| sequence and expression divergence of an ancient duplication of the chaperonin groesel operon in vibrio species. | heat-shock proteins are molecular chaperones essential for protein folding, degradation and trafficking. the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus encodes a copy of the groesel operon in both chromosomes and these genes share <80 % similarity with each other. comparative genomic analysis was used to determine whether this duplication is prevalent among vibrionaceae specifically or gammaproteobacteria in general. among the vibrionaceae complete genome sequences in the database (31 species), seven vibr ... | 2014 | 24913685 |
| characterization of the vibrio cholerae extracellular matrix: a top-down solid-state nmr approach. | bacterial biofilms are communities of bacterial cells surrounded by a self-secreted extracellular matrix. biofilm formation by vibrio cholerae, the human pathogen responsible for cholera, contributes to its environmental survival and infectivity. important genetic and molecular requirements have been identified for v. cholerae biofilm formation, yet a compositional accounting of these parts in the intact biofilm or extracellular matrix has not been described. as insoluble and non-crystalline ass ... | 2015 | 24911407 |
| distribution of virulence-associated genes and genetic relationships in non-o1/o139 vibrio cholerae aquatic isolates from china. | non-o1/o139 vibrio cholerae is naturally present in aquatic ecosystems and has been linked with cholera-like diarrhea and local outbreaks. the distribution of virulence-associated genes and genetic relationships among aquatic isolates from china are largely unknown. in this study, 295 aquatic isolates of v. cholerae non-o1/o139 serogroups from different regions in china were investigated. only one isolate was positive for ctxb and harbored a rare genotype; 10 (3.4%) isolates carried several type ... | 2014 | 24907334 |
| the first case of bacteraemia due to non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae in a type 2 diabetes mellitus patient in mainland china. | bacteraemia due to non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae is rarely documented in mainland china. we report such a case in a 70-year-old male with type 2 diabetes mellitus. the clinical features, phenotypic analyses, and presence of a panel of known virulence genes in the isolated strain are described. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bacteraemia due to this strain in a t2dm patient without other coexisting underlying diseases in mainland china. | 2014 | 24905769 |
| the purifying trend in the chromosomal integron in vibrio cholerae strains during the seventh pandemic. | chromosomal integron (ci) arrays in vibrio spp. are generally large and display great variation. here we determined the sequence of ci array in a toxigenic o139 vibriocholerae strain and compared it with the arrays from the genome of different o1 biotypes available in genbank. then pcr scanning was used to determine the ci array variations in 83 epidemic o139 strains and subsequently these variations were compared with that found in toxigenic o1 el tor strains in our previous work. few differenc ... | 2014 | 24905599 |
| both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids on o-linked glycoproteins act as functional receptors for porcine sapovirus. | sapovirus, a member of the caliciviridae family, is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans and pigs. currently, the porcine sapovirus (psav) cowden strain remains the only cultivable member of the sapovirus genus. while some caliciviruses are known to utilize carbohydrate receptors for entry and infection, a functional receptor for sapovirus is unknown. to characterize the functional receptor of the cowden strain of psav, we undertook a comprehensive series of protein-ligand bioch ... | 2014 | 24901849 |
| deciphering the origin of the 2012 cholera epidemic in guinea by integrating epidemiological and molecular analyses. | cholera is typically considered endemic in west africa, especially in the republic of guinea. however, a three-year lull period was observed from 2009 to 2011, before a new epidemic struck the country in 2012, which was officially responsible for 7,350 suspected cases and 133 deaths. to determine whether cholera re-emerged from the aquatic environment or was rather imported due to human migration, a comprehensive epidemiological and molecular survey was conducted. a spatiotemporal analysis of th ... | 2014 | 24901522 |
| comparative genomic characterization of a thailand-myanmar isolate, ms6, of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor, which is phylogenetically related to a "us gulf coast" clone. | the cholera outbreaks in thailand during 2007-2010 were exclusively caused by the vibrio cholerae o1 el tor variant carrying the cholera toxin gene of the classical biotype. we previously isolated a v. cholerae o1 el tor strain from a patient with diarrhea and designated it ms6. multilocus sequence-typing analysis revealed that ms6 is most closely related to the u. s. gulf coast clone with the exception of two novel housekeeping genes. | 2014 | 24887199 |
| draft whole-genome sequence of a new variant of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strain isolated from a cholera patient in russia. | draft whole-genome sequencing of the vibrio cholerae о1 el tor clinical strain l3226, isolated in moscow in 2010, was carried out. various mutations in the virulence-associated mobile elements were determined in its genome that differentiated this strain from the reference v. cholerae о1 el tor strain n16961. | 2014 | 24874670 |
| seasonal dynamics of vibrio cholerae and its phages in riverine ecosystem of gangetic west bengal: cholera paradigm. | the gangetic delta is a century-old cholera endemic belt where the role of riverine-estuarine ecosystem in cholera transmission has never been elucidated. seasonality, distribution, and abundance of environmental vibrio cholerae o1/o139 and vibriophage in hooghly riverine-estuarine environment and their correlation with cholera incidence pattern in west bengal, india, have been analyzed for the first time across summer, monsoon, and winter months. a total of 146 water samples collected from two ... | 2014 | 24869952 |
| use of vibrio cholerae vaccine in an outbreak in guinea. | the use of vaccines to prevent and control cholera is currently under debate. shanchol is one of the two oral cholera vaccines prequalified by the world health organization; however, its effectiveness under field conditions and the protection it confers in the first months after administration remain unknown. the main objective of this study was to estimate the short-term effectiveness of two doses of shanchol used as a part of the integrated response to a cholera outbreak in africa. | 2014 | 24869721 |
| novel multiple mutations in the topoisomerase gene of haitian variant vibrio cholerae o1. | | 2014 | 24867982 |
| continuous fluorescence-based measurement of redox-driven sodium ion translocation. | investigation of the mechanism of sodium ion pumping enzymes requires methods to follow the translocation of sodium ions by the purified and reconstituted proteins in vitro. here, we describe a protocol that allows following the accumulation of na(+) in proteoliposomes by the na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr) from vibrio cholerae using the sodium-sensitive fluorophor sodium green. in the presence of a regenerative system for its substrate nadh, the na(+)-nqr accumulates ... | 2014 | 24862438 |
| glycan specificity of the vibrio vulnificus hemolysin lectin outlines evolutionary history of membrane targeting by a toxin family. | pore-forming toxins (pfts) are a class of pathogen-secreted molecules that oligomerize to form transmembrane channels in cellular membranes. determining the mechanism for how pfts bind membranes is important in understanding their role in disease and for developing possible ways to block their action. vibrio vulnificus, an aquatic pathogen responsible for severe food poisoning and septicemia in humans, secretes a pft called v. vulnificus hemolysin (vvh), which contains a single c-terminal target ... | 2014 | 24862282 |
| vaccines against human diarrheal pathogens: current status and perspectives. | worldwide, nearly 1.7 billion people per year contract diarrheal infectious diseases (did) and almost 760 000 of infections are fatal. did are a major problem in developing countries where poor sanitation prevails and food and water may become contaminated by fecal shedding. diarrhea is caused by pathogens such as bacteria, protozoans and viruses. important diarrheal pathogens are vibrio cholerae, shigella spp. and rotavirus, which can be prevented with vaccines for several years. the focus of t ... | 2014 | 24861668 |
| outbreak of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o1 el tor variant strain in bihar, india. | an outbreak of cholera struck bihar, an indian state, in august 2008 following a massive flood. here we report the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of vibrio cholerae strains isolated from patients with diarrhea. rectal swabs were obtained from patients with diarrhea who were admitted to medical camps or the hospital, and the strains were biochemically and serologically characterized. v. cholerae was isolated from 21 (65.6%) of 32 rectal swabs. serological studies revealed that all the 2 ... | 2014 | 24858614 |
| cholera outbreaks in south and southeast asia: descriptive analysis, 2003-2012. | we conducted descriptive analysis of available information regarding the epidemiology of cholera outbreaks in south and southeast asia during 2003-2012. information from 58 articles, 8 reports, and world health organization databases were analyzed. overall, 113 cholera outbreaks were studied in south and southeast asia during the past 10 years. the majority of the outbreaks (69%) occurred in southeast asia, including india (52%). the highest number of outbreaks was observed in 2004 (25.7%). the ... | 2014 | 24858602 |
| characterizing the dynamics of the leader-linker interaction in the glycine riboswitch with site-directed spin labeling. | site-directed spin labeling with continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectroscopy was utilized to characterize dynamic features of the kink-turn motif formed through a leader-linker interaction in the vibrio cholerae glycine riboswitch. efficient incorporation of spin-labels into select sites within the phosphate backbone of the leader-linker region proceeded via splinted ligation of chemically synthesized spin-labeled oligonucleotides to in vitro transcribed larger rna fragmen ... | 2014 | 24849816 |
| the first appearance of classical-like phenotype vibrio cholerae in nepal. | | 2014 | 24843853 |
| cholera outbreaks in india. | cholera is a global health problem as several thousands of cases and deaths occur each year. the unique epidemiologic attribute of the disease is its propensity to occur as outbreaks that may flare-up into epidemics, if not controlled. the causative bacterial pathogen vibrio cholerae prevails in the environment and infects humans whenever there is a breakdown in the public health component. the indian subcontinent is vulnerable to this disease due its vast coastlines with areas of poor sanitatio ... | 2014 | 24831345 |
| comprehensive analysis of blood group antigen binding to classical and el tor cholera toxin b-pentamers by nmr. | cholera is a diarrheal disease responsible for the deaths of thousands, possibly even hundreds of thousands of people every year, and its impact is predicted to further increase with climate change. it has been known for decades that blood group o individuals suffer more severe symptoms of cholera compared with individuals with other blood groups (a, b and ab). the observed blood group dependence is likely to be caused by the major virulence factor of vibrio cholerae, the cholera toxin (ct). her ... | 2014 | 24829308 |
| functional characterization of a na+-dependent dicarboxylate transporter from vibrio cholerae. | the slc13 transporter family, whose members play key physiological roles in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis, adiposity, insulin resistance, and other processes, catalyzes the transport of krebs cycle intermediates and sulfate across the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. slc13 transporters are part of the divalent anion:na(+) symporter (dass) family that includes several well-characterized bacterial members. despite sharing significant sequence similarity, the functional characteristics ... | 2014 | 24821967 |
| non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae bacteraemia in an australian population. | this retrospective case series identifies the largest cohort of non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae bacteraemia in an australian population from 2000 to 2013. we examine the risk factors, epidemiology, clinical presentations and mortality of non-o1, non-o139 v. cholerae bacteraemia in victoria and compare them with published cases in the literature. this case series highlights the pathogenic potential of non-o1, non-o139 v. cholerae and identifies possible associations with host (underlying chronic ... | 2014 | 24816311 |
| roles of the sodium-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na+-nqr) on vibrio cholerae metabolism, motility and osmotic stress resistance. | the na+ translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na+-nqr) is a unique respiratory enzyme catalyzing the electron transfer from nadh to quinone coupled with the translocation of sodium ions across the membrane. typically, vibrio spp., including vibrio cholerae, have this enzyme but lack the proton-pumping nadh:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex i). thus, na+-nqr should significantly contribute to multiple aspects of v. cholerae physiology; however, no detailed characterization of this aspect ha ... | 2014 | 24811312 |
| structural basis of chitin oligosaccharide deacetylation. | cell signaling and other biological activities of chitooligosaccharides (coss) seem to be dependent not only on the degree of polymerization, but markedly on the specific de-n-acetylation pattern. chitin de-n-acetylases (cdas) catalyze the hydrolysis of the acetamido group in glcnac residues of chitin, chitosan, and cos. a major challenge is to understand how cdas specifically define the distribution of glcnac and glcnh2 moieties in the oligomeric chain. we report the crystal structure of the vi ... | 2014 | 24810719 |
| determinants of substrate and cation transport in the human na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter nadc3. | metabolic intermediates, such as succinate and citrate, regulate important processes ranging from energy metabolism to fatty acid synthesis. cytosolic concentrations of these metabolites are controlled, in part, by members of the slc13 gene family. the molecular mechanism underlying na(+)-coupled di- and tricarboxylate transport by this family is understood poorly. the human na(+)/dicarboxylate cotransporter nadc3 (slc13a3) is found in various tissues, including the kidney, liver, and brain. in ... | 2014 | 24808185 |
| vibriocidal antibody responses to a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in a phase iii trial in kolkata, india. | during the development of a vaccine, identification of the correlates of protection is of paramount importance for establishing an objective criterion for the protective performance of the vaccine. however, the ascertainment of correlates of immunity conferred by any vaccine is a difficult task. | 2014 | 24800828 |
| bile acids and bicarbonate inversely regulate intracellular cyclic di-gmp in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterium that persists in aquatic reservoirs and causes the diarrheal disease cholera upon entry into a human host. v. cholerae employs the second messenger molecule 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-gmp) to transition between these two distinct lifestyles. c-di-gmp is synthesized by diguanylate cyclase (dgc) enzymes and hydrolyzed by phosphodiesterase (pde) enzymes. bacteria typically encode many different dgcs and pdes within their genomes. presumably, each ... | 2014 | 24799624 |
| trapping of vibrio cholerae cytolysin in the membrane-bound monomeric state blocks membrane insertion and functional pore formation by the toxin. | vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) is a potent membrane-damaging cytolytic toxin that belongs to the family of β barrel pore-forming protein toxins. vcc induces lysis of its target eukaryotic cells by forming transmembrane oligomeric β barrel pores. the mechanism of membrane pore formation by vcc follows the overall scheme of the archetypical β barrel pore-forming protein toxin mode of action, in which the water-soluble monomeric form of the toxin first binds to the target cell membrane, then assem ... | 2014 | 24794872 |
| immunogenicity of a killed bivalent (o1 and o139) whole cell oral cholera vaccine, shanchol, in haiti. | studies of the immunogenicity of the killed bivalent whole cell oral cholera vaccine, shanchol, have been performed in historically cholera-endemic areas of asia. there is a need to assess the immunogenicity of the vaccine in haiti and other populations without historical exposure to vibrio cholerae. | 2014 | 24786645 |
| how community ecology can improve our understanding of cholera dynamics. | understanding the seasonal emergence and reemergence of cholera is challenging due to the complex dynamics of different protagonists. the abundance of vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera and a natural inhabitant of aquatic environments, fluctuates according to abiotic, and biotic factors. among the biotic factors, the zooplankton community dynamics has been suggested to play a pivotal role in the survival, persistence, and natural competence of v. cholerae. however, factors regulatin ... | 2014 | 24765090 |
| [genovariants of the cholera agent biovar el tor: construction, molecular-genetic, and proteomic analysis]. | experimental modeling of origination of the virulent vibrio cholerae el tor genovariants is presented. it was demonstrated that the genovariants obtained did not differ from the natural genetically modified strains emerged in a natural population of the agent, either in phenotypical or genotypic properties. using the pcr assay and sequencing techniques it was proved that the constructed genovariants carried a ctx(class phi) prophage genome region with ctxbl gene of the v. cholerae classical biov ... | 2014 | 24757839 |
| safety and immunogenicity assessment of an oral cholera vaccine through phase i clinical trial in korea. | the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of an oral cholera vaccine (ocv) was assessed in adult korean male through an open-label, non-comparative clinical study. two doses of vaccine with an interval of 2 weeks were given to 20 healthy subjects. a total of 7 adverse events occurred in 6 subjects. however, no clinically significant change was observed in electrocardiograms, vital signs, physical examinations, and clinical laboratory tests. the immunogenicity of ocv was evaluated by serum vibr ... | 2014 | 24753695 |
| vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa el tor strains with the ctxb7 allele driving cholera outbreaks in south-western india in 2012. | cholera has been a recurrent epidemic disease in human populations for the past 200years. we present herein a comparative characterization of clinical vibrio cholerae strains isolated from two consecutive cholera outbreaks in 2012 and associated environmental strains from western india. the clinical and toxigenic environmental isolates were identified as hybrid v. cholerae o1, serotype ogawa, biotype el tor carrying the variant ctxb7 allele. partial sequences of sxt integrase from the isolates r ... | 2014 | 24747608 |
| [the establishment of a novel method of nano-immunomagnetic separation and real-time pcr for detecting vibrio cholerae from seafood]. | a novel method of nano-immunomagnetic separation (nano-ims) plus real-time pcr was established for detecting vibrio cholerae. | 2014 | 24746009 |
| vibrio vulnificus phage pv94 is closely related to temperate phages of v. cholerae and other vibrio species. | vibrio vulnificus is an important pathogen which can cause serious infections in humans. yet, there is limited knowledge on its virulence factors and the question whether temperate phages might be involved in pathogenicity, as is the case with v. cholerae. thus far, only two phages (ssp002 and vvaw1) infecting v. vulnificus have been genetically characterized. these phages were isolated from the environment and are not related to vibrio cholerae phages. the lack of information on temperate v. vu ... | 2014 | 24732980 |
| cellulose acetate phthalate microparticles containing vibrio cholerae: steps toward an oral cholera vaccine. | oral cholera vaccine (ocv) has been recommended in some endemic areas and epidemic situations since 1999. although safe and effective vaccines are currently on the market, the burden of transport and storage remains an issue. herein, we report an approach to develop an alternative ocv in the form of a gastro-resistant powder. heat-killed vibrio cholerae (vc) was encapsulated with a spray-drying technique at different temperatures. cellulose acetate phthalate (aquacoat® cpd) was chosen as the cor ... | 2014 | 24731056 |
| ctx prophages in vibrio cholerae o1 strains. | the classical biotype strains of the vibrio cholerae o1 serogroup harbor the biotype-specific cholera-toxin encoding phage (ctx) ctx(cla), and the el tor biotype strains contain ctx-1. although the classical biotype strains have become extinct, a remnant of classical ctx phage is transferred to the el tor biotype strains. the prototype el tor strains, which produce the biotype-specific cholera toxin, are now being replaced by atypical el tor variant strains producing classical biotype cholera to ... | 2014 | 24722374 |
| outer membrane protein ompw is the receptor for typing phage vp5 in the vibrio cholerae o1 el tor biotype. | phage typing is used for the subtyping of clones of epidemic bacteria. in this study, we identified the outer membrane protein ompw as the receptor for phage vp5, one of the typing phages for the vibrio cholerae o1 el tor biotype. a characteristic 11-bp deletion in ompw was observed in all epidemic strains resistant to vp5, suggesting that this mutation event can be used as a tracing marker in cholera surveillance. | 2014 | 24719419 |
| cholera outbreaks in the el tor biotype era and the impact of the new el tor variants. | vibrio cholerae o1, the causative agent of the disease cholera, has two biotypes namely the classical and el tor. biotype is a subspecific taxonomic classification of v. cholerae o1. differentiation of v. cholerae strains into biotype does not alter the clinical management of cholera but is of immense public health and epidemiological importance in identifying the source and spread of infection, particularly when v. cholerae is first isolated in a country or geographic area. from recorded histor ... | 2014 | 24710767 |
| molecular mechanism for self-protection against the type vi secretion system in vibrio cholerae. | vgrg proteins form the spike of the type vi secretion system (t6ss) syringe-like complex. vgrg3 of vibrio cholerae degrades the peptidoglycan cell wall of rival bacteria via its c-terminal region (vgrg3c) through its muramidase activity. vgrg3c consists of a peptidoglycan-binding domain (vgrg3c(pgb)) and a putative catalytic domain (vgrg3c(cd)), and its activity can be inhibited by its immunity protein partner tsiv3. here, the crystal structure of v. cholerae vgrg3c(cd) in complex with tsiv3 is ... | 2014 | 24699653 |
| genomic and phenotypic characterization of vibrio cholerae non-o1 isolates from a us gulf coast cholera outbreak. | between november 2010, and may 2011, eleven cases of cholera, unrelated to a concurrent outbreak on the island of hispaniola, were recorded, and the causative agent, vibrio cholerae serogroup o75, was traced to oysters harvested from apalachicola bay, florida. from the 11 diagnosed cases, eight isolates of v. cholerae were isolated and their genomes were sequenced. genomic analysis demonstrated the presence of a suite of mobile elements previously shown to be involved in the disease process of c ... | 2014 | 24699521 |
| quorum regulatory small rnas repress type vi secretion in vibrio cholerae. | type vi secretion is critical for vibrio cholerae to successfully combat phagocytic eukaryotes and to survive in the presence of competing bacterial species. v. cholerae type vi secretion system genes are encoded in one large and two small clusters. in v. cholerae, type vi secretion is controlled by quorum sensing, the cell-cell communication process that enables bacteria to orchestrate group behaviours. the quorum-sensing response regulator luxo represses type vi secretion genes at low cell den ... | 2014 | 24698180 |
| immune responses to o-specific polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa in adult bangladeshi recipients of an oral killed cholera vaccine and comparison to responses in patients with cholera. | protective immunity to cholera is serogroup specific, and serogrouping is defined by the o-specific polysaccharide (osp) of lipopolysaccharide (lps). we characterized osp-specific immune responses in adult recipients of an oral killed cholera vaccine (ocv wc-rbs) and compared these with responses in patients with cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa. although vaccinees developed plasma immunoglobulin g (igg), igm, iga antibody and antibody secreting cell (asc, marker of mucosal response) t ... | 2014 | 24686738 |
| the vibrio cholerae type vi secretion system employs diverse effector modules for intraspecific competition. | vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen that consists of over 200 serogroups with differing pathogenic potential. only strains that express the virulence factors cholera toxin (ct) and toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) are capable of pandemic spread of cholera diarrhoea. regardless, all v. cholerae strains sequenced to date harbour genes for the type vi secretion system (t6ss) that translocates effectors into neighbouring eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. here we report that the effect ... | 2014 | 24686479 |
| vibrio cholerae-induced inflammation in the neonatal mouse cholera model. | vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the acute diarrheal disease of cholera. innate immune responses to v. cholerae are not a major cause of cholera pathology, which is characterized by severe, watery diarrhea induced by the action of cholera toxin. innate responses may, however, contribute to resolution of infection and must be required to initiate adaptive responses after natural infection and oral vaccination. here we investigated whether a well-established infant mouse model of cholera ... | 2014 | 24686062 |
| [development of both multiple pcr and real-time sybr green pcr for the detection of vibrio cholerae non-o1/o139 serogroups]. | to develop methodology of both multiple pcr and real-time sybr green pcr for the detection of vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) serogroups non-o1 and non-o139. | 2014 | 24685041 |
| construction and characterization of a vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 vaccine candidate by genetic engineering. | the present study aimed to construct and evaluate the live attenuated vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 vaccine candidate, in which genes encoding protective antigens were integrated into the chromosomal dna. using the initial strain, o139-zj9693, the toxin-linked cryptic (tlc) and cholera toxin (ctx) genetic elements and repeats in the toxin (rtx) gene cluster were deleted from its chromosomal dna, and the cholera toxin genes, ctxb and rstr, were transferred into the chromosome to construct the ca ... | 2014 | 24676972 |
| identification of in vivo regulators of the vibrio cholerae xds gene using a high-throughput genetic selection. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, remains a threat to public health in areas with inadequate sanitation. as a waterborne pathogen, v. cholerae moves between two dissimilar environments, aquatic reservoirs and the intestinal tract of humans. accordingly, this pathogen undergoes adaptive shifts in gene expression throughout the different stages of its lifecycle. one particular gene, xds, encodes a secreted exonuclease that was previously identified as being induced during infection. ... | 2014 | 24673931 |
| vibrio cholerae persisted in microcosm for 700 days inhibits motility but promotes biofilm formation in nutrient-poor lake water microcosms. | toxigenic vibrio cholerae, ubiquitous in aquatic environments, is responsible for cholera; humans can become infected after consuming food and/or water contaminated with the bacterium. the underlying basis of persistence of v. cholerae in the aquatic environment remains poorly understood despite decades of research. we recently described a "persister" phenotype of v. cholerae that survived in nutrient-poor "filter sterilized" lake water (fslw) in excess of 700-days. previous reports suggest that ... | 2014 | 24667909 |
| comparative analysis of different oral approaches to treat vibrio cholerae infection in adult mice. | in this study, we have established an oral phage cocktail therapy in adult mice model and also performed a comparative analysis between phage cocktail, antibiotic and oral rehydration treatment for orally developed vibrio cholerae infection. four groups of mice were orally infected with vibrio cholerae mak 757 strain. phage cocktail and antibiotic treated groups received 1×10(8) plaque forming unit/ml (once a daily) and 40mg/kg (once a daily) as an oral dose respectively for consecutive three da ... | 2014 | 24656386 |
| structural fold and binding sites of the human na⁺-phosphate cotransporter napi-ii. | phosphate plays essential biological roles and its plasma level in humans requires tight control to avoid bone loss (insufficiency) or vascular calcification (excess). intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption of phosphate are mediated by members of the slc34 family of sodium-coupled transporters (napi-iia,b,c) whose membrane expression is regulated by various hormones, circulating proteins, and phosphate itself. consequently, napi-ii proteins are also potentially important pharmaceutical tar ... | 2014 | 24655502 |
| vibrio fluvialis: an emerging human pathogen. | vibrio fluvialis is a pathogen commonly found in coastal environs. considering recent increase in numbers of diarrheal outbreaks and sporadic extraintestinal cases, v. fluvialis has been considered as an emerging pathogen. though this pathogen can be easily isolated by existing culture methods, its identification is still a challenging problem due to close phenotypic resemblance either with vibrio cholerae or aeromonas spp. however, using molecular tools, it is easy to identify v. fluvialis from ... | 2014 | 24653717 |
| survivability and molecular variation in vibrio cholerae from epidemic sites in china. | the survival behaviour of vibrio cholerae in cholera epidemics, together with its attributes of virulence-associated genes and molecular fingerprints, are significant for managing cholera epidemics. here, we selected five strains representative of v. cholerae o1 and o139 involved in cholera events, examined their survival capacity in large volumes of water sampled from epidemic sites of a 2005 cholera outbreak, and determined virulence-associated genes and molecular subtype changes of the surviv ... | 2015 | 24650354 |
| cyclo(valine-valine) inhibits vibrio cholerae virulence gene expression. | vibrio cholerae has been shown to produce a cyclic dipeptide, cyclo(phenylalanine-proline) (cfp), that functions to repress virulence factor production. the objective of this study was to determine if heterologous cyclic dipeptides could repress v. cholerae virulence factor production. to that end, three synthetic cyclic dipeptides that differed in their side chains from cfp were assayed for virulence inhibitory activity in v. cholerae. the results revealed that cyclo(valine-valine) (cvv) inhibi ... | 2014 | 24644247 |
| a novel and simple mixture as point-of-use water treatment agent to produce safe drinking water. | people in rural bangladesh have a poor understanding of the link between use of contaminated surface water and disease. an inexpensive point-of-use water treatment agent was developed to purify surface water. | 2014 | 24619586 |
| microbiological, coliphages and physico-chemical assessments of the umgeni river, south africa. | the water quality of umgeni river in kwazulu-natal (south africa) was investigated from april 2011 to january 2012. indicator bacterial populations, physico-chemical properties, heavy metal contaminants and the presence of coliphages were determined according to standard protocols. the results showed that all sampling points failed to comply with the set guidelines for turbidity, total coliform, faecal coliform and total heterotrophic counts. salmonella spp., shigella spp. and vibrio cholerae we ... | 2015 | 24617904 |
| on-chip detection of rolling circle amplified dna molecules from bacillus globigii spores and vibrio cholerae. | for the first time dna coils formed by rolling circle amplification are quantified on-chip by brownian relaxation measurements on magnetic nanobeads using a magnetoresistive sensor. no external magnetic fields are required besides the magnetic field arising from the current through the sensor, which makes the setup very compact. limits of detection down to 500 bacillus globigii spores and 2 pm of vibrio cholerae are demonstrated, which are on the same order of magnitude or lower than those achie ... | 2014 | 24616417 |
| the superintegron integrase and the cassette promoters are co-regulated in vibrio cholerae. | chromosome 2 of vibrio cholerae carries a chromosomal superintegron, composed of an integrase, a cassette integration site (atti) and an array of mostly promoterless gene cassettes. we determined the precise location of the promoter, pc, which drives the transcription of the first cassettes of the v. cholerae superintegron. we found that cassette mrna starts 65 bp upstream of the atti site, so that the inversely oriented promoters pc and pint (integrase promoter) partly overlap, allowing for the ... | 2014 | 24614503 |
| [phylogenetic analysis of genomes of vibrio cholerae strains isolated on the territory of rostov region]. | determination of origin of 2 vibrio cholerae strains isolated on the territory of rostov region by using full genome sequencing data. | 2014 | 24605670 |
| [system of activation of plasminogen in vibrio cholerae]. | study system of activation of plasminogen in vibrio cholerae. | 2014 | 24605649 |
| ancient pathogen dna in archaeological samples detected with a microbial detection array. | ancient human remains of paleopathological interest typically contain highly degraded dna in which pathogenic taxa are often minority components, making sequence-based metagenomic characterization costly. microarrays may hold a potential solution to these challenges, offering a rapid, affordable, and highly informative snapshot of microbial diversity in complex samples without the lengthy analysis and/or high cost associated with high-throughput sequencing. their versatility is well established ... | 2014 | 24603850 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray study of tsiv3 from vibrio cholerae. | the bacterial type vi secretion system (t6ss), a dynamic organelle, participates in microbial competition by transporting toxic effector molecules to neighbouring cells to kill competitors. tsiv3, a recently defined t6ss immunity protein in vibrio cholerae, possesses self-protection against killing by t6ss predatory cells by directly binding to and inhibiting their effector protein vgrg-3. structural information about tsiv3 could help to illuminate its specific mechanism. in this study, tsiv3 fr ... | 2014 | 24598921 |
| a model symbiosis reveals a role for sheathed-flagellum rotation in the release of immunogenic lipopolysaccharide. | bacterial flagella mediate host-microbe interactions through tissue tropism during colonization, as well as by activating immune responses. the flagellar shaft of some bacteria, including several human pathogens, is encased in a membranous sheath of unknown function. while it has been hypothesized that the sheath may allow these bacteria to evade host responses to the immunogenic flagellin subunit, this unusual structural feature has remained an enigma. here we demonstrate that the rotation of t ... | 2014 | 24596150 |
| genomic science in understanding cholera outbreaks and evolution of vibrio cholerae as a human pathogen. | modern genomic and bioinformatic approaches have been applied to interrogate the v. cholerae genome, the role of genomic elements in cholera disease, and the origin, relatedness, and dissemination of epidemic strains. a universal attribute of choleragenic strains includes a repertoire of pathogenicity islands and virulence genes, namely the ctxϕ prophage and toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp) in addition to other virulent genetic elements including those referred to as seventh pandemic islands. duri ... | 2014 | 24590676 |
| chromosome i controls chromosome ii replication in vibrio cholerae. | control of chromosome replication involves a common set of regulators in eukaryotes, whereas bacteria with divided genomes use chromosome-specific regulators. how bacterial chromosomes might communicate for replication is not known. in vibrio cholerae, which has two chromosomes (chri and chrii), replication initiation is controlled by dnaa in chri and by rctb in chrii. dnaa has binding sites at the chri origin of replication as well as outside the origin. rctb likewise binds at the chrii origin ... | 2014 | 24586205 |
| widespread epidemic cholera caused by a restricted subset of vibrio cholerae clones. | since 1817, seven cholera pandemics have plagued humankind. as the causative agent, vibrio cholerae, is autochthonous in the aquatic ecosystem and some studies have revealed links between outbreaks and fluctuations in climatic and aquatic conditions, it has been widely assumed that cholera epidemics are triggered by environmental factors that promote the growth of local bacterial reservoirs. however, mounting epidemiological findings and genome sequence analysis of clinical isolates have indicat ... | 2014 | 24575898 |
| isolation of viable but nonculturable vibrio cholerae o1 from environmental water samples in kolkata, india, in a culturable state. | previously, we reported that viable but nonculturable (vbnc) vibrio cholerae was converted into a culturable state by coculture with several eukaryotic cell lines including ht-29 cells. in this study, we found that a factor converting vbnc v. cholerae into a culturable state (fcvc) existed in cell extracts of eukaryotic cells. fcvc was nondialyzable, proteinase k-sensitive, and stable to heating at <60°c for 5 min. we prepared thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (tcbs) plates with fcvc (f-tcb ... | 2014 | 24574069 |
| monitoring water sources for environmental reservoirs of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1, haiti. | an epidemic of cholera infections was documented in haiti for the first time in more than 100 years during october 2010. cases have continued to occur, raising the question of whether the microorganism has established environmental reservoirs in haiti. we monitored 14 environmental sites near the towns of gressier and leogane during april 2012-march 2013. toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor biotype strains were isolated from 3 (1.7%) of 179 water samples; nontoxigenic o1 v. cholerae was isolated ... | 2014 | 24571741 |
| development of a pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for detection and subtyping of cholix toxin variant genes of vibrio cholerae. | cholix toxin (chxa) is an exotoxin reported in vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139. apart from its prototype (chxa i) we have recently identified two novel variants of this toxin, chxa ii and chxa iii. our previous investigations indicated that the first two variants may instigate extra-intestinal infections and chxa ii can be more lethal than chxa i in mice. however, all three cholix toxins (chxa i to iii) failed to show any enterotoxicity in rabbit ileal loops. in this study we developed a pcr-res ... | 2014 | 24568884 |
| high-throughput screening and whole genome sequencing identifies an antimicrobially active inhibitor of vibrio cholerae. | pathogenic serotypes of vibrio cholerae cause the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera. the increasing development of bacterial resistances against the known antibiotics necessitates the search for new antimicrobial compounds and targets for this pathogen. | 2014 | 24568688 |
| development of pvcr94δx from vibrio cholerae, a prototype for studying multidrug resistant inca/c conjugative plasmids. | antibiotic resistance has grown steadily in vibrio cholerae over the last few decades to become a major threat in countries affected by cholera. multi-drug resistance (mdr) spreads among clinical and environmental v. cholerae strains by lateral gene transfer often mediated by integrative and conjugative elements (ices) of the sxt/r391 family. however, in a few reported but seemingly isolated cases, mdr in v. cholerae was shown to be associated with other self-transmissible genetic elements such ... | 2014 | 24567731 |
| determination of ctxab expression in vibrio cholerae classical and el tor strains using real-time pcr. | cholera is an infection of the small intestines caused by the bacterium v. cholerae. it is a major cause of health threat and also a major cause of death worldwide and especially in developing countries. the major virulence factor produced by v. cholerae during infection is the cholera toxin. total mrna extraction and reverse transcription was performed for making ctxab cdna. relative real-time pcr analysis showed unequal enterotoxin production in v. cholerae strains. the results showed that, cl ... | 2013 | 24551784 |
| isolation and characterization of lytic vibriophage against vibrio cholerae o1 from environmental water samples in kelantan, malaysia. | water samples from a variety of sources in kelantan, malaysia (lakes, ponds, rivers, ditches, fish farms, and sewage) were screened for the presence of bacteriophages infecting vibrio cholerae. ten strains of v. cholerae that appeared to be free of inducible prophages were used as the host strains. eleven bacteriophage isolates were obtained by plaque assay, three of which were lytic and further characterized. the morphologies of the three lytic phages were similar with each having an icosahedra ... | 2014 | 24532381 |
| structural characterization of the extracellular polysaccharide from vibrio cholerae o1 el-tor. | the ability to form biofilms is important for environmental survival, transmission, and infectivity of vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera in humans. to form biofilms, v. cholerae produces an extracellular matrix composed of proteins, nucleic acids and a glycoconjugate, termed vibrio exopolysaccharide (vps). here, we present the data on isolation and characterization of the polysaccharide part of the vps (vps-ps), which has the following structure: -4)-α-gulpnacagly3oac-(1-4)-β-d-glc ... | 2014 | 24520310 |
| genome sequence and comparative analysis of a vibrio cholerae o139 strain e306 isolated from a cholera case in china. | vibrio cholerae is a human intestinal pathogen and v. cholerae of the o139 serogroups are responsible for the current epidemic cholera in china. in this work, we reported the whole genome sequencing of a v. cholerae o139 strain e306 isolated from a cholera patient in the 306th hospital of pla, beijing, china. | 2014 | 24517211 |
| role of polyphosphate kinase gene (ppk) for survival of vibrio cholerae o1 in surface water of bangladesh. | polyphosphate provides a substitute for atp and energy source when phosphorus is a limiting resource in nature. the present study focuses on the role ofpolyphosphate for the survival of vibrio cholerae in the aquatic habitats as an autochthonous bacterium. the survival advantages of polyphosphate of v. cholerae o1 having (wild type) and lacking (mutant) polyphosphate kinase (ppk) gene in surface water and with anabaena variabilis were compared by cultural, direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) and p ... | 2013 | 24511696 |
| construction and evaluation of v. cholerae o139 mutant, vcusm21p, as a safe live attenuated cholera vaccine. | cholera is a major infectious disease, affecting millions of lives annually. in endemic areas, implementation of vaccination strategy against cholera is vital. as the use of safer live vaccine that can induce protective immunity against vibrio cholerae o139 infection is a promising approach for immunization, we have designed vcusm21p, an oral cholera vaccine candidate, which has ctxa that encodes a subunit of ctx and mutated rtxa/c, ace and zot mutations. vcusm21p was found not to disassemble th ... | 2014 | 24505241 |
| high-salt preadaptation of vibrio parahaemolyticus enhances survival in response to lethal environmental stresses. | adaptation to changing environmental conditions is an important strategy for survival of foodborne bacterial pathogens. vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative seafoodborne enteric pathogen found in the marine environment both free living and associated with oysters. this pathogen is a moderate halophile, with optimal growth at 3% nacl. among the several stresses imposed upon enteric bacteria, acid stress is perhaps one of the most important. v. parahaemolyticus has a lysine decarboxylase sys ... | 2014 | 24490918 |
| cholera epidemic associated with consumption of unsafe drinking water and street-vended water--eastern freetown, sierra leone, 2012. | during 2012, sierra leone experienced a cholera epidemic with 22,815 reported cases and 296 deaths. we conducted a matched case-control study to assess risk factors, enrolling 49 cases and 98 controls. stool specimens were analyzed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). conditional logistic regression found that consuming unsafe water (matched odds ratio [mor]: 3.4; 95% confidence interval [ci]: 1.1, 11.0), street-vended water (mor: 9.4; 95% ci: ... | 2014 | 24470563 |
| dynamics in genome evolution of vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the acute secretary diarrheal disease cholera, is still a major public health concern in developing countries. in former centuries cholera was a permanent threat even to the highly developed populations of europe, north america, and the northern part of asia. extensive studies on the cholera bug over more than a century have made significant advances in our understanding of the disease and ways of treating patients. v. cholerae has more than 200 serogrou ... | 2014 | 24462909 |
| functional and structural characterization of vibrio cholerae extracellular serine protease b, vesb. | the chymotrypsin subfamily a of serine proteases consists primarily of eukaryotic proteases, including only a few proteases of bacterial origin. vesb, a newly identified serine protease that is secreted by the type ii secretion system in vibrio cholerae, belongs to this subfamily. vesb is likely produced as a zymogen because sequence alignment with trypsinogen identified a putative cleavage site for activation and a catalytic triad, his-asp-ser. using synthetic peptides, vesb efficiently cleaved ... | 2014 | 24459146 |
| small rnas in the vibrionaceae: an ocean still to be explored. | in bacteria, the discovery of noncoding small rnas (srnas) as modulators of gene expression in response to environmental signals has brought new insights into bacterial gene regulation, including control of pathogenicity. the vibrionaceae constitute a family of marine bacteria of which many are responsible for infections affecting not only humans, such as vibrio cholerae but also fish and marine invertebrates, representing the major cause of mortality in farmed marine species. they are able to c ... | 2014 | 24458378 |
| long-term comparison of antibiotic resistance in vibrio cholerae o1 and shigella species between urban and rural bangladesh. | from 2000 to 2012, vibrio cholerae o1 and shigella species isolates from urban dhaka and rural matlab were tested for resistance to all clinically relevant antibiotics in bangladesh. resistances in urban and rural bangladesh tended to rise and fall together, especially a few years after the introduction of new resistance. | 2014 | 24457344 |
| characteristics of multidrug resistant shigella and vibrio cholerae o1 infections in patients treated at an urban and a rural hospital in bangladesh. | we determined the frequency of multidrug resistant (mdr) infections with shigella spp. and vibrio cholerae o1 at an urban (dhaka) and rural (matlab) hospital in bangladesh. we also compared sociodemographic and clinical features of patients with mdr infections to those with antibiotic-susceptible infections at both sites. analyses were conducted using surveillance data from the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh (icddr,b), for the years 2000-2012. compared to patien ... | 2013 | 24455398 |
| a molecular surveillance reveals the prevalence of vibrio cholerae o139 isolates in china from 1993 to 2012. | vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 was first identified in 1992 in india and bangladesh, in association with major epidemics of cholera in both countries; cases were noted shortly thereafter in china. we characterized 211 v. cholerae o139 isolates that were isolated at multiple sites in china between 1993 and 2012 from patients (n = 92) and the environment (n = 119). among clinical isolates, 88 (95.7%) of 92 were toxigenic, compared with 47 (39.5%) of 119 environmental isolates. toxigenic isolates c ... | 2014 | 24452176 |
| population structural analysis of o1 el tor vibrio cholerae isolated in china among the seventh cholera pandemic on the basis of multilocus sequence typing and virulence gene profiles. | serogroup o1 vibrio cholerae is the most common agents to cause epidemic and pandemic cholera disease. in this study, multilocus sequence typing (mlst) was performed on 160 serogroup o1 strains (including 42 toxigenic and 118 non-toxigenic), and the virulence/fitness gene profiles of 16 loci were further analysed for 60 strains of these. eighty-four sequence types (sts) with 14 clonal complexes were distinguished, and 29 sts were unique. except sd19771005, all toxigenic strains were well-separat ... | 2014 | 24448269 |
| influence of climate factors on vibrio cholerae dynamics in the pearl river estuary, south china. | current research has seldom focused on the quantitative relationships between vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) and climate factors owing to the complexities and high cost of field observation in the aquatic environment. this study has focused on the relationships between v. cholerae and climate factors based on linear regression method and data partition method. data gathered from 2008 to 2009 in the pearl river estuary, south china, were adopted. positive rate of v. cholerae was correlated closely ... | 2014 | 24442820 |
| highly potent, chemically stable quorum sensing agonists for vibrio cholerae. | in the vibrio cholerae pathogen, initiation of bacterial quorum sensing pathways serves to suppress virulence. we describe herein a potent and chemically stable small molecule agonist of v. cholerae quorum sensing, which was identified through rational drug design based on the native quorum sensing signal. this novel agonist may serve as a useful lead compound for the control of virulence in v. cholerae. | 2014 | 24436778 |
| the potential financial costs of climate change on health of urban and rural citizens: a case study of vibrio cholerae infections at bukavu town, south kivu province, eastern of democratic republic of congo. | cholera epidemics have a recorded history in eastern congo dating to 1971. a study was conducted to find out the linkage between climate variability/change and cholera outbreak and to assess the related economic cost in the management of cholera in congo. | 2013 | 24427750 |
| molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 reveals continuous evolution of its new variants in india. | vibrio cholerae, the causing agent of cholera is still a major health challenge in most of the developing countries. in this study, v. cholerae strains collected from different cholera outbreaks in india over a period of past 7 years were found to have various toxigenic, pathogenic and regulatory genes viz. ctxab, zot, tcp, hlya, ace, ompu, ompw, rfbo1, toxt and toxr. the biotype specific genes rstr and rtxc revealed the el tor biotype in majority of the isolates. however, variants among the iso ... | 2013 | 24426099 |
| detection of ctx gene positive non-o1/non-o139 v. cholerae in shrimp aquaculture environments. | water and post-larvae samples from black tiger (penaeus monodon) shrimp hatcheries; pond water, pond sediment and shrimp from aquaculture farms were screened for the presence of v. cholerae. a v. cholerae-duplex pcr method was developed by utilizing v. cholerae species specific sodb primers and ctxab genes specific primers. incidence of v. cholerae was not observed in shrimp hatchery samples but was noticed in aquaculture samples. the incidence of v. cholerae was higher in pond water (7.6%) than ... | 2013 | 24425944 |
| [characterization of phenotype and molecular characteristics on vibrio cholerae strains isolated in shanghai, 1962-2011]. | to describe the phenotype and molecular characteristics of vibrio (v.) cholerae strains isolated in shanghai, from 1962 to 2011. | 2013 | 24423771 |
| pre-earthquake non-epidemic vibrio cholerae in haiti. | to our knowledge, there was no record of vibrio cholerae in haiti until the 2010 post earthquake outbreak. | 2014 | 24423722 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray study of vibrio cholerae uridine phosphorylase in complex with 6-methyluracil. | uridine phosphorylase catalyzes the phosphorolysis of ribonucleosides, with the nitrogenous base and ribose 1-phosphate as products. additionally, it catalyzes the reverse reaction of the synthesis of ribonucleosides from ribose 1-phosphate and a nitrogenous base. however, the enzyme does not catalyze the synthesis of nucleosides when the substrate is a nitrogenous base substituted at the 6-position, such as 6-methyluracil (6-mu). in order to explain this fact, it is essential to investigate the ... | 2014 | 24419619 |
| circulation and transmission of clones of vibrio cholerae during cholera outbreaks. | cholera is still a major public health problem. the underlying bacterial pathogen vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) is evolving and some of its mutations have set the stage for outbreaks. after v. cholerae acquired the mobile elements vsp i & ii, the el tor pandemic began and spread across the tropics. the replacement of the o1 serotype encoding genes with the o139 encoding genes triggered an outbreak that swept across the indian subcontinent. the sxt element generated a third selective sweep and mo ... | 2014 | 24407776 |
| evaluation of enrichment method for the detection of vibrio cholerae o1 using a rapid dipstick test in bangladesh. | to evaluate the specificity of the crystal vc dipstick test for detecting cholera. | 2014 | 24401137 |
| second-pandemic strain of vibrio cholerae from the philadelphia cholera outbreak of 1849. | in the 19th century, there were several major cholera pandemics in the indian subcontinent, europe, and north america. the causes of these outbreaks and the genomic strain identities remain a mystery. we used targeted high-throughput sequencing to reconstruct the vibrio cholerae genome from the preserved intestine of a victim of the 1849 cholera outbreak in philadelphia, part of the second cholera pandemic. this o1 biotype strain has 95 to 97% similarity with the classical o395 genome, differing ... | 2014 | 24401020 |
| prevalence of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor variant in a cholera-endemic zone of kenya. | since 2007, kenya has experienced an increase in cholera outbreaks characterized by a high fatality rate. in this study, we characterized 81 vibrio cholerae isolates from diarrhoeal stool samples in nyanza, a cholera-endemic lake region of kenya, for virulence properties, clonality and antibiotic susceptibility. eighty of these isolates were v. cholerae o1 el tor variants carrying the classical ctxb gene sequence, while one isolate was v. cholerae non-o1/o139. all of the el tor variants were of ... | 2014 | 24396087 |
| development of an immunochromatographic lateral flow device for rapid diagnosis of vibrio cholerae o1 serotype ogawa. | cholera is an acute malignant infectious disease caused by the bacteria vibrio cholerae leading to severe dehydrating diarrhea and vomiting, even high rates of mortality in some cases. however, the prevention of the epidemic disease is achievable if proper sanitation practices are followed, provided the accurate and prompt diagnosis of each prevalent serotype in cholera epidemic. the current gold standard of bacterial culture is inadequate for rapid diagnosis. our aim is to develop an immunochro ... | 2014 | 24389075 |