| mechanisms underlying the additive and redundant qrr phenotypes in vibrio harveyi and vibrio cholerae. | vibrio harveyi and vibrio cholerae regulate their virulence factors according to the local cell-population density in a regulatory system called quorum sensing. their quorum sensing systems contain a small rna (srna) circuit to regulate expression of a master transcriptional regulator via multiple quorum regulated rna (qrr) and a protein chaperon hfq. experiments and genetic analysis show that their respective quorum sensing networks are topologically equivalent and have homologous components, y ... | 2014 | 24018202 |
| cholera with severe renal failure in an italian tourist returning from cuba, july 2013. | in july 2013, an italian tourist returning from cuba was hospitalised in trieste, italy, for cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o1 serotype ogawa with severe renal failure. an outbreak of cholera was reported in cuba in january 2013. physicians should consider the diagnosis of cholera in travellers returning from cuba presenting with acute watery diarrhoea. | 2013 | 24008229 |
| nmr reveals double occupancy of quinone-type ligands in the catalytic quinone binding site of the na+-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae. | the sodium ion-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr) from the pathogen vibrio cholerae exploits the free energy liberated during oxidation of nadh with ubiquinone to pump sodium ions across the cytoplasmic membrane. the na(+)-nqr consists of four membrane-bound subunits nqrbcde and the peripheral nqrf and nqra subunits. nqra binds ubiquinone-8 as well as quinones with shorter prenyl chains (ubiquinone-1 and ubiquinone-2). here we show that the quinone derivative 2,5-dibromo-3-met ... | 2013 | 24003222 |
| [serologic study of experimental cholera polymer antigen diagnosticums]. | evaluation of quality indicators of constructed cholera antigen polymer diagnosticums by using a complex of specific anti-cholera sera. materials and methods. cell lysates of cholera vibrio strains vibrio cholerae cholerae 1395, v. eltor ogawa 2044, v. eltor inaba 13020, v. cholerae o139 16064 were sensitins for experimental preparations. 3 sera from cholera patients, normal human sera, cholera o1 (ogawa, inaba) commercial horse, cholera o139 commercial rabbit and heterologic sera against shigel ... | 2013 | 24000598 |
| a new integrative conjugative element detected in haitian isolates of vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139. | the presence of sxt/r391-related integrating conjugative elements (ices) in vibrio cholerae o1 and non-o1/non-o139 isolated from clinical and environmental samples in haiti in 2010 was studied. the main finding of this work was the identification of the novel icevchhai2 among closely related v. cholerae non-o1/non-o139 clinical strains. the mosaic structure of this element confirms the role of ices as efficient recombination systems whereby new genetic material can be acquired and exchanged, acc ... | 2013 | 23994142 |
| cholera in papua new guinea: observations to date and future considerations. | cholera is a severe diarrhoeal illness caused by infection with the bacterium vibrio cholerae. from july 2009 to late 2011 papua new guinea (png) experienced thefirst outbreak of cholera ever reported in this country. during this time > 15,000 cases of cholera were reported, resulting in approximately 500 deaths. the origin of this outbreak is unknown, but considering the remote location of the initial outbreak an infected international traveller is unlikely to be the source. in this paper we re ... | 2015 | 26288935 |
| [comparative molecular-genetic analysis of mobile elements in natural strains of cholera agent]. | the molecular-genetic peculiarities of the prophage ctxφ genome, the vpi-1 pathogenicity island, and the vsp-ii pandemicity island in recently emerged, genetically altered vibrio cholerae el tor strains have been studied. the genome of the prophage ctxφ, which contains the ctxab operon, which codes cholera toxin (ct), was shown to be unstable. a comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the two phage genome regions (the ctxb gene and ctxab operon promoter region) among 23 genovariant s ... | 2013 | 25508902 |
| [comparative molecular-genetic analysis of mobile elements in natural strains of cholera agent]. | the molecular-genetic peculiarities of the prophage ctxφ genome, the vpi-1 pathogenicity island, and the vsp-ii pandemicity island in recently emerged, genetically altered vibrio cholerae el tor strains have been studied. the genome of the prophage ctxφ, which contains the ctxab operon, which codes cholera toxin (ct), was shown to be unstable. a comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the two phage genome regions (the ctxb gene and ctxab operon promoter region) among 23 genovariant s ... | 2013 | 25486771 |
| crystallization of the higba2 toxin-antitoxin complex from vibrio cholerae. | the genome of vibrio cholerae encodes two higba toxin-antitoxin (ta) modules that are activated by amino-acid starvation. here, the ta complex of the second module, higba2, as well as the c-terminal domain of the corresponding higa2 antitoxin, have been purified and crystallized. the higba2 complex crystallized in two crystal forms. crystals of form i belonged to space group p2(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = 129.0, b = 119.8, c = 33.4 å, and diffracted to 3.0 å resolution. the asymmetric ... | 2013 | 23989162 |
| characterization of vibrio cholerae bacteriophages isolated from the environmental waters of the lake victoria region of kenya. | over the last decade, cholera outbreaks have become common in some parts of kenya. the most recent cholera outbreak occurred in coastal and lake victoria region during january 2009 and may 2010, where a total of 11,769 cases and 274 deaths were reported by the ministry of public health and sanitation. the objective of this study is to isolate vibrio cholerae bacteriophages from the environmental waters of the lake victoria region of kenya with potential for use as a biocontrol for cholera outbre ... | 2014 | 23982202 |
| vibrio cholerae toxr downregulates virulence factor production in response to cyclo(phe-pro). | vibrio cholerae is an aquatic organism that causes the severe acute diarrheal disease cholera. the ability of v. cholerae to cause disease is dependent upon the production of two critical virulence determinants, cholera toxin (ct) and the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp). the expression of the genes that encode for ct and tcp production is under the control of a hierarchical regulatory system called the toxr regulon, which functions to activate virulence gene expression in response to in vivo stimu ... | 2013 | 23982069 |
| the function of the na+-driven flagellum of vibrio cholerae is determined by osmolality and ph. | vibrio cholerae is motile by its polar flagellum, which is driven by a na(+)-conducting motor. the stators of the motor, composed of four poma and two pomb subunits, provide access for na(+) to the torque-generating unit of the motor. to characterize the na(+) pathway formed by the pomab complex, we studied the influence of chloride salts (chaotropic, na(+), and k(+)) and ph on the motility of v. cholerae. motility decreased at elevated ph but increased if a chaotropic chloride salt was added, w ... | 2013 | 23974033 |
| draft genome sequences of vibrio cholerae o1 eltor strains 2011el-301 and p-18785, isolated in russia. | we report the draft whole-genome sequences of two vibrio cholerae o1 strains, the environmental toxigenic strain 2011el-301 and the clinical nontoxigenic strain p-18785, both isolated in russia. some basic data comparing the two against the genbank repository are provided. | 2013 | 23969060 |
| use of a cholera rapid diagnostic test during a mass vaccination campaign in response to an epidemic in guinea, 2012. | during the 2012 cholera outbreak in the republic of guinea, the ministry of health, supported by médecins sans frontières - operational center geneva, used the oral cholera vaccine shanchol as a part of the emergency response. the rapid diagnostic test (rdt) crystal vc, widely used during outbreaks, detects lipopolysaccharide antigens of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139, both included in shanchol. in the context of reactive use of a whole-cell cholera vaccine in a region where cholera cases have been ... | 2013 | 23967359 |
| murine marginal zone b cells play a role in vibrio cholerae lps antibody responses. | the emergence of vibrio cholerae (vc) lipopolysaccharide (lps) as a lead protective antigen for a cholera subunit vaccine has increased the interest in what type of b cell is best suited to generate anti-vc lps antibodies. a related question is what form of lps is the most immunogenic. c57bl/6 (b6) neonatal mice (10 days old) whose marginal zone (mz) b cell compartment is still maturing and two lines of knockout mice that either lack the signaling mechanism required for the maturation of mz b ce ... | 2014 | 23966359 |
| isolation, characterization and mode of antimicrobial action against vibrio cholerae of methyl gallate isolated from acacia farnesiana. | the antimicrobial activity of acacia farnesiana against vibrio cholerae has been demonstrated; however, no information regarding its active compound or its mechanism of action has been documented. | 2013 | 23957349 |
| immunochemical characterization of synthetic hexa-, octa- and decasaccharide conjugate vaccines for vibrio cholerae o:1 serotype ogawa with emphasis on antigenic density and chain length. | cholera remains to be a global health problem without suitable vaccines for endemic control or outbreak relief. here we describe a new parenteral vaccine based on neoglyco-conjugate of synthetic fragments of o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) of vibrio cholerae o1, serotype ogawa. hexa-, octa- and decasaccharides of the o-sp with carboxylic acid at the reducing end were chemically synthesized and conjugated to tetanus toxoid (tt). the conjugates prepared by a novel linking scheme consisted of 17-a ... | 2013 | 23955520 |
| novel ctxb variants of vibrio cholerae o1 isolates, china. | we screened 650 isolates from historical collection of vibrio cholerae o1 during the 7th cholera pandemic in china, by amplifying and sequencing the cholera toxin subunit gene ctxb. ten isolates were identified as harboring three novel ctxb genotypes based on amino acid residue substitutions. within them one isolate from a patient in 1964 was similar to the el tor genotype, except for an 11 amino acid repeat sequence (lagkremaiit) that was inserted after position 62. six environmental isolates f ... | 2013 | 23954417 |
| antibody-secreting cell responses after vibrio cholerae o1 infection and oral cholera vaccination in adults in bangladesh. | infection with vibrio cholerae and oral cholera vaccines (ocvs) induce transient circulating plasmablast responses that peak within approximately 7 days after infection or vaccination. we previously demonstrated that plasmablast responses strongly correlate with subsequent levels of v. cholerae-specific duodenal antibodies up to 6 months after v. cholerae infection. hence, plasmablast responses provide an early window into the immunologic memory at the mucosal surface. in this study, we characte ... | 2013 | 23945156 |
| isolation and characterization of the new mosaic filamentous phage vfj φ of vibrio cholerae. | filamentous phages have distinguished roles in conferring many pathogenicity and survival related features to gram-negative bacteria including the medically important vibrio cholerae, which carries factors such as cholera toxin on phages. a novel filamentous phage, designated vfjφ, was isolated in this study from an ampicillin and kanamycin-resistant o139 serogroup v. cholerae strain icdc-4470. the genome of vfjφ is 8555 nucleotides long, including 12 predicted open reading frames (orfs), which ... | 2013 | 23936475 |
| clinical characteristics, etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility among overweight and obese individuals with diarrhea: observed at a large diarrheal disease hospital, bangladesh. | the present study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and etiology of overweight and obese (oo) individuals with diarrhea attending an urban dhaka hospital, international centre for diarrheal disease research (icddr,b), bangladesh. | 2013 | 23936424 |
| molecular characterization of the circulating strains of vibrio cholerae during 2010 cholera outbreak in nigeria. | this study aimed at characterizing the phenotypic and toxigenic status of circulating strains of cholera during outbreaks in nigeria, employing molecular typing techniques. two hundred and one samples of rectal swabs, stool, vomitus, water (from the well, borehole, sachet, stream, and tap) and disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite) were collected from three states in the country. the samples were inoculated on thiosulphate-citrate bile salt-sucrose (tcbs), cary-blair transport medium and smeared on ... | 2013 | 23930335 |
| small-molecule inhibitors of toxt expression in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae, a gram-negative bacterium, infects humans and causes cholera, a severe disease characterized by vomiting and diarrhea. these symptoms are primarily caused by cholera toxin (ct), whose production by v. cholerae is tightly regulated by the virulence cascade. in this study, we designed and carried out a high-throughput chemical genetic screen to identify inhibitors of the virulence cascade. we identified three compounds, which we named toxtazin a and toxtazin b and b', representing ... | 2013 | 23919997 |
| multi-drug resistant toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 is persistent in water sources in new bell-douala, cameroon. | cholera has been endemic in douala, since 1971 when it was first recorded in cameroon. outbreaks have often started in slum areas of the city including new bell. despite the devastating nature of outbreaks, always resulting in high mortality and morbidity, a paucity of information exists on the reservoirs of the causative agent, v. cholerae, and factors maintaining its persistence. this has complicated disease prevention, resulting in frequent outbreaks of cholera. we investigated water sources ... | 2013 | 23919373 |
| a highly specific cell-based high-throughput screening assay for ligands of cyclic adenosine monophosphate receptor protein in gram-negative bacteria. | quorum sensing is a cell-cell communication process in bacteria that involves the production, release, and subsequent detection of chemical signal molecules called autoinducers. in vibrio cholerae, multiple input signals activate the expression of the quorum sensing regulator hapr, which acts to repress the expression of virulence factors. we have shown that crp, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) receptor protein, enhances quorum sensing by activating the biosynthesis of cholera autoindu ... | 2013 | 23906348 |
| calcium binding by the pkd1 domain regulates interdomain flexibility in vibrio cholerae metalloprotease prtv. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, releases several virulence factors including secreted proteases when it infects its host. these factors attack host cell proteins and break down tissue barriers and cellular matrix components such as collagen, laminin, fibronectin, keratin, elastin, and they induce necrotic tissue damage. the secreted protease prtv constitutes one virulence factors of v. cholerae. it is a metalloprotease belonging to the m6 peptidase family. the protein is express ... | 2013 | 23905008 |
| na⁺-substrate coupling in the multidrug antiporter norm probed with a spin-labeled substrate. | norm of the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (mate) family of transporters couples the efflux of a broad range of hydrophobic molecules to an inward na⁺ gradient across the cell membrane. several crystal structures of mate transporters revealed distinct substrate binding sites leading to differing models of the mechanism of ion-coupled substrate extrusion. in the experiments reported here, we observed that a spin-labeled derivative of daunorubicin, ruboxyl, is transported by norm from vibr ... | 2013 | 23902581 |
| high-resolution definition of the vibrio cholerae essential gene set with hidden markov model-based analyses of transposon-insertion sequencing data. | the coupling of high-density transposon mutagenesis to high-throughput dna sequencing (transposon-insertion sequencing) enables simultaneous and genome-wide assessment of the contributions of individual loci to bacterial growth and survival. we have refined analysis of transposon-insertion sequencing data by normalizing for the effect of dna replication on sequencing output and using a hidden markov model (hmm)-based filter to exploit heretofore unappreciated information inherent in all transpos ... | 2013 | 23901011 |
| environmental factors influencing epidemic cholera. | cholera outbreak following the earthquake of 2010 in haiti has reaffirmed that the disease is a major public health threat. vibrio cholerae is autochthonous to aquatic environment, hence, it cannot be eradicated but hydroclimatology-based prediction and prevention is an achievable goal. using data from the 1800s, we describe uniqueness in seasonality and mechanism of occurrence of cholera in the epidemic regions of asia and latin america. epidemic regions are located near regional rivers and are ... | 2013 | 23897993 |
| magnesium oxide grafted carbon nanotubes based impedimetric genosensor for biomedical application. | nanostructured magnesium oxide (size<10nm) grafted carboxyl (cooh) functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (nmgo-cmwcnts) deposited electrophoretically onto indium tin oxide (ito) coated glass electrode and have been utilized for vibrio cholerae detection. aminated 23 bases single stranded dna (nh2-ssdna) probe sequence (o1 gene) of v. cholerae has been covalently functionalized onto nmgo-cmwcnts/ito electrode surface using edc-nhs chemistry. this dna functionalized mgo grafted cmwcnts elec ... | 2013 | 23893063 |
| sequence polymorphisms of rfbt among the vibrio cholerae o1 strains in the ogawa and inaba serotype shifts. | vibrio cholerae serogroup o1 has two major serotypes, ogawa and inaba, which may alternate among cholera epidemics. the rfbt gene is responsible for the conversion between the two serotypes. in this study, we surveyed the sequence variance of rfbt in the ogawa and inaba strains in china over a 48-year (1961-2008) period in which serotype shifts occurred among epidemic years. | 2013 | 23889924 |
| an hd-gyp cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase with a non-heme diiron-carboxylate active site. | the intracellular level of the ubiquitous bacterial secondary messenger, cyclic di-(3',5')-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp), represents a balance between its biosynthesis and degradation, the latter via specific phosphodiesterases (pdes). one class of c-di-gmp pdes contains a characteristic hd-gyp domain. here we report that an hd-gyp pde from vibrio cholerae contains a non-heme diiron-carboxylate active site, and that only the reduced form is active. an engineered d-to-a substitution in the h ... | 2013 | 23883166 |
| insights on na(+) binding and conformational dynamics in multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporter norm. | mate (multidrug and toxic compound extrusion) transporter proteins mediate metabolite transport in plants and multidrug resistance in bacteria and mammals. mate transporter norm from vibrio cholerae is an antiporter that is driven by na+ gradient to extrude the substrates. to understand the molecular mechanism of na+-substrate exchange, molecular dynamics simulation was performed to study conformational changes of both wild-type and mutant norm with and without cation bindings. our results show ... | 2014 | 23873591 |
| distribution of virulence genes in clinical and environmental vibrio cholerae strains in bangladesh. | vibrio cholerae, an environmental organism, is a facultative human pathogen. here, we report the virulence profiles, comprising 18 genetic markers, of 102 clinical and 692 environmental v. cholerae strains isolated in bangladesh between march 2004 and january 2006, showing the variability of virulence determinants within the context of public health. | 2013 | 23872570 |
| microbiological evaluation of water during the 2011 flood crisis in thailand. | in 2011, a severe flood occurred in thailand, covering nearly half the country in water for several months. the contamination of floodwater and subsequent contamination of water for human consumption could have potentially led to a widespread health crisis. however, to date, no study has been conducted to determine the safety of the waters used for human consumption in thailand during the severe flood. therefore, we conducted microbiological analysis of 4 kinds of water (floodwater, river water, ... | 2013 | 23872186 |
| [screening of key genes and inflammatory signalling pathway involved in the pathogenesis of hla-b27-associated acute anterior uveitis by gene expression microarray]. | to investigate the genes and signalling pathways located upstream of the inflammatory processes in human leukocyte antigen (hla)-b27-associated acute anterior uveitis by gene expression microarray. | 2013 | 23866702 |
| fatal diarrheal disease caused by vibrio cholerae o67 in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome. | a 71-year-old man with myelodysplastic syndrome (mds) receiving treatment with azacitidine developed extensive watery diarrhea for three consecutive days. as a result of high-grade dehydration, the patient was urgently admitted to the hospital and fluid replacement therapy was initiated. however, the patient's diarrhea did not improve. vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 was detected in a fecal culture. on the fourth day, the patient died due to circulatory collapse. an autopsy revealed extensive ne ... | 2013 | 23857100 |
| the state-of-the-art of approved and under-development cholera vaccines. | cholera remains a huge public health problem. although in 1894, the first cholera vaccination was reported, an ideal vaccine that meets all the requirements of the who has not yet been produced. among the different approaches used for cholera vaccination, attenuated vaccines represent a major category; these vaccines are beneficial in being able to induce a strong protective response after a single administration. however, they have possible negative effects on immunocompromised patient populati ... | 2013 | 23845813 |
| post-transcriptional activation of a diguanylate cyclase by quorum sensing small rnas promotes biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae. | biofilms promote attachment of vibrio cholerae in aquatic ecosystems and aid in transmission. intracellular c-di-gmp levels that control biofilm development positively correlate with expression of qrr srnas, which are transcribed when quorum sensing (qs) autoinducer levels are low. the qrr srnas base-pair with and repress translation of hapr encoding the qs 'master regulator', hence increased c-di-gmp and biofilm development at low density were believed to be solely a consequence of qrr/hapr pai ... | 2013 | 23841714 |
| substrate specificity of an elongation-specific peptidoglycan endopeptidase and its implications for cell wall architecture and growth of vibrio cholerae. | the bacterial cell wall consists of peptidoglycan (pg), a sturdy mesh of glycan strands cross-linked by short peptides. this rigid structure constrains cell shape and size, yet is sufficiently dynamic to accommodate insertion of newly synthesized pg, which was long hypothesized, and recently demonstrated, to require cleavage of the covalent peptide cross-links that couple previously inserted material. here, we identify several genes in vibrio cholerae that collectively are required for growth - ... | 2013 | 23834664 |
| purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of the aaa+ σ54 activator domain of flrc from vibrio cholerae. | a σ(54)-dependent transcriptional activator flrc containing an n-terminal regulatory domain, a central aaa(+) domain and a c-terminal dna-binding domain has been implicated both in flagellar synthesis and enhanced intestinal colonization. flrc is phosphorylated by the kinase flrb at the regulatory domain and both nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated states of flrc seem to be important for its functions. oligomerization plays a key role in the functions of such transcriptional activators and the ... | 2013 | 23832212 |
| locally acquired severe non-o1 and non-o139 vibrio cholerae infection associated with ingestion of imported seafood. | | 2013 | 23829253 |
| phenotype microarray screening of carbon sources used by vibrio cholerae identifies genes regulated by the camp receptor protein. | the cyclic amp receptor protein (crp) regulates genes involved in carbon source metabolism, iron uptake, and virulence in bacteria. identifying the carbon sources utilized by bacteria that are regulated by crp will help elucidate the crp regulation cascade and associated responses to environmental stimuli. crp-dependent regulation of carbon source metabolism in vibrio cholerae is not thoroughly understood. to identify the candidate carbon sources utilized by v. cholerae that are affected by crp, ... | 2013 | 23826956 |
| an adult mouse model of vibrio cholerae-induced diarrhea for studying pathogenesis and potential therapy of cholera. | cholera is a diarrheal disease causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. this study aimed to establish an adult mouse model of vibrio cholerae-induced diarrhea and to characterize its pathophysiology. ligated ileal loops of adult mice were inoculated for 6, 9, 12 and 18 h with a classical o1 hypertoxigenic 569b strain of v. cholerae (10(7) cfu/loop). time-course studies demonstrated that the optimal period for inducing diarrhea was 12 h post-inoculation, when peak intestinal fluid a ... | 2013 | 23826402 |
| natural selection in a bangladeshi population from the cholera-endemic ganges river delta. | as an ancient disease with high fatality, cholera has likely exerted strong selective pressure on affected human populations. we performed a genome-wide study of natural selection in a population from the ganges river delta, the historic geographic epicenter of cholera. we identified 305 candidate selected regions using the composite of multiple signals (cms) method. the regions were enriched for potassium channel genes involved in cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated chloride secretion and f ... | 2013 | 23825302 |
| evolutionary dynamics of vibrio cholerae o1 following a single-source introduction to haiti. | prior to the epidemic that emerged in haiti in october of 2010, cholera had not been documented in this country. after its introduction, a strain of vibrio cholerae o1 spread rapidly throughout haiti, where it caused over 600,000 cases of disease and >7,500 deaths in the first two years of the epidemic. we applied whole-genome sequencing to a temporal series of v. cholerae isolates from haiti to gain insight into the mode and tempo of evolution in this isolated population of v. cholerae o1. phyl ... | 2013 | 23820394 |
| a mathematical model and quantitative comparison of the small rna circuit in the vibrio harveyi and vibrio cholerae quorum sensing systems. | quorum sensing is the process by which bacteria regulate their gene expression based on the local cell-population density. the quorum sensing systems of vibrio harveyi and vibrio cholerae are comprised of a phosphorelay cascade coupled to a small rna (srna) circuit. the srna circuit contains multiple quorum regulated small rna (qrr) that regulate expression of the homologous master transcriptional regulators luxr (in v. harveyi) and hapr (in v. cholerae). their quorum sensing systems are topolog ... | 2013 | 23820088 |
| evidence for two different regulatory mechanisms linking replication and segregation of vibrio cholerae chromosome ii. | understanding the mechanisms that coordinate replication initiation with subsequent segregation of chromosomes is an important biological problem. here we report two replication-control mechanisms mediated by a chromosome segregation protein, parb2, encoded by chromosome ii of the model multichromosome bacterium, vibrio cholerae. we find by the chip-chip assay that parb2, a centromere binding protein, spreads beyond the centromere and covers a replication inhibitory site (a 39-mer). unexpectedly ... | 2013 | 23818869 |
| role of 6-gingerol in reduction of cholera toxin activity in vitro and in vivo. | vibrio cholerae is one of the major bacterial pathogens responsible for the devastating diarrheal disease called cholera. chemotherapy is often used against v. cholerae infections; however, the emergence of v. cholerae with multidrug resistance (mdr) toward the chemotherapeutic agents is a serious clinical problem. this scenario has provided us with the impetus to look into herbal remediation, especially toward blocking the action of cholera toxin (ct). our studies were undertaken to determine t ... | 2013 | 23817372 |
| severity of diarrhea and malnutrition among under five-year-old children in rural bangladesh. | enteric pathogens are commonly associated with diarrhea among malnourished children. this study aimed to determine the association between the severity of diarrheal illnesses and malnutrition among under 5-year-old children. during 2010 and 2011, we studied 2,324 under 5-year-old diarrheal children with mild disease (md) and moderate-to-severe disease (msd) attending a hospital in bangladesh. children with msd were more likely to be malnourished compared with children with md (35% versus 24%, p ... | 2013 | 23817334 |
| a novel retron of vibrio parahaemolyticus is closely related to retron-vc95 of vibrio cholerae. | some bacteria produce a satellite rna-dna complex termed msdna, multicopy single-stranded dna. in this report, msdna from vibrio parahaemolyticus, a cause of acute gastroenteritis, was identified and named msdna-vp96. the retron element containing the ret gene, encoding the reverse transcriptase (rt) that is responsible for msdna production, was cloned and characterized. comparison of msdna-vp96 and msdna-vc95, from vibrio cholerae, showed a high level of sequence similarity. we exchanged the tw ... | 2013 | 23812812 |
| [membrane-bound proteases of ompt+ and ompt- vibrio cholerae strains]. | detection ofproteases in outer membranes (om) of ompt+ and ompt- vibrio cholerae strains of o1 and o139 serogroups. | 2013 | 23805667 |
| [influence of plant extracts on the activity of cholera toxin of vibrio cholerae]. | study the activity of plant extracts against cholera toxin (ct) of vibrio cholerae o1. | 2013 | 23805645 |
| taxonomic and functional metagenomic profiling of gastrointestinal tract microbiome of the farmed adult turbot (scophthalmus maximus). | metagenomics combined with 16s rrna gene sequence analyses was applied to unveil the taxonomic composition and functional diversity of the farmed adult turbot gastrointestinal (gi) microbiome. proteobacteria and firmicutes which existed in both gi content and mucus were dominated in the turbot gi microbiome. 16s rrna gene sequence analyses also indicated that the turbot gi tract may harbor some bacteria which originated from associated seawater. functional analyses indicated that the clustering- ... | 2013 | 23802730 |
| promotion of colonization and virulence by cholera toxin is dependent on neutrophils. | the innate immune response to vibrio cholerae infection is poorly understood, but this knowledge is critical for the design of safe, effective vaccines. using an adult mouse intestinal infection model, this study examines the contribution of neutrophils to host immunity, as well as the effect of cholera toxin and other secreted factors on this response. depletion of neutrophils from mice with anti-ly6g ia8 monoclonal antibody led to similar survival rates of mice infected with low or moderate do ... | 2013 | 23798539 |
| repeated dose toxicity study of vibrio cholerae-loaded gastro-resistant microparticles. | microencapsulation of antigens has been extensively studied over the last decades aiming at improving the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. | 2014 | 23795905 |
| exploring environmental control of cyclic di-gmp signaling in vibrio cholerae by using the ex vivo lysate cyclic di-gmp assay (telca). | vibrio cholerae senses its environment, including the surrounding bacterial community, using both the second messenger cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) and quorum sensing (qs) to regulate biofilm formation and other bacterial behaviors. cyclic di-gmp is synthesized by diguanylate cyclase (dgc) enzymes and degraded by phosphodiesterase (pde) enzymes. v. cholerae encodes a complex network of 61 enzymes predicted to mediate changes to the levels of c-di-gmp in response to extracellular signals, and the tra ... | 2013 | 23793642 |
| cholera outbreak in far-western region of nepal. | there was an outbreak of diarrheal diseases in districts of far-western region of nepal in late-2009 followed by massive outbreak in jajarkot district of mid-western region in early-2009. the objective of this study was to explore the causative organism and analyse the sensitivity pattern of the antibiotics in the local context to suggest the use of medicine in future diarrhea outbreak in nepal. | 2013 | 23787517 |
| quantification of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae in french mediterranean coastal lagoons. | vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae are human pathogens. little is known about these vibrio spp. in the coastal lagoons of france. the purpose of this study was to investigate their incidence in water, shellfish and sediment of three french mediterranean coastal lagoons using the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (mpn-pcr). in summer, the total number of v. parahaemolyticus in water, sediment, mussels and clams collected from the three lagoons varied from ... | 2013 | 23770313 |
| siderocalin outwits the coordination chemistry of vibriobactin, a siderophore of vibrio cholerae. | the human protein siderocalin (scn) inhibits bacterial iron acquisition by binding catechol siderophores. several pathogenic bacteria respond by making stealth siderophores that are not recognized by scn. fluvibactin and vibriobactin, respectively of vibrio fluvialis and vibrio cholerae , include an oxazoline adjacent to a catechol. this chelating unit binds iron either in a catecholate or a phenolate-oxazoline coordination mode. the latter has been suggested to make vibriobactin a stealth sider ... | 2013 | 23755875 |
| tin oxide quantum dot based dna sensor for pathogen detection. | we report the application of nano crystalline tin oxide quantum dots (sno2-qds) for electrochemical detection of vibrio cholerae based on dna hybridization technique. sno2-qds (- 1-5 nm) have been synthesized by laser ablation technique in liquid (lal) and electrophoretically deposited onto hydrolyzed surface of indium tin oxide (ito) coated glass electrode. a single stranded oligonucleotide probe (23 bases) have been designed form the virulent gene sequence of v. cholerae and has been immobiliz ... | 2013 | 23755572 |
| [the formation of toxigenic vibrio cholerae]. | | 2013 | 23751482 |
| determination of tolerable fatty acids and cholera toxin concentrations using human intestinal epithelial cells and balb/c mouse macrophages. | the positive role of fatty acids in the prevention and alleviation of non-human and human diseases have been and continue to be extensively documented. these roles include influences on infectious and non-infectious diseases including prevention of inflammation as well as mucosal immunity to infectious diseases. cholera is an acute intestinal illness caused by the bacterium vibrio cholerae. it occurs in developing nations and if left untreated, can result in death. while vaccines for cholera exi ... | 2013 | 23748896 |
| a three-loci variable number of tandem repeats analysis for molecular subtyping of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139. | rapid and easy-to-use molecular subtyping methods are being explored and used for the surveillance of bacterial diseases, including multiple-loci variable number of tandem repeats (vntr) analysis (mlva). in this study, we assessed different vntr combinations for the subtyping of vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 with strain panels selected from a long-term nationwide cholera survey. by only using three highly variable loci (vc0147, vca0171, and vca0283), we acquired a high discriminatory po ... | 2013 | 23746357 |
| vibrio cholerae o1 isolate with novel genetic background, thailand-myanmar. | | 2013 | 23735934 |
| a quinazoline-2,4-diamino analog suppresses vibrio cholerae flagellar motility by interacting with motor protein pomb and induces envelope stress. | vibrio cholerae strains of serogroups o1 and o139, the causative agents of the diarrheal illness cholera, express a single polar flagellum powered by sodium motive force and require motility to colonize and spread along the small intestine. in a previous study, we described a high-throughput assay for screening for small molecules that selectively inhibit bacterial motility and identified a family of quinazoline-2,4-diamino analogs (q24das) that (i) paralyzed the sodium-driven polar flagellum of ... | 2013 | 23733460 |
| mannitol and the mannitol-specific enzyme iib subunit activate vibrio cholerae biofilm formation. | vibrio cholerae is a halophilic, gram-negative rod found in marine environments. strains that produce cholera toxin cause the diarrheal disease cholera. v. cholerae use a highly conserved, multicomponent signal transduction cascade known as the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (pts) to regulate carbohydrate uptake and biofilm formation. regulation of biofilm formation by the pts is complex, involving many different regulatory pathways that incorporate distinct pts components. the pt ... | 2013 | 23728818 |
| expression and secretion of cholera toxin b subunit in lactobacilli. | lactic acid bacteria (lab) are used in various fields, including in food and medical supplies. there has been a great deal of research into vaccine development using lab as carriers due to their "generally recognized as safe" status. cholera is an infectious disease that causes diarrhea due to cholera toxin (ct) produced by vibrio cholerae. the pentameric cholera toxin b (ctb) subunit has no toxicity, and is used as an antigen in cholera vaccines and as a delivery molecule in vaccines to various ... | 2013 | 23727916 |
| non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae bacteraemia: case report and review of the literature. | vibrio cholerae is a serious public health problem worldwide, but in the uk, v. cholerae infections are rare. here, we report a case of v. cholerae bacteraemia in an elderly patient. to our knowledge, this is the first non-travel-related v cholerae bacteraemia in the uk. | 2013 | 23722436 |
| transport of nucleosides in the vccnt facilitated by sodium gradients from molecular dynamics simulations. | nucleosides are required for dna and rna synthesis, and the nucleoside adenosine has a function in a variety of signaling processes. nucleosides require a specialized class of integral membrane proteins, known as nucleoside transporters (nts), for specific transport across cell membranes. nts are also important determinants for the transport of nucleoside-derived drugs across cell membranes. recently, the crystal structure of the vccnt (vibrio cholerae concentrative nucleoside transporter) was r ... | 2013 | 23722168 |
| whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses of two vibrio cholerae o139 bengal-specific podoviruses to other n4-like phages reveal extensive genetic diversity. | vibrio cholerae o139 bengal is the only serogroup other than o1 implicated in cholera epidemics. we describe the isolation and characterization of an o139 serogroup-specific phage, vb_vchp_vcho139-i (ϕvcho139-i) that has similar host range and virion morphology as phage vb_vchp_ja1 (ϕja1) described previously. we aimed at a complete molecular characterization of both phages and elucidation of their genetic and structural differences and assessment of their genetic relatedness to the n4-like phag ... | 2013 | 23714204 |
| triplex pcr assay for the rapid identification of 3 major vibrio species, vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio fluvialis. | a triplex pcr assay was developed for the identification of 3 major vibrio spp., vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio fluvialis by targeting their haemolysin, haem-utilizing, and central regulatory genes, respectively. this simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific assay using cell lysates from 227 samples established its usefulness in research and epidemiology. | 2013 | 23706502 |
| detection of vibrio cholerae using the intrinsic catalytic activity of a magnetic polymeric nanoparticle. | a novel and sensitive magnetic polymeric nanoparticle (mpnp)-polymerase chain reaction-colorimetry (magneto-pcr-colorimetry) technique was developed for detection of vibrio cholerae ( v. cholerae ). the technique involved an amplification of v. cholerae dna on the surface of an mpnp and then employed the intrinsic catalytic activity of the mpnp to detect the target gene by colorimetry. an amino-modified forward primer was covalently labeled onto the mpnp surface which would bind to pcr product d ... | 2013 | 23697890 |
| the cholera outbreak in haiti: where and how did it begin? | in october 2010, cholera appeared in haiti for the first time in nearly a century. the secretary-general of the united nations formed an independent panel to "investigate and seek to determine the source of the 2010 cholera outbreak in haiti". to fulfill this mandate, the panel conducted concurrent epidemiological, water and sanitation, and molecular analysis investigations. our may 2011 findings indicated that the 2010 haiti cholera outbreak was caused by bacteria introduced into haiti as a res ... | 2014 | 23695726 |
| application of tetraplex pcr for detection of vibrio cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus and v. mimicus in cockle. | a tetraplex pcr method was developed for simultaneous detection of vibrio cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus and v. mimicus in cockle samples in comparison with conventional culture method. specific primers targeting ompw of v. cholerae, tl of v. parahaemolyticus, hsp60 of v. vulnificus and sodb of v. mimicus were employed in the same pcr. detection limit of the tetraplex pcr assay was 104 cfu/ml (400 cfu/pcr reaction) for pure cultures of all four species of vibrio. in vibrio spiked c ... | 2013 | 23691635 |
| structural basis for biofilm formation via the vibrio cholerae matrix protein rbma. | during the transition from a free-swimming, single-cell lifestyle to a sessile, multicellular state called a biofilm, bacteria produce and secrete an extracellular matrix comprised of nucleic acids, exopolysaccharides, and adhesion proteins. the vibrio cholerae biofilm matrix contains three major protein components, rbma, bap1, and rbmc, which are unique to vibrio cholerae and appear to support biofilm formation at particular steps in the process. here, we focus on rbma, a structural protein wit ... | 2013 | 23687270 |
| structural representative of the protein family pf14466 has a new fold and establishes links with the c2 and plat domains from the widely distant pfams pf00168 and pf01477. | the domain of unknown function (duf) yp_001302112.1, a protein secreted by the human intestinal microbita, has been determined by nmr and represents the first structure for the pfam pf14466. its nmr structure is classified as a new fold, which, nonetheless, shows limited similarities with representatives of the plat/lh2 domains from pf01477 and the c2 domains from pf00168, both of which bind ca(2+) for their physiological functions. further experiments revealed affinity of yp_001302112.1 for ca( ... | 2013 | 23681886 |
| the outer surface lipoprotein vola mediates utilization of exogenous lipids by vibrio cholerae. | previous work from our laboratory showed that the gram-negative aquatic pathogen vibrio cholerae can take up a much wider repertoire of fatty acids than other gram-negative organisms. the current work elaborated on the ability of v. cholerae to exploit an even more diverse pool of lipid nutrients from its environment. we have demonstrated that the bacterium can use lysophosphatidylcholine as a metabolite for growth. using a combination of thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry, we also ... | 2013 | 23674613 |
| decoupled roles for the atypical, bifurcated binding pocket of the ybff hydrolase. | serine hydrolases have diverse intracellular substrates, biological functions, and structural plasticity, and are thus important for biocatalyst design. amongst serine hydrolases, the recently described ybff enzyme family are promising novel biocatalysts with an unusual bifurcated substrate-binding cleft and the ability to recognize commercially relevant substrates. we characterized in detail the substrate selectivity of a novel ybff enzyme from vibrio cholerae (vc-ybff) by using a 21-member lib ... | 2013 | 23670977 |
| horizontal gene transfer of a genetic island encoding a type iii secretion system distributed in vibrio cholerae. | twelve vibrio cholerae isolates with genes for a type iii secretion system (t3ss) were detected among 110 environmental and 14 clinical isolates. t3ss-related genes were distributed among the various serogroups and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of noti-digested genomes showed genetic diversity in these strains. however, the restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles of the t3ss-related genes had similar patterns. additionally, naturally competent t3ss-negative v. cholerae incorporated ... | 2013 | 23668604 |
| cholera: pathophysiology and emerging therapeutic targets. | cholera is a diarrheal disease that remains an important global health problem with several hundreds of thousands of reported cases each year. this disease is caused by intestinal infection with vibrio cholerae, which is a highly motile gram-negative bacterium with a single-sheathed flagellum. in the course of cholera pathogenesis, v. cholerae expresses a transcriptional activator toxt, which subsequently transactivates expressions of two crucial virulence factors: toxin-coregulated pilus and ch ... | 2013 | 23651092 |
| accumulation of mutations in dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv genes contributes to fluoroquinolone resistance in vibrio cholerae o139 strains. | high resistance rates to nalidixic acid (nal) in vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 strains have been found, and ciprofloxacin (cip) resistance is also observed. in this study, mutations within the quinolone-resistance determining regions (qrdrs) of dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv from nal-resistant o139 strains were analysed. the predominant mutation profile was s83i in gyra in combination with s85l in parc. in addition, the combination substitutions of d87n in gyra and d420n in pare in combination ... | 2013 | 23643392 |
| vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 serogroups and cholera-like diarrhea, kolkata, india. | we identified 281 vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 strains from patients with diarrhea in kolkata, india. cholera-like diarrhea was the major symptom (66.0%); some patients (20.3%) had severe dehydration. these strains lacked the ctxa gene but many had hlya, rtxa, and rtxc genes. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed no genetic link among strains. | 2013 | 23622872 |
| acid-detoxified inaba lipopolysaccharide (pmlps) is a superior cholera conjugate vaccine immunogen than hydrazine-detoxified lipopolysaccharide and induces vibriocidal and protective antibodies. | worldwide, in endemic areas of cholera, the group most burdened with cholera is children. this is especially vexing as young children (2-5 years of age) do not respond as well, or for as long as adults do, to the current killed oral cholera vaccines (ocv). conjugate vaccines based on the hapten-carrier paradigm have been developed for several bacterial pathogens that cause widespread and severe diseases in young children. we and others have studied different formulations of vibrio cholerae (vc) ... | 2013 | 23620159 |
| time series analysis of cholera in matlab, bangladesh, during 1988-2001. | the study examined the impact of in-situ climatic and marine environmental variability on cholera incidence in an endemic area of bangladesh and developed a forecasting model for understanding the magnitude of incidence. diarrhoea surveillance data collected between 1988 and 2001 were obtained from a field research site in matlab, bangladesh. cholera cases were defined as vibrio cholerae o1 isolated from faecal specimens of patients who sought care at treatment centres serving the matlab populat ... | 2013 | 23617200 |
| in vitro and in vivo bactericidal activity of vitex negundo leaf extract against diverse multidrug resistant enteric bacterial pathogens. | to investigate in vitro and in vivo antibacterial potentials of vitex negundo (v. negundo) leaf extracts against diverse enteric pathogens. | 2013 | 23608373 |
| analysis of vibrio cholerae genome sequences reveals unique rtxa variants in environmental strains and an rtxa-null mutation in recent altered el tor isolates. | vibrio cholerae genome sequences were analyzed for variation in the rtxa gene that encodes the multifunctional autoprocessing rtx (martx) toxin. to accommodate genomic analysis, a discrepancy in the annotated rtxa start site was resolved experimentally. the correct start site is an atg downstream from rtxc resulting in a gene of 13,638 bp and deduced protein of 4,545 amino acids. among the el tor o1 and closely related o139 and o37 genomes, rtxa was highly conserved, with nine alleles differing ... | 2013 | 23592265 |
| a novel marker for the species-specific detection and quantitation of vibrio cholerae by targeting an outer membrane lipoprotein lolb gene. | vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 are the major serotypes associated with illness, and some v. cholera non-o1 and non-o139 isolates produce cholera toxin. the present study describes a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assay for the species-specific detection and quantitation of v. cholera using a primer pair based on an outer membrane lipoprotein lolb gene for the amplification of a 195 bp dna fragment. the qpcr primer set for the accurate diagnosis of v. cholera was developed from public ... | 2013 | 23568211 |
| infrared spectroscopic evidence of a redox-dependent conformational change involving ion binding residue nqrb-d397 in the na(+)-pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae. | the na(+)-pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr) is a unique respiratory enzyme that conserves energy by translocating na(+) through the plasma membrane. found only in prokaryotes, the enzyme serves as the point of entry of electrons into the respiratory chain in many pathogens, including vibrio cholerae and yersinia pestis. in this study, a combined electrochemical and fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopic approach revealed that na(+)-nqr undergoes significant conformational ... | 2013 | 23566241 |
| a thermostabilized magnetogenosensing assay for dna sequence-specific detection and quantification of vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae is a human pathogen that causes mild to severe diarrheal illnesses and has major public health significance. herein, we present a thermostabilized electrochemical genosensing assay combining the use of magnetic beads as a biorecognition platform and gold nanoparticles as a hybridization tag for the detection and quantification of v. cholerae lolb gene single-stranded asymmetric pcr amplicons as an alternative to the time-consuming classical isolation method. this thermostabilized ... | 2013 | 23545172 |
| α-cyclodextrin decreases cholera toxin binding to gm1-gangliosides. | cholera toxin (ct), the principal virulence factor secreted by vibrio cholerae, is an a-b5 type exotoxin that binds to host cell gm1-gangliosides and is responsible for cholera diarrhoea. we tested the hypothesis that the cyclic hexasaccharide α-cyclodextrin (α-cd), but not the cyclic heptasaccharides methyl-β-cyclodextrin (md-β-cd) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (hp-β-cd) inhibit binding of ct to gm1-gangliosides. we report that α-cd decreases ct binding to gm1-ganglioside-coated microtitre p ... | 2013 | 23538564 |
| the aquatic environment as a reservoir of vibrio cholerae o1 in hydrographic basins of the state of pernambuco, brazil. | after the worldwide cholera epidemic in 1993, permanent environmental monitoring of hydrographic basins was established in pernambuco, brazil, where cholera is endemic. after a quiescent period, 4 rfbn (serogroup o1) positive water samples that were culture negative were detected by multiplex single-tube nested pcr (mstnpcr); 2 of these were also ctxa (cholera toxin) positive. from may to june 2012, 30 v. cholerae o1 isolates were obtained by culturing samples. these isolates were analyzed for t ... | 2013 | 23533357 |
| vibrio cholerae vttr(a) and vttr(b) regulatory influences extend beyond the type 3 secretion system genomic island. | a subset of non-o1/non-o139 serogroup strains of vibrio cholerae cause disease using type 3 secretion system (t3ss)-mediated mechanisms. an ∼50-kb genomic island carries genes encoding the t3ss structural apparatus, effector proteins, and two transmembrane transcriptional regulators, vttr(a) and vttr(b), which are toxr homologues. previous experiments demonstrated that vttr(a) and vttr(b) are necessary for colonization in vivo and promote bile-dependent t3ss gene expression in vitro. to better u ... | 2013 | 23524608 |
| structure of the cytoplasmic domain of tcpe, the inner membrane core protein required for assembly of the vibrio cholerae toxin-coregulated pilus. | type iv pili are long thin surface-displayed polymers of the pilin subunit that are present in a diverse group of bacteria. these multifunctional filaments are critical to virulence for pathogens such as vibrio cholerae, which use them to form microcolonies and to secrete the colonization factor tcpf. the type iv pili are assembled from pilin subunits by a complex inner membrane machinery. the core component of the type iv pilus-assembly platform is an integral inner membrane protein belonging t ... | 2013 | 23519659 |
| an approach to a cold chain free oral cholera vaccine: in vitro and in vivo characterization of vibrio cholerae gastro-resistant microparticles. | the present work describes the formulation of eudragit(®) l30 d-55 microparticles (mp) alone or with mucoadhesive agents, alginate or carbopol(®), as an approach for the development of an oral cholera vaccine. in the first part, a spray drying technique was optimized for microparticle elaboration, obtaining a microparticle size ranging from 7 to 9 μm with high encapsulation efficiencies. moreover, gastro resistant properties and vibrio cholerae (vc) antigenicity were maintained, but for eudragit ... | 2013 | 23518363 |
| genome sequence of vibrio cholerae g4222, a south african clinical isolate. | vibrio cholerae, a gram-negative pathogen autochthonous to the aquatic environment, is the causative agent of cholera. here, we report the complete genome sequence of v. cholerae g4222, a clinical isolate from south africa. | 2013 | 23516184 |
| rapid spread of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor variant in odisha, eastern india, in 2008 and 2009. | the emergence and spread of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor variant strains causing severe diarrhea has been witnessed worldwide in recent years. in the state of odisha, india, the spread of the v. cholerae o1 el tor variant strains was studied during outbreaks in 2008 and 2009. analysis of 194 v. cholerae o1 ogawa strains revealed that v. cholerae o1 el tor variant strains are spreading gradually throughout the state, causing outbreaks replacing typical v. cholerae o1 el tor biotype strains. | 2013 | 23515546 |
| immune responses to the o-specific polysaccharide antigen in children who received a killed oral cholera vaccine compared to responses following natural cholera infection in bangladesh. | current oral cholera vaccines induce lower levels of protective efficacy and shorter durations of protection in young children than in adults. immunity against cholera is serogroup specific, and immune responses to vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide (lps), the antigen that mediates serogroup-specific responses, are associated with protection against disease. despite this, responses against v. cholerae o-specific polysaccharide (osp), a key component of the lps responsible for specificity, have n ... | 2013 | 23515016 |
| characterization of undermethylated sites in vibrio cholerae. | the activities of dna methyltransferases are important for a variety of cellular functions in bacteria. in this study, we developed a modified high-throughput technique called methyl homopolymer tail mediated sequencing (methyl htm-seq) to identify the undermethylated sites in the vibrio cholerae genome for the two dna methyltransferases, dam, an adenine methyltransferase, and vchm, a cytosine methyltransferase, during growth in rich medium in vitro. many of the undermethylated sites occurred in ... | 2013 | 23504020 |
| biocompatible nanostructured magnesium oxide-chitosan platform for genosensing application. | a novel organic-inorganic platform comprising of chitosan (ch) modified nanostructured magnesium oxide (nanomgo) has been electrophoretically deposited on the indium-tin-oxide (ito) substrate. the single stranded probe dna (ssdna) sequence of vibrio cholerae has been covalently functionalized onto ch-nanomgo/ito surface. the cytotoxicity assay of nanomgo particles, examined using human intestinal cell line (int 407), reveals no significant cytotoxicity at the given doses in the range of 50-350 μ ... | 2013 | 23500361 |