flanking regions. the gene lam1 comprises an open reading frame of 726 nt, encoding a 242-aa protein with predicted mr 27661. the orf startswith the translation initiation codon atg. this atg codon is preceded at a spacing of 7 bp by a potential ribosome binding site (ggaggt). a putative signal peptide was identified (the potential cleavage site is between position 27-28 aa). the comparison of th ... | 1991 | 1755832 |
| [excision repair does not protect bacillus subtilis cells from inactivation by sunlight]. | exponentially growing bacillus subtilis cells are highly sensitive to inactivating action of sunlight, the strain deficient in excision repair being every more sensitive than the uvr1 mutant. the inactivating effect is connected with the action of irradiation located in the left part of the spectrum (the whole uv region and some zones of the visible one). increased sensitivity to sunlight disappeared when cells were exposed to sunlight in a liquid medium with casaminoacids (2 g/l). the inactivat ... | 1991 | 1756960 |
| the isolation, cloning and identification of a vegetative catalase gene from bacillus subtilis. | a bacillus subtilis library of tn917::lacz insertions was screened for mutants that were unable to grow in the presence of normally sublethal concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. the identification and subsequent analysis of one mutant strain, yb2003, which carried the mutation designated kat-19, revealed that this strain was deficient in the expression of a vegetative catalase. regions of the chromosome both 5' and 3' to the site of the tn917 insertion, as well as the gene without the insertion ... | 1991 | 1756979 |
| [transfer of transformation and conjugation plasmids from escherichia coli to bacillus subtilis and azospirillum brasilense]. | the conjugative transfer of rp4 plasmid from escherichia coli to azospirillum brasilense was detected after introduction and subsequent incubation of these microorganisms in soil. the plasmid transfer via transformation from escherichia coli to bacillus subtilis was observed in case both bacteria were growing together in sand containing sucrose solution. the possible reason for low frequency interspecies plasmid transformation under conditions close to natural habitats is poor survival of "domes ... | 1991 | 1758472 |
| amperometric monitoring of bacteria-induced milk acidity using a platinum disc microelectrode. | the acidity induced by the action of bacteria in milk samples was monitored amperometrically by using a platinum microelectrode. the measurements were performed directly on commercial packs of milk, stored at 32 degrees c, and were continued for 9-10 d after inoculation. the data were compared with those obtained by measuring the ph of the samples and the results are discussed on the basis of the metabolism of each bacterial species. the effects of the following bacteria were examined: staphyloc ... | 1991 | 1759720 |
| bacillus subtilis inositol dehydrogenase-encoding gene (idh): sequence and expression in escherichia coli. | the bacillus subtilis inositol dehydrogenase (idh)-encoding gene (idh) was cloned in the b. subtilis temperate phage, rho 11, and then in escherichia coli plasmids (pbr322 and puc118). the nucleotide sequence of the idh gene, which consists of 344 codons and whose product has an mr of 38,351, was determined. e. coli, bearing piol05d15, in which expression of the idh gene is under the control of the lac promoter of puc118, overproduced an active idh to approx. 20% of total protein upon addition o ... | 1991 | 1761221 |
| characterization of cross-linking of cell walls of bacillus subtilis by a combination of magic-angle spinning nmr and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of both intact and hydrolyzed 13c- and 15n-labeled cell-wall peptidoglycan. | cross-polarization magic-angle spinning 13c and 15n nmr, rotational-echo double resonance 13c nmr, and delays alternating with nutation for tailored excitation-difference 13c nmr spectra have been obtained from lyophilized cell walls of bacillus subtilis grown on a synthetic medium containing d,l-[2-13c, 15n]aspartate and d-[1-13c]alanine. label from aspartate is incorporated into d-glutamic acid and m-diaminopimelic acid of cell-wall peptidoglycan, while label from alanine appears in the c-1 po ... | 1991 | 1761548 |
| analysis of replicative intermediates produced during bacteriophage phi 29 dna replication in vitro. | replication of bacteriophage phi 29 dna initiates at either end of its linear double-stranded dna molecule and proceeds by a strand-displacement mechanism. in the present paper we have used an in vitro phi 29 dna replication system to analyse by electron microscopy the replicative intermediates produced at different reaction times. two types of replicative intermediates were observed: type i (full-length double-stranded phi 29 dna molecules with one or more single-stranded dna branches) and type ... | 1991 | 1762160 |
| terminal region recognition factor 1, a dna-binding protein recognizing the inverted terminal repeats of the pgkl linear dna plasmids. | the yeast linear dna plasmids pgkl1 and pgkl2 contain inverted terminal repeats (itrs) and terminal proteins covalently bound to the 5' termini of each plasmid. the presence of these features suggests a protein-primed mechanism of dna replication, similar to that exemplified by mammalian adenovirus and phi 29 phage of bacillus subtilis. in this paper, we report the identification of an activity in cytoplasmic extracts of yeast harboring the pgkl plasmids that recognizes the termini of both pgkl1 ... | 1991 | 1763054 |
| presence of a gene in the archaebacterium methanococcus vannielii homologous to secy of eubacteria. | the nucleotide sequence of a gene located at the promoter-distal side of the 'spectinomycin-operon' homologue of the archaebacterium methanococcus vannielii was determined. its derived amino acid sequence displayed 20% (identical positions) or 52% (including conservative exchanges) similarity, respectively, to secy from e coli. an alignment of the methanococcus secy with eubacterial secy sequences showed the existence of 10 membrane-associated primary structure domains in equivalent positions. t ... | 1991 | 1764515 |
| proteolytic activity of two commercial proteinases from aspergillus oryzae and bacillus subtilis on ovine and bovine caseins. | electrophoretic analysis of the action of two commercial enzymes, neutrase 0.5 and mkc fungal protease, on whole casein and alpha s-, beta- and kappa-caseins from cows' and ewes' milk showed that neutrase 0.5 chiefly degraded beta-casein, giving rise to peptides soluble at ph 4.6 detectable by page. in contrast, although mkc fungal protease caused intense hydrolysis of bovine beta-casein, in ovine casein it resulted in more active degradation of alpha s- than beta-casein. the latter enzyme did n ... | 1991 | 1765594 |
| a bacillus subtilis dipeptide transport system expressed early during sporulation. | two previously identified bacillus subtilis dna segments, dcia and dcib, whose transcripts accumulate very rapidly after induction of sporulation, were found in the same 6.2 kb transcription unit, now known as the dcia operon. analysis of the sequence of the dcia operon showed that its putative products are homologous to bacterial peptide transport systems. the product of the fifth gene, dciae, is similar to peptide-binding proteins from escherichia coli and salmonella typhimurium (dppa and oppa ... | 1991 | 1766370 |
| transcriptional regulation of a bacillus subtilis dipeptide transport operon. | the bacillus subtilis dcia operon, which encodes a dipeptide transport system, was induced rapidly by several conditions that caused the cells to enter stationary phase and initiate sporulation. the in vivo start point of transcription was mapped precisely and shown to correspond to a site of transcription initiation in vitro by the major vegetative form of rna polymerase. post-exponential expression was prevented by a mutation in the spo0a gene (whose product is a known regulator of early sporu ... | 1991 | 1766371 |
| the spoiiia operon of bacillus subtilis defines a new temporal class of mother-cell-specific sporulation genes under the control of the sigma e form of rna polymerase. | we have cloned and characterized a 5 kbp region of the bacillus subtilis chromosome and show that it contains the promoter-proximal part of the spoiiia locus. the locus consists of a polycistronic operon containing at least three genes. we show that the operon is regulated at the transcriptional level, from a promoter that is first activated about 80 minutes after the induction of sporulation, immediately after septation. expression of spoiiia in different spo mutant backgrounds correlates with ... | 1991 | 1766372 |
| separate promoters direct expression of phoaiii, a member of the bacillus subtilis alkaline phosphatase multigene family, during phosphate starvation and sporulation. | alkaline phosphatase (apase) expression can be induced in bacillus subtilis by phosphate starvation or by sporulation. we have recently shown that there are multiple apase structural genes contributing to the total alkaline phosphatase expression in b. subtilis. the expression of the alkaline phosphatase iii gene (phoaiii) was analysed under both phosphate-starvation induction and sporulation induction conditions. phoaii is transcribed from two promoter regions, pv and ps. the pv promoter initia ... | 1991 | 1766385 |
| characteristics of an inulinase produced by bacillus subtilis 430a, a strain isolated from the rhizosphere of vernonia herbacea (vell rusby). | bacillus subtilis 430a, isolated from the vernonia herbacea (vell rusby) rhizosphere, produced an exocellular inulinase that fits the requirements for the production of syrups on an industrial scale. the partially purified enzyme, obtained by acetone precipitation, displayed a higher specificity for inulin (km, 8 mm) than for sucrose (56 mm) and a total invertase/total inulase ratio of 0.62. in addition, it is stable at an optimal temperature of 45 to 50 degrees c for at least 7 h and is inhibit ... | 1991 | 1768108 |
| properties of the glucose phosphotransferase system of clostridium acetobutylicum ncib 8052. | the glucose phosphotransferase system (pts) of clostridium acetobutylicum was studied by using cell extracts. the system exhibited a km for glucose of 34 microm, and glucose phosphorylation was inhibited competitively by mannose and 2-deoxyglucose. the analogs 3-o-methylglucoside and methyl alpha-glucoside did not inhibit glucose phosphorylation significantly. activity showed no dependence on mg2+ ions or on ph in the range 6.0 to 8.0. the pts comprised both soluble and membrane-bound proteins, ... | 1991 | 1768126 |
| lactococcal plasmid pwv01 as an integration vector for lactococci. | a bacillus subtilis strain was constructed that contained the repa gene of the lactococcal plasmid pwvo1 in its chromosome. this strain was used to construct the pwvo1-based integration vector pint1, which lacked the repa gene. the 3.6-kb plasmid pint1 was not able to replicate in lactococcus lactis mg1363 but integrated into the chromosome via a campbell-like mechanism when a lactococcal chromosomal dna fragment was incorporated in the plasmid. transformants were obtained that carried between o ... | 1991 | 1768128 |
| airborne microbial challenges of blow/fill/seal equipment: a case study. | controlled microbial challenges, comprising air-dispersed spores of bacillus subtilis var niger, have been generated within a containment room (around 54 m3 in volume) housing a blow/fill/seal machine. 'stirred-settling' conditions were created throughout the room and the airborne spore challenge was monitored to ensure homogeneity within the room for extended periods of time. the blow/fill/seal machine was set to fill 2 cm3 ampoules with tryptone soya broth at each of three airborne challenge l ... | 1991 | 1770413 |
| [quantitative description of microbial growth in a batch culture depending on the physiologic state of inocula]. | the dynamics of biomass production and the respiration rate of five microorganisms grown as batch cultures were studied in detail. cell suspensions with a known physiological state, i.e. chemostat cultures grown at a particular d value, as well as quasi steady-state populations cultivated with slow feeding and long energy-source starvation were used as inocula. the microorganisms were arbitrary subdivided into two groups. the biomass of pseudomonas fluorescens, bacillus subtilis and debaryomyces ... | 1991 | 1770867 |
| recombinant hirudin: genetic engineering and structure analysis. | | 1991 | 1771417 |
| thermostability of bacillus subtilis neutral protease. | the thermostability of the b. subtilis neutral protease was studied under various conditions. at elevated temperatures the enzyme was inactivated as a result of autolysis. the rate of inactivation did not depend on the enzyme concentration and the enzyme was most stable near its ph optimum. the rate of inactivation was unaffected by the presence of a second protease during the incubation at high temperatures. the results indicate that the rate of thermal inactivation of the neutral protease is d ... | 1991 | 1772430 |
| [a new pleiotropic mutation affecting purine metabolism, sporulation and biosynthesis of exoenzymes in bacillus subtilis]. | a pleiotropic mutation (cpm) which is localised in the vicinity of the spoa gene of bacillus subtilis chromosome has been described. the mutation inhibits spore formation, renders bacteria auxotrophic for adenine and tyrosine, increases sensitivity to antibiotics, decreases cell motility and the ability to grow on d-ribose and d-xylose, inhibits growth of bacteriophages pbs1 and ar9 as well as enhances activity of alkaline proteinase and alpha-amylase. at the same time, the cpm mutants acquire t ... | 1991 | 1773939 |
| high level production of escherichia coli outer membrane proteins ompa and ompf intracellularly in bacillus subtilis. | a high yield of escherichia coli outer membrane proteins ompa (about 200 mg/l) and ompf (about 100 mg/l) was obtained in bacillus subtilis when produced intracellularly. the yield was more than 100-fold higher than the yield of these proteins by a similar vector containing the complete signal sequence of alpha-amylase of b. amyloliquefaciens. both proteins isolated after breakage of the b. subtilis cells by low-speed centrifugation were about 70% pure and could be solubilized by sarkosyl, sds an ... | 1991 | 1778419 |
| [manifestation of antimutagenic activity of "dark" repair under alternative levels of aeration of uv-irradiated bacteria]. | the cease of aeration of uv-irradiated bacteria incubated in glucose-salt medium does not affect antimutagenic activity of excision repair in escherichia coli cells but strongly inhibits that in bacillus subtilis cells. it has been suggested that these differences are connected with various possibilities for energy (atp) production in facultative anaerobe, which is e. coli, and obligate anaerobe, bac. subtilis. the absence of noticeable influence of the aerobiosis----anaerobiosis shift on the ki ... | 1991 | 1778457 |
| pseudomonad replication origins: a paradigm for bacterial origins? | structural features of three analysed bacterial dna replication origin classes (six enteric origins, three pseudomonad origins, and the bacillus subtilis origin region) are compared in order to deduce characteristics common to all bacterial origins and characteristics that distinguish the three origin classes. the two pseudomonas aeruginosa origins are shown to map within 10 kb of each other, and correlations are drawn with four potential origin regions in b. subtilis. the enteric origin class i ... | 1991 | 1779749 |
| structure and function of dnaa and the dnaa-box in eubacteria: evolutionary relationships of bacterial replication origins. | dnaa protein (a trans-acting element) and its binding sequence, dnaa-box: (a cis-acting element) are two elements essential for the initiation of chromosomal replication in escherichia coli and other enteric bacteria. recently these two elements have been found to be conserved in three gram-positive bacteria (bacillus subtilis, micrococcus luteus and mycoplasma capricolum) as well as in gram-negative pseudomonads. dnaa protein was also found to be essential in the initiation of the replication o ... | 1991 | 1779750 |
| studies on the antifungal antibiotics: bacillomycin d and bacillomycin d methylester. | bacillomycin d, an antifungal compound of bacillus subtilis, was produced during the stationary phase of growth when all the glucose of the medium was exhausted and the ph reached about 8. in addition to bacillomycin d, bacillomycin d methylester was characterized by its antifungal properties and its haemolytic activity. | 1991 | 1779878 |
| inhibition of some mycotoxigenic fungi by iturin a, a peptidolipid produced by bacillus subtilis. | bacillus subtilis produces peptidolipid compounds of the iturin group that have been shown to have antifungal properties, but not all fungal species are sensitive to these compounds. in this study, the activity of iturin a, produced by b. subtilis strain b-3, was tested. paper disks impregnated with various concentrations of iturin a were placed on agar plates seeded with conidia of toxigenic species of fusarium, gerlacia, penicillium or aspergillus. most isolates were inhibited at iturin a conc ... | 1991 | 1780001 |
| antimicrobial effects from incorporation of disinfectants into gypsum casts. | five microorganisms--escherichia coli, streptococcus mutans, staphylococcus aureus, serratia marcescens, and bacillus subtilis--were placed into the canine, first premolar, first molar, and second molar of sterilized quadrant addition-reaction silicone impressions. four disinfectant solutions--iodophor, neutral glutaraldehyde, phenol, and sodium hypochlorite--were spatulated with sterilized type iv stone and vibrated into the intentionally contaminated impressions. the casts were removed at 1 an ... | 1991 | 1781882 |
| nucleotide sequence of a lactococcus lactis gene cluster encoding adenylate kinase, initiation factor 1 and ribosomal proteins. | we have previously isolated a putative promoter from the lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis chromosome. we now report the sequence of the promoter fragment and its extension in the 5'-direction. the region contains several open-reading frames which correspond to ribosomal protein l15, secy, adenylate kinase, initiation factor 1 and ribosomal proteins b and s13. the order of the genes, rplo (l15), secy, adk, infa, rpmj (b) and rpsm (s13), is similar to that in the spc and alpha operon region of bac ... | 1991 | 1783905 |
| positive and negative regulation controlling expression of the sac genes in bacillus subtilis. | | 1991 | 1784813 |
| organization and regulation of genes for de novo purine nucleotide synthesis in bacillus subtilis. | | 1991 | 1784814 |
| transcription regulation in bacillus subtilis phage phi 29. | | 1991 | 1784815 |
| the secretory s complex in bacillus subtilis is identified as pyruvate dehydrogenase. | we have cloned the operon for the bacillus subtilis s complex, which has been suggested to be a component of the protein secretion machinery. the s-complex operon was found to encode 4 proteins, which were identified as subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase (pdh). the staphylococcus aureus membrane-bound ribosome protein (mbrp) complex has been considered to be a counterpart of the b. subtilis s complex. here, we sequenced a fragment of the mbrp operon encoding the c-terminal part of e1 beta, the e ... | 1991 | 1784816 |
| levansucrase: a tool to study protein secretion in bacillus subtilis. | the bacillus amyloliquefaciens levansucrase gene (sacb[bamp]) was engineered in such a way that a heterologous gene could be inserted between the second and third codon of the mature levansucrase. extracellular levansucrase activity was detected only when the heterologous protein was secreted into the growth medium. a positive selection system to isolate suppressors of signal sequence mutants in bacillus subtilis has been developed based on the secretion of levansucrase. | 1991 | 1784817 |
| cloning and expression of an amylase gene from bacillus stearothermophilus. | in the industrial process of liquefying starch to make glucose or high fructose syrups, it is crucial that the amylase used is stable and active at about 105 degrees c at ph 6.5 or preferentially at a lower ph. the amylase from bacillus licheniformis is well suited for this purpose but it is possible that other amylases might perform even better. therefore, we cloned and characterized amys encoding a heat-stable alpha-amylase from bacillus stearothermophilus. using a newly developed method for c ... | 1991 | 1784818 |
| the protease genes of bacillus subtilis. | | 1991 | 1784819 |
| identification of bacillus subtilis adaptive response genes by subtractive differential hybridization. | subtractive differential hybridization was used to identify genes in bacillus subtilis that are induced by nutrient limitation. several transcription units were identified. they exhibited increased transcription when cells were deprived of certain nutrients, such as glucose, ammonium, or phosphate, or when cells were treated with decoyinine. the genes have been designated dci (for decoyinine-inducible) and gsi (for glucose-starvation-inducible). using lacz transcriptional fusions, the dependence ... | 1991 | 1784820 |
| expression of stage ii genes during sporulation in bacillus subtilis. | two rna polymerase sigma factors, sigma f and sigma e, are produced during the first two hours of endospore formation in bacillus subtilis. transcription of the structural genes for these factors is activated about one hour after the start of endospore formation. the operon encoding sigma f is transcribed by rna polymerase containing sigma h, another secondary sigma factor, whereas the operon encoding sigma e is transcribed by rna polymerase containing sigma a, the primary sigma factor in growin ... | 1991 | 1784821 |
| spore germination genes of bacillus subtilis 168. | | 1991 | 1784822 |
| initiation of chromosome replication: structure and function of oric and dnaa protein in eubacteria. | recent advances in dna technology have made it possible to analyse the structure and function of the replication origin region of the chromosomes of various bacteria. comparative studies have shown that 2 basic elements, the replicator and initiator, involved in initiation of chromosome replication are common to most eubacteria but with differences in the fine organization of these elements. in this article, we first review studies of the structural analysis of the origin regions of bacterial ch ... | 1991 | 1784823 |
| post-initiation control of chromosomal replication in bacillus subtilis: a mechanism for limiting over-replication or for duplicating key growth and sporulation genes? | we used the bacillus subtilis dnab37 mutant, which is defective in initiation, to synchronize dna replication in order to identify the first fragments to be replicated following initiation and to study the control of this process under various conditions. we show by dna/dna hybridization analysis that, after returning the mutant from 45 degrees c to the permissive temperature (30 degrees c), the origin region relative to other sequences is over-replicated (approximately 2-fold) during the first ... | 1991 | 1784824 |
| plasmid replication and structural stability in bacillus subtilis. | | 1991 | 1784825 |
| the sob system of bacillus subtilis: a global regulon involved in dna repair and differentiation. | | 1991 | 1784826 |
| termination of chromosome replication in bacillus subtilis. | | 1991 | 1784827 |