| absence of chemopreventive influence of propolis on the rat liver altered foci development. | propolis (bee glue) is a complex mixture of natural substances that exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities. as the possibility exists that it may exert a chemopreventive role against cancer development, the present study aimed to evaluate the chemopreventive influence of a brazilian aqueous propolis extract (ape) in a rat two-stage (initiation-promotion) medium-term bioassay for chemical liver carcinogenesis. male wistar rats were sequentially initiated with diethylnitrosamine (den, ... | 2010 | 19628380 |
| first detection and dominance of nosema ceranae in hungarian honeybee colonies. | microsporidiosis (nosema disease) of the european honeybee ( apis mellifera l.) is present in bee colonies worldwide. until recently, nosema apis had been regarded as the causative agent of the disease, which may have many negative effects on the colony and cause heavy economic losses in apicultures. another microsporidium species, nosema ceranae , was reported to infest the asian honeybee ( apis ceranae ), but both honeybee species are susceptible to both microsporidia. in the european honeybee ... | 2009 | 19635710 |
| characterization of secreted proteases of paenibacillus larvae, potential virulence factors involved in honeybee larval infection. | paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of american foulbrood (afb), the most severe bacterial disease that affects honeybee larvae. afb causes a significant decrease in the honeybee population affecting the beekeeping industry and agricultural production. after infection of larvae, p. larvae secretes proteases that could be involved in the pathogenicity. in the present article, we present the secretion of different proteases by p. larvae. inhibition assays confirmed the presence of metallop ... | 2009 | 19638278 |
| [experimental study of the mechanisms of the tissue repair activity of complex and individual agents isolated from delphinium elatum]. | it is demonstrated in experiment that the entire complex and individual agents isolated from the above-ground part of bee larkspur delphinium elatum stimulate the reparative regeneration of skin in white mongrel mice. the maximum activity was exhibited by the alkaloid fraction of delphinium elatum. | 2009 | 19642592 |
| reducing honey bee defensive responses and social wasp colonization with methyl anthranilate. | human victims of a massive number of stings have been steadily increasing since the invasion of africanized honey bees (apis mellifera) to the united states in 1990. multiple honey bee stings may result in venom toxicity, leading to renal failure and even death. here we tested the efficacy of methyl anthranilate as a honey bee repellent during a massive defensive response by africanized honey bees. an aerosolized solution of 10% methyl anthranilate reduced the number of defensive bee hits to a r ... | 2009 | 19645280 |
| formation of hydroxymethylfurfural in domestic high-fructose corn syrup and its toxicity to the honey bee (apis mellifera). | in the united states, high-fructose corn syrup (hfcs) has become a sucrose replacement for honey bees and has widespread use as a sweetener in many processed foods and beverages for human consumption. it is utilized by commercial beekeepers as a food for honey bees for several reasons: to promote brood production, after bees have been moved for commercial pollination, and when field-gathered nectar sources are scarce. hydroxymethylfurfural (hmf) is a heat-formed contaminant and is the most noted ... | 2009 | 19645504 |
| colony collapse disorder: a descriptive study. | over the last two winters, there have been large-scale, unexplained losses of managed honey bee (apis mellifera l.) colonies in the united states. in the absence of a known cause, this syndrome was named colony collapse disorder (ccd) because the main trait was a rapid loss of adult worker bees. we initiated a descriptive epizootiological study in order to better characterize ccd and compare risk factor exposure between populations afflicted by and not afflicted by ccd. | 2009 | 19649264 |
| rediscovering the antibiotics of the hive. | honey and other bee products were subjected to laboratory and clinical investigations during the past few decades and the most remarkable discovery was their antibacterial activity. honey has been used since ancient times for the treatment of some diseases and for the healing of wounds but its use as an anti-infective agent was superseded by modern dressings and antibiotic therapy. however, the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria has confounded the current use of antibiotic the ... | 2009 | 19673699 |
| caffeic acid phenethyl ester, an active component of honeybee propolis attenuates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via the suppression of rankl-induced nf-kappab and nfat activity. | receptor activator nf-kappab ligand (rankl)-activated signaling is essential for osteoclast differentiation, activation and survival. caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape), a natural nf-kappab inhibitor from honeybee propolis has been shown to have anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties. in this study, we investigated the effect of cape on the regulation of rankl-induced osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption and signaling pathways. low concentrations of cape (<1 microm) dose dependently inhibit ... | 2009 | 19681045 |
| invasive bombus terrestris (hymenoptera: apidae) parasitized by a flagellate (euglenozoa: kinetoplastea) and a neogregarine (apicomplexa: neogregarinorida). | the flagellate crithidia bombi and the neogregarine apicystis bombi have been found in individuals of bombus terrestris, a palaearctic species of bumble bee commercially reared and shipped worldwide for pollination services. b. terrestris has recently entered into the northwestern patagonia region of argentina from chile, where it was introduced in 1998. prevalence was 21.6% for c. bombi and 3.6% for a. bombi (n=111). the pathogens were not detected in 441 bumble bees belonging to five of the ei ... | 2009 | 19682459 |
| what does an insect see? | the compound eye of the bee is an array of photoreceptors, each at an angle to the next, and therefore it catches an image of the outside world just as does the human eye, except that the image is not inverted. eye structure, however, tells us little about what the bee actually abstracts from the panorama. moreover, it is not sufficient to observe that bees recognise patterns, because they may be responding to only small parts of them. the only way we can tell what the bee actually detects is to ... | 2009 | 19684204 |
| an intersubunit salt bridge near the selectivity filter stabilizes the active state of kir1.1. | romk (kir1.1) potassium channels are closed by internal acidification with a pka of 6.7 +/- 0.01 in 100 mm external k and a pka of 7.0 +/- 0.01 in 1 mm external k. internal acidification in 1 mm k (but not 100 mm k) not only closed the ph gate but also inactivated kir1.1, such that realkalization did not restore channel activity until high k was returned to the bath. we identified a new putative intersubunit salt bridge (r128-e132-kir1.1b) in the p-loop of the channel near the selectivity filter ... | 2009 | 19686653 |
| basophil responsiveness in patients with insect sting allergies and negative venom-specific immunoglobulin e and skin prick test results. | current guidelines do not adequately address the question of how best to manage patients with a convincing history of insect allergy, but negative venom-specific ige and skin test results. | 2009 | 19689457 |
| aqueous extract of brazilian green propolis: primary components, evaluation of inflammation and wound healing by using subcutaneous implanted sponges. | propolis is a chemically complex resinous bee product which has gained worldwide popularity as a means to improve health condition and prevent diseases. the main constituents of an aqueous extract of a sample of green propolis from southeast brazil were shown by high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy/mass spectroscopy to be mono- and di-o-caffeoylquinic acids; phenylpropanoids known as important constituents of alcohol extracts of green propolis, such as artepillin c and drupan ... | 2009 | 19690045 |
| the innate immune and systemic response in honey bees to a bacterial pathogen, paenibacillus larvae. | there is a major paradox in our understanding of honey bee immunity: the high population density in a bee colony implies a high rate of disease transmission among individuals, yet bees are predicted to express only two-thirds as many immunity genes as solitary insects, e.g., mosquito or fruit fly. this suggests that the immune response in bees is subdued in favor of social immunity, yet some specific immune factors are up-regulated in response to infection. to explore the response to infection m ... | 2009 | 19695106 |
| changes in transcript abundance relating to colony collapse disorder in honey bees (apis mellifera). | colony collapse disorder (ccd) is a mysterious disappearance of honey bees that has beset beekeepers in the united states since late 2006. pathogens and other environmental stresses, including pesticides, have been linked to ccd, but a causal relationship has not yet been demonstrated. because the gut acts as a primary interface between the honey bee and its environment as a site of entry for pathogens and toxins, we used whole-genome microarrays to compare gene expression between guts of bees f ... | 2009 | 19706391 |
| consumption of a nectar alkaloid reduces pathogen load in bumble bees. | diet has a significant effect on pathogen infections in animals and the consumption of secondary metabolites can either enhance or mitigate infection intensity. secondary metabolites, which are commonly associated with herbivore defense, are also frequently found in floral nectar. one hypothesized function of this so-called toxic nectar is that it has antimicrobial properties, which may benefit insect pollinators by reducing the intensity of pathogen infections. we tested whether gelsemine, a ne ... | 2010 | 19711104 |
| the small heat shock protein (shsp) genes in the silkworm, bombyx mori, and comparative analysis with other insect shsp genes. | small heat shock proteins (shsps) are products of heat shock response and of other stress responses, and ubiquitous in all three domains of life, archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. they mainly function as molecular chaperones to protect proteins from being denatured in extreme conditions. study on insect shsps could provide some insights into evolution of insects that have adapted to diverse niches in the world. | 2009 | 19715580 |
| distribution of kakugo virus and its effects on the gene expression profile in the brain of the worker honeybee apis mellifera l. | we previously identified a novel insect picorna-like virus, termed kakugo virus (kv), obtained from the brains of aggressive honeybee worker bees that had counterattacked giant hornets. here we examined the tissue distribution of kv and alterations of gene expression profiles in the brains of kv-infected worker bees to analyze possible effects of kv infection on honeybee neural and physiological states. by use of in situ hybridization, kv was broadly detected in the brains of the naturally kv-in ... | 2009 | 19726502 |
| morphotypes of varroa destructor collected in apis mellifera colonies from different geographic locations of argentina. | parasites display considerable phenotypic plasticity in life-history traits such as, body size. varroa destructor is an ectoparasitic mite of the western honey bee apis mellifera. several studies have reported that in v. destructor, there is a wide phenotypic plasticity within a population of mites. however, it is unknown if there are morphologic variations in v. destructor populations affecting different a. mellifera populations. a morphometric study of v. destructor populations was conducted t ... | 2009 | 19727820 |
| genetic characterization of the mite varroa destructor (acari: varroidae) collected from honey bees apis mellifera (hymenoptera, apidae) in the state of santa catarina, brazil. | the mite varroa destructor is an ectoparasite that is considered a major pest for beekeeping with european honey bees. however, africanized bee colonies are less threatened by this ectoparasite, because infestation levels remain low in these bees. the low reproductive ability of female mites of the japanese biotype (j), introduced to brazil early in the 1970s was initially considered the main factor for the lack of virulence of this parasite on africanized bees. in other regions of the world whe ... | 2009 | 19731219 |
| dna methylation, an epigenetic mechanism connecting folate to healthy embryonic development and aging. | experimental studies demonstrated that maternal exposure to certain environmental and dietary factors during early embryonic development can influence the phenotype of offspring as well as the risk of disease development at the later life. dna methylation, an epigenetic phenomenon, has been suggested as a mechanism by which maternal nutrients affect the phenotype of their offspring in both honeybee and agouti mouse models. phenotypic changes through dna methylation can be linked to folate metabo ... | 2009 | 19733471 |
| high-level resistance of nosema ceranae, a parasite of the honeybee, to temperature and desiccation. | resistance of nosema ceranae to different exposure conditions has been evaluated by using sytox green and dapi (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) to test spore viability. high thermotolerance at 60 and 35 degrees c and resistance to desiccation were observed. however, a significant decrease in viability after freezing and a rapid degeneration of spores maintained at 4 degrees c were also detected. | 2009 | 19734329 |
| immune suppression in the honey bee (apis mellifera) following infection by nosema ceranae (microsporidia). | two microsporidia species have been shown to infect apis mellifera, nosema apis and nosema ceranae. this work presents evidence that n. ceranae infection significantly suppresses the honey bee immune response, although this effect was not observed following infection with n. apis. immune suppression would also increase susceptibility to other bee pathogens and senescence. despite the importance of both nosema species in honey bee health, there is no information about their effect on the bees' im ... | 2009 | 19737304 |
| a meta-analysis of bees' responses to anthropogenic disturbance. | pollinators may be declining globally, a matter of concern because animal pollination is required by most of the world's plant species, including many crop plants. human land use and the loss of native habitats is thought to be an important driver of decline for wild, native pollinators, yet the findings of published studies on this topic have never been quantitatively synthesized. here we use meta-analysis to synthesize the literature on how bees, the most important group of pollinators, are af ... | 2009 | 19739369 |
| evolutionary conservation and changes in insect trp channels. | trp (transient receptor potential) channels respond to diverse stimuli and thus function as the primary integrators of varied sensory information. they are also activated by various compounds and secondary messengers to mediate cell-cell interactions as well as to detect changes in the local environment. their physiological roles have been primarily characterized only in mice and fruit flies, and evolutionary studies are limited. to understand the evolution of insect trp channels and the mechani ... | 2009 | 19740447 |
| a comparison of citrus blossom volatiles. | the objective of this study was to identify the major volatiles and their relative concentrations in intact grapefruit, sweet orange, sour orange, mandarin, lemon, lime and pummelo blossoms. volatiles from freshly picked blossoms were collected and concentrated using static headspace solid-phase microextraction and then separated and identified using gc-ms. seventy volatiles were detected, 66 identified, of which 29 were identified for the first time in citrus blossoms. major volatiles consisted ... | 2009 | 19747702 |
| two-parameter characterization of chromosome-scale recombination rate. | the genome-wide recombination rate (rr) of a species is often described by one parameter, the ratio between total genetic map length (g) and physical map length (p), measured in centimorgans per megabase (cm/mb). the value of this parameter varies greatly between species, but the cause for these differences is not entirely clear. a constraining factor of overall rr in a species, which may cause increased rr for smaller chromosomes, is the requirement of at least one chiasma per chromosome (or ch ... | 2009 | 19752285 |
| identification of n-glycosylation in prolyl endoprotease from aspergillus niger and evaluation of the enzyme for its possible application in proteomics. | an acidic prolyl endoprotease from aspergillus niger was isolated from the commercial product brewers clarex to evaluate its possible application in proteomics. the chromatographic purification yielded a single protein band in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis providing an apparent molecular mass of 63 kda and a broad peak (m/z 58,061) in linear matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (maldi) time-of-flight (tof) mass spectrometry (ms) indicating the glycoprotein natu ... | 2009 | 19757411 |
| effect of reduced risk pesticides for use in greenhouse vegetable production on bombus impatiens (hymenoptera: apidae). | bumble bees [bombus impatiens (cresson)] are widely used for supplemental pollination of greenhouse vegetables and are at risk of pesticide exposure while foraging. the objective of this study was to determine the lethal and sub-lethal effects of four insecticides (imidacloprid, abamectin, metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole) and three fungicides (myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil) used or with potential for use in ontario greenhouse vegetable production to b. im ... | 2010 | 19757502 |
| a potentially novel overlapping gene in the genomes of israeli acute paralysis virus and its relatives. | the israeli acute paralysis virus (iapv) is a honeybee-infecting virus that was found to be associated with colony collapse disorder. the iapv genome contains two genes encoding a structural and a nonstructural polyprotein. we applied a recently developed method for the estimation of selection in overlapping genes to detect purifying selection and, hence, functionality. we provide evolutionary evidence for the existence of a functional overlapping gene, which is translated in the +1 reading fram ... | 2009 | 19761605 |
| nociception-induced spatial and temporal plasticity of synaptic connection and function in the hippocampal formation of rats: a multi-electrode array recording. | pain is known to be processed by a complex neural network (neuromatrix) in the brain. it is hypothesized that under pathological state, persistent or chronic pain can affect various higher brain functions through ascending pathways, leading to co-morbidities or mental disability of pain. however, so far the influences of pathological pain on the higher brain functions are less clear and this may hinder the advances in pain therapy. in the current study, we studied spatiotemporal plasticity of sy ... | 2009 | 19772643 |
| acute coronary syndrome triggered by honeybee sting: a case report. | a 56-year-old previously healthy man was admitted to our hospital with a severe chest pain that started shortly after being stung by a honeybee. he did not have any allergic symptoms and there was no cutaneous or respiratory evidence of allergy on physical examination. electrocardiographic and biochemical markers were consistent with an acute coronary syndrome. coronary angiography demonstrated a significant thrombotic lesion in the right coronary artery. here, a rare and unexpected event is pre ... | 2009 | 19773510 |
| estimating the density of honeybee colonies across their natural range to fill the gap in pollinator decline censuses. | although pollinator declines are a global biodiversity threat, the demography of the western honeybee (apis mellifera) has not been considered by conservationists because it is biased by the activity of beekeepers. to fill this gap in pollinator decline censuses and to provide a broad picture of the current status of honeybees across their natural range, we used microsatellite genetic markers to estimate colony densities and genetic diversity at different locations in europe, africa, and central ... | 2010 | 19775273 |
| intergenerational reproductive parasitism in a stingless bee. | insect colonies have been traditionally regarded as closed societies comprised of completely sterile workers ruled over by a single once-mated queen. however, over the past 15 years, microsatellite studies of parentage have revealed that this perception is far from the truth (beekman & oldroyd 2008). first, we learned that honey bee queens are far more promiscuous than we had previously imagined (estoup et al. 1994), with one apis dorsata queen clocked at over 100 mates (wattanachaiyingcharoen e ... | 2009 | 19778383 |
| secreted and immunogenic proteins produced by the honeybee bacterial pathogen, paenibacillus larvae. | american foulbrood is a severe disease affecting larvae of honeybee apis mellifera, causing significant decrease in the honeybee population, beekeeping industries and agricultural production. in spite of its importance, little is known about the virulence factors secreted by paenibacillus larvae during larval infection. the aim of the present work was to perform a first approach to the identification and characterization of p. larvae secretome. p. larvae secreted proteins were analyzed by sds-pa ... | 2010 | 19781868 |
| selective inhibitory effects of pregabalin on peripheral c but not a-delta fibers mediated nociception in intact and spinalized rats. | effects of pregabalin (pgb, 20-80 mg/kg i.v. injection) on spinally-organized nociception were investigated in isoflurane-anesthetized intact and spinalized rats. responses of single deep spinal dorsal horn (dh) (laminae iv-v) nociceptive-specific (ns) neurons receiving peripheral inputs from a-delta and c fibers to repetitive electrical stimulation (intensity: 3-5 ma; frequency: 1 hz; pulse duration: 1 ms), mechanical/heat stimulation were recorded extracellularly during physiological condition ... | 2009 | 19782722 |
| deformed wing virus implicated in overwintering honeybee colony losses. | the worldwide decline in honeybee colonies during the past 50 years has often been linked to the spread of the parasitic mite varroa destructor and its interaction with certain honeybee viruses. recently in the united states, dramatic honeybee losses (colony collapse disorder) have been reported; however, there remains no clear explanation for these colony losses, with parasitic mites, viruses, bacteria, and fungal diseases all being proposed as possible candidates. common characteristics that m ... | 2009 | 19783750 |
| metagenomic analysis of rna viruses in a fresh water lake. | freshwater lakes and ponds present an ecological interface between humans and a variety of host organisms. they are a habitat for the larval stage of many insects and may serve as a medium for intraspecies and interspecies transmission of viruses such as avian influenza a virus. furthermore, freshwater bodies are already known repositories for disease-causing viruses such as norwalk virus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, and adenovirus. while rna virus populations have been studied in marine environm ... | 2009 | 19787045 |
| microbial communities in bees, pollen and honey from slovakia. | as the honey-bee gastrointestinal tract microflora and pollen are the primary sources for the honey microbial community, the aim of this work was to study and characterize the microbial transit among them. therefore, an exhaustive microbial analysis of honey, adult honey-bee gastrointestinal tract, and pollen from different slovakian regions and different seasons, was conducted. microbial screening revealed that the primary sources of microbial community present in slovakian honey are pollen and ... | 2009 | 19789142 |
| acaricidal and insecticidal activity of essential oils on varroa destructor (acari: varroidae) and apis mellifera (hymenoptera: apidae). | varroa destructor is an external parasitic mite that is a serious pest of honeybees and has caused severe losses of colonies worldwide. one of the feasible alternative treatments being used for their control is essential oils. the aim of this work was to evaluate the bioactivity of some essential oils on v. destructor and apis mellifera in relation with their chemical composition and physicochemical properties. lavender, lavendin and laurel essential oils showed linalool as main compound in thei ... | 2009 | 19795133 |
| antimicrobial activity of honey from the stingless bee trigona carbonaria determined by agar diffusion, agar dilution, broth microdilution and time-kill methodology. | the aim of this study was to determine the spectrum of antimicrobial activity of 11 samples of stingless bee honey compared to medicinal, table and artificial honeys. | 2010 | 19811569 |
| chemical signals in the stingless bee, frieseomelitta varia, indicate caste, gender, age, and reproductive status. | chemical compounds on the cuticle are a rich source of information used during interactions among social insects. despite the multitude of studies on these substances and their function in ants, wasps, and honeybees, little is known about this subject in stingless bees (hymenoptera: apidae, meliponini). we studied the chemical composition of the cuticle of the stingless bee, frieseomelitta varia, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms), to investigate potential chemical variation among c ... | 2009 | 19813058 |
| apamin reduces neuromuscular transmission by activating inhibitory muscarinic m(2) receptors on motor nerve terminals. | this study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism by which the toxin from the bee venom, apamin, might exert beneficial effects in patients suffering from myotonic dystrophy. the effects of apamin were compared with those produced by another potassium channel blocker, 4-aminopyridine, on rat hemidiaphragm preparations stimulated at a 100 hz frequency via the phrenic nerve. apamin and 4-aminopyridine increased nerve-evoked tetanic fade without changing the maximal tetanic tension. the inhibi ... | 2010 | 19818752 |
| correlations between environmental factors and wild bee behavior on alfalfa (medicago sativa) in northwestern china. | to discover the effect of environmental factors on pollinator visitation to flowering medicago sativa, several field experiments were designed to examine the diurnal movement patterns of wild bee species in the hexi corridor of northwestern china. our study results showed that megachile abluta, m. spissula, and xylocopa valga showed unimodal diurnal foraging behavior, whereas andrena parvula and anthophora melanognatha showed bimodal diurnal foraging behavior. correlation analysis indicated that ... | 2009 | 19825303 |
| properties of honey from ten species of peruvian stingless bees. | honey produced by ten stingless bee species (melipona crinita, m. eburnea, m. grandis, m. illota, nannotrigona melanocera, partamona epiphytophila, ptilotrigona lurida, scaptotrigona polystica, scaura latitarsis, and tetragonisca angustula) from peru has been characterized according to traditional physicochemical standards (color and moisture), biochemical components (flavonoids, polyphenols, nitrites, proteins), and bioactive properties (antibacterial activity, antioxidant capacity). analytical ... | 2009 | 19831033 |
| effect of temperature regime on diapause intensity in an adult-wintering hymenopteran with obligate diapause. | osmia lignaria is a solitary bee that over-winters as a fully eclosed, cocooned, unfed adult. our objective is to understand the effect of wintering temperature on diapause maintenance and termination in this species. we measure respiration rates and weight loss in individuals exposed to various wintering temperatures (0, 4, 7, 22 degrees c, outdoors) and durations (28, 84, 140, 196, 252 days). we use time to emerge and respiration response (respiration rate measured at 22 degrees c) as indicato ... | 2010 | 19837077 |
| propolis inhibits osteoclast maturation. | propolis, a natural product produced by the honey bee, has been successfully used in medicine as an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. traumatic injuries to the teeth, especially avulsion injuries, present a challenging situation for the clinician because of post-treatment complications, such as inflammatory and/or replacement resorption. agents that reduce osteoclast numbers and activity may be useful in the treatment of traumatic injuries to the teeth. in this study, we evaluated propo ... | 2009 | 19843135 |
| genetic detection and quantification of nosema apis and n. ceranae in the honey bee. | the incidence of nosemosis has increased in recent years due to an emerging infestation of nosema ceranae in managed honey bee populations in much of the world. a real-time pcr assay was developed to facilitate detection and quantification of both nosema apis and n. ceranae in both single bee and pooled samples. the assay is a multiplexed reaction in which both species are detected and quantified in a single reaction. the assay is highly sensitive and can detect single copies of the target seque ... | 2010 | 19850047 |
| reproductive biology of varroa destructor in africanized honey bees (apis mellifera). | since its first contact with apis mellifera, the population dynamics of the parasitic mite varroa destructor varies from one region to another. in many regions of the world, apiculture has come to depend on the use of acaricides, because of the extensive damage caused by varroa to bee colonies. at present, the mite is considered to contribute to the recent decline of honey bee colonies in north america and europe. because in tropical climates worker brood rearing and varroa reproduction occurs a ... | 2010 | 19851876 |
| differential roles of peripheral metabotropic glutamate receptors in bee venom-induced nociception and inflammation in conscious rats. | intraplantar injection of bee venom (bv) produces persistent spontaneous nociception (psn), hyperalgesia, and inflammatory swelling of the injected paw. the present study was designed to determine the roles of peripheral metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) in bv-induced nociception and inflammation. we determined the effects of the group i mglur antagonist aida, the group ii mglur agonist adpc, and the group iii mglur agonist l-ap4 on bv-induced psn, mechanical hyperalgesia, and inflammato ... | 2010 | 19853520 |
| presence and prevalence of viruses in local and migratory honeybees (apis mellifera) in massachusetts. | migratory and local bees in massachusetts were analyzed for seven viruses. three were detected: black queen cell virus (bqcv), deformed wing virus (dwv), and sacbrood virus (sbv). dwv was most common, followed closely by bqcv and then by sbv. bqcv and sbv were present at significantly higher rates in the migratory bees assayed, bringing into question the impact that these bees have on the health of local bee populations. | 2009 | 19854916 |
| royal jelly reduces the serum glucose levels in healthy subjects. | earlier biological investigations have shown that royal jelly has insulin-like activity. however, there have so far been no clinical trials to support these findings. the objective of the present study was to study the effect of royal jelly ingestion on the glucose metabolism of healthy humans. twenty volunteers underwent the standardized oral glucose tolerance test (ogtt) and afterwards a second ogtt after ingestion of 20 g of royal jelly. serum glucose levels after 2 hours and the area under t ... | 2009 | 19857086 |
| quartan malaria-associated childhood nephrotic syndrome: now a rare clinical entity in malaria endemic nigeria. | the study determined (i) whether or not quartan malaria nephropathy (qmn) is still a major cause of childhood nephrotic syndrome (cns) in nigeria, (ii) secondary causes other than qmn and their associated glomerular pathology and (iii) renal and patient outcome. | 2010 | 19861316 |
| the visual acuity of the honey bee. | 1. bees respond by a characteristic reflex to a movement in their visual field. by confining the field to a series of parallel dark and luminous bars it is possible to determine the size of bar to which the bees respond under different conditions and in this way to measure the resolving power or visual acuity of the eye. the maximum visual acuity of the bee is lower than the lowest human visual acuity. under similar, maximal conditions the fineness of resolution of the human eye is about 100 tim ... | 1929 | 19872494 |
| the visual intensity discrimination of the honey bee. | 1. bees respond by a characteristic reflex to a movement in their visual field. by confining the field to a series of parallel stripes of different brightness it is possible to determine at any brightness of one of the two stripe systems the brightness of the second at which the bee will first respond to a displacement of the field. thus intensity discrimination can be determined. 2. the discriminating power of the bee's eye varies with illumination in much the same way that it does for the huma ... | 1933 | 19872715 |
| the visual acuity and intensity discrimination of drosophila. | drosophila possesses an inherited reflex response to a moving visual pattern which can be used to measure its capacity for intensity discrimination and its visual acuity at different illuminations. it is found that these two properties of vision run approximately parallel courses as functions of the prevailing intensity. visual acuity varies with the logarithm of the intensity in much the same sigmoid way as in man, the bee, and the fiddler crab. the resolving power is very poor at low illuminat ... | 1934 | 19872798 |
| a theory of visual intensity discrimination. | 1. a theory of visual intensity discrimination is proposed in terms of the photochemical events which take place at the moment when a photosensory system already adapted to the intensity i is exposed to the just perceptibly higher intensity i+deltai. unlike previous formulations this theory predicts that the fraction deltai/i, after rapidly decreasing as i increases, does not increase again at high intensities, but reaches a constant value which is maintained even at the highest intensities. 2. ... | 1935 | 19872886 |
| the dark adaptation of the eye of the honey bee. | bees which are held in a fixed position so that only head movements can be made, respond to a moving stripe system in their visual field by a characteristic motion of the antennae. this reflex can be used to measure the bee's state of photic adaptation. a curve describing the course of dark adaptation is obtained, which shows that the sensitivity of the light adapted bee's eye increases rapidly during the first few minutes in darkness, then more slowly until it reaches a maximum level after 25 t ... | 1935 | 19872922 |
| the visual acuity of the fiddler-crab, uca pugnax. | the visual acuity of the fiddler-crab can be measured at various illuminations by means of its response to a moving visual pattern. the method, although similar to that used by hecht and wolf for the bee and hecht and wald for drosophila, must be modified to give consistent results. an explanation of the response to a visual pattern is given in terms of the structure of the eye. visual acuity of the crab varies with log i as in man, the bee, and drosophila. hecht and wolf's explanation of the va ... | 1935 | 19872929 |
| africanized honey bees more efficiently convert protein diets into hemolymph protein than do carniolan bees (apis mellifera carnica). | the superiority of africanized over european honey bees in tropical and subtropical regions of the new world is both well documented and poorly understood. as part of an effort to try to understand the process by which the displacement of european bees occurred, we examined the ability of these two types of bees and of hybrids between the two to convert natural and artificial diets into usable protein. newly emerged bees from colonies of tropically adapted africanized and temperate-origin carnio ... | 2009 | 19876865 |
| localization of deformed wing virus (dwv) in the brains of the honeybee, apis mellifera linnaeus. | deformed wing virus (dwv) is a positive-strand rna virus that infects european honeybees (apis mellifera l.) and has been isolated from the brains of aggressive bees in japan. dwv is known to be transmitted both vertically and horizontally between bees in a colony and can lead to both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections in bees. in environmentally stressful conditions, dwv can contribute to the demise of a honeybee colony. the purpose of the current study is to identify regions within the br ... | 2009 | 19878557 |
| trigona laeviceps propolis from thailand: antimicrobial, antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities. | propolis is one of the natural bee products which has long been used as a crude preventative and prophylactic medicine, and has been reported to possess antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and anticancer properties. propolis of the stingless bee, trigona laeviceps, was extracted by water or methanol at 35% (w/v) yielding a crude water or a methanolic extract at 60 and 80 mg/ml, respectively, which is 17.1 and 22.9% (w/w) of the total propolis, respectively. the antimicrobi ... | 2009 | 19885946 |
| indoor winter fumigation with formic acid for control of acarapis woodi (acari: tarsonemidae) and nosema disease, nosema sp. | indoor fumigation of honey bees, apis mellifera l., with formic acid to control varroa mites, varroa destructor anderson & trueman, allows simultaneous fumigation of multiple colonies with little labor input and good efficacy. several experiments were designed to test the efficacy of formic acid as a treatment for honey bee mites, acarapis woodi (rennie) (acari: tarsonemidae), and nosema disease, nosema sp., indoors in winter. the objectives of this study were (1) to determine the efficacy of fo ... | 2009 | 19886435 |
| repertoires of the nucleosome-positioning dinucleotides. | it is generally accepted that the organization of eukaryotic dna into chromatin is strongly governed by a code inherent in the genomic dna sequence. this code, as well as other codes, is superposed on the triplets coding for amino acids. the history of the chromatin code started three decades ago with the discovery of the periodic appearance of certain dinucleotides, with aa/tt and rr/yy giving the strongest signals, all with a period of 10.4 bases. every base-pair stack in the dna duplex has sp ... | 2009 | 19888331 |
| inhospitable sweetness: nectar filtering of pollinator-borne inocula leads to impoverished, phylogenetically clustered yeast communities. | identifying the rules and mechanisms that determine the composition and diversity of naturally co-occurring species assemblages is a central topic in community ecology. although micro-organisms represent the 'unseen majority' of species, individuals and biomass in many ecosystems and play pivotal roles in community development and function, the study of the factors influencing the assembly of microbial communities has lagged behind that of plant and animal communities. in this paper, we investig ... | 2010 | 19889702 |
| bites and stings. | of the 426 bite or sting problems managed, 312 (73%) were caused by insects. there were 114 other types of bites recorded, the most common being dog and spider bites. there were five cases of toxicity from aquatic animal stings or adverse reactions to bee stings (table 1). | 2009 | 19893830 |
| bioinformatic evidence for a stem-loop structure 5'-adjacent to the igr-ires and for an overlapping gene in the bee paralysis dicistroviruses. | the family dicistroviridae (order picornavirales) includes species that infect insects and other arthropods. these viruses have a linear positive-sense ssrna genome of approximately 8-10 kb, which contains two long orfs. the 5' orf encodes the nonstructural polyprotein while the 3' orf encodes the structural polyprotein. the dicistroviruses are noteworthy for the intergenic internal ribosome entry site (igr-ires) that mediates efficient translation initation on the 3' orf without the requirement ... | 2009 | 19895695 |
| dissecting cross-reactivity in hymenoptera venom allergy by circumvention of alpha-1,3-core fucosylation. | hymenoptera venom allergy is known to cause life-threatening and sometimes fatal ige-mediated anaphylactic reactions in allergic individuals. about 30-50% of patients with insect venom allergy have ige antibodies that react with both honeybee and yellow jacket venom. apart from true double sensitisation, ige against cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (ccd) are the most frequent cause of multiple reactivities severely hampering the diagnosis and design of therapeutic strategies by clinicall ... | 2010 | 19896717 |
| africanized honeybees are slower learners than their european counterparts. | does cognitive ability always correlate with a positive fitness consequence? previous research in both vertebrates and invertebrates provides mixed results. here, we compare the learning and memory abilities of africanized honeybees (apis mellifera scutellata hybrid) and european honeybees (apis mellifera ligustica). the range of the africanized honeybee continues to expand, superseding the european honeybee, which led us to hypothesize that they might possess greater cognitive capabilities as r ... | 2010 | 19904521 |
| spatial analysis of migrating apis mellifera colonies in salvador, bahia, brazil. | beekeeping in brazil is growing but also associated with an increase in the number of human and animal accidents involved. in particular, bees of the apis mellifera species (africanized bees) are known for their aggressive behaviour and frequent swarming activity due to their poor adaptation to the human environment. this study analyzed the spatial distribution of occurrences of migratory swarms of a. mellifera and recorded apicultural accidents in the city of salvador, bahia, brazil. the associ ... | 2009 | 19908195 |
| american foulbrood in honeybees and its causative agent, paenibacillus larvae. | after more than a century of american foulbrood (afb) research, this fatal brood infection is still among the most deleterious bee diseases. its etiological agent is the gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium paenibacillus larvae. huge progress has been made, especially in the last 20 years, in the understanding of the disease and of the underlying host-pathogen interactions. this review will place these recent developments in the study of american foulbrood and of p. larvae into the general con ... | 2010 | 19909971 |
| the acute bee paralysis virus-kashmir bee virus-israeli acute paralysis virus complex. | acute bee paralysis virus (abpv), kashmir bee virus (kbv) and israeli acute paralysis virus (iapv) are part of a complex of closely related viruses from the family dicistroviridae. these viruses have a widespread prevalence in honey bee (apis mellifera) colonies and a predominantly sub-clinical etiology that contrasts sharply with the extremely virulent pathology encountered at elevated titres, either artificially induced or encountered naturally. these viruses are frequently implicated in honey ... | 2010 | 19909972 |
| socialized medicine: individual and communal disease barriers in honey bees. | honey bees are attacked by numerous parasites and pathogens toward which they present a variety of individual and group-level defenses. in this review, we briefly introduce the many pathogens and parasites afflicting honey bees, highlighting the biology of specific taxonomic groups mainly as they relate to virulence and possible defenses. second, we describe physiological, immunological, and behavioral responses of individual bees toward pathogens and parasites. third, bees also show behavioral ... | 2010 | 19909975 |
| deformed wing virus. | deformed wing virus (dwv; iflaviridae) is one of many viruses infecting honeybees and one of the most heavily investigated due to its close association with honeybee colony collapse induced by varroadestructor. in the absence of v.destructor dwv infection does not result in visible symptoms or any apparent negative impact on host fitness. however, for reasons that are still not fully understood, the transmission of dwv by v.destructor to the developing pupae causes clinical symptoms, including p ... | 2010 | 19909976 |
| nosema ceranae in european honey bees (apis mellifera). | nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite described from the asian honey bee, apis cerana. the parasite is cross-infective with the european honey bee, apis mellifera. it is not known when or where n. ceranae first infected european bees, but n. ceranae has probably been infecting european bees for at least two decades. n. ceranae appears to be replacing nosema apis, at least in some populations of european honey bees. this replacement is an enigma because the spores of the new parasite are le ... | 2010 | 19909977 |
| chronic bee paralysis: a disease and a virus like no other? | chronic bee paralysis which was called paralysis is a rather unusual disease caused by a rather unusual virus. in this review, we explore current knowledge of the disease and its etiological agent. paralysis is the only common viral disease of adult bees whose symptoms include both behavioural and physiological modifications: trembling and hair loss. the disease often affects the strong colonies of an apiary and thousands of dead individuals are then observed in front of the hives. two sets of s ... | 2010 | 19909978 |
| reassessing the role of hyaluronidase in yellow jacket venom allergy. | yellow jacket hyaluronidase (yj-hya) is considered a major allergen in yellow jacket allergy. it shows 50% homology with the hyaluronidase from honeybee venom, api m 2. recently, ige binding to yj-hya and cross-reactivity with api m 2 has been shown to be due to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (ccds). | 2010 | 19910026 |
| bee products prevent vegf-induced angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. | vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) is a key regulator of pathogenic angiogenesis in diseases such as cancer and diabetic retinopathy. bee products [royal jelly (rj), bee pollen, and chinese red propolis] from the honeybee, apis mellifera, have been used as traditional health foods for centuries. the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-angiogenic effects of bee products using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs). | 2009 | 19917137 |
| ecdysis triggering hormone signaling in arthropods. | ecdysis triggering hormones (eths) from endocrine inka cells initiate the ecdysis sequence through action on central neurons expressing eth receptors (ethr) in model moth and dipteran species. we used various biochemical, molecular and blast search techniques to detect these signaling molecules in representatives of diverse arthropods. using peptide isolation from tracheal extracts, cdna cloning or homology searches, we identified eths in a variety of hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects. m ... | 2010 | 19951734 |
| 454 pyrosequencing based transcriptome analysis of zygaena filipendulae with focus on genes involved in biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides. | an essential driving component in the co-evolution of plants and insects is the ability to produce and handle bioactive compounds. plants produce bioactive natural products for defense, but some insects detoxify and/or sequester the compounds, opening up for new niches with fewer competitors. to study the molecular mechanism behind the co-adaption in plant-insect interactions, we have investigated the interactions between lotus corniculatus and zygaena filipendulae. they both contain cyanogenic ... | 2009 | 19954531 |
| molecular approaches to the analysis of deformed wing virus replication and pathogenesis in the honey bee, apis mellifera. | for years, the understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms that underlie honey bee viral diseases has been severely hindered because of the lack of a cell culture system for virus propagation. as a result, it is very imperative to develop new methods that would permit the in vitro pathogenesis study of honey bee viruses. the identification of virus replication is an important step towards the understanding of the pathogenesis process of viruses in their respective hosts. in the present study, w ... | 2009 | 20003360 |
| the prognosis of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) treated hiv infected patients in serbia, related to the time of treatment initiation. | with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment (haart) an impressive improvement in patient survival and quality of life has bee observed. however, the optimal timing of initial haart is still under consideration. | 2010 | 20006540 |
| mating flights select for symmetry in honeybee drones (apis mellifera). | males of the honeybee (apis mellifera) fly to specific drone congregation areas (dcas), which virgin queens visit in order to mate. from the thousands of drones that are reared in a single colony, only very few succeed in copulating with a queen, and therefore, a strong selection is expected to act on adult drones during their mating flights. in consequence, the gathering of drones at dcas may serve as an indirect mate selection mechanism, assuring that queens only mate with those individuals ha ... | 2010 | 20012931 |
| hydrocarbon footprints as a record of bumblebee flower visitation. | bumblebees leave traces of cuticular hydrocarbons on flowers they visit, with the amount deposited being positively related to the number of visits. we asked whether such footprint hydrocarbons are retained on flowers for sufficiently long periods of time so as to reflect bee visitation in pollination studies. in laboratory experiments, flower corollae (primula veris, digitalis grandiflora) visited by bombus terrestris workers retained bee-derived nonacosenes (c(29)h(58)) in near-unchanged quant ... | 2009 | 20013038 |
| honey bee sting and venom offering active as well as passive immunization could reduce swine flu pandemic a (h1n1). | | 2010 | 20015597 |
| topical 'sydney' propolis protects against uv-radiation-induced inflammation, lipid peroxidation and immune suppression in mouse skin. | propolis is a honeybee product that has been used in traditional medicine for antioxidant, immune-stimulating, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. here, the potential of the topical application of a crude ethanolic extract of sydney propolis to protect against uv-radiation-induced impairments associated with an increased risk of photocarcinogenesis has been tested in the hairless mouse. | 2010 | 20016191 |
| the phylogenetic distribution of non-ctcf insulator proteins is limited to insects and reveals that beaf-32 is drosophila lineage specific. | chromatin insulators are dna sequences found in eukaryotes that may organize genomes into chromatin domains by blocking enhancer-promoter interactions and preventing heterochromatin spreading. considering that insulators play important roles in organizing higher order chromatin structure and modulating gene expression, very little is known about their phylogenetic distribution. to date, six insulators and their associated proteins have been characterized, including su(hw), zw5, ctcf, gaf, mod(md ... | 2010 | 20024537 |
| impact of bacillus thuringiensis strains on survival, reproduction and foraging behaviour in bumblebees (bombus terrestris). | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and its protein crystals are used worldwide, either as a spray or when expressed in transgenic crops, for the control of pest insects. however, owing to their intensive use, there exists a debate regarding the involvement of this microbial insecticide in bee colony losses. in this study, in a tiered approach using laboratory microcolonies, an evaluation was made of the potential lethal and sublethal hazards on colony reproduction and foraging behaviour of workers of t ... | 2010 | 20024947 |
| medium for development of bee cell cultures (apis mellifera: hymenoptera: apidae). | a media for the production of cell cultures from hymenopteran species such as honey bee, apis mellifera l. (hymenoptera: apidae) was developed. multiple bee cell cultures were produced when using bee larvae and pupae as starting material and modified hert-hunter 70 media. cell culture systems for bees solves an impasse that has hindered efforts to isolate and screen pathogens which may be influencing or causing colony collapse disorder of bees. multiple life stages of maturing larvae to early pu ... | 2010 | 20033792 |
| neuroprotective effects of bee venom pharmaceutical acupuncture in acute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of parkinson's disease. | we explored the neuroprotective effects of bee venom acupuncture in acute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of parkinson's disease. | 2010 | 20034453 |
| bee venom suppresses methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in mice. | although acupuncture is most commonly used for its analgesic effect, it has also been used to treat various drug addictions including cocaine and morphine in humans. this study was designed to investigate the effect of bee venom injection on methamphetamine-induced addictive behaviors including conditioned place preference and hyperlocomotion in mice. | 2010 | 20034456 |
| the trehalose transporter 1 gene sequence is conserved in insects and encodes proteins with different kinetic properties involved in trehalose import into peripheral tissues. | we recently cloned a trehalose transporter gene (tret1) that contributes to anhydrobiosis induction in the sleeping chironomid polypedilum vanderplanki hinton. because trehalose is the main haemolymph sugar in most insects, they might possess tret1 orthologs involved in maintaining haemolymph trehalose levels. we cloned tret1 orthologs from four species in three insect orders. the similarities of the amino acid sequence to tret1 in p. vanderplanki were 58.5-80.4%. phylogenetic analysis suggested ... | 2010 | 20035867 |
| honeybee silk: recombinant protein production, assembly and fiber spinning. | transgenic production of silkworm and spider silks as biomaterials has posed intrinsic problems due to the large size and repetitive nature of the silk proteins. in contrast the silk of honeybees (apis mellifera) is composed of a family of four small and non-repetitive fibrous proteins. we report recombinant production and purification of the four full-length unmodified honeybee silk proteins in escherichia coli at substantial yields of 0.2-2.5 g/l. under the correct conditions the recombinant p ... | 2010 | 20036419 |
| propolis immunomodulatory action in vivo on toll-like receptors 2 and 4 expression and on pro-inflammatory cytokines production in mice. | propolis is a bee product and its immunomodulatory action has been the subject of intense investigation lately. the recent discovery and characterization of the family of toll-like receptors (tlr) have triggered a great deal of interest in the field of innate immunity due to their crucial role in microbial recognition and development of the adaptive immune response. this work aimed to evaluate propolis's effect on tlr-2 and tlr-4 expression and on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (il ... | 2010 | 20041423 |
| royal jelly (honey bee) is a potential antioxidant against cadmium-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in albino mice. | cadmium (cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that induces genotoxic damage in the body. besides, cd induces oxidative damage in various tissues by altering antioxidant defence enzymes system. in this study, we investigated the protective role of royal jelly (rj) on cd-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice. for this aim, the micronucleus (mn) test in erythrocytes and exfoliated cells of buccal mucosa and the chromosome aberration (ca) test in bone marrow cells were applied. in addition, ... | 2009 | 20041783 |
| effect of seasonal variations and collection form on antioxidant activity of propolis from san juan, argentina. | propolis was included in the argentine food code as a functional food. the chemical parameters and antioxidant properties of propolis samples from the same colonies of apis mellifera in san juan (cuyo region, western argentine) were compared every month for 1 year using two collection methods. chemical parameters were analyzed by the spectrophotometric method and fingerprinting using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. the antioxidant activities of propolis samples ... | 2009 | 20041790 |
| discovery of a novel insect neuropeptide signaling system closely related to the insect adipokinetic hormone and corazonin hormonal systems. | neuropeptides and their g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) play a central role in the physiology of insects. one large family of insect neuropeptides are the adipokinetic hormones (akhs), which mobilize lipids and carbohydrates from the insect fat body. other peptides are the corazonins that are structurally related to the akhs but represent a different neuropeptide signaling system. we have previously cloned an orphan gpcr from the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae that was structurally inter ... | 2010 | 20068045 |
| temperature-dependent emergence of osmia cornifrons (hymenoptera: megachilidae) adults. | japanese hornfaced bees osmia cornifrons (radoszkowski) (hymenoptera: megachilidae) are used for pollination of spring blooming fruit crops such as apple, pear, and blueberry. because o. cornifrons has a short adult life span, synchronization of bee emergence with bloom is critical to maximize crop pollination. this study was conducted to determine lower temperature thresholds (ltds), optimum temperatures, and required degree-day accumulation for emergence of o. cornifrons adults. patterns of te ... | 2009 | 20069827 |
| assessment of potential fumigants to control chaetodactylus krombeini (acari: chaetodactylidae) associated with osmia cornifrons (hymenoptera: megachilidae). | with the recent decline of honey bees, apis mellifera (l.) (hymenoptera: apidae), there is a need for alternative or supplemental crop pollinators, such as osmia cornifrons (radoszkowski) (hymenoptera: megachilidae). however, o. cornifrons propagation could be impeded by a cleptoparasitic mite, chaetodactylus krombeini baker. we investigated the effects of formic acid and wintergreen oil on mortality of c. krombeini hypopi and o. cornifrons adults by determining the lethal concentration of each ... | 2009 | 20069836 |