| ryegrass or alfalfa silage as the dietary forage for lactating dairy cows. | renewed interest exists in using grass forages to dilute the higher crude protein (cp) and lower digestible fiber present in legumes fed to lactating dairy cows. a 3 x 3 latin square feeding study with 4-wk periods was conducted with 24 holstein cows to compare ryegrass silage, either untreated control or macerated (intensively conditioned) before ensiling, with alfalfa silage as the sole dietary forage. ryegrass silages averaged [dry matter (dm) basis] 18.4% cp, 50% neutral detergent fiber (ndf ... | 2002 | 12201541 |
| effect of duration of performance test on variance component estimates for lamb growth rate. | the objective was to determine the effect of periods of adjustment and duration of performance test on estimating genetic variance parameters for adg. variance components were estimated from adg data collected from 1978 to 1984 on a total of 1,047 targhee ewe and ram lambs at the u.s. sheep experiment station (dubois, id). across all years, lambs averaged 84 +/- 9 d of age and 25 +/- 5.4 kg of weight when placed on test. lambs were provided ad libitum access to a commercial pellet of barley grai ... | 2002 | 12211375 |
| effects of forage particle size and grain fermentability in midlactation cows. i. milk production and diet digestibility. | our study investigated the effects of, and interactions between, level of dietary ruminally fermentable carbohydrate (rfc) and forage particle size on milk production, nutrient digestibility, and microbial protein yield for dairy cows fed one level of dietary ndf. eight cows (61 days in milk) were assigned to four treatments in a double 4 x 4 latin square. treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial design; finely chopped alfalfa silage (fs) and coarse alfalfa silage (cs) were combined with co ... | 2002 | 12214986 |
| effects of forage particle size and grain fermentability in midlactation cows. ii. ruminal ph and chewing activity. | our study investigated the effects of, and interactions between, level of dietary ruminally fermentable carbohydrate (rfc) and forage particle size on rumen ph and chewing activity for dairy cows fed one level of dietary ndf. also, correlations between intake, production, chewing, and ruminal ph parameters were investigated. eight cows (61 days in milk) were assigned to four treatments in a double 4 x 4 latin square. treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial design; finely chopped alfalfa si ... | 2002 | 12214987 |
| effects of particle size of alfalfa-based dairy cow diets on site and extent of digestion. | effects of ratio of alfalfa silage to alfalfa hay and forage particle size on nutrient intakes, site of digestion, rumen pools, and passage rate of ruminal contents were evaluated in a 4 x 4 latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. the diets consisted of 60% barley-based concentrate and 40% forage made up either of 50:50 or 25:75 of alfalfa silage:alfalfa hay and alfalfa hay was either chopped or ground. lactating dairy cows surgically fitted with ruminal and duodena ... | 2002 | 12214988 |
| whole linted cottonseed as a forage substitute fed with ground or steam-flaked corn: digestibility and performance. | six ruminally and duodenally cannulated holstein cows were used in a 6 x 6 latin square design. the objective was to evaluate any potential interactions in site of nutrient digestion when neutral detergent fiber (ndf) from cottonseed was incrementally substituted for forage ndf (fndf) from alfalfa silage and when starch availability was varied by feeding ground (g) or steam-flaked (sf) corn. iso-ndf diets were forage control with g corn (21% fndf), 5% whole cottonseed (wcs) with g or sf corn (18 ... | 2002 | 12214990 |
| whole linted cottonseed as a forage substitute: fiber effectiveness and digestion kinetics. | six ruminally and duodenally cannulated holstein cows were used in a 6 x 6 latin square design to 1) evaluate the potential interaction in effectiveness of neutral detergent fiber (ndf) from whole cottonseed (wcs) when it was substituted for forage ndf (fndf) and fed with ground (g) or steam-flaked (sf) corn and 2) to determine whether the kinetic properties of ndf digestion further clarify the effectiveness of wcs. the six dietary treatments were: forage control with g corn (21% fndf), 5% wcs w ... | 2002 | 12214991 |
| impact of feeding a raw soybean hull-condensed corn steep liquor pellet on induced subacute ruminal acidosis in lactating cows. | we used four ruminally cannulated, multiparous holstein cows (690 kg; 21 kg/d milk) in a 2-period crossover design to determine the impact of feeding a raw soybean hull-corn steep liquor pellet (shsl) on induced subacute ruminal acidosis (sara) in lactating cows. cows were fed control [30% alfalfa hay, 15% corn silage, 34% corn, 9% whole cottonseed, 5% soybean meal (sbm)] or shsl (20% of diet dm) diets as tmr. shsl replaced 6.2% alfalfa hay, 3.7% corn silage, 6.6% corn, and 3.3% sbm. periods wer ... | 2002 | 12214992 |
| alfalfa weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae) larval sampling: comparison of shake-bucket and sweep-net methods and effect of training. | two field-sampling methods, shake-bucket and sweep-net, were compared for use in monitoring alfalfa weevil, hypera postica (gyllenhal), larvae in alfalfa hay of the high plains and intermountain region of north america. in this region, alfalfa grows to sufficient height to use both methods before the more damaging late instars peak in abundance. both methods also were compared with extracting larvae by using berlese funnels in the laboratory. the shake-bucket method was more sensitive in detecti ... | 2002 | 12216816 |
| the cdc2ms kinase is differently regulated in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. | to study a cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) from alfalfa (medicago sativa l.), an antibody was raised against the c-terminal 16 amino acids of the protein cdc2ams. the cdc2ms protein was immunopurified with this antibody and its histone kinase activity was measured. the cdc2ms kinase is activated at the g1/s transition when phosphate-starved cells from the g0 phase re-enter the cell cycle and remain active as cells transit the s, g2, and m phases, indicating that the same cdk regulates all of these ... | 1997 | 12223648 |
| role of the differentiation of root epidermal cells in nod factor (from rhizobium meliloti)-induced root-hair depolarization of medicago sativa. | the stage of differentiation of epidermal cells and the development of root hairs was found to be important for the induction of depolarization in root hairs of medicago sativa by nod factor [nodrm-iv(s)] isolated from the bacterium rhizobium meliloti. the electrical membrane response was concentration dependent, having its major effect (amplitude of the depolarization and number of root hairs that responded) at 10-8 and 10-7 m nod factor. this response was correlated with a morphological effect ... | 1995 | 12228403 |
| alfalfa root flavonoid production is nitrogen regulated. | flavonoids produced by legume roots are signal molecules acting both as chemoattractants and nod gene inducers for the symbiotic rhizobium partner. combined nitrogen inhibits the establishment of the symbiosis. to know whether nitrogen nutrition could act at the level of signal production, we have studied the expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes as well as the production of flavonoids in the roots of plants grown under nitrogen-limiting or nonlimiting conditions. we show here that growth o ... | 1995 | 12228491 |
| lipo-chitooligosaccharide nodulation signals from rhizobium meliloti induce their rapid degradation by the host plant alfalfa. | extracellular enzymes from alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) involved in the degradation of nodulation (nod) factors could be distinguished by their different cleavage specificities and were separated by lectin affinity chromatography. a particular glycoprotein was able to release an acylated lipo-disaccharide from all tested nod factors having an oligosaccharide chain length of four or five residues. structural modifications of the basic lipo-chitooligosaccharide did not affect the cleavage site and ... | 1995 | 12228566 |
| alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) root exudates contain isoflavonoids in the presence of rhizobium meliloti. | root exudates of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) inoculated with symbiotic rhizobium meliloti bacteria contained three isoflavonoids that were not found in exudates of uninoculated plants. data from proton nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and ultraviolet-visible absorbance analyses indicated that root exudates of inoculated plants contained aglycone and glycoside forms of the phytoalexin medicarpin and a formononetin-7-o-(6"-o-malonylglycoside), a conjugated form of the medicarpin pre ... | 1993 | 12231731 |
| expression and localization of plant protein disulfide isomerase. | a cdna clone encoding a putative protein disulfide isomerase (pdi, ec 5.3.4.1) from alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) was expressed in escherichia coli cells, and an antiserum was raised against the expressed pdi-active protein. the antiserum recognized a protein of approximately 60 kd in extracts from alfalfa, soybean, and tobacco roots and stems. levels of this protein remained relatively constant on exposure of alfalfa cell suspension cultures to the protein glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin, wh ... | 1993 | 12231974 |
| the metabolites of the herbicide l-phosphinothricin (glufosinate) (identification, stability, and mobility in transgenic, herbicide-resistant, and untransformed plants). | the metabolism of the herbicide l-phosphinothricin (l-pt) was analyzed in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum), alfalfa (medicago sativa), and carrot (daucus carota). in transgenic, pt-resistant plants expressing the pt-n-acetyltransferase gene (pat), l-pt was acetylated, resulting in two forms of n-acetyl-pt (ac-pt). in transgenic plants expressing only low pat-encoded acetylating activity as well as in genetically unmodified plants, three metabolic compounds 4-methylphosphinico-2-oxo-butanoic acid, 3-m ... | 1994 | 12232195 |
| root hair deformation activity of nodulation factors and their fate on vicia sativa. | we used a semiquantitative root hair deformation assay for vicia sativa (vetch) to study the activity of rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae nodulation (nod) factors. five to 10 min of nod factor-root interaction appears to be sufficient to induce root hair deformation. the first deformation is visible within 1 h, and after 3 h about 80% of the root hairs in a small susceptible zone of the root are deformed. this zone encompasses root hairs that have almost reached their maximal size. the nod fact ... | 1994 | 12232242 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of nodd genes from rhizobium sp. sin-1, a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of sesbania and other tropical legumes. | rhizobium sp. sin-1, a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of sesbania aculeata and other tropical legumes, carries two copies of nodd, both on a sym plasmid. we have isolated these two nodd genes by screening a genomic library of rhizobium sp. sin-1 with a nodd probe from sinorhizobium meliloti. nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence analysis indicated that the nodd genes of rhizobium sp. sin-1 are most closely related to those of r. tropici and azorhziobium caulinodans. rhizobium sp. sin ... | 2002 | 12232670 |
| comparative activity of baculoviruses against the codling moth cydia pomonella and three other tortricid pests of tree fruit. | the granulovirus of cydia pomonella (l.) (cpgv) offers potential for selective control of codling moth. two major limitations of cpgv are its narrow host range and lack of persistence in the orchard agroecosystem. the nucleopolyhedroviruses of the alfalfa looper autographa californica (speyer) (acmnpv) and those of the celery looper anagrapha falcifera (kirby) (afmnpv) have broad host ranges. comparative assays of cpgv, acmnpv, and afmnpv against codling moth neonate larvae revealed a 54-93-fold ... | 2002 | 12234544 |
| glycine-rich proteins encoded by a nodule-specific gene family are implicated in different stages of symbiotic nodule development in medicago spp. | four genes encoding small proteins with significantly high glycine content have been identified from root nodules of medicago sativa. all of these proteins as well as their medicago truncatula homologues carried an amino terminal signal peptide and a glycine-rich carboxy terminal domain. all except nodgrp3 lacked the characteristic repeat structure described for cell wall and stress response-related glycine-rich proteins (grp). expression of these grp genes was undetectable in flower, leaf, stem ... | 2002 | 12236598 |
| morphogenetic rescue of rhizobium meliloti nodulation mutants by trans-zeatin secretion. | the development of nitrogen-fixing nodules is induced on the roots of legume host plants by rhizobium bacteria. we employed a novel strategy to probe the underlying mechanism of nodule morphogenesis in alfalfa roots using ptzs, a broad host range plasmid carrying a constitutive trans-zeatin secretion (tzs) gene from agrobacterium tumefaciens t37. this plasmid suppressed the nod- phenotype of rhizobium nodulation mutants such that mutants harboring ptzs stimulated the formation of nodulelike stru ... | 1994 | 12244237 |
| molecular cloning and cytochemical analysis of exopolygalacturonase from carrot. | exopolygalacturonase (exo-pgase, ec 3.2.1.67) attacks the non-reducing terminus of the polygalacturonic acid in pectic molecules, releasing galacturonic acid. we cloned the cdna of exo-pgase purified from cell homogenates of suspension-cultured carrot ( daucus carota l. cv. kintoki) cells. the nucleotide sequence of the cdna (1.4 kb) contains an open reading frame that encodes a 391-amino-acid polypeptide. sequence homology research showed 97.9% identity to the glycoprotein ep4 obtained from cul ... | 2002 | 12244438 |
| deficiency of a sinorhizobium meliloti baca mutant in alfalfa symbiosis correlates with alteration of the cell envelope. | the baca protein is essential for the long-term survival of sinorhizobium meliloti and brucella abortus within acidic compartments in plant and animal cells, respectively. since both the s. meliloti and b. abortus baca mutants have an increased resistance to bleomycin, it was hypothesized that baca was a transporter of bleomycin and bleomycin-like compounds into the bacterial cell. however, our finding that the s. meliloti baca mutant also has an increased sensitivity to detergents, a hydrophobi ... | 2002 | 12270820 |
| characterization of the sinorhizobium meliloti sinr/sini locus and the production of novel n-acyl homoserine lactones. | sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium which can establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with the legume medicago sativa. recent work has identified a pair of genes, sinr and sini, which represent a potential quorum-sensing system and are responsible for the production of n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls) in two s. meliloti strains, rm1021 and rm41. in this work, we characterize the sinri locus and show that these genes are responsible for the synthesis of several long-chain ahls ranging from ... | 2002 | 12270827 |
| octadecanoid precursors of jasmonic acid activate the synthesis of wound-inducible proteinase inhibitors. | jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate have been shown previously to be powerful inducers of proteinase inhibitors in tomato, tobacco, and alfalfa leaves. we show here that when proposed octadecanoid precursors of jasmonic acid, i.e., linolenic acid, 13(s)-hydroperoxylinolenic acid, and phytodienoic acid, were applied to the surfaces of tomato leaves, these compounds also served as powerful inducers of proteinase inhibitor i and ii synthesis, a simulation of a wound response. by contrast, compounds ... | 1992 | 12297644 |
| differences in attachment of salmonella enterica serovars and escherichia coli o157:h7 to alfalfa sprouts. | numerous salmonella enterica and escherichia coli o157:h7 outbreaks have been associated with contaminated sprouts. we examined how s. enterica serovars, e. coli serotypes, and nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from alfalfa sprouts grow on and adhere to alfalfa sprouts. growth on and adherence to sprouts were not significantly different among different serovars of s. enterica, but all s. enterica serovars grew on and adhered to alfalfa sprouts significantly better than e. coli o157:h7. e. coli o15 ... | 2002 | 12324317 |
| exposure to ammoniated wheat straw as suckling calves improves performance of mature beef cows wintered on ammoniated wheat straw. | we studied how exposure to ammoniated wheat straw (aws) early in life affected the performance of 32 mature crossbred beef cows (bos taurus) (mean bw = 615 kg) wintered on aws. half (16) of these cows had been exposed as suckling calves to aws for 66 d (exposed), while the other 16 cows had no previous exposure to aws (naïve). five years after the initial exposure, cows were stratified by bw and bred into 8 groups of 4 cows each. exposed and naïve cows occurred in each group, and groups of 4 cow ... | 2002 | 12350011 |
| the effects of dry extrusion temperature of whole soybeans on digestion of protein and amino acids by steers. | five holstein steers (450 kg) with cannulas in the rumen, proximal duodenum, and terminal ileum were used in a 5 x 5 latin square design to study the effects of extrusion temperature on site of digestion of nitrogenous compounds in whole soybeans. the basal diet contained 50% corn silage, 24% alfalfa hay, 16.6% corn starch, 4.05% ground corn, 1% urea, and 3.4% soybean oil. raw soybeans or soybeans extruded at 116, 138, or 160 degrees c (diets 116, 138, and 160, respectively) replaced the soybean ... | 2002 | 12350027 |
| construction of a sinorhizobium meliloti strain carrying a stable and non-transmissible chromosomal single copy of the green fluorescent protein gfp-p64l/s65t. | a single copy of the green fluorescent protein (gfp)-encoding gene gfp-p64l/s65t under the control of the constitutive nptii promoter was introduced in a neutral region of the sinorhizobium meliloti chromosome, between the genes reca and alas. within the same chromosomal region downstream of gfp-p64l/s65t a tetracycline (tc) resistant cassette was also inserted. both markers were very stable during at least 40 bacterial generations without any selective pressure. similarly, the gfp-tc cassette w ... | 2002 | 12351225 |
| nodulin gene expression and enod2 localization in effective, nitrogen-fixing and ineffective, bacteria-free nodules of alfalfa. | alfalfa plants form bacteria-free nodules in response to a number of agents, including rhizobium meliloti exo mutants, agrobacterium tumefaciens transconjugants carrying cloned r. meliloti nodulation genes, and compounds that function as auxin transport inhibitors, n-( 1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. these bacteria-free nodules contain transcripts for the nodulins nms30 and msenod2; transcripts for late nodulins like leghemoglobin are not detected. in situ hybridization ... | 1990 | 12354949 |
| rhizobium meliloti genes encoding catabolism of trigonelline are induced under symbiotic conditions. | rhizobium meliloti trc genes controlling the catabolism of trigonelline, a plant secondary metabolite often abundant in legumes, are closely linked to nif-nod genes on the symbiotic megaplasmid psym [boivin, c., malpica, c., rosenberg, c., denarie, j., goldman, a., fleury, v., maille, m., message, b., and tepfer, d. (1989). in molecular signals in the microbe-plant symbiotic and pathogenic systems. (berlin: springer-verlag), pp. 401-407]. to investigate the role of trigonelline catabolism in the ... | 1990 | 12354952 |
| cooperative action of rhizobium meliloti nodulation and infection mutants during the process of forming mixed infected alfalfa nodules. | alfalfa plants co-inoculated with rhizobium meliloti nodulation (nod-) and infection mutants deficient in exopolysaccharide production (inf-eps-) formed mixed infected nodules that were capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. the formation of infected nodules was dependent on close contact between the inoculation partners. when the partners were separated by a filter, empty fix- nodules were formed, suggesting that infection thread formation in alfalfa is dependent on signals from the nodulation ... | 1990 | 12354955 |
| effect of starch application into the proximal duodenum of ruminants on starch digestibility in the small and total intestine. | four slovakian black-and-white bulls (lw 410 +/- 12 kg; exp. 1) and four slovakian black-and-white non lactating dairy cows (lw 475 +/- 14 kg; exp. 2) with permanent ruminal cannulas, duodenal t-cannulas and ileal re-entrant cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 latin square design to determine the postruminal capacity of starch digestion. in exp. 1 bulls received 5.4 kg dm from corn silage and 3.6 kg dm from alfalfa hay, in exp. 2 cows consumed only 2.1 kg dm corn silage and 1.9 kg dm alfalfa hay. addi ... | 2001 | 12357594 |
| fatty acid profiles of milk and rumen digesta from cows fed fish oil, extruded soybeans or their blend. | four fistulated primiparous cows (two holstein and two brown swiss) averaging 102 dim were used in a 4 x 4 latin square with 3-wk periods to determine the effect of feeding fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their combination on fatty acid profiles of milk and rumen digesta. experimental diets consisted of: 1) control diet; 2) a diet with 2% (dm basis) added fat from menhaden fish oil; 3) a diet with 2% added fat from extruded soybeans; and 4) a diet with 1% added fat from fish oil and 1% fat from ... | 2002 | 12362459 |
| the effect of fibrolytic enzymes sprayed onto forages and fed in a total mixed ratio to lactating dairy cows. | we investigated the effect of spraying different combinations of fibrolytic enzymes onto forages on their nutritive value for lactating cows. holstein cows were fed a tmr consisting of 30% corn silage, 15% alfalfa hay, and 55% concentrate (dry matter basis). during a 12-wk treatment period, the forages were treated with no enzymes (control), cellulase d and sultanas b, or cellulase d and xylanase c. enzymes were diluted in water and sprayed onto the forages while mixing. both combinations of enz ... | 2002 | 12362474 |
| l-ascorbic acid is accumulated in source leaf phloem and transported to sink tissues in plants. | l-ascorbic acid (asa) was found to be loaded into phloem of source leaves and transported to sink tissues. when l-[(14)c]asa was applied to leaves of intact plants of three different species, autoradiographs and hplc analysis demonstrated that asa was accumulated into phloem and transported to root tips, shoots, and floral organs, but not to mature leaves. asa was also directly detected in arabidopsis sieve tube sap collected from an english green aphid (sitobion avenae) stylet. feeding a single ... | 2002 | 12376632 |
| role of the alfalfa mosaic virus methyltransferase-like domain in negative-strand rna synthesis. | rnas 1 and 2 of the tripartite genome of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) encode the replicase proteins p1 and p2, respectively. p1 contains a methyltransferase-like domain in its n-terminal half, which has a putative role in capping the viral rnas. six residues in this domain that are highly conserved in the methyltransferase domains of alphavirus-like viruses were mutated individually in amv p1. none of the mutants was infectious to plants. mutant rna 1 was coexpressed with wild-type (wt) rnas 2 and ... | 2002 | 12388692 |
| effect of the methodology on circulating peptides determination and consequences on net flux measurements across the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. | two methodologies for the measurement of peptide amino acids (paa) in blood were compared to evaluate their effects on the measurement of the net flux of peptides across the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. these methods consisted of a chemical deproteinization of blood samples with sulfosalicylic acid (1.6 m, 0.1 ml for 1 ml of sample) or perchloric acid (1 m, 1 ml for 1 ml of sample) followed by ultrafiltration through a 3,000-da cut-off filter (ssa + uf3 kd) or gel filtration through a sephad ... | 2002 | 12389218 |
| aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and production of related compounds from p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid by rumen bacteria, protozoa and their mixture. | aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and production of related compounds from p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (hpy) by mixed rumen bacteria (b), protozoa (p), and their mixture (bp) in an in vitro system were quantitatively investigated. microbial suspensions prepared from mature, fistulated goats fed lucerne ( medicago sativa) cubes and a concentrate mixture were anaerobically incubated at 39 degrees c for 12 h. tyrosine (tyr), phenylalanine (phe), tryptophan (trp) and other related compounds in both s ... | 2002 | 12395184 |
| egyptian plant species as new ozone indicators. | the aim of this study was to test and select one or more highly sensitive, specific and environmentally successful egyptian bioindicator plants for ozone (o3). for that purpose more than 30 egyptian species and cultivars were subjected to extensive screening studies under controlled environmental and pollutant exposure conditions to mimic the egyptian environmental conditions and o3 levels in urban and rural sites. four plant species were found to be more sensitive to o3 than the universally use ... | 2002 | 12395848 |
| production of bulk amounts of universal rna for dna microarrays. | in dna microarray technology, repeatability and reliability are very important to compare multiple rna samplesfrom different experiments. the application of common or universal rna as a standard control equalizes the differences in hybridization parameters and array variations. for this purpose, high-quality reference rna is necessary in bulk amounts. a novel approach was developed to get milligrams of sense or antisense rna, starting from micrograms of pooled total rna from different cell lines ... | 2002 | 12398199 |
| alpha-tocopherol concentrations and case life of lamb muscle as influenced by concentrate or pasture finishing. | two experiments were conducted to evaluate alpha-tocopherol accumulation in muscle of lambs finished on pasture or concentrates. the objective for exp. 1 was to compare accumulation of alpha-tocopherol in the longissimus muscle of pasture-fed lambs to that of lambs fed three concentrations (15, 150, and 300 iu/kg of dm) of supplemental vitamin e (all rac alpha-tocopheryl acetate) in all-concentrate diets. the objective in exp. 2 was to investigate the effect of duration of supplemental vitamin e ... | 2002 | 12413072 |
| effects of saccharomyces cerevisiae culture and saccharomyces cerevisiae live cells on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation. | the objective of this study was to examine the effects of a saccharomyces cerevisiae live cell product and a s. cerevisiae culture product on the in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation of ground corn, soluble starch, alfalfa hay, and coastal bermudagrass hay. in the presence of ground corn, neither concentration (0.35 or 0.73 g/l) of s. cerevisiae culture nor live cells had any effect on final ph, h2, ch4, propionate, or butyrate. the s. cerevisiae culture had no effect on acetate, bu ... | 2002 | 12416814 |
| effects of pretrial milk yield on responses of feed intake, digestion, and production to dietary forage concentration. | the relationships between pretrial milk yield and effects of dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio on dry matter intake (dmi), digestion, and milk yield were evaluated using 32 holstein cows in a crossover design with two 16-d periods. cows were 197 +/- 55 (mean +/- sd) days in milk at the beginning of the experiment. milk yield averaged 33.9 kg/d and ranged from 16.5 to 55.0 kg/d for the 4 d before initiation of treatments. treatments were diets with forage-to-concentrate ratios of 67:33 and 44:5 ... | 2002 | 12416819 |
| [root system development ability of several alfalfa cultivars in the hilly and valley regions of loess plateau]. | a field study was conducted in the hilly and valley regions of loess plateau in gansu province to analyze the root system development ability of several alfalfa (medicago sativa) cultivars. eight introduced cultivars and one local cultivar were arranged in the same site. the secondary roots of alfalfa cultivars grew mainly from the taproot underground 10-20 cm depth, and there were no secondary roots below 50 cm depth. the total amount of secondary roots of sandili and ameristand 201 was the big ... | 2002 | 12422841 |
| new host-virus relations between different solanum species and viruses. | we have studied the susceptibility or resistance of solanum capsicastrum link. et schauer, s. comatum sendt., s. dulcamara l., s. luteum mill., s. malacoxylon sendt. and s. nigrum l. to three aphid transmissible viruses [alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (amv), potato m. carlavirus (pvm) and potato s carlavirus (pvs)]. out of the species, s. capsicastrum, s. comatum, s. dulcamara, s. malacoxylon and s. nigrum to amv, s. capsicastrum and s. malacoxylon to pvm and s. capsicastrum, s. luteum and s. nigrum ... | 2001 | 12425036 |
| a comparison of recommended and reduced insecticide regimes in alfalfa. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the recommended rates of insecticides applied at two different population levels of the alfalfa weevil, hypera variabilis hbst. (coleoptera: curculionidae) and the reduced levels of insecticides on alfalfa weevil, predators and yield in 1998 and 1999. more specific objective was to search for options to reduce insecticide usage while implementing an effective pest control, thereby developing more economically and environmentally sound al ... | 2001 | 12425072 |
| effects of neem-based and chemical insecticides on some arthropods in alfalfa. | in this study, we tested the effects of two different doses of neem (azadirachtin) on the alfalfa weevil, hypera variabilis hbst. (coleoptera: curculionidae), aphids and predators (coccinellids, anthocorids, chrysopids and spiders) and compared the effects with those of a broad spectrum insecticide (malathion) in a controlled experiment in 1998 and 1999. malathion treatments reduced alfalfa weevil densities significantly (p < 0.01) by 77.9 and 87.4% in 1998 and 1999, respectively. alfalfa weevil ... | 2001 | 12425073 |
| a simple alfalfa seedling infection model for pseudomonas aeruginosa strains associated with cystic fibrosis shows algt (sigma-22) and rhlr contribute to pathogenesis. | a sensitive plant infection model was developed to identify virulence factors in nontypeable, alginate overproducing (mucoid) pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis (cf) patients with chronic pulmonary disease. nontypeable strains with defects in lipopolysaccharide o-side chains are common to cf and often exhibit low virulence in animal models of infection. however, 1,000 such bacteria were enough to show disease symptoms in the alfalfa infection. a typical mucoid cf isolat ... | 2002 | 12426404 |
| a topoisomerase ii-dependent checkpoint in g2-phase plant cells can be bypassed by ectopic expression of mitotic cyclin b2. | dna topoisomerase ii is required for mitotic chromosome condensation and segregation. here we characterize the effects of inhibiting dna topoisomerase ii activity in plant cells using the non-dna damaging topoisomerase ii inhibitor icrf-193. we report that icrf-193 abrogated chromosome condensation in cultured alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) and tobacco (nicotiana tabaccum l.) mitoses and led to bridged chromosomes at anaphase. moreover, icrf-193 treatment delayed entry into mitosis, increasing the ... | 2002 | 12429932 |
| analysis of infection thread development using gfp- and dsred-expressing sinorhizobium meliloti. | sinorhizobium meliloti growth inside infection threads was monitored after inoculation of alfalfa with red- or green-tagged bacteria. most threads were populated with single bacterial types. mixed infections were present but gave mixed nodules less often than expected. these patterns are explained by a model describing bacterial growth during infection. | 2002 | 12446653 |
| the influence of the symbiotic plasmid prl1ji on the distribution of gm rhizobia in soil and crop rhizospheres, and implications for gene flow. | the distribution of two genetically modified rhizobium leguminosarum strains was investigated in the field. one, rsm2004, released in 1987, carries a tns marker on its conjugative symbiotic plasmid (psym). the second, ct0370, released at the same site in 1994, has a gusa gene integrated into its chromosome but no psym. plate counts indicated that the ct0370 population became established at a higher level than rsm2004. however, when peas, alfalfa and barley were grown, rsm2004 was found to outnum ... | 2002 | 12448756 |
| identification and cloning of the bacterial nodulation specificity gene in the sinorhizobium meliloti--medicago laciniata symbiosis. | medicago laciniata (cut-leaf medic) is an annual medic that is highly nodulation specific, nodulating only with a restricted range of sinorhizobium meliloti. e.g., strain 102l4, but not with most strains that nodulate medicago sativa (alfalfa), e.g., strains rcr2011 and rm41. our aim was to identify and clone the s. meliloti 102l4 gene implicated in the specific nodulation of m. laciniata and to characterize the adjacent nodulation (nod) region. an 11-kb ecori dna fragment from s. meliloti 102l4 ... | 2002 | 12455608 |
| colletotrichum trifolii tb3 kinase, a cot1 homolog, is light inducible and becomes localized in the nucleus during hyphal elongation. | colletotrichum trifolii is a fungal pathogen responsible for anthracnose disease of alfalfa. previously, a serine/threonine protein kinase gene from this fungus (tb3), which is a functional homolog of the neurospora crassa cot1 kinase, has been isolated in our laboratory and appears to be associated with hyphal elongation and branching. in this report we show that light treatment rapidly induces tb3 expression and hyphal branching frequency. western analysis showed tb3 localization in both the c ... | 2002 | 12456010 |
| short-term care of white-tailed deer fawns (odocoileus virginianus) in a conventional laboratory animal facility. | laboratory animal medicine professionals are often required to develop husbandry practices for species not commonly considered for use as laboratory animals. although protocols exist for management of captive white-tailed deer in an outdoor facility, it was necessary to modify those procedures to house fawns in an indoor facility. four abandoned fawns were acquired through a cooperative effort with the department of conservation. physical examinations were performed and fecal samples were collec ... | 1998 | 12456143 |
| matua bromegrass hay for mares in gestation and lactation. | matua bromegrass hay (bromus willdenowii kunth) is a high quality forage, but its value for mares during gestation and lactation is not well known. intake, rate of passage, performance, and reproduction by gestating and lactating quarter horse mares fed the hay was investigated. in this experiment, 12, 2- to 12-yr-old gravid mares (mean bw = 553 kg, sd = 36) were fed matua hay (cp = 11.5%) or alfalfa hay (medicago sativa l.) (cp = 15.4%) for variable days prepartum (mean 59.9 d; sd = 23.5) and f ... | 2002 | 12462265 |
| digestibility and dry matter intake of diets containing alfalfa and kenaf. | two experiments were conducted to determine the dietary value of pellets containing kenaf (hibiscus cannabinus cv. 'everglade 41') hay. averaged across both experiments, kenaf pellets contained 82.6% kenaf hay, 16.6% liquid molasses, and 0.8% mineral oil. the chemical composition of the kenaf pellet was 12.6% crude protein (cp), 41.2% neutral detergent fiber (ndf), and 14.4% acid detergent fiber (adf). in exp. 1 (digestion and n balance trial), 18 lambs (body weight [bw] = 36.4 kg) were blocked ... | 2002 | 12462268 |
| effects of virginiamycin and monensin plus tylosin on ruminal protein metabolism in steers fed corn-based finishing diets with or without wet corn gluten feed. | six ruminally cannulated steers (345 +/- 20 kg initial bw) were used in a 6 x 6 latin square to evaluate effects of diet and antibiotics on ruminal protein metabolism. two diets and three antibiotic treatments were arranged factorially. one diet contained (dm basis) 72% dry-rolled corn, 12% soybean meal, 10% alfalfa hay, and 4% molasses (sbm), and the other contained 63% dry-rolled corn, 30% wet corn gluten feed, and 5% alfalfa hay (wcgf). antibiotic treatments included control, virginiamycin (1 ... | 2002 | 12462270 |
| effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme on ruminal fermentation and digestibility of alfalfa and rye-grass hay fed to lambs. | this experiment was carried out to study the effect of a directly fed exogenous fibrolytic enzyme on intake and digestion of dm, om, protein, ndf, adf, and hemicellulose of alfalfa and ryegrass hay by sheep. four diets were randomly assigned to four ruminally cannulated lambs using a 4 x 4 latin square design, repeated in time, with a factorial arrangement (2 x 2) of diets: 1) alfalfa hay; 2) alfalfa hay + exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (enzyme); 3) ryegrass hay; and 4) ryegrass hay + enzyme. lamb ... | 2002 | 12462271 |
| quorum sensing controls exopolysaccharide production in sinorhizobium meliloti. | sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium capable of invading and establishing a symbiotic relationship with alfalfa plants. this invasion process requires the synthesis, by s. meliloti, of at least one of the two symbiotically important exopolysaccharides, succinoglycan and eps ii. we have previously shown that the sinri locus of s. meliloti encodes a quorum-sensing system that plays a role in the symbiotic process. here we show that the sinri locus exerts one level of control through regulati ... | 2003 | 12486070 |
| ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion by dairy cows fed varying amounts of soyhulls as a replacement for corn grain. | five multiparous holstein cows cannulated in the rumen and duodenum that averaged 63 d in milk were used in a 5 x 5 latin square design with 14-d periods to evaluate the incremental substitution of soyhulls for corn in the diet. diets contained 23% alfalfa silage, 23% corn silage, and 54% concentrate on a dry matter (dm) basis. pelleted soyhulls replaced corn in the concentrate to supply 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% of the dietary dm. the intakes of dm and organic matter were unaffected by treatments. ... | 2002 | 12487457 |
| performance of lactating dairy cows fed varying amounts of soyhulls as a replacement for corn grain. | fifteen multiparous holstein cows averaging 112 d in milk were used in a replicated 5 x 5 latin square to evaluate the incremental substitution of soyhulls for corn in the diet. diets contained 23% alfalfa silage, 23% corn silage, and 54% concentrate on a dry matter basis. pelleted soyhulls replaced corn in the concentrate to supply 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% of the dietary dry matter. dry matter intake decreased linearly as soyhulls replaced corn in the diet, but the major decrease in dry matter int ... | 2002 | 12487458 |
| influence of particle size on the effectiveness of the fiber in alfalfa silage. | the objective was to determine the influence of alfalfa silage particle length on milk yield, milk composition, and chewing activity. sixteen multiparous lactating holsteins were used in each of two separate feeding trials over a 2-yr period providing two repetitions. each trial was based on 4 x 4 latin squares with 21-d periods. all four diets (2-yr average, dry basis) contained a basal level of 10.7% neutral detergent fiber from corn silage and 2.3% neutral detergent fiber from chopped alfalfa ... | 2002 | 12487465 |
| purified tomato spotted wilt virus particles support both genome replication and transcription in vitro. | purified tomato spotted wilt virus particles were shown to support either genome replication or transcription in vitro, depending on the conditions chosen. transcriptional activity was observed only upon addition of rabbit reticulocyte lysate, indicating a dependence on translation. under these conditions rna molecules of subgenomic length were synthesized that hybridized to strand-specific probes for the n and nss genes. cloning of these transcripts demonstrated the presence of nonviral leader ... | 2002 | 12490389 |
| composition and physiological profiling of sprout-associated microbial communities. | the native microfloras of various types of sprouts (alfalfa, clover, sunflower, mung bean, and broccoli sprouts) were examined to assess the relative effects of sprout type and inoculum factors (i.e., sprout-growing facility, seed lot, and inoculation with sprout-derived inocula) on the microbial community structure of sprouts. sprouts were sonicated for 7 min or hand shaken with glass beads for 2 min to recover native microfloras from the surface, and the resulting suspensions were diluted and ... | 2002 | 12495008 |
| effects of salinomycin and vitamin b(6) on in vitro metabolism of phenylalanine and its related compounds by ruminal bacteria, protozoa and their mixture. | an in vitro study was conducted to examine the effects of salinomycin (sl) and vitamin b(6) (b(6)) on the production of phenylalanine (phe) from phenylpyruvic acid (ppy) and phenylacetic acid (paa) and of paa from phe and ppy by mixed rumen bacteria (b), mixed rumen protozoa (p) and their mixture (bp). rumen microorganisms were collected from fistulated goats fed lucerne cubes (medicago sativa) and a concentrate mixture (3 : 1) twice a day. microbial suspensions were anaerobically incubated at 3 ... | 1998 | 12501287 |
| transfer of the symbiotic plasmid from rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii to agrobacterium tumefaciens. | this study examined the symbiotic properties of agrobacterium transconjugants isolated by transferring a tn5-mob-marked derivative of the 315 kb megaplasmid prt4sa from rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii 4s (wild-type strain) to agrobacterium tumefaciens a136 as the recipient. the genetic characteristics of the at4s transconjugant strains were ascertained by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analyses and southern hybridization using tn5-mob and nod genes as probes. several of these at4s ... | 1998 | 12501295 |
| in vitro metabolism of phenylalanine by ruminal bacteria, protozoa, and their mixture. | an in vitro study was conducted to examine the metabolism of phenylalanine (phe) by mixed rumen bacteria (b), mixed rumen protozoa (p), and a combination of the two (bp). rumen microorganisms were collected from fistulated goats fed lucerne cubes (medicago sativa) and a concentrated mixture twice a day. microbial suspensions were anaerobically incubated at 39 degrees c for 12 h. phe and some other related compounds in both supernatants and microbial hydrolysates of the incubations were analysed ... | 1997 | 12501347 |
| synthesis of phenylalanine and production of other related compounds from phenylpyruvic acid and phenylacetic acid by ruminal bacteria, protozoa, and their mixture in vitro. | phenylalanine (phe) synthesis and the production of other related compounds by mixed ruminal bacteria (b), protozoa (p), and a combination of the two mixture (bp) in an in vitro system were quantitatively investigated using phenylpyruvic acid (ppy) and phenylacetic acid (paa) as substrates. rumen microorganisms were collected from fistulated goats fed lucerne cubes (medicago sativa) and a concentrated mixture twice a day. microbial suspensions were anaerobically incubated at 39 degrees c for 12 ... | 1997 | 12501348 |
| colony variation in sinorhizobium meliloti inoculant strain u 45. | a culture of sinorhizobium meliloti strain u 45, maintained on yeast extract-mannitol (ym) agar, produced a mixture of congo red-absorbing (r1) and non-absorbing (w1) colonies when grown on ym medium containing congo red. the original freeze-dried (fd) culture formed gummy (g), white (w2) and small red (r2) colony types on the above medium. all colonies were stable except g, which segregated into g and w2-like types. immune diffusion patterns of all colony types were identical. the w1 colony typ ... | 2002 | 12501992 |
| the importance of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein dimers in the initiation of replication. | deletion and substitution mutations affecting the oligomerization of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) coat protein (cp) were studied in protoplasts to determine their effect on genome activation, an early step in amv replication. the cp mutants that formed dimers, cpdeltac9 and cpc-a(r)f, were highly active in initiating replication with 63-84% of wild-type (wt) cp activity. however, all mutants that did not form dimers, cpdeltac18, cpdeltac19, cpc-wfp, and cpc-w, were much less active with 19-33% of ... | 2003 | 12504539 |
| characterization of rhizobia that nodulate legume species of the genus lespedeza and description of bradyrhizobium yuanmingense sp. nov. | legume species belonging to the genus lespedeza are annual or perennial herb or shrub plants that grow in the northern hemisphere. they are known for the formation of root nodules, but little information is available about their microsymbionts. in this study, 58 root-nodule isolates from lespedeza spp., obtained from china and the usa, were characterized using numerical taxonomic analysis of phenotypic features, sds-page analysis of whole-cell proteins, dna-dna hybridization, 16s rrna gene seque ... | 2002 | 12508891 |
| influence of the load of nylon capsules on their passage through the digestive tract and specific gravity. | the passage and specific gravity of nylon capsules were evaluated in five trials. in individual trials, different lactating cows were fed the same diet consisting of maize silage, alfalfa hay and concentrate. in each trial the different feeds (or no feed) were used to fill the capsules. the capsules were made of nylon cloth (42 microm pore size, 10 mm external diameter). the different weights of the load (l1-l5) were obtained using a combination of 2 and 3 mm stainless steel balls. the highest r ... | 2002 | 12510871 |
| effects of a subacute ruminal acidosis model on the diet selection of dairy cows. | two experiments were conducted to study the effects of a subacute ruminal acidosis (sara) model on diet choice in dairy cows. in the first experiment, 25% of the ad libitum dry matter intake (dmi) of the total mixed ration (tmr) was replaced with wheat-barley pellets (wbp, 50% ground wheat, 50% ground barley). rumen ph was measured continuously via in-dwelling probes in 4 mid to late lactation cows. this diet change reduced rumen ph by 0.14 +/- 0.02 ph units (mean +/- se) and increased time belo ... | 2002 | 12512604 |
| a pelleted combination of raw soyhulls and condensed corn steep liquor for lactating dairy cows. | an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of a pelleted combination of raw soyhulls and condensed corn steep liquor on performance and plasma metabolites when fed to replace a portion of the grain and forage in diets for lactating dairy cows. the raw soybean hull-corn steep liquor pellet (shsl) contained 24.2% crude protein, 8.7% rumen undegradable protein, 28.9% acid detergent fiber, 36.7% neutral detergent fiber, and 2.5% ether extract (% of dry matter, [dm]). eighteen multiparous hol ... | 2002 | 12512613 |
| the proportion of the diet to which fibrolytic enzymes are added affects nutrient digestion by lactating dairy cows. | eight lactating holstein cows, four with ruminal cannulas, were used in a duplicated 4 x 4 latin square design to investigate a fibrolytic enzyme product characterized by xylanase and cellulase activities (promote n.e.t. agribrands international, st. louis, mo). the diet consisted of concentrate containing rolled barley and supplement, barley silage and alfalfa haylage (55% to 45% dm basis, forage to concentrate ratio) and differed in enzyme application: 1) control, 2) enzyme applied to concentr ... | 2002 | 12512615 |
| effects of feeding diets based on silage from corn hybrids that differed in concentration and in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber to dairy cows. | a dual-purpose hybrid and a hybrid selected for high neutral detergent fiber (ndf) concentration were harvested as corn silage. the dual-purpose silage (dpcs) had 42% ndf and 35.4% in vitro (30 h) ndf digestibility and the high fiber silage (hfcs) had 49% ndf and 40.1% in vitro ndf digestibility. two diets (dry matter basis) had 45% dpcs or hfcs and 46% corn grain-based concentrate (dietary ndf was 29 and 32%, respectively), a third diet had 33% hfcs and 58% corn-based concentrate (27% dietary n ... | 2002 | 12512619 |
| growth dynamics of salmonella enterica strains on alfalfa sprouts and in waste seed irrigation water. | alfalfa sprouts and other seed sprouts have been implicated in numerous outbreaks of salmonellosis. the source of these epidemics appears to have been low-level contamination of seeds by salmonella bacteria that developed into clinically significant populations during the seed germination process. to test the possibility that salmonella enterica strains carry host range determinants that allow them to grow on alfalfa, strains isolated from alfalfa or other sources were surveyed for their ability ... | 2003 | 12514040 |
| serum thyroid hormones and reproductive characteristics of rambouillet ewe lambs treated with propylthiouracil before puberty. | twenty-four rambouillet ewe lambs (average weight=43.7+/-1.2 kg, approximately 6 months of age) were used to examine the effect of thyroid suppression before the onset of puberty on serum thyroid hormones, body weights (bw), and reproductive performance. beginning in early september, ewe lambs were randomly assigned to three treatments (n=8 lambs/treatment). all animals remained in a single pen (4 x 12 m) with access to salt, water, shade and alfalfa hay (2.5 kg per animal per day) throughout th ... | 2003 | 12527086 |
| alfalfa sprouts and salmonella kottbus infection: a multistate outbreak following inadequate seed disinfection with heat and chlorine. | raw sprouts have been implicated in a number of foodborne disease outbreaks. because contaminated seeds are usually responsible, many sprout producers attempt to disinfect seeds before germination and detect sprout contamination during production. in march 2001, we detected an increased number of salmonella serotype kottbus isolates in california. overall, we identified 31 cases from three western states. to identify the cause, we conducted a case-control study with the first 10 identified case- ... | 2003 | 12540175 |
| efficacy of ozone in killing listeria monocytogenes on alfalfa seeds and sprouts and effects on sensory quality of sprouts. | a study was done to determine the efficacy of aqueous ozone treatment in killing listeria monocytogenes on inoculated alfalfa seeds and sprouts. reductions in populations of naturally occurring aerobic microorganisms on sprouts and changes in the sensory quality of sprouts were also determined. the treatment (10 or 20 min) of seeds in water (4 degrees c) containing an initial concentration of 21.8 +/- 0.1 microg/ml of ozone failed to cause a significant (p < or = 0.05) reduction in populations o ... | 2003 | 12540180 |
| effects of four mono- and sesquiterpenes on the consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep. | effects of individual terpenes on alfalfa pellet intake by lambs were examined in four experiments. forty-five lambs (nine lambs/treatment) were individually fed alfalfa pellets sprayed with either camphene, myrcene, caryophyllene oxide, or beta-pinene at one of five concentrations (one terpene per experiment). treatments (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 10x) were multiples of the concentration (x) of a specific terpene in tarbush. terpenes were applied to alfalfa pellets (0.64 kg x lamb(-1) x d(-1), dm basis ... | 2002 | 12542171 |
| [a sinorhizobium fredll strain that effectively nodulate medicago sativa]. | sinorhizobium fredii 042bs was isolated from root nodules of alfalfa (medicago sativa) from xinjiang region. nodulation experiments showed that both soybean and alfalfa were nodulated by 042bs effectively. the 16s rdna pcr-rflp analysis was carried out by four restriction endonucleases, and the restriction maps of strain 042bs were identical with those of s. fredii usda205. the dna g + c mol% of strain 042bs was 60.0. the dna homology between 042bs and s. fredii usda205 and usda191 were 84.9% an ... | 2001 | 12549015 |
| [old and new prescriptions for infectious diseases and the newest recipes for biomedical products in plants]. | the three antiviral vaccines discovered in the 18th century (smallpox), 19th century (rabies), and 20th century (polio) share a common feature: none would ever be licensed today for human vaccination. yet jenner's smallpox vaccine led to the eradication of smallpox, pasteur's rabies vaccine represented the first successful post-exposure treatment of people bitten by rabid animals, and polio vaccine administered since its discovery in 1950 is leading to the eradication of polio (in the years 2004 ... | 2002 | 12549429 |
| [cloning, sequencing and expression of sinorhizobium meliloti strain 042b gene nodd]. | s. meliloti strain 042b is a rhizobium strain which can form nodules both on alfalfa and on soybean. in this study, nodd gene of 042b was cloned into pbbr1mcs-5. by functional analysis in the system of r. leguminosarum bv. viciae lpr5045 (psym-, pmp154), it was found that the nodd has responses both to luteolin and to genistein. this result showed that the 042b nodd gene is probably a specific nodulation determinant which determined its capability of nodulation on both alfalfa and soybean. the n ... | 1999 | 12555522 |
| [the cloning and functional analysis of sinorhizobium fredii 042bs regulatory modulation genes]. | the total dna of sinorhizobium fredii 042bs was digested by ecori for southern blotting with probes of nodd1 and nodd2 from s. fredii usda257. the 3 kb positive band hybrided with nodd1 probe and 6 kb positive band with nodd2 probe were found, respectively. partial gene library were constructed using puc18 as vector, and the clones with the nodd1 and nodd2 genes were obtained. the sequence of nodd1 and nodd2 of 042b showed that they are highly homologous with nodd1 and nodd2 of s. fredii. the fr ... | 2002 | 12557345 |
| sinorhizobium meliloti acpxl mutant lacks the c28 hydroxylated fatty acid moiety of lipid a and does not express a slow migrating form of lipopolysaccharide. | lipid a is the hydrophobic anchor of lipopolysaccharide (lps) in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. lipid a of all rhizobiaceae is acylated with a long fatty acid chain, 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid. biosynthesis of this long acyl substitution requires a special acyl carrier protein, acpxl, which serves as a donor of c28 (omega-1)-hydroxylated fatty acid for acylation of rhizobial lipid a (brozek, k.a., carlson, r.w., and raetz, c. r. (1996) j. biol. chem. 271, 32126-32136). to determi ... | 2003 | 12566460 |
| map kinase cascades in elicitor signal transduction. | protein kinases play important roles in elicitor signal transduction. in this article, i describe the current view of the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades in elicitor signal transduction of plant cells based on our own research and recent developments in this field. in the past several years, it has become apparent that mapk cascades play important roles in elicitor signal transduction in plants. our early studies demonstrated the identification of p47 mapk in tobacco as ... | 2002 | 12579373 |
| detection of salmonella by indicator agar media and pcr as affected by alfalfa seed homogenates and native bacteria. | to investigate and prevent the undesirable effect of native bacteria and alfalfa seed homogenates on detection of salmonella in alfalfa seeds by indicator agar media and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). | 2003 | 12581374 |
| a constitutive gene expression system derived from the tcup cryptic promoter elements. | a limited number of constitutive promoters have been used to direct transgene expression in plants and they are often derived from non-plant sources. here, we describe novel gene-regulatory elements which are associated with a cryptic constitutive promoter from tobacco, tcup, and modifications that were made to create a strong gene-expression system that is effective across all living cell types from a wide range of plant species, including several important crops ( arabidopsis, canola, flax, al ... | 2002 | 12582498 |
| nitrogen control of bacterial signal production in rhizobium meliloti-alfalfa symbiosis. | under nitrogen-depleted conditions nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria of the family rhizobiaceae are able to induce symbiotic nodules on the roots of leguminous plants where bacteroids convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. the presence of exogenous nitrogen source inhibits the development and the functioning of bacterium-plant symbiosis. earlier experiments demonstrated that nitrate inhibited all stages of symbiotic interaction, affecting primarily the host functions. the investigation of the poss ... | 2002 | 12587724 |
| diversity of group ii introns in the genome of sinorhizobium meliloti strain 1021: splicing and mobility of rmint1. | the number and diversity of known group ii introns in eubacteria are continually increasing with the addition of new data from sequencing projects, but the significance of these introns in the evolution of bacterial genomes is unknown. we analyzed the main features of the group ii introns present in the genome of the soil microorganism sinorhizobium meliloti (strain 1021), the nitrogen-fixing symbiont of alfalfa, the dna sequence of which was recently determined. strain 1021 harbors three differ ... | 2003 | 12589437 |
| isolation of salmonella from alfalfa seed and demonstration of impaired growth of heat-injured cells in seed homogenates. | three major foodborne outbreaks of salmonellosis in 1998 and 1999 were linked to the consumption of raw alfalfa sprouts. in this report, an improved method is described for isolation of salmonella from alfalfa seed lots, which had been implicated in these outbreaks. from each seed lot, eight samples each containing 25 g of seed were tested for the presence of salmonella by the us fda bacteriological analytical manual (bam) procedure and by a modified method applying two successive pre-enrichment ... | 2003 | 12593927 |
| large round bale feeder design affects hay utilization and beef cow behavior. | one hundred sixty beef cows (631 +/- 78 kg) were used to evaluate the quantity of hay loss and feeding behaviors from different round bale feeders. twenty cows were allotted by weight and body condition score to one of eight pens with four feeder designs: cone, ring, trailer, or cradle. all feeder types provided approximately 37 cm of linear feeder space per animal. alfalfa and orchardgrass round bales were weighed and sampled before feeding. hay that fell onto the concrete surrounding the feede ... | 2003 | 12597379 |
| inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella by gamma irradiation of alfalfa seed intended for production of food sprouts. | inonizing irradiation was determined to be a suitable method for the inactivation of salmonella and escherichia coli o157:h7 on alfalfa seed to be used in the production of food sprouts. the radiation d (dose resulting in a 90% reduction of viable cfu) values for the inactivation of salmonella and e. coli o157:h7 on alfalfa seeds were higher than the d-values for their inactivation on meat or poultry. the average d-value for the inactivation of salmonella on alfalfa seeds was 0.97 +/- 0.03 kgy; ... | 2003 | 12597473 |
| survey of retail alfalfa sprouts and mushrooms for the presence of escherichia coil o157:h7, salmonella, and listeria with bax, and evaluation of this polymerase chain reaction-based system with experimentally contaminated samples. | bax, a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based pathogen detection system, was used to survey retail sprouts and mushrooms for contamination with escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, listeria spp., and listeria monocytogenes. no salmonella or e. coli o157:h7 was detected in the 202 mushroom and 206 alfalfa sprout samples screened. l. monocytogenes was detected in one sprout sample, and seven additional sprout samples tested positive for the genus listeria. bax also detected listeria species in 17 ... | 2003 | 12597474 |
| efficacy of electrolyzed oxidizing water in inactivating salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. | studies have demonstrated that electrolyzed oxidizing (eo) water is effective in reducing foodborne pathogens on fresh produce. this study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of eo water and two different forms of chlorinated water (chlorine water from cl2 and ca(ocl)2 as sources of chlorine) in inactivating salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. tengram sets of alfalfa seeds inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of salmonella (6.3 x 10(4) cfu/g) were subjected to 90 ml of deionized wate ... | 2003 | 12597478 |
| role of rhizobial biosynthetic pathways of amino acids, nucleotide bases and vitamins in symbiosis. | rhizobia require the availability of 20 amino acids for the establishment of effective symbiosis with legumes. some of these amino acids are synthesized by rhizobium, whereas the remaining are supplied by the host plant. the supply from plant appears to be plant-type specific. alfalfa provides arginine, cysteine, isoleucine, valine and tryptophan, and cowpea and soybean provide histidine. the production of ornithine and anthranilic acid, the intermediates in the biosynthetic pathways of arginine ... | 2002 | 12597544 |
| novel growth media for rearing larval horn flies, haematobia irritans (diptera: muscidae). | experiments were conducted to develop an agar-based medium for rearing immature horn flies, hematobia irritans (l.). larval survival was determined on sterilized manure inoculated with pure and mixed cultures of acinetobacter sp., bacillus pumilus meyer & gottheil, comamonas acidovorans den dooren de jong, pseudomonas mendocina palleroni, flavobacterium sp. and empedobacter breve (holmes & owen). rearing larvae on mixed cultures enhanced pupal weight but not survival. horn fly larvae failed to s ... | 2003 | 12597649 |
| expression of mspg3-gfp fusions in medicago truncatula'hairy roots' reveals preferential tip localization of the protein in root hairs. | tip growth is a specialized type of polar growth where new cell wall is deposited in a localized region of the cell, the growing tip. these cells show a characteristic zonation, with a high accumulation of secretory vesicles containing cell wall components at the tip, followed by an organelle-enriched zone. mspg3 is a medicago sativa polygalacturonase gene isolated in our laboratory, specifically expressed during the interaction of this plant with its symbiotic partner sinorhizobium meliloti and ... | 2003 | 12605677 |