| seroprevalence of brucella abortus and leptospira hardjo in cattle. | the aim was to assess the seroprevalence of b. abortus and leptospira hardjo in the cattle population of bihar, this work was carried out. | 2015 | 27047076 |
| orientia, rickettsia, and leptospira pathogens as causes of cns infections in laos: a prospective study. | scrub typhus (caused by orientia tsutsugamushi), murine typhus (caused by rickettsia typhi), and leptospirosis are common causes of febrile illness in asia; meningitis and meningoencephalitis are severe complications. however, scarce data exist for the burden of these pathogens in patients with cns disease in endemic countries. laos is representative of vast economically poor rural areas in asia with little medical information to guide public health policy. we assessed whether these pathogens ar ... | 2015 | 25617190 |
| the use of halloysite clay and carboxyl-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes for recombinant lipl32 antigen delivery enhanced the igg response. | we studied the feasibility of using halloysite clay nanotubes (hnts) and carboxyl-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (cooh-mwcnts) as antigen carriers to improve immune responses against a recombinant lipl32 protein (rlipl32). immunisation using the hnts or cooh-mwcnts significantly increased the rlipl32-specific igg antibody titres (p < 0.05) of golden syrian hamsters. none of the vaccines tested conferred protection against a challenge using a virulent leptospira interrogans strain. ... | 2015 | 25742273 |
| multiple circulating infections can mimic the early stages of viral hemorrhagic fevers and possible human exposure to filoviruses in sierra leone prior to the 2014 outbreak. | lassa fever (lf) is a severe viral hemorrhagic fever caused by lassa virus (lasv). the lf program at the kenema government hospital (kgh) in eastern sierra leone currently provides diagnostic services and clinical care for more than 500 suspected lf cases per year. nearly two-thirds of suspected lf patients presenting to the lf ward test negative for either lasv antigen or anti-lasv immunoglobulin m (igm), and therefore are considered to have a non-lassa febrile illness (nlfi). the nlfi patients ... | 2015 | 25531344 |
| interaction between leptospiral lipopolysaccharide and toll-like receptor 2 in pig fibroblast cell line, and inhibitory effect of antibody against leptospiral lipopolysaccharide on interaction. | leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (l-lps) has shown potency in activating toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) in pig fibroblasts (pefs_ncc1), and causes the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. however, the stimulation by l-lps was weak eliciting the function of tlr2 sufficiently in pig innate immunity responses during leptospira infection. in this study, the immune response of pig embryonic fibroblast cell line (pefs_sv40) was investigated and was found to be the high immune response, thus tlr2 is the ... | 2015 | 25557825 |
| a new regulatory mechanism for bacterial lipoic acid synthesis. | lipoic acid, an essential enzyme cofactor, is required in three domains of life. in the past 60 years since its discovery, most of the pathway for lipoic acid synthesis and metabolism has been elucidated. however, genetic control of lipoic acid synthesis remains unclear. here, we report integrative evidence that bacterial camp-dependent signaling is linked to lipoic acid synthesis in shewanella species, the certain of unique marine-borne bacteria with special ability of metal reduction. physiolo ... | 2015 | 25611823 |
| detection of mycobacteria, mycobacterium avium subspecies, and mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by a novel tetraplex real-time pcr assay. | mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, mycobacterium avium, and many other nontuberculous mycobacteria are worldwide distributed microorganisms of major medical and veterinary importance. considering the growing epidemiologic significance of wildlife-livestock-human interrelation, developing rapid detection tools of high specificity and sensitivity is vital to assess their presence and accelerate the process of diagnosing mycobacteriosis. here we describe the development and evaluation of a novel t ... | 2015 | 25588660 |
| complement evasion by pathogenic leptospira. | leptospirosis is a neglected infectious disease caused by spirochetes from the genus leptospira. pathogenic microorganisms, notably those which reach the blood circulation such as leptospira, have evolved multiple strategies to escape the host complement system, which is important for innate and acquired immunity. leptospira avoid complement-mediated killing through: (i) recruitment of host complement regulators; (ii) acquisition of host proteases that cleave complement proteins on the bacterial ... | 2016 | 28066433 |
| leptospira surface adhesin (lsa21) induces toll like receptor 2 and 4 mediated inflammatory responses in macrophages. | leptospirosis is zoonotic and emerging infectious disease of global importance. little is understood about leptospira pathogenesis and host immune response. in the present work we have investigated how leptospira modulates the host innate immune response mediated by toll-like receptors (tlrs) via surface exposed proteins. we screened leptospira outer membrane/surface proteins for their ability to activate/inhibit tlr2/4 signaling in hek293 cell lines. of these the 21 kda leptospira surface adhes ... | 2016 | 27996041 |
| conservation of coevolving protein interfaces bridges prokaryote-eukaryote homologies in the twilight zone. | protein-protein interactions are fundamental for the proper functioning of the cell. as a result, protein interaction surfaces are subject to strong evolutionary constraints. recent developments have shown that residue coevolution provides accurate predictions of heterodimeric protein interfaces from sequence information. so far these approaches have been limited to the analysis of families of prokaryotic complexes for which large multiple sequence alignments of homologous sequences can be compi ... | 2016 | 27965389 |
| cerebellar ataxia due to leptospirosis- a case report. | leptospirosis involves nervous system in around 10-15% of the cases, the commonest presentation being aseptic meningitis. most of the clinical features of neuroleptospirosis are due to capillary endothelial damage and vasculitis. ataxia is an extremely uncommon manifestation of leptospirosis occuring in <5% of cases. | 2016 | 27955629 |
| emerging infectious disease implications of invasive mammalian species: the greater white-toothed shrew (crocidura russula) is associated with a novel serovar of pathogenic leptospira in ireland. | the greater white-toothed shrew (crocidura russula) is an invasive mammalian species that was first recorded in ireland in 2007. it currently occupies an area of approximately 7,600 km2 on the island. c. russula is normally distributed in northern africa and western europe, and was previously absent from the british isles. whilst invasive species can have dramatic and rapid impacts on faunal and floral communities, they may also be carriers of pathogens facilitating disease transmission in poten ... | 2016 | 27935961 |
| coxiella detection in ticks from wildlife and livestock in malaysia. | recent studies have shown that ticks harbor coxiella-like bacteria, which are potentially tick-specific endosymbionts. we recently described the detection of coxiella-like bacteria and possibly coxiella burnetii in ticks found from rural areas in malaysia. in the present study, we collected ticks, including haemaphysalis bispinosa, haemaphysalis hystricis, dermacentor compactus, dermacentor steini, and amblyomma sp. from wildlife and domesticated goats from four different locations in malaysia. ... | 2016 | 27763821 |
| transcriptional profiling of type ii toxin-antitoxin genes of helicobacter pylori under different environmental conditions: identification of hp0967-hp0968 system. | helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human gastric mucosa and is responsible for causing peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma. the expression of virulence factors allows the persistence of h. pylori in the stomach, which results in a chronic, sometimes uncontrolled inflammatory response. type ii toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems have emerged as important virulence factors in many pathogenic bacteria. three type ii ta systems have previously been identified in the genome ... | 2016 | 27920769 |
| comparative genomic analysis of the flagellin glycosylation island of the gram-positive thermophile geobacillus. | protein glycosylation involves the post-translational attachment of sugar chains to target proteins and has been observed in all three domains of life. post-translational glycosylation of flagellin, the main structural protein of the flagellum, is a common characteristic among many gram-negative bacteria and archaea. several distinct functions have been ascribed to flagellin glycosylation, including stabilisation and maintenance of the flagellar filament, motility, surface recognition, adhesion, ... | 2016 | 27842516 |
| cathelicidin insufficiency in patients with fatal leptospirosis. | leptospirosis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, the role of the host immune response in disease progression and high case fatality (>10-50%) is poorly understood. we conducted a multi-parameter investigation of patients with acute leptospirosis to identify mechanisms associated with case fatality. whole blood transcriptional profiling of 16 hospitalized brazilian patients with acute leptospirosis (13 survivors, 3 deceased) revealed fatal cases had lower expression of ... | 2016 | 27812211 |
| chimeric epitope vaccine against leptospira interrogans infection and induced specific immunity in guinea pigs. | leptospirosis is an important reemerging zoonosis, with more than half a million cases reported annually, and is caused by pathogenic leptospira species. development of a universal vaccine is one of the major strategic goals to overcome the disease burden of leptospirosis. in this study, a chimeric multi-epitope protein-based vaccine was designed and tested for its potency to induce a specific immune response and provide protection against l. interrogans infection. | 2016 | 27737644 |
| immune response in hamsters immunised with a recombinant fragment of liga from leptospira interrogans, associated with carrier molecules. | immunisation with the c-terminal region of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like a protein (ligani) has shown promising results against leptospirosis. we evaluated the humoral immune response and protection induced by ligani associated with carboxyl multi-walled carbon nanotubes (cooh-mwcnts), cpg oligodeoxynucleotides (cpg odns), or alhydrogel. animals immunised with cpg odns were unable to develop a humoral immune response, whereas immunisation with ligani and cooh-mwcnts produced a high level of ig ... | 2016 | 27759768 |
| first observation of leptospira interrogans in the lungs of rattus norvegicus. | we report the first two cases of pulmonary presence of leptospires in apparently healthy rats captured in a city park in lyon (france). only renal carriage of leptospira has been described in the literature. blood serology was performed in parallel with molecular and histological analyses of the kidney and lung samples. we isolated leptospires from the kidneys of two out of three seropositive wild rats. these results were confirmed by specific detection of pathogenic leptospira by real-time pcr. ... | 2016 | 27800495 |
| a 23-year-old man with leptospirosis and acute abdominal pain. | leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by the spirochete leptospira interrogans. most cases of leptospirosis are mild to moderate, and self-limited. the course of disease, however, may be complicated by multiorgan dysfunction such as in weil's disease. we present a case of weil's disease with pancreatitis in a young caucasian man residing in hawai'i. although leptospirosis is common in hawai'i, few patients present with pancreatitis. this report of leptospirosis-induced pancreatitis should help rais ... | 2016 | 27738562 |
| phage display as a promising approach for vaccine development. | bacteriophages are specific antagonists to bacterial hosts. these viral entities have attracted growing interest as optimal vaccine delivery vehicles. phages are well-matched for vaccine design due to being highly stable under harsh environmental conditions, simple and inexpensive large scale production, and potent adjuvant capacities. phage vaccines have efficient immunostimulatory effects and present a high safety profile because these viruses have made a constant relationship with the mammali ... | 2016 | 27680328 |
| hedgehogs and mustelid species: major carriers of pathogenic leptospira, a survey in 28 animal species in france (20122015). | human leptospirosis is a zoonotic and potentially fatal disease that has increasingly been reported in both developing and developed countries, including france. however, our understanding of the basic aspects of the epidemiology of this disease, including the source of leptospira serogroup australis infections in humans and domestic animals, remains incomplete. we investigated the genetic diversity of leptospira in 28 species of wildlife other than rats using variable number tandem repeat (vntr ... | 2016 | 27680672 |
| the membrane protein lasm promotes the culturability of legionella pneumophila in water. | the water-borne pathogen legionella pneumophila (lp) strongly expresses the lpg1659 gene in water. this gene encodes a hypothetical protein predicted to be a membrane protein using in silico analysis. while no conserved domains were identified in lpg1659, similar proteins are found in many legionella species and other aquatic bacteria. rt-qpcr showed that lpg1659 is positively regulated by the alternative sigma factor rpos, which is essential for lp to survive in water. these observations sugges ... | 2016 | 27734007 |
| screening of genes involved in interactions with intestinal epithelial cells in cronobacter sakazakii. | cronobacter sakazakii possesses a significant ability to adhere to and invade epithelial cells in its host. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. in the current study, the adhesive and invasive capabilities of 56 c. sakazakii strains against human epithelial cells were evaluated, and one of them was selected for construction of a mutant library using the tn5 transposon. in a systematic analysis of the adhesive and invasive capabilities of 1084 mutants, ... | 2016 | 27637944 |
| high leptospira diversity in animals and humans complicates the search for common reservoirs of human disease in rural ecuador. | leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease responsible for high morbidity around the world, especially in tropical and low income countries. rats are thought to be the main vector of human leptospirosis in urban settings. however, differences between urban and low-income rural communities provide additional insights into the epidemiology of the disease. | 2016 | 27622673 |
| the inhibition and resistance mechanisms of actinonin, isolated from marine streptomyces sp. nhf165, against vibrio anguillarum. | vibrio sp. is the most serious pathogen in marine aquaculture, and the development of anti-vibrio agents is urgently needed. however, it is extreme lack of high-throughput screening (hts) model for searching anti-vibrio compounds. here, we established a protein-based hts screening model to identify agents targeting peptide deformylase (pdf) of vibrio anguillarum. to find potential anti-vibrio compounds, crude extracts derived from marine actinomycetes were applied for screening with this model. ... | 2016 | 27679625 |
| the search for herbal antibiotics: an in-silico investigation of antibacterial phytochemicals. | recently, the emergence and spread of pathogenic bacterial resistance to many antibiotics (multidrug-resistant strains) have been increasing throughout the world. this phenomenon is of great concern and there is a need to find alternative chemotherapeutic agents to combat these antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. higher plants may serve as a resource for new antimicrobials to replace or augment current therapeutic options. in this work, we have carried out a molecular docking study of a total o ... | 2016 | 27626453 |
| functional metagenomics of spacecraft assembly cleanrooms: presence of virulence factors associated with human pathogens. | strict planetary protection practices are implemented during spacecraft assembly to prevent inadvertent transfer of earth microorganisms to other planetary bodies. therefore, spacecraft are assembled in cleanrooms, which undergo strict cleaning and decontamination procedures to reduce total microbial bioburden. we wanted to evaluate if these practices selectively favor survival and growth of hardy microorganisms, such as pathogens. three geographically distinct cleanrooms were sampled during the ... | 2016 | 27667984 |
| draft genome sequence of leptospira interrogans serovar bataviae strain lepimr 22 isolated from a rodent in johor, malaysia. | leptospira interrogans serovar bataviae was recently identified as one of the persistent leptospira serovars in malaysia. here, we report the draft genome sequence of the l. interrogans serovar bataviae strain lepimr 22 isolated from kidney of a rodent in johor, malaysia. | 2016 | 27609924 |
| depletion of shine-dalgarno sequences within bacterial coding regions is expression dependent. | efficient and accurate protein synthesis is crucial for organismal survival in competitive environments. translation efficiency-the number of proteins translated from a single mrna in a given time period-is the combined result of differential translation initiation, elongation, and termination rates. previous research identified the shine-dalgarno (sd) sequence as a modulator of translation initiation in bacterial genes, while codon usage biases are frequently implicated as a primary determinant ... | 2016 | 27605518 |
| vapcs of mycobacterium tuberculosis cleave rnas essential for translation. | the major human pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis can survive in the host organism for decades without causing symptoms. a large cohort of toxin-antitoxin (ta) modules contribute to this persistence. of these, 48 ta modules belong to the vapbc (virulence associated protein) gene family. vapc toxins are pin domain endonucleases that, in enterobacteria, inhibit translation by site-specific cleavage of initiator trna. in contrast, vapc20 of m. tuberculosis inhibits translation by site-specific cl ... | 2016 | 27599842 |
| identification of tenrec ecaudatus, a wild mammal introduced to mayotte island, as a reservoir of the newly identified human pathogenic leptospira mayottensis. | leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis of major concern on tropical islands. human populations on western indian ocean islands are strongly affected by the disease although each archipelago shows contrasting epidemiology. for instance, mayotte, part of the comoros archipelago, differs from the other neighbouring islands by a high diversity of leptospira species infecting humans that includes leptospira mayottensis, a species thought to be unique to this island. using bacterial culture, molecular ... | 2016 | 27574792 |
| case report: weil's disease with multiple organ failure in a child living in dengue endemic area. | there were few reports in the literature of weil's disease with multiple organ failures, especially in children living in dengue endemic areas. | 2016 | 27528203 |
| hemodiafiltration decreases serum levels of inflammatory mediators in severe leptospirosis: a prospective study. | leptospirosis is a health problem worldwide. its most severe form is a classic model of sepsis, provoking acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) and acute kidney injury (aki), with associated mortality that remains unacceptably high. we previously demonstrated that early initiation of sustained low-efficiency dialysis (sled) followed by daily sled significantly decreases mortality. however, the mode of clearance can also affect dialysis patient outcomes. therefore, the objective of this stud ... | 2016 | 27487001 |
| leptospira seroprevalence and risk factors in health centre patients in hoima district, western uganda. | the burden of human leptospirosis in uganda is unknown. we estimated the seroprevalence of leptospira antibodies, probable acute/recent leptospirosis, and risk factors for seropositivity in humans in rural western uganda. | 2016 | 27487398 |
| whole genome sequencing allows better understanding of the evolutionary history of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. | the genome of a laboratory-adapted strain of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was sequenced and analyzed. comparison of the sequenced genome with that recently published for a field isolate of the same serovar revealed relatively high sequence conservation at the nucleotide level, despite the different biological background of both samples. conversely, comparison of both serovar hardjo genomes with those of l. borgpetersenii serovar hardjo showed extensive differences between the correspond ... | 2016 | 27442015 |
| immunoreactivity of the aaa+ chaperone clpb from leptospira interrogans with sera from leptospira-infected animals. | leptospira interrogans is a spirochaete responsible for leptospirosis in mammals. the molecular mechanisms of the leptospira virulence remain mostly unknown. recently, it has been demonstrated that l. interrogans clpb (clpbli) is essential for bacterial survival under stressful conditions and also during infection. the aim of this study was to provide further insight into the role of clpb in l. interrogans and answer the question whether clpbli as a potential virulence factor may be a target of ... | 2016 | 27421882 |
| comparative genomic analysis of brazilian leptospira kirschneri serogroup pomona serovar mozdok. | leptospira kirschneri is one of the pathogenic species of the leptospira genus. human and animal infection from l. kirschneri gained further attention over the last few decades. here we present the isolation and characterisation of brazilian l. kirschneri serogroup pomona serovar mozdok strain m36/05 and the comparative genomic analysis with brazilian human strain 61h. the m36/05 strain caused pulmonary hemorrhagic lesions in the hamster model, showing high virulence. the studied genomes present ... | 2016 | 27581124 |
| recent developments in detection and enumeration of waterborne bacteria: a retrospective minireview. | waterborne diseases have emerged as global health problems and their rapid and sensitive detection in environmental water samples is of great importance. bacterial identification and enumeration in water samples is significant as it helps to maintain safe drinking water for public consumption. culture-based methods are laborious, time-consuming, and yield false-positive results, whereas viable but nonculturable (vbncs) microorganisms cannot be recovered. hence, numerous methods have been develop ... | 2016 | 27397728 |
| complicated weil disease. | | 2016 | 27606150 |
| costs of life - dynamics of the protein inventory of staphylococcus aureus during anaerobiosis. | absolute protein quantification was applied to follow the dynamics of the cytoplasmic proteome of staphylococcus aureus in response to long-term oxygen starvation. for 1,168 proteins, the majority of all expressed proteins, molecule numbers per cell have been determined to monitor the cellular investments in single branches of bacterial life for the first time. in the presence of glucose the anaerobic protein pattern is characterized by increased amounts of glycolytic and fermentative enzymes su ... | 2016 | 27344979 |
| ncbi prokaryotic genome annotation pipeline. | recent technological advances have opened unprecedented opportunities for large-scale sequencing and analysis of populations of pathogenic species in disease outbreaks, as well as for large-scale diversity studies aimed at expanding our knowledge across the whole domain of prokaryotes. to meet the challenge of timely interpretation of structure, function and meaning of this vast genetic information, a comprehensive approach to automatic genome annotation is critically needed. in collaboration wi ... | 2016 | 27342282 |
| real-time pcr reveals rapid dissemination of leptospira interrogans after intraperitoneal and conjunctival inoculation of hamsters. | the pathogen leptospira interrogans is a highly motile spirochete that causes acute and fulminant infections in humans and other accidental hosts. hematogenous dissemination is important for infection by the pathogen but remains poorly understood because few animal model studies have used sensitive tools to quantify the bacteria. we evaluated the kinetics of leptospiral infection in golden syrian hamsters by a sensitive quantitative real-time pcr (taqman) with lipl32 as the target gene. the diss ... | 2016 | 27141082 |
| inhibitory effect of bmap-28 on leptospiral lipopolysaccharide-induced tlr2-dependent immune response in bovine cells. | bovine leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease, leading to serious economic losses in animal production and causing potential hazards to human health. leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (l-lps) plays an important role in leptospirosis pathogenicity. | 2016 | 27635213 |
| coevolution between stop codon usage and release factors in bacterial species. | three stop codons in bacteria represent different translation termination signals, and their usage is expected to depend on their differences in translation termination efficiency, mutation bias, and relative abundance of release factors (rf1 decoding uaa and uag, and rf2 decoding uaa and uga). in 14 bacterial species (covering proteobacteria, firmicutes, cyanobacteria, actinobacteria and spirochetes) with cellular rf1 and rf2 quantified, uaa is consistently over-represented in highly expressed ... | 2016 | 27297468 |
| temperature-responsive in vitro rna structurome of yersinia pseudotuberculosis. | rna structures are fundamentally important for rna function. dynamic, condition-dependent structural changes are able to modulate gene expression as shown for riboswitches and rna thermometers. by parallel analysis of rna structures, we mapped the rna structurome of yersinia pseudotuberculosis at three different temperatures. this human pathogen is exquisitely responsive to host body temperature (37 °c), which induces a major metabolic transition. our analysis profiles the structure of more than ... | 2016 | 27298343 |
| human leptospirosis on reunion island, indian ocean: are rodents the (only) ones to blame? | although leptospirosis is a zoonosis of major concern on tropical islands, the molecular epidemiology of the disease aiming at linking human cases to specific animal reservoirs has been rarely explored within these peculiar ecosystems. | 2016 | 27294677 |
| human leptospirosis in tanzania: sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirm that pathogenic leptospira species circulate among agro-pastoralists living in katavi-rukwa ecosystem. | leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease of worldwide public health importance. the disease affects humans, domestic animals and wildlife. however, leptospirosis is challenging in its diagnosis in humans. culture technique, which is time consuming, is not recommended for clinical diagnosis. for these reasons, serological and molecular techniques remain the test of choice. the major objective of this study was to explore the genetic characteristic of leptospira species which are prevalent am ... | 2016 | 27287703 |
| metapalette: a k-mer painting approach for metagenomic taxonomic profiling and quantification of novel strain variation. | metagenomic profiling is challenging in part because of the highly uneven sampling of the tree of life by genome sequencing projects and the limitations imposed by performing phylogenetic inference at fixed taxonomic ranks. we present the algorithm metapalette, which uses long k-mer sizes (k = 30, 50) to fit a k-mer "palette" of a given sample to the k-mer palette of reference organisms. by modeling the k-mer palettes of unknown organisms, the method also gives an indication of the presence, abu ... | 2016 | 27822531 |
| detection of dengue, west nile virus, rickettsiosis and leptospirosis by a new real-time pcr strategy. | dengue virus (denv) infection causes sudden fever along with several nonspecific signs and symptoms and in severe cases, death. denv is transmitted to people by aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus mosquitoes, whose populations increase during rainy season. west nile virus (wnv), rickettsia spp. and leptospira spp. are fever-causing pathogens that share many of the initial symptoms of denv infection and also thrive in the rainy season. outbreaks in some regions may be due to any of these pathogens t ... | 2016 | 27350908 |
| first genome sequence of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, isolated from a bovine abortion. | leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis and a re-emergent disease of global distribution with major relevance in veterinary production. here, we report the whole-genome sequence of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona strain akrfb, isolated from a bovine abortion during a leptospirosis outbreak in argentina. | 2016 | 27198013 |
| dual transcriptome profiling of leishmania-infected human macrophages reveals distinct reprogramming signatures. | macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes that constitute a first line of defense against pathogens. while lethal to many microbes, they are the primary host cells of leishmania spp. parasites, the obligate intracellular pathogens that cause leishmaniasis. we conducted transcriptomic profiling of two leishmania species and the human macrophage over the course of intracellular infection by using high-throughput rna sequencing to characterize the global gene expression changes and reprogramming event ... | 2016 | 27165796 |
| metabolic engineering of a synergistic pathway for n-butanol production in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | n-butanol has several favourable properties as an advanced fuel or a platform chemical. bio-based production of n-butanol is becoming increasingly important for sustainable chemical industry. synthesis of n-butanol can be achieved via more than one metabolic pathway. here we report the metabolic engineering of saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce n-butanol through a synergistic pathway: the endogenous threonine pathway and the introduced citramalate pathway. firstly, we characterized and optimize ... | 2016 | 27161023 |
| vaccine design for h5n1 based on b- and t-cell epitope predictions. | from 2003 to 2013, indonesia had the highest number of avian influenza a cases in humans, with 192 cases and 160 fatalities. avian influenza is caused by influenza virus type a, such as subtype h5n1. this virus has two glycoproteins: hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which will become the primary target to be neutralized by vaccine. vaccine is the most effective immunologic intervention. in this study, we use the epitope-based vaccine design from hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of h5n1 indonesian ... | 2016 | 27147821 |
| whole-genome sequencing reveals genetic variation in the asian house rat. | whole-genome sequencing of wild-derived rat species can provide novel genomic resources, which may help decipher the genetics underlying complex phenotypes. as a notorious pest, reservoir of human pathogens, and colonizer, the asian house rat, rattus tanezumi, is successfully adapted to its habitat. however, little is known regarding genetic variation in this species. in this study, we identified over 41,000,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, plus insertions and deletions, through whole-genome ... | 2016 | 27172215 |
| draft genome of the leptospira interrogans strains, acegua, rca, prea, and capivara, obtained from wildlife maintenance hosts and infected domestic animals. | in the present paper, we announce new draft genomes of four leptospira interrogans strains named acegua, rca, prea, and capivara. these strains were isolated in the state of rio grande do sul, brazil, from cattle, dog, brazilian guinea pig, and capybara, respectively. | 2016 | 27074260 |
| comparison of mucosal, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes of rat leptospira infection. | leptospirosis is a zoonosis found worldwide that is caused by a spirochete. the main reservoirs of leptospira, which presents an asymptomatic infection, are wild rodents, including the brown rat (rattus norvegicus). experimental studies of the mechanisms of its renal colonization in rats have previously used an intraperitoneal inoculation route. however, knowledge of rat-rat transmission requires the use of a natural route of inoculation, such as a mucosal or subcutaneous route. we investigated ... | 2016 | 27031867 |
| a cross sectional study of leptospirosis and fetal death in yucatan, mexico. | leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease affecting mainly to low income human population. acute leptospiral infection during pregnancy has been associated with spontaneous abortion and fetal death during the first trimester and the abortion may occur as consequence of systemic failure. | 2016 | 27226658 |
| caprine leptospirosis: hematobiochemical and urinalyses studies. | the present study was designed to evaluate clinicopathological alterations in naturally occurring leptospirosis in goats of south gujarat region, gujarat. | 2016 | 27057122 |
| first molecular evidence of toxoplasma gondii in opossums (didelphis virginiana) from yucatan, mexico. | toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite recognized as a causal agent of toxoplasmosis; zoonotic disease endemic in many countries worldwide, including mexico. different species of animals participate in the wild cycle infection, including opossums of the species didelphis virginiana. thirteen d. virginiana were captured in yucatan, mexico. detection of t. gondii was achieved by polymerase chain reaction, which determined an infection of 76.9% (10/13) in brains. positive amplicons ... | 2016 | 27200271 |
| a two-year ecological study of norway rats (rattus norvegicus) in a brazilian urban slum. | the norway or brown rat (rattus norvegicus) is among the most ubiquitous of rodents. however, the lack of studies describing norway rat populations from tropical areas have limited our understanding regarding their demography and seasonal dynamics. in this study, we describe seasonal pattern in the abundance, reproductive parameters, and morphometrics of norway rat populations in salvador, brazil. rodents were trapped over four seasonal trapping periods (2013-2014) from three valleys. a total of ... | 2016 | 27015422 |
| prevalence and genotype allocation of pathogenic leptospira species in small mammals from various habitat types in germany. | small mammals serve as most important reservoirs for leptospira spp., the causative agents of leptospirosis, which is one of the most neglected and widespread zoonotic diseases worldwide. the knowledge about leptospira spp. occurring in small mammals from germany is scarce. thus, this study's objectives were to investigate the occurrence of leptospira spp. and the inherent sequence types in small mammals from three different study sites: a forest in southern germany (site b1); a national park in ... | 2016 | 27015596 |
| identification of protein secretion systems in bacterial genomes. | bacteria with two cell membranes (diderms) have evolved complex systems for protein secretion. these systems were extensively studied in some model bacteria, but the characterisation of their diversity has lagged behind due to lack of standard annotation tools. we built online and standalone computational tools to accurately predict protein secretion systems and related appendages in bacteria with lps-containing outer membranes. they consist of models describing the systems' components and genet ... | 2016 | 26979785 |
| profiling of leptospira interrogans, l. santarosai, l. meyeri and l. borgpetersenii by se-aflp, pfge and susceptibility testing--a continuous attempt at species and serovar differentiation. | leptospirosis is a widespread systemic zoonosis, considered as reemerging in certain developing countries. although the cross agglutinin absorption test is still considered the standard method for leptospira identification, it presents several disadvantages. the aim of this study was to characterize leptospira spp. isolated from various hosts by genotyping and broth microdilution susceptibility testing in an attempt to differentiate leptospira species, serogroups and serovars. forty-seven isolat ... | 2016 | 26956446 |
| determination of leptospira borgpetersenii serovar javanica and leptospira interrogans serovar bataviae as the persistent leptospira serovars circulating in the urban rat populations in peninsular malaysia. | leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease of global significance, and is endemic in tropical countries, including malaysia. over the last decade, a dramatic increase of human cases was reported; however, information on the primary vector, the rat, and the leptospira serovars circulating among the rat population is limited. therefore, the present study was undertaken to isolate leptospira and characterise the serovars circulating in the urban rat populations from selected main cities in pen ... | 2016 | 26927873 |
| biochemical characterization and complete conversion of coenzyme specificity of isocitrate dehydrogenase from bifidobacterium longum. | bifidobacterium longum is a very important gram-positive non-pathogenic bacterium in the human gastrointestinal tract for keeping the digestive and immune system healthy. isocitrate dehydrogenase (idh) from b. longum (blidh), a novel member in type ii subfamily, was overexpressed, purified and biochemically characterized in detail. the active form of blidh was an 83-kda homodimer. kinetic analysis showed blidh was a nadp⁺-dependent idh (nadp-idh), with a 567- and 193-fold preference for nadp⁺ ov ... | 2016 | 26927087 |
| impacts of climatic variability on vibrio parahaemolyticus outbreaks in taiwan. | this study aimed to investigate and quantify the relationship between climate variation and incidence of vibrio parahaemolyticus in taiwan. specifically, seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (arima) models (including autoregression, seasonality, and a lag-time effect) were employed to predict the role of climatic factors (including temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, ocean temperature and ocean salinity) on the incidence of v. parahaemolyticus in taiwan between 2000 and 2011. ... | 2016 | 26848675 |
| marine mammals harbor unique microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea. | marine mammals play crucial ecological roles in the oceans, but little is known about their microbiotas. here we study the bacterial communities in 337 samples from 5 body sites in 48 healthy dolphins and 18 healthy sea lions, as well as those of adjacent seawater and other hosts. the bacterial taxonomic compositions are distinct from those of other mammals, dietary fish and seawater, are highly diverse and vary according to body site and host species. dolphins harbour 30 bacterial phyla, with 2 ... | 2016 | 26839246 |
| whole genome sequencing revealed host adaptation-focused genomic plasticity of pathogenic leptospira. | leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic leptospira spp., has recently been recognized as an emerging infectious disease worldwide. despite its severity and global importance, knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis and virulence evolution of leptospira spp. remains limited. here we sequenced and analyzed 102 isolates representing global sources. a high genomic variability were observed among different leptospira species, which was attributed to massive gene gain and loss events allowing for adapt ... | 2016 | 26833181 |
| exposure to viral and bacterial pathogens among soay sheep (ovis aries) of the st kilda archipelago. | we assessed evidence of exposure to viruses and bacteria in an unmanaged and long-isolated population of soay sheep (ovis aries) inhabiting hirta, in the st kilda archipelago, 65 km west of benbecula in the outer hebrides of scotland. the sheep harbour many metazoan and protozoan parasites but their exposure to viral and bacterial pathogens is unknown. we tested for herpes viral dna in leucocytes and found that 21 of 42 tested sheep were infected with ovine herpesvirus 2 (ohv-2). we also tested ... | 2016 | 26829883 |
| risk factors for intensive care unit admission in patients with severe leptospirosis: a comparative study according to patients' severity. | the aim of this study is to investigate predictive factors for intensive care unit (icu) admission among patients with severe leptospirosis. | 2016 | 26830173 |
| risk factors for intensive care unit admission in patients with severe leptospirosis: a comparative study according to patients' severity. | the aim of this study is to investigate predictive factors for intensive care unit (icu) admission among patients with severe leptospirosis. | 2016 | 26830173 |
| toward understanding the catalytic mechanism of human paraoxonase 1: site-specific mutagenesis at position 192. | human paraoxonase 1 (h-pon1) is a serum enzyme that can hydrolyze a variety of substrates. the enzyme exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-atherogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial and organophosphate-hydrolyzing activities. thus, h-pon1 is a strong candidate for the development of therapeutic intervention against a variety conditions in human. however, the crystal structure of h-pon1 is not solved and the molecular details of how the enzyme hydrolyzes different substrates are not c ... | 2016 | 26829396 |
| human leptospirosis infection in fiji: an eco-epidemiological approach to identifying risk factors and environmental drivers for transmission. | leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease in the pacific islands. in fiji, two successive cyclones and severe flooding in 2012 resulted in outbreaks with 576 reported cases and 7% case-fatality. we conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence study and used an eco-epidemiological approach to characterize risk factors and drivers for human leptospirosis infection in fiji, and aimed to provide an evidence base for improving the effectiveness of public health mitigation and intervention strategi ... | 2016 | 26820752 |
| erratum for eshghi et al., leptospira interrogans lpxd homologue is required for thermal acclimatization and virulence. | | 2016 | 26810749 |
| conserved patterns of microbial immune escape: pathogenic microbes of diverse origin target the human terminal complement inhibitor vitronectin via a single common motif. | pathogenicity of many microbes relies on their capacity to resist innate immunity, and to survive and persist in an immunocompetent human host microbes have developed highly efficient and sophisticated complement evasion strategies. here we show that different human pathogens including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, as well as the fungal pathogen candida albicans, acquire the human terminal complement regulator vitronectin to their surface. by using truncated vitronectin fragments we ... | 2016 | 26808444 |
| an evaluation of the accuracy and speed of metagenome analysis tools. | metagenome studies are becoming increasingly widespread, yielding important insights into microbial communities covering diverse environments from terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to human skin and gut. with the advent of high-throughput sequencing platforms, the use of large scale shotgun sequencing approaches is now commonplace. however, a thorough independent benchmark comparing state-of-the-art metagenome analysis tools is lacking. here, we present a benchmark where the most widely used to ... | 2016 | 26778510 |
| impact of mated female nonproductive days in breeding herd after porcine epidemic diarrhea virus outbreak. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is an important pathogen that has a significant economic impact on the swine industry by imposing a high rate of mortality in suckling piglets. however, limited information on the productivity values of gilts and sows infected with pedv is available. here, we evaluate the productivity index in gilts and sows during the 1-year period before (19 january 2013 to 18 january 2014) and after (19 january 2014 to 18 january 2015) a pedv outbreak from a 2000-sow bre ... | 2016 | 26771383 |
| analysis of lexa binding sites and transcriptomics in response to genotoxic stress in leptospira interrogans. | we determined the effects of dna damage caused by ultraviolet radiation on gene expression in leptospira interrogans using dna microarrays. these data were integrated with dna binding in vivo of lexa1, a regulator of the dna damage response, assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and massively parallel dna sequencing (chip-seq). in response to dna damage, leptospira induced expression of genes involved in dna metabolism, in mobile genetic elements and defective prophages. the dna repair genes ... | 2016 | 26762976 |
| direct and absolute quantification of over 1800 yeast proteins via selected reaction monitoring. | defining intracellular protein concentration is critical in molecular systems biology. although strategies for determining relative protein changes are available, defining robust absolute values in copies per cell has proven significantly more challenging. here we present a reference data set quantifying over 1800saccharomyces cerevisiaeproteins by direct means using protein-specific stable-isotope labeled internal standards and selected reaction monitoring (srm) mass spectrometry, far exceeding ... | 2016 | 26750110 |
| hospital-based surveillance for infectious etiologies among patients with acute febrile illness in georgia, 2008-2011. | information on the infectious causes of undifferentiated acute febrile illness (afi) in georgia is essential for effective treatment and prevention. in may 2008, a hospital-based afi surveillance was initiated at six hospitals in georgia. patients aged ≥ 4 years with fever ≥ 38°c for ≥ 48 hours were eligible for surveillance. blood culture and serologic testing were conducted for leptospira spp., brucella spp., west nile virus (wnv), crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus, coxiella burnetii, tick ... | 2016 | 26438032 |
| a systematic survey of mini-proteins in bacteria and archaea. | mini-proteins, defined as polypeptides containing no more than 100 amino acids, are ubiquitous in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. they play significant roles in various biological processes, and their regulatory functions gradually attract the attentions of scientists. however, the functions of the majority of mini-proteins are still largely unknown due to the constraints of experimental methods and bioinformatic analysis. | 2008 | 19107199 |
| efficacy of the rabbit polyclonal anti-leptospira antibody against homotype or heterotype leptospira infection in hamster. | leptospirosis, caused by leptospira, is one of the most important of neglected emerging zoonotic diseases that has important impacts on public health worldwide. polyclonal antibody (pcab) therapy is a potential method to process a series of pathogens for which there are limited determination of treatment, such as leptospirosis. first, we evaluated the efficacy of pcab, derived from the sera of rabbits inoculated with leptospira, against homotype (leptospira interrogans serovar lai) or heterotype ... | 2016 | 28027297 |
| beyond rabies: are free-ranging skunks (mephitis mephitis) in british columbia reservoirs of emerging infection? | wild animal reservoirs are an important source of emerging and zoonotic infection. skunks (mephitis mephitis) are a reservoir of skunk strain rabies virus in canada, with the exception of some areas including the province of british columbia (bc). beyond rabies, the reservoir status of skunks for emerging and zoonotic pathogens in bc is unknown. from march 2011 to february 2015, 50 free-ranging skunks were necropsied and tested for 4 pathogens: influenza a, aleutian disease virus (adv), leptospi ... | 2017 | 26392297 |
| prevalence of antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and leptospira interrogans serovars in bernese mountain dogs. | bernese mountain dogs (bmd) have a higher prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (bbsl) antibodies than other breeds, but it is not known whether this is the case for other pathogens. therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the frequency and level of specific antibodies against members of the bbsl group, anaplasma phagocytophilum (ap), and leptospira (l.) interrogans serovars in bmd and compare the results with those found in dogs of other breeds. | 2016 | 27004451 |
| serosurvey for selected pathogens in free-ranging american black bears (ursus americanus) in maryland, usa. | american black bears (ursus americanus) in maryland, usa, live in forested areas in close proximity to humans and their domestic pets. from 1999 to 2011, we collected 84 serum samples from 63 black bears (18 males; 45 females) in five maryland counties and tested them for exposure to infectious, including zoonotic, pathogens. a large portion of the bears had antibody to canine distemper virus and toxoplasma gondii, many at high titers. prevalences of antibodies to zoonotic agents such as rabies ... | 2014 | 25075540 |
| rats, cities, people, and pathogens: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of literature regarding the ecology of rat-associated zoonoses in urban centers. | urban norway and black rats (rattus norvegicus and rattus rattus) are the source of a number of pathogens responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality in cities around the world. these pathogens include zoonotic bacteria (leptospira interrogans, yersina pestis, rickettsia typhi, bartonella spp., streptobacillus moniliformis), viruses (seoul hantavirus), and parasites (angiostrongylus cantonensis). a more complete understanding of the ecology of these pathogens in people and rats is ... | 2013 | 23590323 |
| a review of pig pathology in tanzania. | the approximately 1.58 million pigs in tanzania represent 3.7% of the national population of quadruped meat-producing animals. pigs are kept mainly by small producers who own 99.5% of the national stock in units that average 3.04 animals (range 2-48). government policy has had little practical application. african swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease and cysticercosis are important diseases. the first two are notifiable diseases under tanzania legislation; the last has widespread distribution and ... | 2013 | 23733144 |
| [differential sensitivity of microorganisms to polyhexamethyleneguanidine]. | factors identified that affect the sensitivity of microorganisms to polyhexamethyleneguanidine (phmg). salts of phmg chloride, valerate, maleate, succinate was to use. test strains of esherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, leptospira interrogans, paenibacillus larvae, mycobacterium bovis, m. avium, m. fortuitum, aspergillus niger and some strains of viruses are taken as objects of research. we have determined that the cytoplasm membrane phospholipids is main "target" for the po ... | 2015 | 26638480 |
| coexistence and survival of pathogenic leptospires by formation of biofilm with azospirillum. | pathogenic leptospira spp. represent one cause of leptospirosis worldwide and have long been regarded as solitary organisms in soil and aquatic environments. however, in the present study, leptospira interrogans was observed to be associated with environmental biofilms with 21 bacterial isolates belonging to 10 genera. all 21 isolates were examined for their coaggregation and biofilm-forming ability with leptospires in vitro. among these, azospirillum brasilense rmrcpb showed maximum interspecie ... | 2015 | 25962762 |
| in vitro assessment of functional properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from faecal microbiota of healthy dogs for potential use as probiotics. | lactic acid bacteria were isolated and identified in the faeces of chinese crested and yorkshire terrier pups and their probiotic features were investigated in vitro. thirty seven isolates were identified as lactobacillus or enterococcus. out of these isolates, 31 were lactic acid bacteria (lab) and belonged to the species lactobacillus reuteri (16/37; 43.3%), lactobacillus animalis (7/37; 18.9%), lactobacillus acidophilus (3/37; 8.1%), lactobacillus sanfranciscensis (2/37; 5.4%), lactobacillus ... | 2013 | 23538205 |
| structural analysis of the leptospiral sphingomyelinases: in silico and experimental evaluation of sph2 as an mg-dependent sphingomyelinase. | leptospiral sphingomyelinases are candidate virulence factors present only in pathogenic leptospira spp. leptospira interrogans serovar lai encodes sph1, sph2, sph3, sph4 and sphh. except for sph4, they all possess the exo-endo-phosphatase domain that groups them under the dnase i superfamily. | 2012 | 22441407 |
| serologic, trace element, and fecal parasite survey of free-ranging, female mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in eastern washington, usa. | blood and fecal samples collected from 97 free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), from four distinct herds during the spring of 2000 or 2001 in eastern washington, us, were tested for exposure to selected pathogens, concentrations of trace elements, and presence of parasites in feces. antibodies were detected to the following: leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava (4%), leptospira interrogans serovar canicola (1%), leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa (13%), bovine viral diarrh ... | 2015 | 25380366 |
| health assessment of wild lowland tapir (tapirus terrestris) populations in the atlantic forest and pantanal biomes, brazil (1996-2012). | abstract the lowland tapir (tapirus terrestris) is found in south america and is listed as vulnerable to extinction by the international union for conservation of nature, red list of threatened species. health issues, particularly infectious diseases, are potential threats for the species. health information from 65 wild tapirs from two brazilian biomes, atlantic forest (af) and pantanal (pa), were collected during a long-term study (1996-2012). the study included physic, hematologic and biochem ... | 2014 | 25105810 |
| immune response and protective profile elicited by a multi-epitope chimeric protein derived from leptospira interrogans. | pathogenic leptospira is the causative agent of leptospirosis, a widely disseminated disease of human and veterinary concern. the development of vaccines that elicit cross-protective immunity through multiple leptospiral serovars has long been pursued. the aim of this study was to develop a novel chimeric multi-epitope fusion antigen, containing sequences of previously studied outer membrane proteins (omps) of leptospira. | 2017 | 28161462 |
| spirochaete flagella hook proteins self-catalyse a lysinoalanine covalent crosslink for motility. | spirochaetes are bacteria responsible for several serious diseases, including lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi), syphilis (treponema pallidum) and leptospirosis (leptospira interrogans), and contribute to periodontal diseases (treponema denticola)(1). these spirochaetes employ an unusual form of flagella-based motility necessary for pathogenicity; indeed, spirochaete flagella (periplasmic flagella) reside and rotate within the periplasmic space(2-11). the universal joint or hook that links the ... | 2016 | 27670115 |
| assessing the impact of tailored biosecurity advice on farmer behaviour and pathogen presence in beef herds in england and wales. | the term 'biosecurity' encompasses many measures farmers can take to reduce the risk of pathogen incursion or spread. as the best strategy will vary between settings, veterinarians play an important role in assessing risk and providing advice, but effectiveness requires farmer acceptance and implementation. the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of specifically-tailored biosecurity advice packages in reducing endemic pathogen presence on uk beef suckler farms. one hundred and sixt ... | 2016 | 27931934 |
| occurrence of antibodies anti -toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and leptospira interrogans in a captive deer herd in southern brazil. | a large number of brazilian zoos keep many endangered species of deer, however, very few disease surveillance studies have been conducted among captive cervids. blood samples from 32 brazilian deer (blastocerus dichotomus, mazama nana and mazama americana) kept in captivity at bela vista biological sanctuary (foz do iguaçu, brazil) were investigated for 10 ruminant pathogens, with the aims of monitoring deer health status and evaluating any potential zoonotic risk. deer serum samples were tested ... | 2015 | 26689185 |
| abortion in cattle due to infection with staphylococcus lugdunensis. | an aborted fetus of 7 months gestation, the associated placenta, and a single blood sample from the dam were submitted for diagnostic investigation to the diagnostic laboratory of the lombardy and emilia-romagna experimental zooprophylactic institute in parma, italy. the serum was negative for neospora caninum, coxiella burnetii, chlamydophila abortus, bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), brucella abortus, and brucella melitensis. fetal tissues and placental cotyledo ... | 2014 | 25292193 |
| contribution of leptospira, neospora caninum and bovine viral diarrhea virus to fetal loss of beef cattle in new zealand. | the profitability of beef breeding farms in new zealand depends principally on optimal reproductive performance. the aim of this study was to estimate the impact of four major pathogens, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), neospora caninum (n. caninum), leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo (hardjo), and leptospira interrogans serovar pomona (pomona), on rates of fetal loss in commercial beef breeding herds. farms reporting fetal loss were recruited, and a blood sample from aborting cows (cas ... | 2013 | 23932894 |