| extracellular enzymes of pulmonary fluid and their bactericidal effects on mycobacterium tuberculosis. | the enzyme activity and bacillary content of cell free pulmonary lavage fluid has been compared in infected and immunized infected animals. increased enzyme production was found as a result of macrophage activation. marked decrease in the number of tubercle bacilli was observed in immunized infected animals. the active enzyme production is considered to be the impact of availability of enzyme specific substrate, particularly cell wall components of tubercle bacilli viz. arabinogalactan, arabinom ... | 1990 | 2124770 |
| enhanced protection of cyclophosphamide-treated mice against infection with pseudomonas aeruginosa after treatment with z-100, a polysaccharide-rich extract from mycobacterium tuberculosis aoyama b. | we investigated the effect of z-100, a polysaccharide-rich extract from mycobacterium tuberculosis strain aoyama b, on the protection of immunocompromised mice against infection with pseudomonas aeruginosa. mice were given cyclophosphamide and then treated with varying doses of z-100 for 5 days or left untreated. one day after the completion of the treatment, they were challenged with p. aeruginosa and the mortality was scored. a significantly enhanced protection was observed in the treated grou ... | 1990 | 2125060 |
| five year results of a 3-month and two 5-month regimens for the treatment of sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in south india. | a controlled study of three short-course regimens was undertaken in south indian patients with newly diagnosed, sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. the patients were allocated at random to one of three regimens: a) rifampicin, streptomycin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide daily for 3 months (r3); b) the same regimen as above but followed by streptomycin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide twice-weekly for a further period of 2 months (r5); c) the same as r5 but without rifampicin (z5). a bacteriological ... | 1990 | 2125153 |
| a single step culture technique for tubercle bacilli. | a single step method for the digestion and decontamination of sputum for culture of tubercle bacilli is described. this method employs a transport medium containing tri-sodium phosphate and penicillin. sputum samples are collected directly into the medium and, after standing overnight, deposits are inoculated into löwenstein-jensen medium. the method was found to be superior to several other commonly used techniques and it avoids the problems of lengthy, multi-step procedures with associated ris ... | 1990 | 2125154 |
| drug resistance trends in mycobacterium tuberculosis: blackburn 1985-89. | drug resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis fell from 15.2% in 1980-1984 to 6.5% in 1985-89 in the indian subcontinent (isc) ethnic group and remained low in the white ethnic group. resistance to isoniazid, which is of particular clinical significance, fell from 6.1% in 1980-84 to 2.7% in 1985-1989 in the isc group. factors which may affect this trend to reduction are discussed. | 1990 | 2125155 |
| tuberculostatic activity of henna (lawsonia inermis linn.). | the tuberculostatic activity of the herb henna (lawsonia inermis linn.) was tested in vitro and in vivo. on lowenstein jensen medium, the growth of tubercle bacilli from sputum and of mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv was inhibited by 6 micrograms/ml of the herb. in vivo studies on guinea pigs and mice showed that the herb at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight led to significant resolution of experimental tuberculosis following infection with m. tuberculosis h37rv. | 1990 | 2125156 |
| detection of mycobacterial antigen in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with chronic meningitis by inhibition enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. | in a retrospective study, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens from 50 patients of chronic meningitis were investigated for tuberculous etiology by inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). csf specimens from 10 patients of tuberculous meningitis in whom mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated, formed the positive control group of this study. the assay yielded positive results in csf specimens for mycobacterial antigens in 8 of the 50 patients of chronic meningitis. no false positive ... | 1990 | 2125295 |
| correlation between culture of mycobacterium tuberculosis and igg antibody to mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-5 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tuberculous meningitis. | a retrospective study was made of the correlation between culture of mycobacterium tuberculosis and detection of igg antibody to m. tuberculosis antigen-5 in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) by means of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from the csf in 14 of 70 patients with a clinical diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (tbm). igg antibody to m. tuberculosis antigen-5 was demonstrated in significant titres (80-640) in all 14 culture-positive patients ... | 1990 | 2125623 |
| valvular tuberculous endocarditis: a case report and review of the literature. | tuberculous valvular endocarditis is exceptionally rare. it is usually manifest in the context of miliary tuberculosis, and in all but one case the diagnoses have been made at necropsy. because of its rarity there is still uncertainty as to whether true tuberculous endocarditis exists as a clinical entity. this paper describes a case of miliary tuberculosis with aortic valvulitis that resolved on antituberculous therapy. | 1990 | 2125624 |
| [clinical symptoms and course of tuberculous meningitis in children: isolation of l-forms from the cerebrospinal fluid]. | the paper deals with the clinical symptoms and course of childhood tuberculous meningitis which were associated with m. tuberculosis form detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. it was found that with the bacterial forms of the agent in the liquor, the disease is characterized by an acute onset and rapid development of inflammatory changes. the timely chemotherapy of this group of the patients can cause a more rapid and marked effect. the clinical symptoms of tuberculous meningitis accompanied by t ... | 1990 | 2125722 |
| [dependence of sensitization to specific and nonspecific antigens on the individual type of immune reaction in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis]. | study of cellular sensitization and antibody formation in 317 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (both concurrent and not concurrent with nonspecific lung diseases) to antigens of m. tuberculosis, staphylococcus, streptococcus and pneumococcus revealed their various interaction in relation to the type of immune reaction. it was noted that with a normergic type of immune reaction, the levels of cellular sensitization and antibody formation to m. tuberculosis antigens were consistent with a hype ... | 1990 | 2125723 |
| [microscopic method of the determination of mycobacterium tuberculosis sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents]. | a microscopic method of testing m. tuberculosis sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs was developed and tried out. according to it, m. tuberculosis are inoculated and cultivated on agar-agar gel disks, put on a petri dish with an egg medium and chemotherapeutic drugs. following the incubation lasting for 5-7 days at 37 degrees c, agar-agar gel disks with inoculated material are removed from the medium and subjected to microscopic examination as to confirm or deny the growth of mycobacteria in th ... | 1990 | 2125724 |
| [pneumonia in patients with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis]. | | 1990 | 2125750 |
| [purified protein derivatives prepared from mycobacterium tuberculosis (ppds) and m. intracellulare (ppd-b) in differential diagnosis of mycobacteriosis]. | to reveal the possibility of differentiating diseases caused by m. tuberculosis and m. intracellulare, simultaneous tuberculin testing by ppds and ppd-b was carried out among x-ray suspects of tuberculosis and health persons. ppd-b was prepared by dr. tasaka (department of bacteriology, hiroshima university) from m. intracellulare (atcc 13950). for tuberculin testing, 0.05 micrograms of ppds from m. tuberculosis (nihon bcg co.) and 0.1 microgram of ppd-b were used. the study included 61 patients ... | 1990 | 2126050 |
| immunoelectrophoresis of mycobacterial antigens. | polyvalent antiserum to culture filtrate of h37 ra m. tuberculosis was raised in rabbits. monospecific antiserum was raised against m. tuberculosis antigen-5, prepared from the culture filtrates by immunoabsorbent affinity chromatography. on immunoelectrophoresis, antigen-5 demonstrated single precipitin arc against polyvalent and monospecific antisera. the culture filtrate antigen demonstrated multiple precipitin arcs against polyvalent antiserum and single precipitin are against monospecific a ... | 1990 | 2126254 |
| igg antibody to mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-5 in cerebrospinal fluid and its diagnostic application in tuberculous meningitis. | igg antibody to m. tuberculosis antigen-5 was detected by non-competitive elisa in cerebrospinal fluid specimens (csf), from 40 patients with clinical diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis and in 42 patients of non-tuberculous neurological diseases. the geometric mean antibody titer in csf specimen for tuberculous and non-tuberculous groups were 156 and 8 respectively. the antibody titer in csf specimens showed no correlation to igg levels, tuberculin reactor status and duration of chemotherapy in ... | 1990 | 2126255 |
| evaluation of lipoarabinomannan for the serological diagnosis of tuberculosis. | the availability of highly purified lipoarabinomannan from mycobacterium tuberculosis in its native acylated, highly antigenic state allowed its application to the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis in patients from the republic of mexico. antilipoarabinomannan immunoglobulin g antibodies in sera from 66 patients with pulmonary, miliary, and pleural tuberculosis and tuberculosis lymphadenities were measured by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against sera from a control population of healt ... | 1990 | 2126265 |
| antigen capture assay for detection of a 43-kilodalton mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen. | this study describes the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in body fluids. a double-antibody sandwich procedure that used human and rabbit anti-m. tuberculosis immunoglobulin g antibodies was followed. the elisa was able to detect as little as 0.8 micrograms of protein of m. tuberculosis sonic extract. of 253 cerebrospinal fluid specimens submitted for analysis, 11 (4.3%) false-positive results were recorded. analysis of 317 ... | 1990 | 2126267 |
| polystyrene, poly-l-lysine and nylon as adsorptive surfaces for the binding of whole cells of mycobacterium tuberculosis h37 rv to elisa plates. | several methods of coating whole cells of mycobacterium tuberculosis h37 rv to elisa microtitre plates were compared with the aim of developing an elisa screening assay for murine monoclonal antibodies in culture supernatants and human antibodies in patient sera. undercoats of nylon or poly-l-lysine were compared to polystyrene as adsorptive surfaces for the bacteria, the effect of increased ionic strength and iclusion of sds in the coating buffer measured, and methanol (70%) and glutaraldehyde ... | 1990 | 2126547 |
| enhanced growth of mycobacteria by culture filtrate of gemella haemolysans. | the culture filtrate of g. haemolysans enhanced the growth of mycobacteria. the enhancing substance seemed to be effectively produced in bhi broth supplemented with human blood. the mycobacterial growth was inhibited by high concentrations of the culture filtrate, but was markedly enhanced at low concentrations such as 1/32 or 1/64 dilutions. the generation time at log phase was 7 to 9 hours compared with 14 hours for the control, leading to rapid detection of mycobacteria in culture. with sputa ... | 1990 | 2126582 |
| [tuberculosis serodiagnosis, elisa (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and different mycobacterial antigens]. | igg antibody titer levels against two different antigens of m tuberculosis were investigated in the sera of 40 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and 16 with inactive pulmonary tuberculosis and 24 healthy controls by using elisa technique. while a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 88% were determined for mso (mycobacterial sonicate antigen) antigen, a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity 73% were determined for the other ppd (purified protein derivative) antigen. elisa, for serodi ... | 1990 | 2126594 |
| [indirect sensitivity testing of pyrazinamide]. | susceptibility tests of m. tuberculosis for pyrazinamide are to perform by indirect methods only. differences in susceptibility of different methods are only low. we prefer the nsa-method, because it is to use like other drugs. only m. tuberculosis is susceptible for pza, not m. bovis, bcg and also not atypical mycobacteria. | 1990 | 2126627 |
| [the bacterial excretion dynamics of patients with fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis]. | a study of 294 patients with fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis revealed that massive bacteria elimination and drug polyresistance is found in patients with advancing and complicated course of the disease. it was established that after a nine-months course of treatment bacteria elimination was observed in 50% of patients with advancing fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis. | 1990 | 2126650 |
| cell wall and membrane changes associated with ethambutol resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis h37ra. | biochemical variations accompanying the acquisition of ethambutol (emb) resistance in a single-step mutant of mycobacterium tuberculosis h37ra were analyzed. comparative analysis of phospholipids revealed a reduced content in the emb-resistant strain, particularly in the cell membrane fraction. significant alterations were observed in the individual phospholipid content and phospholipid fatty acyl group composition of whole cells and subcellular fractions. quantitative changes were seen in the c ... | 1990 | 2126690 |
| tuberculous epididymo-orchitis and granulomatous prostatitis mimicking neoplasia. | | 1990 | 2126830 |
| [characteristics of the mycobacteria in children with tuberculous meningitis]. | the article deals with the characterization of myco. population and its qualitative changes in the course of treatment of 128 children with tuberculous meningitis. an extensive microbiological examination of the cerebrospinal fluid of all the patients was undertaken to detect the presence of bacterial and l-forms of m. tuberculosis. a target-oriented search for the altered forms (l-forms) of m. tuberculosis provided an increase of the proportion of smear-positive cases of tuberculous meningitis ... | 1990 | 2127101 |
| cytokine modulation of mycobacterium tuberculosis growth in human macrophages. | this study was concerned with the handling of ingested tubercle bacilli by normal human macrophages. intracellular growth was determined after exposure of macrophages to viable bacilli in vitro and the effect of various cytokines, alone or in combination, on bacilli growth/survival was determined. it was found that mycobacterium tuberculosis (m.tb) grew quite readily in untreated cultured human macrophages. treatment with soluble factors showed that a crude lymphokine containing supernatant elic ... | 1990 | 2127260 |
| primary tuberculous thyroid abscess mimicking carcinoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy. | | 1990 | 2127330 |
| inhibition of tubercle bacilli in cultured human macrophages by chloroquine used alone and in combination with streptomycin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and two metabolites of vitamin d3. | intracellular tubercle bacilli (tb) reside in vacuoles in infected human macrophages (mps). the relative impotency of streptomycin against tb in mps and the contrary greatly increased potency of pyrazinamide (pza) have been attributed to the fact that these vacuoles are phagolysosomes and, therefore, acidic. chloroquine (cq) is a lysomotropic base which can be used to raise phagolysosomal ph. consequently, it was tested for its ability to increase the anti-tb effectiveness of streptomycin and de ... | 1990 | 2127346 |
| [the use of the microdot immunoenzyme method for determining antibodies to mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens]. | the microdot enzyme immunoassay (eia) has been used for the determination of antibodies to m. tuberculosis protein fractions, crude antigenic preparations, ppd and old tuberculin in tuberculosis patients and healthy persons. purified protein fractions have been found to possess the highest sensitivity and specificity in microdot eia. the determination of antibodies to these fractions has permitted the differentiation of persons infected with m. tuberculosis from healthy ones. the use of m. tuber ... | 1990 | 2127504 |
| [cross-resistance relationship between streptomycin and kanamycin resistances in mycobacterium smegmatis (strain jucho)--comparison of the development patterns of resistances to streptomycin and kanamycin among mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium avium complex, and mycobacterium smegmatis]. | the resistance development pattern of mycobacterium smegmatis strain 17023 (jucho) to streptomycin and kanamycin was studied. the medium used was ogawa egg medium, and the level of resistance was determined for each clone derived from single colony by the 'actual count' method. hence, the resistance level was estimated as the highest concentration of drugs, in which small inocula consisting of 20 to 100 colony-forming units could grow after seven days incubation. only one type of resistance muta ... | 1990 | 2127614 |
| [in vitro activities of new rifamycin derivatives against mycobacterium tuberculosis and m. avium complex]. | the in vitro anti-m. tuberculosis and anti-m. avium complex activities of five new rifamycin derivatives, krm1648, krm1657, krm1668, krm1674 and krm2312, provided by kanegafuchi chem. ind. co. japan were evaluated and compared with those of rifampicin (rfp) and rifabutin (rbu). antimycobacterial activity was tested by broth dilution method using kirchner's liquid medium supplemented with 10% bovine serum. the mics 90 (micrograms/ml) of all five krms and rbu for 20 clinical isolates of m. tubercu ... | 1990 | 2127615 |
| production of monoclonal antibodies to lipoarabinomannan-b and use in the detection of mycobacterial antigens in sputum. | tuberculosis has traditionally been confirmed by afb staining or culturing mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical specimens. however, because of the low sensitivity of the sputum smear examination and of the delayed report in culturing, the conventional methods for detection of m. tuberculosis have not been always satisfactory. in an attempt to develop an alternate tool, this study was initiated to produce monoclonal antibodies (mab) to lipoarabinomannan b (lam-b) antigen and to use the antibo ... | 1990 | 2127645 |
| [comparative evaluation of the immunoenzyme system used in the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis and non-tuberculous diseases]. | a method for detection of antituberculous antibodies by enzyme immunoassay system developed by the authors, was tested on 317 blood serum samples taken from patients with tuberculosis and non-tuberculous diseases of the lungs, vertebral column, kidneys and genitalia. depending on the process site, the detection rate of specific antibodies and their specificity made up 57-77% and 85-95%, respectively, which practically agrees with the data produced as a result of a simultaneously conduction of th ... | 1990 | 2127847 |
| [informative value of the indicators of immunologic cytoadhesion in differential diagnosis of tuberculosis in children]. | | 1990 | 2127848 |
| diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect mycobacterial antigen and antibody in cerebrospinal fluid. | enzymed-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to detect mycobacterial antigen and antimycobacterial antibody in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens of 50 patients with tuberculous meningitis (tbm) and 50 patients with non-tuberculous neurological diseases (control group). the assay gave no false negative results in 10 culture-positive patients with tbm. detection of mycobacterial antigen in csf is more sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of tbm than detection of antibody, elisa should ... | 1990 | 2127954 |
| [bazin's erythema induratum: obsolete concept and terminology]. | in 1855 ernest bazin, who had noted hard, deep and violaceous nodules on the legs of young women, created his famous "erythema induratum" classified among the "erythematous benign scrofulides". some forty years later, identical lesions were observed associated with tuberculosis; colcott-fox called them "érythème induré de bazin", and ever since that time erythema induratum has been presumed to be of tuberculous origin. in 1900, darier spoke of "tuberculids" for erythema induratum, and bazin's "s ... | 1990 | 2128004 |
| [the genetic regulation of host response to inoculation with mycobacterium bovis (bcg) and mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv]. | vaccination with m. bovis (bcg) essentially prolonged survival time (st) of several strain mice, with the exception, of cba/n, infected with m. tuberculosis h37rv. st of cba/n, differing from cba by xid mutation, was not prolonged by vaccination. mouse strains with alternative alleles of bcg gene (s and r) and fzy gene as a genetic marker for bcg5 were used for segregation analysis. it was shown that st, the level of dth reaction of mice infected with m. tuberculosis h37rv, and protective effect ... | 1990 | 2128037 |
| [clinical value of detection of l forms of mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with residual tuberculous changes in the lungs]. | to clarify the role of m. tuberculosis l-form in a recurring tuberculous process in subjects with residual tuberculous changes in the lungs, microbiological, ++clinico-roentgenological and laboratory examinations of 1651 persons recorded as having viia, viib, iii and 0 groups were undertaken. the causative agent of tuberculosis was isolated in a typical bacillary and l-transformed forms in 3.1 and 5.0% of the screened persons, respectively. active respiratory tuberculosis was diagnosed in 64.7% ... | 1990 | 2128124 |
| [changes in the number and virulence of tubercle bacilli isolated form pulmonary tuberculosis during short course chemotherapy]. | the virulence of these tubercle bacilli was compared with the mice. the sputum specimens were collected on the 0, 3, 7, 14th day and then at 2 weeks intervals up to 12th week form 20 patients on chemotherapy. 25 mice were infected intravenously with each strain. we took the mean survival time of these mice as index of virulence. the results were shown that the numbers of bacilli were rapidly reduced with a stable logarithm within 4-6 weeks after chemotherapy. but the virulence of tubercle bacill ... | 1990 | 2128212 |
| [purified protein derivative antigen purified by using a monoclonal antibody to mycobacterium tuberculosis]. | a component of mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv ppd referred as c3ag was purified with a column of affinity chromatography to which a monoclonal antibody (tb-15c3) was conjugated. c3ag was found to have two bands in 56,000 and 66,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. western blot revealed that both fragments were recognized by tb-15c3. by elisa c3ag was shown to react with rabbit antisera against m. tuberculosis, m. kansasii, m. screfulaceum, m. bovis bcg, but not to ... | 1990 | 2128213 |
| [preliminary observation of determination of antibodies to tuberculosis in body fluid with solid phase radioimmunoassay]. | the determination of ppd-antibody in specimens of 42 blood, 16 cerebrospinal fluid and 31 pleural cavity fluid from tuberculosis patients and the blood specimens of 160 donors were carried out with solid phase radioimmunoassay (spria). the positive rates of their ppd antibodies were 90.5%, 68.8%, 77.4% and 5% respectively. the positive rates of same specimens determined with elisa assay were 50.0%, 38.5%, 40.9% and 6.3% respectively. spria is as specific as elisa, but the former is more sensitiv ... | 1990 | 2128214 |
| [detection and its clinical significance of igm antibody in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with tuberculous meningitis]. | specific antibody for igm in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of 45 patients with tuberculous meningitis (tbm), 33 patients with non-tbm and 51 control patients was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and compared with specific antibody for igg. the sensitivity and specificity was 71.1% and 98.8% for igm antibody, and 88.9% and 96.4% for igg antibody respectively, but the positive rate of igm antibody at early stage of tbm was higher than that of igg antibody. there was a highly significan ... | 1990 | 2128215 |
| [induction of the l forms of m. tuberculosis in vivo guinea pigs]. | the cell suspension of m. tuberculosis h37rv was injected into guinea pigs by nares and intraperitoneal, respectively. it was found that the l forms were induced in lungs of guinea pigs the third week after the infection intranasally and the second week after the infection intraperitoneally. the numbers of the l form colonies induced by two infection passage were the highest the eighth week after the infection. there was a decrease in the numbers of bacilli when the numbers of the l forms isolat ... | 1990 | 2128221 |
| [detection of specific igg and its specific circular immune complex in the diagnosis of tuberculosis]. | in order to search for the immunological diagnostic methods of pulmonary tuberculosis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis and its autoimmunopathy, we determined the ppd-c igg and ppd-c igg present in cic by means of ppd-c-based elisa in 50 tuberculosis patients, 20 patients with lung cancer and 30 normal subjects. the positive rates of serum ppd-c igg in tuberculosis, lung cancer and normal subjects were 62%, 5% and 6.7% respectively. the positive rates of ppd-c igg present in cic were 86%, 10% and 6.7 ... | 1990 | 2128222 |
| [immunohistochemical demonstration of mycobacterial antigen]. | bcg antigen and m. tuberculosis antigen were demonstrated in smear of m. tuberculosis, tissue sections of experimental infected mice and tuberculous patients by immunohistochemical staining. both acid-fast-hrp-spa and acid-fast-igss double staining methods were tried successfully. both antigens were present on acid-fast bacilli (afb). furthermore, bcg antigen was localized on the mycobacteria cell wall by immunoelectron-microscopic staining. both antigens were not detected in 19 control specimen ... | 1990 | 2128223 |
| [antibodies studied by the elisa technique in 60 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. clinico-immunological correlation]. | the levels of igg and igm antibodies were evaluated in 60 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, who were compared with a group of 30 tuberculin-negative healthy controls and another group of 10 healthy tuberculin-positive individuals. the technique for the quantification of antibodies against m. tuberculosis was an enzyme immunoassay, using purified tuberculin as antigen. the mean (means) igg and igm values and their standard deviations (sd), expressed in optical density units, were as follows: ... | 1990 | 2128609 |
| [primary and initial bacterial resistances in tuberculosis patients at a general hospital, 1983-1987]. | from july 1982 to december 1987 we prospectively evaluated the primary resistance (pr) of 248 strains of m. tuberculosis isolated from patients with several clinical forms of tuberculosis. the results were compared with those of a similar study carried out between 1978-1982. pr persisted relatively stable with time, although it showed a trend towards reduction. isoniazide resistance (4.8%) still has a leading epidemiological interest. the 89% of strains showed isolated resistance to a single dru ... | 1990 | 2128610 |
| [evaluation in our milieu of an elisa method (anda-tb) for the serological diagnosis of tuberculosis]. | we have evaluated the new elisa test (anda-tb) for the serological diagnosis of tuberculosis in serum samples from 343 individuals: 160 were from blood donors, 152 from patients with nontuberculous diseases, most of them respiratory, and 31 from tuberculous patients diagnosed by positive culture. using a cutoff value in 350 serounits we had a positive predictive value of 57% and a negative predictive value of 98% in blood donors, and 43% and 97%, respectively, in control patients. sensitivity wa ... | 1990 | 2128611 |
| [effect of chemotherapy on infectiousness of pulmonary tuberculosis]. | | 1990 | 2128621 |
| detection of mycobacterial antigens in sputum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was evaluated for its usefulness in detecting mycobacterial antigens in sputum. using anti-mycobacterial saline extract (mse) and commonly available anti-bacillus calmette guerin (bcg) antibodies, mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens can be detected in sputum by the double-antibody sandwich elisa. a total of 1904 sputum specimens were tested by acid-fast bacillus (afb) smear, culture and elisa. of 249 pulmonary tuberculosis patients, 225 (90.4%), 167 (67. ... | 1990 | 2128694 |
| elisa of igg antibody to mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-5, ppd in csf in tuberculous meningitis patients. | igg antibody to m. tuberculosis antigen-5 and tuberculin purified protein derivative (ppd) was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens of 55 patients with tuberculous meningitis (tbm) and 55 patients with non-tuberculous neurological diseases (control group). the geometric mean antibody titre in csf specimens of tbm patients was 82.4 with antigen-5 and 96.5 with ppd. in the control group, the geometric mean antibody titres for these antigens i ... | 1990 | 2128697 |
| [studies of rapid detection of drug-resistance of mycobacterium by gas chromatography]. | this test is based on the physiologic character of mycobacterium, which produces carbon dioxide (co2) during its growth, löwenstein-jensen media co2 contents-were measured by gas chromatography for determining drug-resistance of mycobacteria. this was compared with the routine method. seventy-eight mycobacteria were isolated from suspected tuberculosis patients for the experiment. our data suggested that the accordance rates of both methods were 83.3%. gas chromatography is a simple, rapid and a ... | 1990 | 2128747 |
| new approaches to the diagnosis of tuberculosis in childhood with special reference to neurotuberculosis. | bacteriological diagnosis of tuberculosis in childhood is often unsuccessful owing to the difficulty in obtaining suitable specimens. many attempts have been made to diagnose tuberculosis immunologically but with very limited success. positive tuberculin reactions may be the result of nonspecific sensitization while negative reactions occur in undernourished children. serodiagnostic tests suffer from problems of specificity, even when very specific antigens are used, and are often least helpful ... | 1990 | 2128831 |
| diagnosis of neurotuberculosis. | | 1990 | 2128832 |
| elisa--its evaluation in diagnosis of tuberculosis meningitis. | diagnostic utility of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in hospitalised patients with clinical symptoms suggestive of tuberculous meningitis (94 cases) was studied. csf anti-tubercular igg antibody levels were estimated by elisa in 44 cases of proven tuberculous meningitis, 24 proven pyogenic meningitis and in 48 non-tuberculous cases. the cut off dilution was established at a csf dilution of 1 : 1 (undiluted) with positive and negative controls. the elisa test had a sensitivity of 97 ... | 1990 | 2128833 |
| diagnosis of tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction. | for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in adults and all forms of tubercular infections in children, microscopic and cultural techniques have been shown to be inadequate. many serological techniques have been employed for non culture diagnosis of tuberculosis. early promising results have repeatedly given way to subsequent findings of non-specificity. major mycobacterial antigens have been shown to be heat shock proteins which are highly conserved in nature. dna probes for tuberculosis ... | 1990 | 2128834 |
| detection of tubercule antigen in cerebrospinal fluids by elisa for diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. | an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was standardised to detect the presence of tubercule antigen in cerebrospinal fluids from patients with meningitis. csf samples from clinically suspected cases of tuberculous meningitis, culture proven pyogenic meningitis and non-bacterial aseptic central nervous system (cns) disorders were tested by elisa to demonstrate its potential utility for routine diagnostic purpose. tubercule antigen was detected in 73% cases of tuberculous meningitis and was ... | 1990 | 2128835 |
| sub acute and chronic meningitis in children--an immunological study of cerebrospinal fluid. | cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from 274 cases of subacute to chronic meningitis in age groups from 3 months to 12 years were analysed for the presence of antibody response to mycobacterial and cysticercal antigens by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). simultaneously other correlative parameters such as csf cell cytology by cytospin studies, mycobacterial antigens of lipoarabinomannan (lam) type (a polysaccharide antigen) by reverse passive haemagglutination assay (rpha) csf c-reactive protein ... | 1990 | 2128836 |
| [comparative study of 2 rapid techniques (dna hybridization and chromatography) for the identification of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated from clinical specimens]. | we have compared the capacity of two combined chromatographic methods (gas chromatography and thin-layer chromatography) and a nucleic acid hybridization probe (gen-probe) to identify members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. the results of a single test show 6% of false-negatives with gen-probe and 8.5% doubtfuls with chromatography. after repeated, the specificity of both methods was improved to 100%. the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods in relation to its capacity to p ... | 1990 | 2128873 |
| immunization with calcitonin gene-related peptide reduces the inflammatory response to adjuvant arthritis in the rat. | the influence of circulating antibodies to calcitonin gene-related peptide on the inflammatory response was examined in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. rats were immunized with alpha calcitonin gene-related peptide conjugated to thyroglobulin, and circulating antibodies were identified by their capacity to bind radiolabelled rat alpha or human calcitonin gene-related peptide. in unimmunized rats and rats immunized with thyroglobulin alone, the secondary lesions (characterized as paw swelli ... | 1990 | 2129053 |
| dosing regimens in the treatment of tuberculosis. | specific antituberculosis chemotherapy started in the early 1940s. the development of isoniazid in 1952 enhanced the probability of achieving curative therapy. introduction of rifampicin in the late 1960s and addition of the sterilizing agent pyrazinamide made it possible to shorten the length of treatment and to give it intermittently so that it could be fully supervised. the important principles to consider in the formulation of adequate therapy for tuberculosis are the different bacterial pop ... | 1990 | 2129066 |
| [simultaneous isolation of brucella melitensis and mycobacterium tuberculosis in pleural empyema]. | | 1990 | 2129196 |
| synthesis and some reactions of 1-methyl-1h-2-cyanomethyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine. tuberculostatic activity of obtained compounds. | 1-methyl-1h-2-cyanomethyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine was synthesized and the reactivity of its cn and --ch2--groups was investigated. 5 h-dipyrido[1,2-a: 3',2'd]imidazole derivatives were also prepared. some of the obtained compounds were screened for their tuberculostatic activity. | 1990 | 2129248 |
| immunity to mycobacteria. | | 1990 | 2129290 |
| vaccines against tuberculosis: the impact of modern biotechnology. | tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis which worldwide afflicts approximately 50 million people with 3 million deaths and 10 million new cases per year. immunity against m. tuberculosis is mediated by t lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. probably, interleukin secretion and target cell lysis contribute to protection. although a vaccine is available, its efficacy, particularly in developing countries, remains a matter of controversy. thus, strategies ... | 1990 | 2129316 |
| [the comparative testing of the tuberculostatic sensitivity of m. tuberculosis strains in 2 diagnostic centers in romania]. | the study of sensibility was carried out on 152 strains of m. tuberculosis by the method of absolute concentrations in two laboratories in romania. the results obtained show an agreement in 71.05% of the cases. the high proportion of the disagreeing results shows the role of subjective and objective factors. the paper shows the possible modalities for correcting these factors. | 1990 | 2131815 |
| specific antibodies and mycobacterial antigens in pulmonary tuberculosis patients sera. note i. | 206 sera collected from different groups of subjects were analyzed by immunoenzymatic methods regarding the content of mycobacterium tuberculosis specific antibodies and mycobacterial antigens. the results underlined that two assays offered improved serologic diagnosis of tuberculosis over a single antibody test. bcg vaccination interferes with serologic tests for tuberculosis when polyspecific antibodies or mixture of common and specific antigens are used as immunologic reagents. a mycobacteria ... | 1990 | 2135160 |
| specific antibodies and mycobacterial antigens in patient sera with pulmonary tuberculous and nontuberculous diseases. note ii. | "two-assay" tests (tat), immunoenzymatic determination of both specific antibodies and mycobacterial antigens in sera of tuberculous and non-tuberculous subjects, was undertaken in our territorial conditions, where bcg vaccination is systematically applied and the prevalence of tuberculous infection is relatively high. the sensitivity of the method, calculated on 42 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and on 39 patients with post-tuberculosis syndromes is high, i.e. 0.952. the specificit ... | 1990 | 2135161 |
| who was the man who discovered the tubercle bacillus? | | 1990 | 2135597 |
| protein malnutrition alters the distribution of fc gamma r+ (t gamma) and fc mu r+ (t mu) t lymphocytes in experimental pulmonary tuberculosis. | inbred, strain 2 guinea pigs were given isocaloric diets containing either 30% (control diet) or 10% (low-protein diet) ovalbumin and infected 4 weeks later by the respiratory route with virulent mycobacterium tuberculosis. by using an fc receptor rosette assay, the proportions of t lymphocytes bearing fc receptors for immunoglobulin g (t gamma cells) or immunoglobulin m (t mu cells) were quantified in blood and lymphoid tissues taken postinfection. a significant elevation in the proportion of t ... | 1990 | 2137114 |
| a large fraction of human peripheral blood gamma/delta + t cells is activated by mycobacterium tuberculosis but not by its 65-kd heat shock protein. | we report that m. tuberculosis organisms, but neither pha nor allogeneic stimulator cells, preferentially activate gamma/delta+ cells within e rosette-purified peripheral blood t cells. gamma/delta+ t cells from purified protein derivative (ppd)-nonimmune healthy donors were enriched by depletion of cd4+ and cd8+ cells; double-negative (dn) cells contained 65-92% gamma/delta+ t cells. limiting dilution (ld) analyses revealed that 1 of 2-19 purified dn cells proliferated in response to mycobacter ... | 1990 | 2137854 |
| pathogenesis of route-related variation in t-suppressor response on immunization with mycobacteria. | the route of immunization was observed to play a significant role in deciding the outcome of immunization with killed mycobacterial vaccines. earlier we reported that the slow growers were immunogenic by both the intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intradermal (i.d.) routes. in contrast, the rapid growers were immunogenic by the i.d. route only. both rapid and slow growers generated the classical, antigen-specific lyt-2 positive, t-cell-mediated suppression after i.p. immunization but not after i.d. immu ... | 1990 | 2138659 |
| mr imaging of thoracic and abdominal wall infections: comparison with other imaging procedures. | infections of the chest and abdominal wall are rare but potentially fatal disorders that can occur spontaneously or in association with diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, or trauma. the condition (either in the form of necrotizing fasciitis and/or pyomyositis) is difficult to diagnose clinically because of poor localizing signs. prognosis depends on early recognition, extent of disease, and type of causative organism. pathologically, the infections can manifest as cellulitis, abscess, and/or ... | 1990 | 2138843 |
| [risk of tubercular infection among schoolchildren with high bcg coverage]. | mycobacterium tuberculosis infections may be difficult to detect by the tuberculin test in populations where nonspecific tuberculin sensitivity (induced by bcg and "atypical" mycobacteria) is frequent. in those populations, the rate of m. tuberculosis infection can be determined by comparing the levels of sensitivity before and after bcg vaccination, and classifying as infected those who do not show increased sensitivity in the post-vaccination test. to test this method on a bcg-vaccinated popul ... | 1990 | 2139783 |
| activation of human t cell clones through the um4d4/cdw60 surface antigen. | um4d4 is a recently defined antigen that is expressed on approximately 25% of peripheral blood t cells, but on the majority of t cells in inflammatory synovial fluid. anti-um4d4 activates peripheral blood t cells in the presence of accessory cells and/or phorbol ester. um4d4 has been assigned to a new antigen cluster termed cdw60. the present study examined the ability of anti-um4d4 to activate t cell clones derived from the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. um4d4 was express ... | 1990 | 2141550 |
| primary responses of human t cells to mycobacteria: a frequent set of gamma/delta t cells are stimulated by protease-resistant ligands. | t lymphocyte subsets expressing either t cell receptor alpha/beta or gamma/delta were selected from human peripheral blood t cells and proliferative responses to molecular mass-fractionated mycobacterial lysates were determined. alpha/beta t cells primarily responded to fractions greater than 30 kda whereas gamma/delta t cells preferentially reacted to fractions less than 3 kda. protease digestion abolished the stimulating activities for alpha/beta t cells, confirming that alpha/beta t cells res ... | 1990 | 2141570 |
| keratotic papules and nodules and hyperkeratosis of palms and soles in a patient with tuberculosis and aids-related complex. | patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and aids-related complex are subject to exaggerated clinical expression of infectious diseases. widespread keratotic papules and striking hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles went unrecognized as a manifestation of tuberculosis, thereby delaying treatment in a patient with aids-related complex. reliance on special stains from skin or lymph nodes to diagnose tuberculosis is inappropriate because organisms may not be detected and culture of ... | 1990 | 2144306 |
| target cell lysis and il-2 secretion by gamma/delta t lymphocytes after activation with bacteria. | peripheral blood t lymphocytes from healthy donors were stimulated with mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and afterward analyzed phenotypically. marked expansion of the gamma/delta t cell population (3- to 21-fold) was observed in 15/21 donors 7 to 10 days after stimulation. in addition to m. tuberculosis, mycobacterium leprae (six of eight) as well as the gram-positive bacteria, staphylococcus aureus (two of six), group a streptococci (seven of nine), and listeria monocytogenes (four of eight ... | 1990 | 2145360 |
| intracisternal administration of mycobacterium tuberculosis potentiates the delayed type hypersensitivity in guinea-pigs. | the delayed type hypersensitivity (dth) was studied in guinea-pigs using the skin test. the mycobacterium tuberculosis (m. tbc)--was applied by various routes. the control group received ovalbumin in freund's incomplete adjuvant (fia) into the footpad. the first experimental group received ovalbumin in freund's complete adjuvant (fca) into the footpad. the other experimental groups always received, in addition to ovalbumin plus fia into the footpad, the m. tbc. 1. intracisternally, 2. intramuscu ... | 1990 | 2145596 |
| [suppression of immune response by lung cells in experimental tuberculosis]. | in vitro proliferative response of lung cells from mice infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv against ppd and con a was studied. it was shown that the infected lung contained immune t cells, but their response in vitro was totally inhibited by plastic and nylon wool adherent suppressor cells. the whole population of lung cells from infected, but not intact mice, efficiently suppressed the proliferative response of immune lymph node cells against various antigens (non-specific suppressio ... | 1990 | 2145988 |
| [the infectiousness of tuberculosis]. | in extrapulmonary tuberculosis, infectiousness can be considered negligible. the number of viable organisms in the sputum of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis decreases markedly during chemotherapy in the first 2 weeks but they retain their pathogenicity; therefore, patient with sputum-positive tuberculosis cannot be regarded as non-infectious. outpatient treatment can be recommended only if the patient is isolated at home and the intake of the prescribed drugs is guaranteed. an increasing ra ... | 1990 | 2146566 |
| [urogenital tuberculosis revealed by scrotal trauma]. | a case of urogenital tuberculosis discovered in unusual circumstances is reported. tuberculosis was latent, as it often is, and it was diagnosed on the finding of an epididymal lesion. however, this diagnosis was delayed since the persistent hypertrophy of the right epididymis had been regarded as a sequela of a recent trauma of the scrotum. the diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed by epididymal biopsy, by intravenous urography which revealed a cavity in a left superior calix and above all by ... | 1990 | 2146637 |
| [bacteriologic examination for tuberculosis in subjects from a group at risk]. | laboratory methods were used to test the samples taken from 55,068 people for m. tuberculosis. inoculation of diagnostic material for m. tuberculosis was accompanied in a number of cases by a parallel method of luminescent microscopy for the same purpose. methods of examining the patients with non-specific lung and genitourinary diseases were developed. they consist in a preliminary step-by-step selection of diagnostic material by means of luminescent microscopy and the use of these rapid techni ... | 1990 | 2147767 |
| [aids and tuberculosis--the status in cologne]. | the incidence of tuberculosis among people with aids in the usa is about four per cent. this is one hundred to two hundred times the incidence of that of the general population. the aim of this study is to get more detailed information about the coincidence between hiv infection/aids illness and tuberculosis in cologne. 2.6% of hiv carriers or people with aids are also infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis; this is 81 times of that among the general population in cologne. | 1990 | 2150546 |
| [the effect of glutaraldehyde on mycobacteria and on selected types of bacteria]. | the author tested the action of 2% alkalinized glutaraldehyde on mycobacterium tuberculosis, m. kansasii, m. avium, m. xenopi and m. fortuitum, as well as staphyloccocus aureus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, proteus vulgaris, bacillus cereus, b. megatherium and b. subtilis. after 5-minute exposure devitalization of m. tuberculosis, m. kansasii and vegetative forms of the tested bacteria occurred. a sporicide effect was recorded already after 30 minutes or after more than 120 minutes. ... | 1990 | 2150610 |
| is6110, an is-like element of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. | | 1990 | 2155396 |
| bactericidal activity in vitro of various rifamycins against mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium tuberculosis. | minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (mics and mbcs) of rifampin (rmp), rifabutin (rbt), rifapentine (rpt), cgp-7040, and p-dea, were determined for 50 m. avium strains in 7h12 liquid medium radiometrically under various ph conditions. half were isolated from patients with aids and the other half from patients without aids but with pulmonary disease. the mics and mbcs were also determined in 7h12 broth for m. tuberculosis strains. the mic results obtained with m. tuberculosis strai ... | 1990 | 2155555 |
| usphs tuberculosis short-course chemotherapy trial 21: effectiveness, toxicity, and acceptability. the report of final results. | to determine the effectiveness, toxicity, and acceptability of a 6-month antituberculous regimen compared with a 9-month regimen. | 1990 | 2155569 |
| the nodular form of local hepatic tuberculosis. a review. | local hepatic tuberculosis without active pulmonary or miliary tuberculosis is an uncommon diagnosis. even less common is the finding of tuberculoma or tuberculous liver abscess without clinical evidence of tuberculosis elsewhere. since 1950, 21 cases of isolated tuberculoma or tuberculous abscess of the liver have been reported in the world literature. we report an additional two cases, one tuberculoma and one with multiple tuberculous abscesses. the case reports illustrate the difficulty in re ... | 1990 | 2157746 |
| the serum rifabutin concentrations in a patient successfully treated for multi-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. | | 1990 | 2159958 |
| comparative demographic and autopsy findings in acquired immune deficiency syndrome in two mexican populations. | in order to identify the characteristics of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) as it occurs in mexico, a comparative study of the demographic and pathological findings of the first 58 patients who died of aids and were autopsied at two mexican hospitals, hospital general de mexico (hg) and instituto nacional de la nutricion (inn), was performed. the patient population consisted of 52 men and 6 women. their socioeconomic status (ses) was estimated using the occupational prestige and l ... | 1990 | 2159991 |
| interferon-gamma-activated human granulocytes kill ingested mycobacterium fortuitum more efficiently than normal granulocytes. | although shortly after the onset of a mycobacterial infection granulocytes are present at the site of inflammation, the role of granulocytes in the elimination of mycobacteria is not well understood. in vitro studies with, for example mycobacterium tuberculosis or m. bovis, are hampered by the slow proliferation and clumping of the bacteria. to avoid these disadvantages, we developed a model using the atypical mycobacterium m. fortuitum. the present study concerned two questions: whether human g ... | 1990 | 2161344 |
| characteristics of immunosuppressive macrophages induced in host spleen cells by mycobacterium avium complex and mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in mice. | the profile of generation and characteristics of immunosuppressive macrophages (m phi s), which suppress the cona-mitogenic response of spleen cells (spcs), in host cba/jn mice during the course of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and m. tuberculosis (mt) infections were investigated. in both infections, a marked reduction in cona mitogenic response of splenic t cells was seen around 2 weeks after infection, and this was accompanied by generation of potent immunosuppressive m phi s in the spcs ... | 1990 | 2161997 |
| transposition of an antibiotic resistance element in mycobacteria. | bacterial resistance to antibiotics is often plasmid-mediated and the associated resistance genes encoded by transposable elements. mycobacteria, including the human pathogens mycobacterium tuberculosis and m. leprae, are resistant to many antibiotics, and their cell-surface structure is believed to be largely responsible for the wide range of resistance phenotypes. antibiotic-resistance plasmids have so far not been implicated in resistance of mycobacteria to antibiotics. nevertheless, antibiot ... | 1990 | 2163027 |
| disseminated tuberculosis of the central nervous system responsive to rifabutin. | multiple cerebral tuberculomas are now very rare. we report the case of a young man with an 8-month history of headache, febricula and abscess of the left tibiotarsal joint, which was found to contain mycobacterium tuberculosis. chest x-rays revealed miliariform dissemination to both lungs while ct and mr brain scans revealed numerous small nodules, especially in the posterior cranial fossa. despite anti-tuberculosis therapy the patient developed a right pyramidal hemisyndrome and intracranial h ... | 1990 | 2163369 |
| specific lysis of mycobacterial antigen-bearing macrophages by class ii mhc-restricted polyclonal t cell lines in healthy donors or patients with tuberculosis. | the cytolytic capacity of mycobacterial antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, from healthy mantoux-positive volunteers and from patients with tuberculosis was investigated. polyclonal t cell lines induced by 7 days of stimulation in vitro with ppd or a sonicate of mycobacterium tuberculosis lysed both autologous macrophages and epstein-barr virus (ebv) transformed b cell lines which had been pulsed with mycobacterial antigens, to a greater extent than unpulsed target cells or ta ... | 1990 | 2164902 |
| killing of mycobacterium tuberculosis by neutrophils: a nonoxidative process. | to determine the role of oxygen radicals in the killing of mycobacterium tuberculosis by neutrophils, the effects of free-radical inhibitors and enzymes, catalase, superoxide dismutase, taurine, deferoxamine, and histidine were evaluated. changes in the viability of m. tuberculosis were determined by agar plate colony counts and a radiometric assay. no impairment in killing was seen with any of the inhibitors or enzymes. patients with chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) have a defect in the nadp ... | 1990 | 2167338 |
| [new antitubercular drugs]. | | 1990 | 2168041 |
| [hepatic involvement in aids. a retrospective clinical study in 71 patients]. | in order to determine the extent of liver abnormalities occurring during acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the available histological analyses of liver samples (32 biopsies, 52 autopsies) from 71 aids patients, for the period 1982-1986, were studied retrospectively. hepatomegaly was the most common clinical symptom (23 patients, 32.4%), while jaundice was rare, being seen in only 5 cases (7%). progressive anicteric cholestasis was the most frequently observed biological anomaly (29/52, 55.7%). ... | 1990 | 2175155 |