| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces autophagy to promote virus replication. | an increasing number of studies demonstrate that autophagy, an intrinsic mechanism that can degrade cytoplasmic components, is involved in the infection processes of a variety of pathogens. it can be hijacked by various viruses to facilitate their replication. in this study, we found that prrsv infection significantly increases the number of double- or single-membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm of host cells in ultrastructural analysis. our results showed the lc3-i was converted into lc3-ii after ... | 2012 | 22739997 |
| complete genome sequence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strain qy2010 reveals a novel subgroup emerging in china. | qy2010 is a highly pathogenic north american-type porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). the complete genome sequence shows that qy2010 shares low sequence identity (60 to 88.7%) to all known prrsv isolates. phylogenetic analyses further reveal that qy2010 constitutes a novel subgroup within the north american genotype of prrsv. | 2012 | 22733883 |
| molecular epidemiological investigation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in northwest china from 2007 to 2010. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is an economically important swine disease affecting swine worldwide. northwest china has a sparse pig population and there is no comprehensive information currently available on prrsv infection. in this study, we analyzed the epidemiological features and genetic diversity of prrsv from this region. 322 field-isolated tissues or serum samples were collected from aborted pig fetuses or pigs with respiratory disease from 15 herds, twice over a p ... | 2012 | 22729801 |
| mucosal vaccines to prevent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: a new perspective. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is an economically important infectious disease of swine. constant emergence of variant strains of prrs virus (pprsv) and virus-mediated immune evasion followed by viral persistence result in increased incidence and recurrence of prrs in swine herds. current live and killed prrsv vaccines administered by a parenteral route are ineffective in inducing complete protection. thus, new approaches in design and delivery of prrsv vaccines are needed ... | 2012 | 22717576 |
| pathogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is the most costly viral pathogen facing a modern pig industry. a unique feature of the virus is the ability to cause severe clinical disease and maintain a life-long subclinical infection. persistence at the population level poses the biggest challenge for the successful control and elimination of the disease. a mechanistic basis for persistence includes the evasion of innate and adaptive immune responses. recent advances include the s ... | 2012 | 22709514 |
| induction of type i interferons by a novel porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolate. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is known to interfere with the signaling of type i interferons (ifns). here we found prrsv a2mc2 induced type i ifns in cultured cells. a2mc2 replication in marc-145 cells resulted in the synthesis of ifn-α2 protein, transcript elevation of the ifn-stimulated genes isg15 and isg56, and the proteins of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (stat2) and isg56. a2mc2 infection of primary porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophag ... | 2012 | 22704065 |
| amino acid residues in the non-structural protein 1 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus involved in down-regulation of tnf-α expression in vitro and attenuation in vivo. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) suppresses tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-α) production at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by its non-structural proteins 1α and 1β (nsp1α and nsp1β). to identify the amino acid residues responsible for this activity, we generated several alanine substitution mutants of nsp1α and nsp1β. examination of the mutant proteins revealed that nsp1α residues gly90, asn91, arg97, arg100 and arg124 were necessary for tnf-α p ... | 2012 | 22699004 |
| evaluation of the efficacy of an attenuated live vaccine against highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in young pigs. | highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) is characterized by high fever and high mortality in pigs of all ages and has severely affected the pork industry of china in the last few years. an attenuated hp-prrsv strain, tjm, was obtained by passaging hp-prrsv strain tj on marc-145 cells for 92 passages. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv)- and antibody-free pigs were inoculated intramuscularly with tjm (10(5.0) 50% tissue culture infe ... | 2012 | 22695163 |
| correlation among genetic, euclidean, temporal, and herd ownership distances of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains in quebec, canada. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is a viral disease that has a major economic impact for the swine industry. its control is mostly directed towards preventing its spread which requires a better understanding of the mechanisms of transmission of the virus between herds. the objectives of this study were to describe the genetic diversity and to assess the correlation among genetic, euclidean and temporal distances and ownership to better understand pathways of transmission. | 2012 | 22676411 |
| development and evaluation of a novel reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for detection of type ii porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | the objective of this study was to develop a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for detection of type ii porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). based on sequence alignment, four primers were designed amplifying the m gene of type ii prrsv and were subsequently utilized in an rt-lamp assay. the rt-lamp product had a ladder-like pattern of bands and the optimal reaction condition for this assay was determined to be 40 min at 63°c. com ... | 2012 | 22659065 |
| infectivity of prrs virus in pig manure at different temperatures. | prrsv is an economically important swine pathogen which can be disseminated from infected pig herds via movement of contaminated manure. the process of manure handling and inadequate cleaning of transport vehicles are commonly implicated as sources of prrsv transmission. stability of prrsv in pig manure at different temperatures is unknown. the objective of this study was to determine prrsv-infectivity half-life in manure and in a cell culture medium at 4, 20, 60 and 80°c. to assure sample consi ... | 2012 | 22658630 |
| evaluation of monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemistry for the detection of european and north american porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and a comparison with in situ hybridization and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. | the objective of the present study was to compare the ability of 2 monoclonal antibodies (mabs; sdow17 and sr30) to detect types 1 and 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (ffpe) lung tissues by immunohistochemistry (ihc) and to compare the immunohistochemical results with in situ hybridization (ish) and reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (rt-npcr) detection techniques. lungs from 30 experimentally infected pigs (1 ... | 2012 | 22649158 |
| effect of the host cell line on the vaccine efficacy of an attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | the abilities of the modified-live prime pac (pp) strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), propagated in either traditional simian cells (marc-145) or in a novel porcine alveolar macrophage cell line (zmac), to confer pigs protection against subsequent prrsv challenge were compared. eight week-old pigs were injected with pp virus grown in one of the two cell types and then exposed 4 weeks later to the "atypical" prrsv isolate nadc-20. control animals were similarly ... | 2012 | 22648044 |
| sequence analysis of the nsp2, orf5, and orf7 genes of 11 prrs virus isolates from china. | during a tracing investigation of blue ear disease in china conducted from january to november 2008, 11 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) isolates were collected from eight provinces including liaoning, jilin, hebei, shandong, henan, shanghai, zhejiang, and guangxi. the complete gene sequences of the nsp2, orf5, and orf7 genes from these 11 prrsv isolates were amplified, cloned and detected by rt-pcr and then compared with the published sequences of other strains. the r ... | 2012 | 22644762 |
| interaction of the european genotype porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) with sialoadhesin (cd169/siglec-1) inhibits alveolar macrophage phagocytosis. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is an arterivirus that shows a restricted in vivo tropism for subsets of porcine macrophages, with alveolar macrophages being major target cells. the virus is associated with respiratory problems in pigs of all ages and is commonly isolated on farms with porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc). due to virus-induced macrophage death early in infection, prrsv hampers the innate defence against pathogens in the lungs. in addition, the v ... | 2012 | 22630829 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces cd4+cd8+cd25+foxp3+ regulatory t cells (tregs). | the aim of this study was to analyze the regulatory t cells (tregs) induced by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in pigs. serum, blood, tonsil, and mediastinal lymph nodes' samples were obtained at different time post-infection (dpi). the frequencies of cd4(+)cd8(-)cd25(+)foxp3(+), cd4(+)cd8(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+), or cd4(-)cd8(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+) phenotypes were determined in pbmc and lymph node cells, and cells producing il-10 or tgf-β were analyzed. prrsv increased the ... | 2012 | 22609353 |
| type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection mediated apoptosis in b- and t-cell areas in lymphoid organs of experimentally infected pigs. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection is characterized by persisting in lungs and lymphoid tissue, resulting in systemic lymphoid depletion. the aim of this study was to correlate the histological changes, viral antigen expression and apoptosis phenomena in tonsil, medial retropharyngeal and mediastinal lymph nodes of 12 pigs inoculated with a type 2 prrsv isolate (chilean strain 2402). apoptosis phenomena were observed mainly in lymphocytes and secondly in macrop ... | 2013 | 22607093 |
| immunomodulatory properties of beta-sitosterol in pig immune responses. | the ability to control an immune response for the benefit and production efficiency of animals is the objective of immunomodulation in food-producing animals; substances that exert this control are called immunomodulators. a spanish product (inmunicín maymo®), based on food plant phytosterols, is being commercialized as complementary feed. the main component of this product is beta-sitosterol (bss). bss and its glycoside (bssg) have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplasic, anti-p ... | 2012 | 22595193 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus activates the transcription of interferon alpha/beta (ifn-α/β) in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-dc). | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is known to be a poor inducer of interferon alpha/beta (ifn-α/β), which may contribute to the delayed development of adaptive immunity and the resultant viral persistence. however, the exact mechanism by which prrsv inhibits the induction of ifn-α/β during infection of its natural host cells remains less well defined. here, we show that prrsv efficiently activates the transcription of ifn-α/β in porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells ... | 2012 | 22592217 |
| interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. as a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. type i interferons (ifn-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type i ifns and viral persistence for an extended period. f ... | 2012 | 22590680 |
| pathogenesis of nonsuppurative encephalitis caused by highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | since 2006, an unprecedented epidemic of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) infection has emerged and prevailed in mainland china, causing so called high fever disease with a nervous symptom that is different from typical porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. to investigate this syndrome, the brains of pigs inoculated with hp-prrsv were analyzed. the nucleic acid of hp-prrsv was detected in brains by reverse transcription polymerase chain re ... | 2012 | 22585954 |
| anti-prrsv effect and mechanism of sodium tanshinone iia sulfonate in vitro. | this experiment was conducted to study the antiviral activities of sodium tanshinone iia sulfonate (sts) against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and its mechanism. anti-prrsv activities of sts were observed on marc-145 cells by using visualization of cytopathologic effect assay and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (mtt) test, and its antiviral mechanism was determined by time-of-addition assay, adsorption inhibition assay, and virucidal ass ... | 2012 | 22575045 |
| complete genome sequence of an overattenuated highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | jxa1-p170 is an overattenuated highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) that has been passaged in vitro 170 times. vaccination with jxa1-p170 cannot protect pigs against jxa1 challenge. compared with the parental virus jxa1, jxa1-p170 contains 1 nucleotide (nt) deletion and 113 nt mutations leading to 59 amino acid substitutions. here we announce the first complete genome sequence of the overattenuated hp-prrsv. | 2012 | 22570249 |
| complete genome sequence of two novel chinese virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus variants. | a highly pathogenic strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), characterized by a discontinuous 30-amino-acid deletion in its nsp2-coding region, has been emerging in china since 2006. here, we report the complete genomic sequence of two novel chinese virulent prrsv variants with additional nsp2-gene deletions, which will help us understand the molecular and evolutionary characteristics of prrsv in asia. | 2012 | 22570245 |
| autophagy sustains the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory virus in host cells. | in this study, we confirmed the autophagy induced by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in permissive cells and investigated the role of autophagy in the replication of prrsv. we first demonstrated that prrsv infection significantly results in the increased double-membrane vesicles, the accumulation of lc3 fluorescence puncta, and the raised ratio of lc3-ii/β-actin, in marc-145 cells. then we discovered that induction of autophagy by rapamycin significantly enhances the ... | 2012 | 22564420 |
| gp96 enhances the immunogenicity of subunit vaccine of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) causes significant economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. currently available commercial vaccines provide limited protection due to delayed and weak cell-mediated immunity and neutralizing antibody production, thus the immunomodulators should be considered in order to improve the efficacy of prrsv vaccines. heat shock protein gp96 may be used as a modulator to enhance both innate and adaptive immune responses. in the present stu ... | 2012 | 22561908 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 2 contributes to nf-κb activation. | nuclear factor-kappab (nf-κb) is an inducible transcription factor that plays a key role in inflammation and immune responses, as well as in the regulation of cell proliferation and survival. previous studies by our group and others have demonstrated that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection could activate nf-κb in marc-145 cells and alveolar macrophages. the nucleocapsid (n) protein was identified as an nf-κb activator among the structural proteins encoded by pr ... | 2012 | 22546080 |
| effect of temperature and relative humidity on ultraviolet (uv 254) inactivation of airborne porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus. | the objective of this research was to estimate the effects of temperature and relative humidity on the inactivation of airborne porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) virus by ultraviolet light (uv(254)). aerosols of prrs virus were exposed to one of four doses of uv(254) under nine combinations of temperature (n=3) and relative humidity (n=3). inactivation constants (k), defined as the absolute value of the slope of the linear relationship between the survival fraction of the micr ... | 2012 | 22542268 |
| influence of n-linked glycosylation of minor proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on infectious virus recovery and receptor interaction. | it has been proposed that the n-linked glycan of the minor proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is important for the production of infectious virus. in this study, we showed that n-linked glycosylation of gp2 is not essential for virus viability and none of the individual glycosylation sites in gp3 has a vital effect on the production of infectious virus. moreover, mutations of single and double glycosylation sites in gp4 are not critically important for infect ... | 2012 | 22537809 |
| new genomic characteristics of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses do not lead to significant changes in pathogenicity. | highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (hp-prrs) initially emerged in china and currently prevails in other asian countries as well, resulting in immense economic losses. hp-prrs virus (hp-prrsv) has undergone rapid evolution since its first recognition in 2006. to analyze the genomic and pathogenic characteristics of 2010 hp-prrsv, we tested 919 clinical samples collected from china, laos and vietnam, sequenced 29 complete genomes of hp-prrsv isolates, and determined th ... | 2012 | 22525010 |
| an interactome map of the nucleocapsid protein from a highly pathogenic north american porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strain generated using silac-based quantitative proteomics. | positive strand rna viruses replicate in the cytoplasm of an infected cell and encode nucleocapsid proteins. these proteins function to promote encapsidation of the rna genome and virus particle assembly as well as playing potential roles in viral rna synthesis. nucleocapsid proteins can also associate with cellular proteins and signaling cascades. the arterivirus nucleocapsid (n) protein is no exception and localizes to both the cytoplasm and the nucleolus in virus-infected cells. this study ge ... | 2012 | 22522808 |
| [genetic variation and pathogenicity analysis of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strain tj in the course of attenuation]. | to develop an attenuated vaccine against the highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (hp-prrs) virus, the hp-prrs virus strain tj was attenuated by serial passages and plaque cloned every 5 to 10 passages in marc-145 cells. genetic variation and pathogenicity of hp-prrsv strain tj in the course of attenuation were analyzed. the results showed that the strain tj sustained various sequence changes during the course of attenuation. fifty-eight amino acids changes and a new c ... | 2012 | 22519175 |
| characterization of homologous and heterologous adaptive immune responses in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. | the present study characterized the homologous and heterologous immune response in type-i porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection. two experiments were conducted: in experiment 1, eight pigs were inoculated with prrsv strain 3262 and 84 days post-inoculation (dpi) they were challenged with either strain 3262 or strain 3267 and followed for the next 14 days (98 dpi). in experiment 2, eight pigs were inoculated with strain 3267 and challenged at 84 dpi as above. clini ... | 2012 | 22515169 |
| identification of porcine serum proteins modified in response to hp-prrsv hun4 infection by two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis. | since 2006, highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) has become the major pathogen attributed to the prevalent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) in china. the present study aims to identify serum proteins modified in response to infection of hun4, a hp-prrsv strain isolated from a farm in 2006. 2-d dige analysis allowed for the detection of 19 differentially expressed protein spots, of which 18 were identified by maldi-tof/tof ms. these ... | 2012 | 22503602 |
| highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus impairs lps- and poly(i:c)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha release by inhibiting erk signaling pathway. | atypical porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) characterized by high morbidity and mortality emerged in china in 2006. the causative agent was confirmed to be a highly pathogenic prrs virus (hp-prrsv). however, the pathogenesis of hp-prrsv is still uncertain. here, the ability of the highly pathogenic strains (hv and jx) to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α) was studied. our results showed that hv and jx were weaker inducers of tnf-α than the conventional strain ch-1a. mor ... | 2012 | 22497732 |
| ranking viruses: measures of positional importance within networks define core viruses for rational polyvalent vaccine development. | the extraordinary genetic and antigenic variability of rna viruses is arguably the greatest challenge to the development of broadly effective vaccines. no single viral variant can induce sufficiently broad immunity, and incorporating all known naturally circulating variants into one multivalent vaccine is not feasible. furthermore, no objective strategies currently exist to select actual viral variants that should be included or excluded in polyvalent vaccines. | 2012 | 22495748 |
| natural compounds inhibiting the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is an economically important pathogenic virus in the swine production. current vaccines against prrsv do not induce sterile immunity and the virus evolves at a rapid rate with frequent appearances of new strains. in this study, we screened a library of 502 highly purified natural product compounds to identify specific inhibitors of prrsv replication cycle. our observations showed that many of the inhibitory compounds identified have act ... | 2012 | 22487208 |
| two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (itraq) labeling approach revealed first proteome profiles of pulmonary alveolar macrophages infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) has devastated the pig industry worldwide for almost 25 years, and its virus (prrsv) preferentially infects and replicates in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (pams). to discover cellular protein responses in prrsv-infected pams, two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (itraq) labeling was employed to quantitatively identify the differentially expressed pr ... | 2012 | 22486680 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus diversity of eastern canada swine herds in a large sequence dataset reveals two hypervariable regions under positive selection. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is known to be genetically highly variable, but knowledge of sequence diversity from eastern canada and its degree of genetic plasticity in or near the principal neutralizing epitope (pne) in association with evolutionary selective pressure is limited. the purposes of our study were to investigate the extent of strain diversity, the existing glycotypes and the amino acid sites under selective evolutionary pressure in its encoded protein ... | 2012 | 22484762 |
| activation of c-jun nh(2)-terminal kinase is required for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-induced apoptosis but not for virus replication. | apoptosis of host cells plays a critical role in pathogenesis of virus infection. mapk kinases especially stress-activated protein kinases c-jun nh(2)-terminal kinase (sapk/jnk) and p38 are often involved in virus-mediated apoptosis. it has been shown that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection resulted in apoptosis of the host cells both in vitro and in vivo. the current investigation was initiated to determine whether stress-activated protein kinases jnk and p38 ... | 2012 | 22472731 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: antigenic and molecular diversity of british isolates and implications for diagnosis. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is an endemic disease of pigs, caused by prrs virus, a member of the arteriviridae family. first seen in britain in 1991, the disease continues to be a significant economic and welfare problem for pig producers. to date, only prrsv genotype 1 has been found in britain. at the genetic level, a considerable increase has been reported in the diversity of prrs viruses isolated in britain between 2003 and 2007, versus the early 1990 s. in this stud ... | 2012 | 22472704 |
| antibody repertoire development in fetal and neonatal piglets. xxiii: fetal piglets infected with a vaccine strain of prrs virus display the same immune dysregulation seen in isolator piglets. | the ig levels and antibody repertoire diversification in fetal piglets infected with an attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) were measured. serum ig levels were greatly elevated in prrsv-infected fetuses; igg was elevated >50-fold, igm>5-15-fold and iga>2-fold compared to control fetuses. their igm to igg to iga profile was the same as that in isolator piglets infected for the same period with wild-type prrsv. fetal animals showed less repertoire diversification ... | 2012 | 22465749 |
| plasmids expressing interleukin-10 short hairpin rna mediate il-10 knockdown and enhance tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma expressions in response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has been suggested to exploit interleukin-10 (il-10) to suppress immune defense of infected pigs. the present study constructed plasmids encoding selected short hairpin rna specific to porcine il-10 mrna (pil-10sh) to knockdown il-10 transcription and investigated the suppressive effect of prrsv-induced il-10 on various immune marker expressions. naïve blood monocytes from eight prrsv-seronegative pigs were transfected with pil-10sh and ... | 2012 | 22460170 |
| potential role of noncommercial swine populations in the epidemiology and control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | to assess the role of noncommercial pigs in the epidemiology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) virus. | 2012 | 22443443 |
| stress-activated protein kinases are involved in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection and modulate virus-induced cytokine production. | the present study examined the role of the p38 mapk and jnk pathways during prrsv infection in immortalized porcine alveolar macrophage (pam) cells. infection with prrsv was found to progressively activate p38 and jnk1/2 up to 36 h postinfection and then their phosphorylation levels dramatically decreased to baseline at 48 h postinfection. in contrast, uv-inactivated prrsv failed to trigger phosphorylation of these sapks, indicating that the post-entry process is responsible for their activation ... | 2012 | 22424736 |
| demonstration of microchimerism in pregnant sows and effects of congenital prrsv infection. | the presence of foreign cells within the tissue/circulation of an individual is described as microchimerism. the main purpose of the present investigation was to study if microchimerism occurs in healthy sows/fetuses and if porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection influences this phenomenon. six dams were inoculated intranasally with prrsv and three non-inoculated dams served as controls. male dna was detected in female fetal sera of all dams via pcr. male dna was al ... | 2012 | 22423651 |
| role of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein in induction of interleukin-10 and regulatory t-lymphocytes (treg). | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection induces interleukin (il)-10 production and increased numbers of prrsv-specific regulatory t-lymphocytes in infected pigs. in the present study, the roles of the nucleocapsid (n) protein in induction of il-10 and cd4(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+) lymphocytes (t(reg)) were investigated. transfection of porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (modcs) and pulmonary alveolar macrophages (pams) with a plasmid encoding n protein resulted in sig ... | 2012 | 22422061 |
| complete genome sequence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolated from piglet stool samples. | wuh4 is a highly pathogenic north american porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). unlike previous prrsv isolates, which were mainly recovered from sera or tissues, wuh4 was isolated from a piglet stool sample. here we announce its complete genome sequence. | 2012 | 22408230 |
| mechanisms of suppression of interferon production by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | the recently emerged porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) leads to one of the most economically significant infectious diseases of swine worldwide. the virus modulates the host innate and adaptive immunity to escape its immune response to facilitate the infection. interferons (infs) are principal antiviral cytokines, which represent components of the innate immunity and are regarded as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immunity. currently, accumulating evidence indi ... | 2012 | 22404603 |
| enhanced expression of tgfβ protein in lymphoid organs and lung, but not in serum, of pigs infected with a european field isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | transforming growth factor β (tgfβ) is an immunomodulatory cytokine which is able to modulate the host immune response eliciting an inefficient response against pathogens. in this sense, the role of this cytokine in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) has been poorly studied and the reported results are contradictory. thus, in the present study, the expression of tgfβ was analysed both at tissue (lymphoid organs and lung) and serum level to study its correlation with the express ... | 2012 | 22397935 |
| emergence and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vientiane, lao people's democratic republic. | highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (hp-prrs) characterized by high fever, high morbidity, and high mortality in pigs of all ages emerged in china in 2006 and spread rapidly throughout southeast asia. in july 2010, a highly contagious swine disease with clinical signs similar to those of hp-prrs was observed in the lao people's democratic republic (lao pdr). a field investigation covering 8 pig farms and 1 slaughterhouse in 7 different districts in the capital city of ... | 2012 | 22379051 |
| comparison of two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the diagnosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. | early diagnosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is critically important for control of the disease. two new commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) based on different methodologies have been developed. in the present report, the 2 elisas were compared using blood samples from experimentally and naturally infected pigs. one of the 2 elisas was shown to be more sensitive than the other. the higher sensitivity of one of the elisas could pose ... | 2012 | 22379050 |
| detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) antibodies in oral fluid specimens using a commercial prrsv serum antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a commercial serum antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) modified to detect anti-porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) antibodies in pen-based oral fluid specimens. experimental and field oral fluid samples of defined status in reference to exposure of swine with prrsv were used to derive the kinetics of detectable concentrations of antibody against prrsv. immunoglobulin (ig)m and ig ... | 2012 | 22379043 |
| mannan oligosaccharide increases serum concentrations of antibodies and inflammatory mediators in weanling pigs experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | mannan-containing products are capable of modulating immune responses in animals. however, different products may have diverse immunomodulation. the experiment was conducted to examine effects of mannan oligosaccharide (actigen; act) on growth performance and serum concentrations of antibodies and inflammatory mediators in weanling pigs (sus scrofa) experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). a total of 32 prrsv-negative pigs (3 wk old) were randomly ... | 2012 | 22367071 |
| molecular characterization of porcine sarm1 and its role in regulating tlrs signaling during highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in vivo. | toll-like receptors (tlrs) are important pattern-recognition receptors (prrs) that trigger innate immune response and mediate acquired immunity. evidence has shown that sarm1 (sterile-α and tir motif containing protein 1) is one of five tir domain-containing adaptor proteins involved in tlrs signaling transduction. in the present study, a full-length cdna sequence was cloned for the porcine sarm1 gene, which contains nine exons. using the radiation hybrid mapping approach, we assigned the porcin ... | 2012 | 22366489 |
| genetic diversity analysis of the orf5 gene in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus samples from south china. | to understand the genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in south china, we collected 231 clinical samples from pigs with suspected prrsv infection in guangdong between 2007 and 2009. we found that 74 of 231 samples were positive by rt-pcr. the pcr products of the orf5 gene of 35 isolates from different farms were sequenced and their dna sequences were compared to 23 other prrsv isolates in the genbank. we found that the nucleotide similarity among all s ... | 2012 | 22366140 |
| challenges and opportunities for the control and elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | the control and elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) represent two of the most challenging tasks facing the pig industry worldwide. several factors related to the biology of the virus make disease detection and elimination difficult. efforts are further hampered by the lack of vaccines that can protect naïve herds from infection. with this in mind, elimination efforts are being initiated which incorporate existing tools and knowledge. a new approach extends ... | 2012 | 25471243 |
| replication-competent recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) viruses expressing indicator proteins and antiviral cytokines. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) can subvert early innate immunity, which leads to ineffective antimicrobial responses. overcoming immune subversion is critical for developing vaccines and other measures to control this devastating swine virus. the overall goal of this work was to enhance innate and adaptive immunity following vaccination through the expression of interferon (ifn) genes by the prrsv genome. we have constructed a series of recombinant prrs viruses using ... | 2012 | 22355454 |
| a novel double recognition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the nucleocapsid protein for early detection of european porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. | precise and rapid detection of porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection in swine farms is critical. improvement of control procedures, such as testing incoming gilt and surveillance of seronegative herds requires more rapid and sensitive methods. however, standard serological techniques detect mainly igg antibodies. a double recognition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dr-elisa) was developed for detection of antibodies specific to european prrsv. this new assay can re ... | 2012 | 22342444 |
| evaluation of immune responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs during early stage of infection under farm conditions. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) causes chronic, economically devastating disease in pigs of all ages. frequent mutations in the viral genome result in viruses with immune escape mutants. irrespective of regular vaccination, control of prrsv remains a challenge to swine farmers. in prrsv-infected pigs, innate cytokine ifn-α is inhibited and the adaptive arm of the immunity is delayed. to elucidate both cellular and innate cytokine responses at very early stages of prrs ... | 2012 | 22340040 |
| natural infection with torque teno sus virus 1 (ttsuv1) suppresses the immune response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) vaccination. | to evaluate the effect of natural infection with ttsuv1 on the antibody response to vaccination with prrs vaccine and clinical signs when co-infected with virulent prrsv, 15 4-week-old ttsuv1-positive piglets and 20 ttsuv1-negative piglets were selected by pcr from two pig farms in jiangsu province. ttsuv1-negative pigs were divided into four groups, and ttsuv1-positive pigs were divided into three groups. experimental pigs were vaccinated with a prrsv modified live virus (mlv) at 6 weeks of age ... | 2012 | 22327391 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines: immunogenicity, efficacy and safety aspects. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection is the leading cause of economic casualty in swine industry worldwide. the virus can cause reproductive failure, respiratory disease, and growth retardation in the pigs. this review deals with current status of commercial prrs vaccines presently used to control prrs. the review focuses on the immunogenicity, protective efficacy and safety aspects of the vaccines. commercial prrs modified-live virus (mlv) vaccine elicits delaye ... | 2012 | 24175208 |
| pathogenesis of korean type 1 (european genotype) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in experimentally infected pigs. | the aim of this study was to elucidate the pathogenesis of experimental infection with korean type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) by defining the virus distribution, sites of viral replication, viraemia and gross and microscopical lesions in conventional pigs studied for 28 days after intranasal inoculation. mean rectal temperature was significantly higher in infected pigs than in negative control pigs at 2 days post inoculation (dpi) (p=0.004), 3 dpi (p<0.001), 4 ... | 2012 | 22316433 |
| an evaluation of interventions for reducing the risk of prrsv introduction to filtered farms via retrograde air movement through idle fans. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is an economically significant pathogen of pigs that can be transported via the airborne route out to 9.1 km. to reduce this risk, large swine facilities have started to implement systems to filter contaminated incoming air. a proposed means of air filtration failure is the retrograde movement of air (back-drafting) from the external environment into the animal air space through non-filtered points such as idle wall fans; however, this ... | 2012 | 22306035 |
| biophysical characterisation of the nucleocapsid protein from a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strain. | the arterivirus nucleocapsid (n) protein is a multifunctional protein that binds viral rna for encapsidation and has potential roles in host cell processes. this study characterised the n protein from a highly virulent north american strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). the association with viral rna was mapped to defined motifs on the n protein. the results indicated that disulphide bridge formation played a key role in rna binding, offering an explanation why ... | 2012 | 22306009 |
| different expression patterns of prrsv mediator genes in the lung tissues of prrsv resistant and susceptible pigs. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) has caused severe economic loss in most swine-producing countries. the resistance to prrs virus (prrsv) infection varies among pig breeds and lines. in this study, we found that the chinese dapulian pigs (dpl) were more resistant to prrsv than commercial duroc×landrace×yorkshire (dly) crossbred pigs in that lower rectal temperature and lower prrsv copy number in the serum were detected in the former. analysis of the mrna expression of five prr ... | 2012 | 22305867 |
| disulfide linkages mediating nucleocapsid protein dimerization are not required for porcine arterivirus infectivity. | the nucleocapsid (n) proteins of the north american (type ii) and european (type i) genotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) share only approximately 60% genetic identity, and the functionality of n in both genotypes, especially its role in virion assembly, is still poorly understood. in this study, we demonstrated that the orf7 3' untranslated region or orf7 of type i is functional in the type ii prrsv background. based on these results, we postulated that the cy ... | 2012 | 22301142 |
| immunogenicity study of plant-made oral subunit vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). | currently, killed-virus and modified-live prrsv vaccines are used to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome disease (prrs). however, very limited efficacy of killed-virus vaccines and serious safety concerns for modified-live virus vaccines demand the development of novel prrsv vaccines. in this report, we investigated the possibility of using transgenic plants as a cost-effective and scalable system for production and delivery of a viral protein as an oral subunit vaccine against ... | 2012 | 22300722 |
| a transgenic marc-145 cell line of piggybac transposon-derived targeting shrna interference against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is now considered to be one of the most important diseases in countries with intensive swine industries. the two major membrane-associated proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), gp5 and m (encoded by orf5 and orf6 genes, respectively), are associated as disulfide-linked heterodimers (gp5/m) in the virus particle. in this study, we designed 5 of the small hairpin rnas (shrnas) targeting the gp5 and m gene of pr ... | 2012 | 22297554 |
| bioactive hydroanthraquinones and anthraquinone dimers from a soft coral-derived alternaria sp. fungus. | five new hydroanthraquinone derivatives, tetrahydroaltersolanols c-f (1-4) and dihydroaltersolanol a (5), and five new alterporriol-type anthranoid dimers, alterporriols n-r (12-16), along with seven known analogues (6-11 and 17), were isolated from the culture broth and the mycelia of alternaria sp. zj-2008003, a fungus obtained from a sarcophyton sp. soft coral collected from the south china sea. their structures and the relative configurations were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic ... | 2012 | 22276679 |
| effects of challenge with a virulent genotype ii strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on piglets vaccinated with an attenuated genotype i strain vaccine. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is endemic in most parts of asia, where genotype i and ii strains of diverse virulence may coexist. this study evaluated the outcome of infection with a highly virulent asian genotype ii prrsv isolate in piglets vaccinated with a genotype i vaccine. twenty-one 3-week-old piglets were divided in three groups: pigs in group v (n=8) were vaccinated with an attenuated genotype i commercial prrsv vaccine, while pigs in group u (n=8) and a co ... | 2012 | 22264642 |
| identification of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus orf1a-encoded non-structural proteins in virus-infected cells. | the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) replicase gene consists of two large orfs, orf1a and orf1b, the latter of which is expressed by ribosomal frameshifting. the orf1a-encoded part of the resulting replicase polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab) is predicted to be processed proteolytically into ten non-structural proteins (nsps), known as nsp1-8, with both the nsp1 and nsp7 regions being cleaved internally (yielding nsp1α and nsp1β, and nsp7α and nsp7β, respectively). the expe ... | 2012 | 22258855 |
| economic analysis of outbreaks of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in nine sow herds. | the economic losses due to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) outbreaks are reported in the literature to be substantially high, but recent figures are not available. the aim of this study was to quantify the economic effects of epidemic prrsv outbreaks in dutch sow herds. nine sow herds were selected based on a confirmed prrsv outbreak within those populations. the economic impact during the first 18 weeks after the outbreak was estimated by comparing the overall costs ... | 2012 | 22238201 |
| effects of north american porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv)-based modified live vaccines on preimmunized sows artificially inseminated with european prrsv-spiked semen. | the objective of the present study was to determine if the european porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) can be transmitted via spiked semen to preimmunized sows and induce reproductive failure. sows were immunized with the north american prrsv-based modified live vaccine (ingelvac prrs mlv; boehringer ingelheim animal health, st. joseph, mo) and were artificially inseminated. the sows were randomly divided into three groups. the vaccinated (group 2) and nonvaccinated (gro ... | 2012 | 22237898 |
| glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored membrane association of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus gp4 glycoprotein and its co-localization with cd163 in lipid rafts. | the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) glycoprotein 4 (gp4) resembles a typical type i membrane protein in its structure but lacks a hydrophilic tail at the c-terminus, suggesting that gp4 may be a lipid-anchored membrane protein. using the human decay-accelerating factor (daf; cd55), a known glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (gpi) lipid-anchored protein, chimeric constructs were made to substitute the gpi-anchor domain of daf with the putative lipid-anchor domain of gp4, an ... | 2012 | 22222209 |
| seroprevalence of economically important viral pathogens in swine populations of trinidad and tobago, west indies. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence and identify the strains of swine influenza virus (swiv), as well as the seroprevalence of porcine parvovirus (ppv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), and classical swine fever virus (csfv) in pigs in trinidad and tobago (t&t). blood samples (309) were randomly collected from pigs at farms ... | 2017 | 28523387 |
| the use of oral fluids to monitor key pathogens in porcine respiratory disease complex. | the usefulness of oral fluid (of) sampling for surveillance of infections in pig populations is already accepted but its value as a tool to support investigations of porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) has been less well studied. this study set out to describe detection patterns of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus type a (siv) and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (m. hyo) among farms showing differing severity of ... | 2017 | 28405463 |
| the nucleocapsid proteins of mouse hepatitis virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus share the same ifn-β antagonizing mechanism: attenuation of pact-mediated rig-i/ mda5 activation. | coronaviruses (covs) are a huge threat to both humans and animals and have evolved elaborate mechanisms to antagonize interferons (ifns). nucleocapsid (n) protein is the most abundant viral protein in cov-infected cells, and has been identified as an innate immunity antagonist in several covs, including mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-cov. however, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) remain unclear. in this study, we found that mhv n protein inhibited s ... | 2017 | 28591694 |
| etiology of acute respiratory disease in fattening pigs in finland. | the objective of our study was to clinically and etiologically investigate acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in finland. our study also aimed to evaluate the clinical use of various methods in diagnosing respiratory infections under field conditions and to describe the antimicrobial resistance profile of the main bacterial pathogen(s) found during the study. | 2017 | 28852568 |
| comparison of asian porcine high fever disease isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus to united states isolates for their ability to cause disease and secondary bacterial infection in swine. | epidemiologic data from asian outbreaks of highly-pathogenic (hp) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) suggest that disease severity was associated with both the virulence of the prrsv isolates and secondary bacterial infections. previous reports have indicated that u.s. isolates of prrsv predispose to secondary bacterial infections as well, but the severity of disease that occurred in asia in pigs infected with these hp-prrsv strains has not been reported in the u.s. the ... | 2017 | 28619168 |
| development of isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2. | porcine circovirus virus type ii (pcv2) is the etiology of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), porcine dermatitis, nephropathy syndrome (pdns), and necrotizing pneumonia. rapid diagnosis tool for detection of pcv2 plays an important role in the disease control and eradication program. recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) assays using a real-time fluorescent detection (pcv2 real-time rpa assay) and rpa combined with lateral flow dipstick (pcv2 rpa lfd assay) were developed ta ... | 2017 | 28424790 |
| [preparation and identification of polyclonal antibodies specific for nsp4 protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus]. | to obtain specific antibodies against nsp4 protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), nsp4 gene was amplified by rt-pcr and cloned into pet-28a(+) vector, designated pet28a-nsp4. pet28a-nsp4 was transformed into escherichia coli trasseta (de3) cells and expressed after induction of iptg. sds-page analysis showed that the recombinant protein was expressed in soluble form with the molecular weight of 26 kda. the soluble fusion protein in the supernatant was purified us ... | 2017 | 28853255 |
| epitope mapping and characterization of a novel nsp10-specific monoclonal antibody that differentiates genotype 2 prrsv from genotype 1 prrsv. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), the causative agent of prrs, has two distinct and highly diverse genotypes (genotype 1 and genotype 2) in the field. accurate diagnosis and differentiation of the two genotypes of prrsv are critical to the effective prevention and control of prrs. the non-structural protein 10 (nsp10) plays a vital role in viral replication and is one of the most conserved proteins of prrsv, thus constituting a good candidate for prrsv diagnosis. | 2017 | 28629383 |
| identification of epitopes on nonstructural protein 7 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus recognized by monoclonal antibodies using phage-display technology. | nonstructural protein 7 (nsp7) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is considered to be a suitable reagent for the development of serological diagnostic assays. it can be expressed as a soluble recombinant protein in escherichia coli, and its antibody response may continue up to 202 days post-infection. furthermore, the region encoded by nsp7 is highly homologous among various strains within the genotype, and the results of nsp7-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ... | 2017 | 28597195 |
| secondary haemophilus parasuis infection enhances highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) infection-mediated inflammatory responses. | highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) infection often predisposes pigs to secondary bacterial infection, which induces robust inflammatory responses. however, whether the secondary bacterial infection synergizes hp-prrsv infection and enhances inflammatory responses is not fully understood. here, we characterized hp-prrsv infection-mediated secondary bacterial infection and robust inflammatory responses. hp-prrsv infection induced higher levels of cytok ... | 2017 | 28532803 |
| concurrent infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and haemophilus parasuis in two types of porcine macrophages: apoptosis, production of ros and formation of multinucleated giant cells. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is one of the most significant and economically important infectious diseases affecting swine worldwide and can predispose pigs to secondary bacterial infections caused by, e.g. haemophilus parasuis. the aim of the presented study was to compare susceptibility of two different types of macrophages which could be in contact with both pathogens during infection with prrs virus (prrsv) and in co-infection with h. parasuis. alveolar macrophages (p ... | 2017 | 28472979 |
| gp5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) as a target for homologous and broadly neutralizing antibodies. | virus neutralization (vn) responses range from narrowly focused antibodies with only homologous neutralizing activity against the virus used for infection, to antibodies that can neutralize both type 1 and type 2 viruses, referred to as broadly neutralizing antibody (bnab). even though neutralizing epitopes are likely distributed among several structural glycoproteins, this paper focuses on the ectodomain region of gp5 as a model system for investigating the role for neutralizing and non-neutral ... | 2017 | 28528961 |
| uk pigs at the time of slaughter: investigation into the correlation of infection with prrsv and hev. | hepatitis e virus (hev) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and are both globally prevalent in the pig population. while hev does not cause clinical disease in pigs, its zoonotic potential has raised concerns in the food safety sector. prrs has become endemic in the united kingdom (uk) since its introduction in 1991, and continues to cause considerable economic losses to the swine industry. a better understanding of the current prevalence and diversity of prrsv and he ... | 2017 | 28598352 |
| uk pigs at the time of slaughter: investigation into the correlation of infection with prrsv and hev. | hepatitis e virus (hev) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and are both globally prevalent in the pig population. while hev does not cause clinical disease in pigs, its zoonotic potential has raised concerns in the food safety sector. prrs has become endemic in the united kingdom (uk) since its introduction in 1991, and continues to cause considerable economic losses to the swine industry. a better understanding of the current prevalence and diversity of prrsv and he ... | 2017 | 28538705 |
| proteomics to study macrophage response to viral infection. | viral infections are a major burden to human and animal health. immune response against viruses consists of innate and adaptive immunity which are both critical for the eradication of the viral infection. the innate immune system is the first line of defense against viral infections. proper innate immune response is required for the activation of adaptive, humoral and cell-mediated immunity. macrophages are innate immune cells which have a central role in detecting viral infections including inf ... | 2017 | 28647517 |
| dual infections of cd163 expressing nptr epithelial cells with influenza a virus and prrsv. | in the pig, respiratory co-infections involving various pathogens are far more frequent than single infections. amongst respiratory viruses, swine influenza type a virus (swiav) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) are frequently associated. previously, we performed co-infections with swiav and prrsv in porcine alveolar macrophages (pam) and precision cut lung slices (pcls). with these two approaches it was practically impossible to have co-infections of the same cells ... | 2017 | 28757015 |
| polymorphism and peptide-binding specificities of porcine major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecules. | the swine lymphocyte antigen class i (sla i) is a highly polymorphic gene superfamily that plays an important role in swine anti-viral immune responses. however, an understanding of the highly variable sites and peptide-binding specificities of sla i molecule is limited. in this study, a total of 27 sla i alleles were identified from 3 tibetan wild boars and 3 heishan pigs. the phylogenetic relationship between the tibetan wild boar and other breeds was analyzed using bioinformatics methods, and ... | 2017 | 28751109 |
| a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus candidate vaccine based on japanese encephalitis virus replicon system. | in the swine industry, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is a highly contagious disease which causes heavy economic losses worldwide. effective prevention and disease control is an important issue. in this study, we described the construction of a japanese encephalitis virus (jev) dna-based replicon with a cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter based on the genome of japanese encephalitis live vaccine virus sa14-14-2, which is capable of offering a potentially novel way to develop and ... | 2017 | 28740748 |
| whole genome characterization of a novel porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 isolate: genetic evidence for recombination between amervac vaccine and circulating strains in mainland china. | genotype 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv 1) have been continuously isolated in china in recent years. complete genome sequences of these isolates are important to investigate the prevalence and evolution of chinese prrsv 1. herein, we describe the isolation of a novel prrsv 1 isolate, denominated hljb1, in the heilongjiang province of china. complete genome sequencing of hljb1 showed that it shares 90.66% and 58.21% nucleotide identities with prrsv 1 and 2 prototypic ... | 2017 | 28746838 |
| molecular cloning of porcine siglec-3, siglec-5 and siglec-10, and identification of siglec-10 as an alternative receptor for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). | in recent years, several entry mediators have been characterized for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). porcine sialoadhesin [psn, also known as sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (siglec-1)] and porcine cd163 (pcd163) have been identified as the most important host entry mediators that can fully coordinate prrsv infection into macrophages. however, recent isolates have not only shown a tropism for sialoadhesin-positive cells, but also for sialoadhesin-negat ... | 2017 | 28742001 |
| a new recombined prrsv virulent strain in china. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is one of the most important swine diseases worldwide. in the present study, a new virulent strain of prrs virus(prrsv) gdsg was isolated in guangdong province of china, which caused high fever, high morbidity and high mortality for sow and piglets. the genome of this new strain is 15,413 nucleotides(nt) in length and comparative analysis revealed that gdsg shared 82.4% to 94% identity with type 2 prrsv strains, but only 61.5% with type 1 prrs ... | 2017 | 28693303 |
| occurrence of mycoplasma hyorhinis infections in fattening pigs and association with clinical signs and pathological lesions of enzootic pneumonia. | respiratory disorders in fattening pigs are of major concern worldwide. particularly enzootic pneumonia remains a problem for the pig industry. this chronic respiratory disease is primarily caused by mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (m. hyopneumoniae). however, more recently it was hypothesised that m. hyorhinis can also cause similar lung lesions. to investigate the relevance of m. hyorhinis as a cause of pneumonia in fattening pigs 10 farms in switzerland (considered free of enzootic pneumonia) and 20 ... | 2017 | 28619130 |
| provision of straw by a foraging tower -effect on tail biting in weaners and fattening pigs. | straw is one of the most effective rooting materials to reduce tail biting in pigs. a so-called foraging-tower (ft) provides only small quantities of straw compatible with liquid manure systems. the focus of the present study was on the effect of providing straw by ft in order to prevent tail biting in tail docked pigs. four consecutive batches of 160 pigs, randomly divided into a straw (sg) and a control group (cg) were followed up from weaning to slaughter. | 2017 | 28405460 |
| development and application of a recombinant m protein-based indirect elisa for the detection of porcine deltacoronavirus igg antibodies. | porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a recently identified coronavirus in the genus deltacoronavirus that can cause enteric disease including diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and mortality in neonatal piglets. serological assays to detect anti-pdcov antibodies are presently limited to certain laboratories and geographic regions. in this study, a recombinant m protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pdcov-rm elisa) was developed and utilized to determine the prevalence of anti-pdc ... | 2017 | 28860101 |
| a novel capillary electrophoresis-based high-throughput multiplex polymerase chain reaction system for the simultaneous detection of nine pathogens in swine. | here we aimed to develop a capillary electrophoresis-based high-throughput multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) system for the simultaneous detection of nine pathogens in swine. nine pairs of specific primers and a set of universal primers were designed; the multiplex pcr was established. the specificity and cross-reactivity of this assay were examined, and the detection limit was determined using serial 10-fold dilutions of plasmids containing the target sequences. the assay was further te ... | 2017 | 28691030 |