| cluster of chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria cases among short-term travellers to sierra leone. | | 1990 | 2202103 |
| sensitivity of plasmodium falciparum to chlorproguanil in gambian children after five years of continuous chemoprophylaxis. | | 1990 | 2202104 |
| malaria transmission and vector biology in manarintsoa, high plateaux of madagascar. | to evaluate the factors which determine the transmission level of falciparum malaria, entomological and parasitological surveys were conducted from october 1988 to february 1990 in manarintsoa in the central highland plateaux of madagascar. mosquitoes were collected for 928 man-nights in pit shelters and indoor resting sites. malaria vectors were anopheles arabiensis and an. funestus, with no evidence of the presence of an. gambiae sensu stricto. vectors were mainly exophilic and zoophilic. the ... | 1990 | 2202220 |
| enzyme immunoassays for detection of malarial antigens in human plasmas by plasmodium falciparum monoclonal antibodies. | the screening of blood donors for the detection of dangerous disease carriers is a mandatory requirement for blood transfusion centers. enzyme immunoassay (eia) is a suitable method for the examination of large populations. we describe a sandwich eia allowing the detection of soluble malarial antigens in plasma using 11 mouse monoclonal antibodies. among the 121 combinations tested, 2 were selected for their sensitivity and specificity. both were applied to plasmas of (a) acute patients, (b) peo ... | 1990 | 2202221 |
| plasmodium falciparum infection rates in anopheles gambiae, an. arabiensis, and an. funestus in western kenya. | mosquitoes collected monthly for 1 year from human habitations in the kisumu area of western kenya were identified by morphological characters as anopheles gambiae giles sensu lato (an. gambiae s.l.) or an. funestus. of the mosquitoes collected, 7,244 (67%) of the an. gambiae s.l. and 8,511 (87%) of the an. funestus were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the presence of plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (cs) protein. elisa positivity rates were 8.2% for an. gambiae s.l ... | 1990 | 2202222 |
| renal pathology in owl monkeys in plasmodium falciparum vaccine trials. | renal specimens of 16 owl monkeys (aotus vociferans) were studied by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry during a vaccine trial with recombinant proteins of the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (resa) of plasmodium falciparum. deposition of igg, c3, and p. falciparum antigens in the mesangium was demonstrated by the peroxidase anti-peroxidase (pap) method. a relationship between the severity of parasitemia at the time of death and the presence of nephropathy was not apparent. | 1990 | 2202223 |
| surface molecules on plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes involved in adherence. | the identity of cell surface receptor molecules on plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes is of great interest since the functional sites involved in attachment to endothelial cells may be structurally conserved in wild isolates. such conserved sites may represent suitable antigenic targets for a vaccine-induced immune response that would block or reverse infected cell sequestration in vivo. identification of the infected cell receptor sites may also lead to novel methods for treatment of a ... | 1990 | 2202225 |
| in vitro and ex-vivo models of sequestration in plasmodium falciparum infection. | sequestration is the process by which erythrocytes infected with the mature forms of the malarial parasite plasmodium falciparum disappear from circulation and accumulate within venules and capillaries of various organs and tissues. several laboratory models of this phenomena are briefly described with a discussion of their values and shortcomings. | 1990 | 2202226 |
| the pathology of human cerebral malaria. | blockage of the cerebral microvasculature by plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes appears to be the principal cause of human cerebral malaria. knobs which appear on the membrane of the infected erythrocytes adhere to the endothelium, causing the obstruction of cerebral microvessels. protein molecules such as cd36, thrombospondin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, which are present on the membrane of endothelial cells, may act as receptors for the attachment of knobs of p. falciparum- ... | 1990 | 2202227 |
| cerebral malaria in children: clinical implications of cytoadherence. | in endemic areas, most of the people who die from falciparum malaria are young children. death is commonly preceded by coma (cerebral malaria). the possible role of cytoadherence in this clinical picture is considered. | 1990 | 2202228 |
| efficacies of chloroquine and pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine in a nigerian population with chloroquine resistant p. falciparum malaria. | a modification of the standard world health organisation 7--day in vivo test was used to assess the parasitologic and, to limited extent, the clinical response of children less than 5 years of age to defined oral dosages of chloroquine and pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine during the 14 days following the initiation of treatment. the study took place in jato-aka, a rural community in benue state of nigeria. 471 children were screened and 271 (59%) of these had plasmodium parasites thus showing a high t ... | 1990 | 2202586 |
| the in vitro response of plasmodium falciparum to amodiaquine, quinine and quinidine in tanga region, tanzania. | the in vitro response of p. falciparum to amodiaquine, quinine and quinidine was assessed in tanga region where chloroquine resistance is established, to determine baseline susceptibility levels which could guide health care deliverers on the suitability of these drugs for the treatment of falciparum malaria in the areas studied. amodiaquine resistance was observed in all of the three areas. 16.7%, 24.0% and 14.7% of successful in vitro tests showed resistance to amodiaquine in korogwe, muheza a ... | 1990 | 2202587 |
| effect of polyamines on the activity of malarial alpha-like dna polymerase. | dna polymerase from the malarial parasite plasmodium falciparum required mg2+ for activity, putrescine (1 mm) caused a twofold increase in enzyme activity in the presence of a suboptimal concentration of mgcl2 (2 mm). spermidine (1.5-2.0 mm) or spermine (0.1-0.3 mm) increased the activity of malarial dna polymerase, in the presence of 2 mm mgcl2, by factors of 6 and 3-5, respectively. the activity of dna polymerase from calf thymus or from nih 3t3 cells transformed by the ras oncogene were not s ... | 1990 | 2202598 |
| antimalarial activity of new water-soluble dihydroartemisinin derivatives. 3. aromatic amine analogues. | a series of artemisinin (1) derivatives containing bromo and heterocyclic or aromatic amine functions was prepared in the search for analogues with good water solubility and high antimalarial activity. treatment of dihydroartemisinin (2a) with boron trifluoride etherate at room temperature gave the key intermediate, 9,10-dehydrodihydroartemisinin (3), which, on reaction with bromine, gave the dibromide 4. the latter was condensed with amines in anhydrous ch2cl2 at less than -10 degrees c to give ... | 1990 | 2202831 |
| isolated malaria outbreak in somalia: role of chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum demonstrated in balcad epidemic. | a study was conducted in balcad in december 1988 during a reported outbreak of malaria in order to investigate possible factors contributing to the outbreak. the slide positivity rate of 71% among fever patients, which was significantly higher than the usual rate, suggests the existence of a fresh malaria outbreak in the area. high parasite densities together with the pronounced malaria symptoms among both resident children and adult immigrants indicated little, if any, malaria experience in the ... | 1990 | 2202841 |
| processing and microfiltration of mosquitoes for malaria antigen detection in a rapid dot immunobinding assay. | data on a technique for the detection of antigen from arthropod vectors in a dot immunobinding assay are presented. in this system, antigen present in the vector was first solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate. the homogenate from this process was microfiltered through a two-membrane sandwich; target antigen molecules passed through the first membrane and were immobilized on the second one. the first membrane was nonbinding and served to impinge debris. the second membrane was a high-protein-bin ... | 1990 | 2203808 |
| erythrocyte sequestration and anemia in severe falciparum malaria. analysis of acute changes in venous hematocrit using a simple mathematical model. | microvascular erythrocyte sequestration, the characteristic pathological feature of falciparum malaria, was evaluated using a mathematical model in 46 patients with severe infections. from admission radioisotopic circulating red cell volumes and simultaneous venous hematocrits, the model-derived sequestrum hematocrit (mean [95% confidence limits]: 0.70 [0.43-0.97], n = 29) was twice that of peripheral blood (0.33 [0.30-0.36]). serial reticulocyte and radiolabeled erythrocyte counts indicated tha ... | 1990 | 2203822 |
| chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria in the kavango region of namibia. | the sensitivity to chloroquine of plasmodium falciparum from the kavango region of namibia was determined by a 24-hour test in vitro. twenty-six isolates were successfully tested, of which 11 were resistant to a low degree, schizogony being inhibited at 8 pmol/well. the results of the dill-glazko test for the presence of 4-aminoquinolines in urine indicate that chloroquine is not widely used in the area. | 1990 | 2204121 |
| cell-mediated immune responses to soluble plasmodium falciparum antigens in residents from an area of unstable malaria transmission in the sudan. | this paper describes immune responses to p. falciparum infection in individuals living in an area of highly seasonal, unstable malaria transmission. the in vitro cellular immune responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from 36 sudanese donors to a complex of affinity purified soluble p. falciparum antigens (spag) and two components thereof (ag1 and ag7) were examined and compared to humoral immune parameters. in 29/36 sudanese donors, spag induced a significant lymphoproliferative ... | 1990 | 2204363 |
| cytochrome p-450 activity in malarial parasites and its possible relationship to chloroquine resistance. | cytochrome p-450-dependent enzyme activities have been determined in malarial parasites. both plasmodium berghei and plasmodium falciparum parasites exhibited activity and these activities were greater in chloroquine resistant parasites than in sensitive strains. this enzyme activity could be induced by phenobarbitone and inhibited by specific inhibitors of the cytochrome p-450 family of enzymes. the significance of these observations in parasite drug resistance is discussed. | 1990 | 2204831 |
| expression, purification, biochemical characterization and inhibition of recombinant plasmodium falciparum aldolase. | the energy metabolism of the blood stage form of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum is adapted to the host cell. like erythrocytes, p. falciparum merozoites lack a functional citric acid cycle. generation of atp depends therefore fully on the glycolytic pathway. aldolase is a key enzyme of this pathway and a high degree of sequence diversity between parasite and host makes it a potential drug target. we have expressed the enzyme in its tetrameric form in escherichia coli and the ca ... | 1990 | 2204832 |
| the gene for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase of plasmodium falciparum complements a bacterial hpt mutation. | the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase of plasmodium falciparum has been overexpressed in escherichia coli. the protein was found to be active enzymatically. when the recombinant expression vector (ppfprt2) was transformed and expressed in a salmonella typhimurium mutant kp1684 (pure deod hpt gpt), the active expressed protein complemented the hpt mutation in the bacteria. we discuss the practical value of this strain. assays of the expressed protein in the mutant extract showed that ... | 1990 | 2204834 |
| sequence conservation of a functional domain of erythrocyte binding antigen 175 in plasmodium falciparum. | | 1990 | 2204835 |
| [malaria vaccines, a necessity for future control of malaria. status and future perspectives]. | traditional malaria control is in a crisis on account of chemo-resistance of plasmodium falciparum and insecticide-resistance of the malaria mosquito. new ways to control malaria have been opened by the possibility of producing a vaccine. several malaria proteins (e.g. csp, gp195, pf155/resa, glurp) have been sequenced and it has been shown that most of the proteins have repetitive units. analyses of t- and b-cell epitopes show that t-cell epitopes are mainly localized to the non-conserved parts ... | 1990 | 2205029 |
| influence of malaria infection on peroxyl-radical trapping capacity in plasma from rural and urban thai adults. | measurement of peroxyl-radical trapping capacity (trap) were made in plasma from patients with malaria from a rural and an urban thai community. the results were compared with those from control subjects living in the same areas and chosen to match the patients closely. measurements were also made of various antioxidants including nutritional indices vitamin c and alpha-tocopherol and the non-nutritional indices urate and protein-sulphydryl. parasite counts, temperature on examination and the du ... | 1990 | 2205293 |
| stage-dependent effect of deferoxamine on growth of plasmodium falciparum in vitro. | deferoxamine (df) has antimalarial activity that can be demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. this study is designed to examine the speed of onset and stage dependency of growth inhibition by df and to determine whether its antimalarial activity is cytostatic or cytocidal. growth inhibition was assessed by suppression of hypoxanthine incorporation and differences in morphologic appearance between treated and control parasites. using synchronized in vitro cultures of plasmodium falciparum, growth in ... | 1990 | 2205310 |
| genetic diversity in the major merozoite surface antigen of plasmodium falciparum: high prevalence of a third polymorphic form detected in strains derived from malaria patients. | we studied the diversity of the polymorphic 195-kda antigen (p190) of plasmodium from infected individuals. genomic parasite dna was extracted from the blood of 30 donors from different endemic areas of brazil. the 5' region, encoding the polymorphic n-terminal part of p190 was analysed following polymerase chain reaction (pcr). multiple infections of genetically distinct parasites could be detected within infected malaria patients. sequence analysis and oligodeoxyribonucleotide typing of the pc ... | 1990 | 2205540 |
| cloning and expression in escherichia coli of a hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-encoding cdna from plasmodium falciparum. | the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hgprt) of plasmodium falciparum plays a key role in the salvage of preformed purine nucleotides from parasite-infected erythrocytes. since p. falciparum cannot synthesize purines de novo, development of inhibitors specific for the parasite hgprt should be an effective method of chemotherapy. to provide sufficient amounts of hgprt for biochemical and crystallographic analysis, we have isolated the p. falciparum hprt cdna sequence and expr ... | 1990 | 2205541 |
| [clinical evaluation of antimalarial drugs]. | we have analyzed the clinical data of 189 patients with malaria to establish antimalarial regimens in japan. the causative parasite species were plasmodium falciparum in 56 cases (30%), p. vivax in 132 (70%) and p. malariae in 1 (1%). the outcomes f malaria cases are as follows: cure rats in falciparum and vivax malaria are 86% and 91%, respectively. two patients died of falciparum malaria and recurrence occurred in 6 cases (11%) of falciparum malaria. relapse was seen in 12 (9%) of vivax malari ... | 1990 | 2205671 |
| growth of plasmodium falciparum in human erythrocytes containing abnormal membrane proteins. | to evaluate the role of erythrocyte (rbc) membrane proteins in the invasion and maturation of plasmodium falciparum, we have studied, in culture, abnormal rbcs containing quantitative or qualitative membrane protein defects. these defects included hereditary spherocytosis (hs) due to decreases in the content of spectrin [hs(sp+)], hereditary elliptocytosis (he) due to protein 4.1 deficiency [he(4.1(0))], he due to a spectrin alpha i domain structural variant that results in increased content of ... | 1990 | 2205856 |
| in vitro sensitivity of multiresistant plasmodium falciparum to new candidate antimalarial drugs in western thailand. | the present study, carried out in 1987 in thailand, has been designed to validate the in vitro microtest system, standardized by the world health organization (who), for the new antimalarials pyronaridine and halofantrine. the sensitivity of naturally acquired, multiresistant populations of plasmodium falciparum has been assessed in order to develop a data base for further longitudinal investigations. for both drugs the in vitro microtest system seems to be suitable. the concentration range of p ... | 1990 | 2205926 |
| new developments in malaria diagnostic techniques. | | 1990 | 2205927 |
| multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and in vitro antimalarial activity of dapsone plus pyrimethamine (maloprim) in man. | 1. the multiple-dose kinetics of dapsone (dds), its major metabolite monoacetyldapsone (madds) and pyrimethamine (pyr) were studied in six healthy adult male volunteers following weekly administration of maloprim (100 mg dds plus 12.5 mg pyr). 2. after the last maintenance dose of maloprim, the following kinetic parameters (mean values) were determined for dds and pyr, respectively: maximum plasma concentration (cmax) = 1,134 and 116 ng ml-1; elimination half-life (t1/2) = 23 and 105 h; plasma c ... | 1990 | 2206787 |
| comparison of chloroquine, pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, and chlorproguanil and dapsone as treatment for falciparum malaria in pregnant and non-pregnant women, kakamega district, kenya. | to compare treatment and protection against falciparum malaria in pregnant and non-pregnant women with three drug regimens. | 1990 | 2207399 |
| [epidemiology of malaria in french guiana]. | a malaria investigation in the 1970-1986 period in french guiana shows an increased plasmodium index (4.6%) when compared with the data of the 1970-1979 decade (2.7%), an incidence rate of 8.6 per 1,000 inhabitants (against 6.4 previously) and always a high frequency of p. falciparum (85%). the principal vector, a. darlingi, still remains sensitive to ddt but the authors recommend an updating of the anti-vectorial program control. a longitudinal serologic survey, on the school children during tw ... | 1990 | 2208450 |
| [plasmodium falciparum drug resistance in the congo. evaluation of surveys carried out from 1985 to 1989]. | surveys on drug sensitivity of plasmodium falciparum carried out between 1985 and 1989 included 7-day in vitro tests and in vivo tests. 485 in vivo tests were carried out in eight surveys conducted in brazzaville and in several inland regions. the subjects were congolese children aged between 3 months and 15 years old. they were recruited in hospital, mother-child clinics or at school. the drugs studied were chloroquine, amodiaquine and the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination. 182 strains were ... | 1990 | 2208453 |
| [development of chemoresistance of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and mefloquine in benin between 1980 and 1989]. | resistance of p. falciparum to chloroquine has been notified in 1986 in non-immune visitors. authors organized surveys of in vivo and in vitro tests to follow evolution of the phenomena. the increase in number of p. falciparum strains resistant to chloroquine was sudden in 1986 but stopped to rise from this date, and even seemed to decrease gently. the geographical distribution of the resistance, restricted to the region of cotonou, could be explained by illegitimate chloroquine distribution. bu ... | 1990 | 2208463 |
| [ecological factors in the renewed outbreak of malaria in madagascar]. | the new epidemic of malaria which spread on the madagascar high plateau in 1986-1987 is due to the combination of several factors (some of which are analysed by the authors, especially those related to anopheles, parasite and man). the authors compare the situations on the high plateau and on st mary island, on the east madagascar coast, where the malaria is stable. concerning the vector, the most interesting fact is the come-back of anopheles funestus on the high plateau from which it had disap ... | 1990 | 2208464 |
| clinical pharmacokinetics of mefloquine. | mefloquine, a quinoline-methanol antimalarial, is effective single dose therapy for all species of malaria infecting humans, including multi-drug-resistant plasmodium falciparum. it is used both in prophylaxis and treatment. mefloquine is available either as the hydrochloride salt alone, or in a combined preparation with sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine. there is no parenteral formulation. several assay methodologies have been developed, but high performance liquid chromatography has been the most ... | 1990 | 2208897 |
| structural diversity of plasmodium falciparum gp200 is detected by t cells. | t lymphocyte clones (tlc) specific for p. falciparum gp200 (a glycoprotein precursor of the main merozoite surface component) were obtained from two individuals with past exposure to malaria. the 25 established tlc carried the cd4 antigen and proliferated in the presence of immunopurified gp200, crude lysate of the parasite and intact infected red blood cells. they were further tested in proliferation assays for their capacity to recognize the structural diversity displayed by gp200. the stimula ... | 1990 | 2209687 |
| plasmodium falciparum: differential parasite reactivity of rabbit antibodies to repeated sequences in the antigen pf155/resa. | for selection of immunogens capable of inducing high levels of antibodies reactive with the plasmodium falciparum antigen pf155/resa, rabbits were immunized with synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences based on the repeat subunits eenvehda and (eenv)2 from the c-terminus of this antigen. the antibodies obtained were analyzed with regard to binding to synthetic peptides in elisa and to reactivity with parasite antigens by immunofluorescence or immunoblotting. all antisera reacted with both ... | 1990 | 2209789 |
| pf155/resa antigen is localized in dense granules of plasmodium falciparum merozoites. | immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated the presence of pf155/resa in dense granules of plasmodium falciparum merozoites rather than in micronemes as previously suggested. since the dense granules are released after the merozoite enters the parasitophorous vacuole, the role of pf155/resa in invasion and subsequent steps of parasite development may differ from that of a molecule located in the micronemes. | 1990 | 2209790 |
| plasmodium falciparum: a rapid assay for cytoadherence of [3h]hypoxanthine-labeled infected erythrocytes to human melanoma cells. | | 1990 | 2209792 |
| status of plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine in gujarat, rajasthan and maharashtra states of india. | an extended study from 1978-88 revealed that in the western states of india i.e., rajasthan, gujarat and maharashtra; p. falciparum resistance to chloroquine has a scattered pattern in its distribution. however in gujarat, r-iii level of resistance is established in southern districts showing four fold increase from 1.79% in 1985 to 8.2% in 1988. in this area use of some alternate drug is indicated. | 1990 | 2209926 |
| active malaria transmission in south mizoram. | anopheles dirus was incriminated as malaria vector with 1.12% sporozoite rate in tlabong (demagiri) subdivision, mizoram. high parity rate of a. dirus (33.69%) and a. minimus (52.87%) further confirmed their vectorial status. both the vectors were found highly susceptible to 4% ddt. | 1990 | 2209927 |
| chloroquine sensitivity of plasmodium falciparum in shankargarh block of allahabad district (u.p.). | chloroquine sensitivity of plasmodium falciparum was carried out in shankargarh block of allahabad district, u.p. to confirm the presence of resistant strain in the area. a total of 47 cases were subjected to in vivo extended test, of which resistance was detected in 11 cases at r-ii/r-iii level and in 9 cases at r-i level. one case out of 18 subjected to standard 7-day in vivo test showed resistance at r-iii level. micro in vitro test was done for 24 cases, of which growth was seen in 21 contro ... | 1990 | 2209931 |
| membrane potential of plasmodium falciparum gametocytes monitored with rhodamine 123. | the membrane potential of plasmodium falciparum gametocytes was monitored with the cationic permeant fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 (r123) as a probe. epifluorescence microscopy revealed that r123 at 1 microgram/ml rather selectively partitioned into structure resembling large mitochondria. treatment of r123-loaded gametocytes with various inhibitors including those of respiration resulted in disappearance of fluorescence from what appeared to be the mitochondria, but not from the cytosol. these ... | 1990 | 2210341 |
| a merozoite receptor protein from plasmodium knowlesi is highly conserved and distributed throughout plasmodium. | the 66-kda merozoite surface antigen (pk66) of plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria, possesses vaccine-related properties that are thought to originate from a receptor-like role in parasite invasion of erythrocytes. we report the complete sequence of pk66 which allowed the demonstration that highly conserved analogues exist throughout plasmodium including a recently reported gene from p. falciparum (peterson, m. g., marshall, v. m., smythe, j. a., crewther, p. e., lew, a., silva, a., anders, r. ... | 1990 | 2211675 |
| synthetic peptide immunogens eliciting antibodies to plasmodium falciparum sporozoite and merozoite surface antigens in h-2b and h-2k mice. | peptides representing conserved (msa2/1a and msa2/1b) and variant (msa2/2, msa2/6 and msa2/7) regions of the merozoite surface ag 2 (msa2) of plasmodium falciparum (fcq-27/png isolate) were coupled to either peptide np(nanp)5na or peptide c(nanp)6 both of which contained the core sequence (nanp)n. the coupling was done via the n-terminus of one peptide and a cysteine residue on either terminus of the other. bl/10 (h-2b) and b10.br (h-2k) mice were immunized with these msa2-(nanp)n conjugates. th ... | 1990 | 2212657 |
| [incidences of dic complication in japanese patients with malaria]. | fourty eight patients with falciparum malaria (14) and vivax malaria (34) were evaluated retrospectively as to whether dic (disseminated intravascular coagulation) had been complicated or not. serum concentration of fibrin-degradation products (fdp) was elevated in 8 cases (57%) of falciparum malaria and 3 cases (9%) of vivax malaria. thrombocytopenia was found in 12 cases (88%) of falciparum malaria and in 30 cases (86%) of vivax malaria. prothrombin time elongated in 4 cases (8%) and plasma co ... | 1990 | 2212761 |
| [antigen isolation from the blood of patients with malaria for its serological diagnosis]. | a relatively high sensitivity and specificity of indirect enzyme immunoassay using the antibody obtained from the blood of patients with p. falciparum-induced malaria in the acute period have been demonstrated. the substrate for antigen isolation is available and can be easily obtained in sufficient quantities. | 1990 | 2215379 |
| the effect of ascaridole on the in vitro development of plasmodium falciparum. | ascaridole is a terpene isolated from the plant chenopodium ambrosioides (american wormseed); it is one of the few naturally occurring endoperoxidases. artemisinin, which also belongs to this group, is a potent antimalarial. we therefore undertook a study to determine the effect of ascaridole, a known anthelmintic, on the in vitro development of plasmodium falciparum. ascaridole was found to be a potent inhibitor of plasmodial growth; after 3 days, development was arrested by a drug concentratio ... | 1990 | 2217117 |
| [airport malaria: mini-epidemic in switzerland]. | five cases of airport malaria were observed in geneva in the summer of 1989. all the patients lived within 2 km of geneva-cointrin international airport. they were hospitalized between july 14 and august 2 for high fever. none had received a recent blood transfusion, an i.v. injection or traveled to a tropical country, except for one, a former pilot, whose last brief visit had been a year earlier. high minimum temperatures between july 6 and 10 in all likelihood allowed the survival of infected ... | 1990 | 2218443 |
| malaria at johannesburg hospital. a retrospective study. | a total of 43 patients diagnosed as having malaria were admitted to johannesburg hospital during 1988; 40 (94%) were infected with plasmodium falciparum. only 26 patients (60%) were recorded as having used prophylaxis of any kind; chloroquine alone and in combination was used as prophylaxis by 17. patients were treated with quinine (alone or in combination) in 67% of cases. in 42% of patients chloroquine-resistant malaria was considered a possibility. | 1990 | 2218783 |
| severe and complicated malaria. world health organization, division of control of tropical diseases. | | 1990 | 2219249 |
| humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to the plasmodium falciparum antigens pf155/resa and cs protein: seasonal variations in a population recently reexposed to endemic malaria. | resurgence of falciparum malaria occurred in the central highlands of madagascar in the 1980s and the disease is currently hyperendemic. we determined the humoral and cellular responses to synthetic peptides reproducing the repeat sequences of 2 major plasmodium falciparum antigens: the pf155/resa and the circumsporozoite (cs) protein. blood samples from 83 subjects living in a rural community near antananarivo were obtained at the beginning and the end of the transmission season. at enrollment, ... | 1990 | 2221217 |
| in vitro growth inhibition of plasmodium falciparum by sera from different regions of the philippines. | sera from different malaria endemic regions of the republic of the philippines were compared for their ability to inhibit growth of plasmodium falciparum in vitro. dialyzed serum was added to synchronous cultures containing schizonts for either the total 48 hr test period or only the last 24 hr in order to analyze the effects on erythrocytic invasion and intraerythrocytic growth, respectively. reduction in 3h-hypoxanthine uptake was used to determine the percent of inhibition compared to nonimmu ... | 1990 | 2221218 |
| biology of plasmodium merozoites with special reference to the chemoresistance of plasmodium falciparum. | | 1990 | 2221755 |
| mode of action of tubulozoles against plasmodium falciparum in vitro. | the mode of action of the tubulozole isomers, recently recognized as a new class of potential antimalarial agents, was investigated. whereas neither glycolysis, protease activity, or nucleic acid biosynthesis was primarily affected, protein biosynthesis decreased soon after addition of the drug. inhibitors of protein biosynthesis, however, did not show synergistic activity with tubulozole. colcemid, on the other hand, had an effect on protein synthesis similar to that seen with the tubulozoles. ... | 1990 | 2221861 |
| [evaluation of practice and costs of vector control on a family level in central africa. ii. douala city (cameroon), july 1988]. | a knowledge, attitude, practice survey was carried out in july 1988 in douala city, by cluster sampling and household visits. 98% of these households declared being disturbed by mosquitoes (bites, diseases, noise); 91% of families are using a vector control method; the main methods are: bed-nets (48%), insecticide sprays (39.5%) and mosquito coils (36.7%). the average cumulated expense by households for vector control (116.6 ecu/year) and care for diseases attributed to mosquitoes (147.4 ecu/yea ... | 1990 | 2222006 |
| malaria in refugee camps in eastern sudan: a sero-epidemiological approach. | a study of the endemicity of malaria was carried out in two refugee camps in sudan, and the advantages and disadvantages of treating either all febrile cases or only confirmed cases of malaria were considered. based on the information obtained during the survey, guidelines for the treatment of malaria in such refugee camps are proposed. | 1990 | 2222023 |
| in vivo efficacy of quinine treatment for plasmodium falciparum malaria in malawian children. | twenty-five malwaian children with plasmodium falciparum infection were studied for response to quinine in an eight-hourly dosage of 10 mg salt kg-1 body weight. the mean parasite clearance time, defined as the time after initiation of treatment when the first of two consecutive 12-hourly smears was negative for p. falciparum parasites, was 67 hours. the mean fever clearance time, defined as the time after initiation of treatment when the axillary temperature first fell below 37.5 degrees c and ... | 1990 | 2222024 |
| treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria with esters of cephalotaxine: homoharringtonine. | the esters of cephalotaxine-harringtonine, homoharringtonine and deoxyharringtonine--have been reported by both chinese and american oncologists as useful in the treatment of human nonlymphoblastic leukaemias and selected solid tumours of the head and neck. we report our results with homoharringtonine, currently a phase ii clinical trial drug with the national cancer institute, in the treatment of malaria. homoharringtonine, 2.7-3.4 nm, was effective in causing 50% growth inhibition of two strai ... | 1990 | 2222025 |
| an immunofluorescence study of cerebral malaria. a correlation with histopathology. | histopathologic and immunopathologic features of cerebral malaria have been defined in a study of six autopsy cases with severe plasmodium falciparum infection. in five cases, immunofluorescent studies demonstrated intense deposition of p falciparum antigen, igg, and fibrin in cerebral vessels associated with the histopathologic finding of hemorrhage in the white matter of cerebrum and cerebellum regardless of the presence of parasitized erythrocytes in the cerebral vessels. immunofluorescent st ... | 1990 | 2222143 |
| in vitro rosetting, cytoadherence, and microagglutination properties of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes from gambian and tanzanian patients. | to understand the molecular mechanisms that lead to sequestration of red blood cells infected with mature stages of plasmodium falciparum and to examine the relevance of earlier studies on adherence properties of laboratory-derived p falciparum parasites to the natural parasite population, we analyzed gambian and tanzanian isolates for in vitro cytoadherence and antibody-mediated microagglutination. eighteen cryopreserved isolates of ring-stage parasites were cultured for 20 to 30 hours in vitro ... | 1990 | 2224132 |
| [quantitative epidemiological investigation on social, economic and geographic factors contributing to falciparum malaria in southern henan province]. | a case-control study was conducted at xinyang prefecture, henan province in 1988 to investigate social, economic and geographic factors believed to be associated with the occurrence of residual falciparum malaria cases. data were obtained from 65 residual cases and 195 matched control samples from neighbours, residents in the same village and extravillage. the questionnaire contained a total of 27 relevant items. the results of analysis of conditional logistic multi-regression model with ibm pc/ ... | 1990 | 2225002 |
| mefloquine kinetics in cured and recrudescent patients with acute falciparum malaria and in healthy volunteers. | mefloquine pharmacokinetics were compared in a randomized clinical trial in thailand among patients with malaria and healthy volunteers. a single oral dose of 1500 mg mefloquine hydrochloride was administered to 11 patients and 5 volunteers and 750 mg was given to 16 patients and 5 volunteers. efficacy was 82% for 1500 mg and 63% for 750 mg. in cured patients taking 750 mg mefloquine, peak plasma drug concentration (cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (auc) were significantl ... | 1990 | 2225700 |
| plasmodium falciparum: atp/adp transport across the parasitophorous vacuolar and plasma membranes. | previous studies have shown that atp is required for the growth of the intracellular parasite, plasmodium, outside its host cell, the erythrocyte, and that bongkrekic acid, an inhibitor of mitochondrial atp/adp transporter, inhibits intraerythrocytic plasmodium maturation. we have characterized atp/adp transport of plasmodium falciparum, isolated by either immune lysis or n2-cavitation. [3h]atp uptake was due to atp/adp exchange since adp efflux was dependent on exogenous atp in an approximate 1 ... | 1990 | 2226706 |
| gametocytogenesis induction by ammonium compounds in cultured plasmodium falciparum. | asexual parasites of a strain that seldom or never produce gametocytes in in vitro culture began gametocytogenesis after 24 h treatment with rpmi 1640 medium containing concanavalin a (final concentration, 10 micrograms ml-1) and ammonium carbonate (final concentration, 15 mm ml-1) or ammonium bicarbonate (final concentration, 15 mm ml-1). gametocytogenesis was consistently observed from the 3rd day after the treatment. concanavalin a enhanced gametocytogenesis induction by ammonium carbonate or ... | 1990 | 2228424 |
| primary structure of the 175k plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte binding antigen and identification of a peptide which elicits antibodies that inhibit malaria merozoite invasion. | the plasmodium falciparum gene encoding erythrocyte binding antigen-175 (eba-175), a putative receptor for red cell invasion (camus, d., and t. j. hadley. 1985. science (wash. dc). 230:553-556.), has been isolated and characterized. dna sequencing demonstrated a single open reading frame encoding a translation product of 1,435 amino acid residues. peptides corresponding to regions on the deduced amino acid sequence predicted to be b cell epitopes were assessed for immunogenicity. immunization of ... | 1990 | 2229177 |
| development of a methodology for malariogenic stratification as a tool for malaria control. | modified plan of operation (mpo) for malaria control launched in 1977 failed to curb malaria incidence beyond about 2 million cases per annum and thus necessitated development of multipronged malaria control strategies based upon malariogenic stratification. a model for such stratification based upon six most sensitive, but quantifiable, epidemiological parameters for which records are easily available at phc level, namely, topography, average annual rainfall, vector(s), average annual parasite ... | 1990 | 2230013 |
| incidence of malaria and efficacy of oral quinine in patients recently infected with human immunodeficiency virus in kinshasa, zaire. | there is concern that the impaired cell mediated immunity caused by the human immunodeficiency virus may increase the risk of severity of plasmodium falciparum infection and could lead eventually to a decreased response to standard antimalarial treatment. in 1986, at mama yemo hospital, kinshasa, zaire, the incidence of malaria was determined in a cohort of 59 patients who had recently acquired hiv-i infection through blood transfusion and in a cohort of 83 hiv-i seronegative controls who were r ... | 1990 | 2230175 |
| [the clinical picture of tropical malaria in nonimmune newcomers in endemic foci in africa]. | 415 nonimmune patients with acute signs and symptoms of falciparum malaria have been examined. the study has shown that 2/3 of patients had a moderate form of the disease, a severe form was noted only in 4.57% of patients. classical symptoms of malaria--chill, body ache, headache--were observed only in half of the patients, 1/3 of patients had so-called masks of malaria--respiratory catarrh, pharyngitis, allergy, symptoms of enterocolitis. early diagnosis and complex treatment with chloroquine o ... | 1990 | 2233540 |
| [the efficacy of and tolerance for fansimef in the treatment of tropical malaria in the south of the socialist republic of vietnam]. | the efficacy of and tolerance to fancimef in 49 patients was compared to the efficacy of and tolerance to quinine in combination with fansidar in 33 patients with moderate p. falciparum malaria. a good tolerance to and a high efficacy of fancimef have been shown, which was manifested in rapid fever arrest, disappearance of parasitemia, absence of the disease relapses, which were observed in 2 patients on quinine combined with fansidar. the advantage of fansimef is one-time administration of the ... | 1990 | 2233545 |
| chromosomal rearrangements and point mutations in the dhfr-ts gene of plasmodium chabaudi under antifolate selection. | selection of the rodent malaria plasmodium chabaudi with low levels of the antifolate drug pyrimethamine has previously been shown by us to result in duplication of the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (dhfr-ts) gene by a duplication of chromosome 7 and subsequent rearrangements. we have selected this resultant parasite line with large doses of pyrimethamine and analysed the dhfr-ts gene and chromosomes for any changes. increased drug pressure has resulted in reappearance of a chromo ... | 1990 | 2233898 |
| analysis of the sequences flanking the translational start sites of plasmodium falciparum. | the 5' and 3' regions adjacent to the initiation codon in 22 plasmodium falciparum sequences were examined. a 5' consensus sequence (aaaa/atg) was found. although p. falciparum non-translated dna is a-rich, a occurred significantly more frequently in the 4 positions preceding the initiation atg than in adjacent non-translated dna, suggesting that this consensus sequence has functional significance in the initiation of translation. this region has similarities with the equivalent sequences in yea ... | 1990 | 2233900 |
| mutant dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase genes in pyrimethamine-resistant plasmodium falciparum with polymorphic chromosome duplications. | we have identified dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene point mutations and chromosomal changes in pyrimethamine-resistant mutants selected in vitro of plasmodium falciparum strain fcr3. a pyrimethamine-resistant derivative of the pyrimethamine-sensitive strain fcr3, fcr3-d8, that had been grown in the absence of pyrimethamine for an extended time, was grown in two concentrations of pyrimethamine, and surviving drug-resistant parasites were subcloned. one selected mutant, fcr3-d81, that grew at 1 ... | 1990 | 2233901 |
| when are parasites clonal? | | 1990 | 2234076 |
| imported malaria. | | 1990 | 2235871 |
| antimalarial activity of tanzanian medicinal plants. | tanzanian medicinal plants were extracted and tested for in vitro antimalarial activity, using the multidrug resistant k1 strain of plasmodium falciparum. of 49 plants investigated, extracts of three plants were found to have an ic50 between 5-10 micrograms/ml, extracts of 18 other plants showed an ic50 between 10 and 50 micrograms/ml, all others were less active. the three most active extracts were obtained from the tubers of cyperus rotundus l. (cyperaceae), the rootbark of hoslundia opposita ... | 1990 | 2236289 |
| antimalarial compounds containing an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl moiety from tanzanian medicinal plants. | pure compounds were isolated from plant extracts with antimalarial activity. the extracts were obtained from the tubers of cyperus rotundus l. (cyperaceae), the rootbark of zanthoxylum gilletii (de wild) waterm. (rutaceae), and the rootbark of margaritaria discoidea (baill.) webster (euphorbiaceae). the most active compounds included (ic50 within brackets): alpha-cyperone (1) (5.5 micrograms/ml), n-isobutyldeca-2,4-dienamide (2) (5.4 micrograms/ml), and securinine (3) (5.4 micrograms/ml). a mixt ... | 1990 | 2236290 |
| acute renal failure due to falciparum malaria. | seventy-two patients with severe falciparum malaria are described. twenty-four (33.3%) were complicated by acute renal failure. comparing patients with renal failure and those without, statistically significant differences occurred regarding presence of cerebral malaria (83% vs 46%), jaundice (92% vs 33%), and death (54% vs 17%). a significantly higher number of patients with renal failure were nonimmune visitors to malaria endemic regions. renal failure was oliguric in 45% of cases. dialysis wa ... | 1990 | 2236718 |
| [hiv infection and malaria]. | in sub-saharian africa, most hiv seropositive subjects carry either haematozoa (especially children) or antimalarial antibodies. despite a transient decrease in cell-mediated immunity during malarial paroxysms, plasmodium falciparum malaria does not seem to influence the course of the hiv infection. paroxysms may be slightly more frequent or slightly more severe in hiv seropositive subjects, but they raise no diagnostic or therapeutic problem. some cases of hiv contamination have been attributed ... | 1990 | 2237221 |
| malaria in sub-saharan africa. | malaria as a threat to health has remained undaunted in sub-saharan africa (ssa). it has been mathematically modelled, vertically attacked and continuously appraised and yet it continues unabated. malaria is an acute and chronic disease caused by intracellular protozoa of the genus plasmodium which are transmitted by the bite of female anopheles mosquitoes. approximately 2.6 billion people are at risk worldwide resulting in at least 100 million clinical cases and of the order of 1 million fatali ... | 1990 | 2237509 |
| competitive antibody binding inhibition elisa for the detection of plasmodium falciparum antigen. | a competitive antibody binding inhibition elisa to detect plasmodium falciparum-infected cells in clinical specimens was developed. optimum conditions developed included: 12.5 micrograms/ml of p. falciparum antigen for plate coating, 25 micrograms/ml of polyclonal rabbit anti-p. falciparum igg, 30 minute incubation of a mixture of infected red blood cell extract with anti-p. falciparum igg, dilution of 1:500 of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-rabbit igg, and reading of the absorbance values ... | 1990 | 2237593 |
| evaluation of survival potential and malaria susceptibility among different size classes of laboratory-reared anopheles dirus. | four size classes of anopheles dirus were reared from different larval densities. higher densities produced smaller adults with lower survivorship. larger females took larger bloodmeals by artificial feeding with cultured plasmodium falciparum and developed significantly more oocysts. | 1990 | 2240360 |
| geographical distribution of plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte rosetting and frequency of rosetting antibodies in human sera. | uninfected erythrocytes bind spontaneously to those infected with certain strains of plasmodium falciparum. this is known as spontaneous erythrocyte rosetting. we have studied the occurrence and frequency of rosetting in 75 fresh patient isolates and have identified rosetting strains from africa, south america, and asia. rosetting was present in 49% of the isolates tested; the frequency of rosetting red blood cells (rbc) in individual isolates was 0-75% when scored during the first cycle of in v ... | 1990 | 2240361 |
| studies in owl monkeys leading to the development of a synthetic vaccine against the asexual blood stages of plasmodium falciparum. | during the development of a synthetic vaccine for human use against the asexual blood stages of plasmodium falciparum, monkey trials were performed to assess safety, immunogenicity, and protectivity. we determined the minimal infective dose of the p. falciparum fvo strain, the kinetics of the immune response induced by vaccination with the synthetic peptide mixture (s7 + s12 + s17) or the synthetic hybrid polymeric protein spf66, and the induction of protective immunity against the experimental ... | 1990 | 2240362 |
| immunization of owl monkeys with a combination of plasmodium falciparum asexual blood-stage synthetic peptide antigens. | a mixture of 3 synthetic peptides (35.1, 55.1, and 83.1) corresponding to portions of the 35 kda, 55 kda, and 83 kda proteins from the asexual blood stages of plasmodium falciparum and a polymer of a syntheic peptide incorporating the 3 individual peptides (spf66) were tested as candidate malaria vaccine antigens in aotus nancymai. monkeys were immunized with combinations of the 3 peptides from 2 separate sources (centers for disease control [cdc], atlanta, ga or colombia) or with the synthetic ... | 1990 | 2240363 |
| plasmodium falciparum-infected anopheles stephensi inconsistently transmit malaria to humans. | malaria was transmitted to only 5 of 10 volunteers bitten by 1-2 anopheles stephensi carrying sporozoites of the 3d7 clone of the nf54 strain of plasmodium falciparum in their salivary glands. parasites were detectable by culture in blood taken 7-10 days following exposure and by thick blood film 14-16.5 days after exposure. infectivity did not correlate with the numbers of sporozoites in the salivary glands. | 1990 | 2240371 |
| [hyperkinetic shock and cerebral malaria]. | two cases of cerebral malaria with hyperkinetic shock are reported. the first case concerned a 39-year-old european male who was not taking any prophylactic anti-malarial drugs. after having had headache and fever for a week, he was admitted to the intensive care unit (icu) in coma and with jaundice. his initial systolic blood pressure was 60 mmg, with a central venous pressure (cvp) of -3 cmh2o. five-hundred ml of modified fluid gelatin increased the cvp without raising the blood pressure. haem ... | 1990 | 2240700 |
| occult ischemic necrosis of skeletal muscle. | | 1990 | 2242468 |
| functional characterization of the antibody-mediated protection against blood stages of plasmodium falciparum in the monkey saimiri sciureus. | the squirrel monkey saimiri sciureus is one of the world health organization recommended experimental models of plasmodium falciparum blood stage infection. anti-malaria antibodies developed by this host after a drug-controlled infection play an important part in the acquired protection against the p. falciparum blood stages. furthermore, the use of two anti-saimiri immunoglobulin (ig) monoclonal antibodies (mab) has permitted the differentiation between protective (mab 3a2/g6) and non-protectiv ... | 1990 | 2242760 |
| correlation between beta 2-microglobulin and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in plasma of individuals living in a malarial endemic region. | beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) levels were related to the expected immunoprotection in 81 individuals living in a malarial mesoendemic area near bobo-dioulasso (burkina faso), who were longitudinally followed. soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sil-2r) levels were positively correlated to those of beta 2m (r = 0.44; n = 237; p less than 0.001). this suggests that most of the beta 2m could have originated from activated t and b cell membrane turnover. in our study, both beta 2m and sil-2r were inver ... | 1990 | 2242964 |
| [fundus hemorrhage in malaria tropica]. | the case is presented of a 20-year-old tourist with mild falciparum malaria and bilateral preretinal and intraretinal hemorrhage, including a macular hemorrhage with reversible visual loss, which developed during his return flight from west africa. the diagnosis was initiated by the university eye hospital originally consulted. possible pathogenic mechanisms, ocular findings in malaria, and the increasing problems of imported malaria are summarized and reviewed. | 1990 | 2243479 |
| sickle haemoglobin, g-6pd deficiency and malaria in western orissa. | sixty cases of malaria were screened for sickle haemoglobin and g-6pd deficiency. plasmodium vivax was detected in 40 (66%) and plasmodium falciparum in 21 (35%) cases, with six of the latter having cerebral manifestation. sickle hb was found in 7 (11.5%) patients and g-6pd deficiency in 3 (5%) cases. both patients with ss disease had vivax malaria, while of 5 with sickle cell trait 3 had only vivax, one only falciparum and one mixed infection. amongst g-6pd deficient patients one had vivax and ... | 1990 | 2246194 |
| biochemical characterization, localization and immunostimulating properties of a soluble glycoprotein, ag1, isolated from in vitro cultures of plasmodium falciparum. | the soluble amphiphilic glycoprotein, ag1 (gp60), purified from supernatants of in vitro cultures of plasmodium falciparum has a molecular mass of 60 kda and did not exhibit size variation in the different p. falciparum isolates tested by immunoblotting. ag1 was shown to interact with the lectin erythrina christagalli agglutinin, which is specific for carbohydrates bearing beta-d-galactose(1-4)-d-n-acetylglucosamine. indirect immunofluorescence studies showed that ag1 is located on the surface o ... | 1990 | 2251241 |
| role of calcium and erythrocyte cytoskeleton phosphorylation in the invasion of plasmodium falciparum. | the role of calcium in the invasion of the human erythrocyte by the parasite plasmodium falciparum was studied. the intraerythrocytic and intraparasitic concentrations of ca2+ were modified using calcium-ionophore a23187 and the chelator egta. the ca2+ inside the parasite appeared to be necessary for the normal completion of invasion. we determined that in recently invaded erythrocytes (2 h), the ca2+ concentration increased about 10 times. merozoite invasion produced a decrease in beta-spectrin ... | 1990 | 2251243 |
| the generation of genetic diversity in malaria parasites. | the genetic diversity among malaria parasites is considerable, and much scientific investigation has focused on the ramifications of this diversity. here we have discussed types of genetic change that are related to phenotypic changes in the parasite. to date, these changes have not been observed to result from precise mechanisms like the antigenic diversity seen in trypanosomes. rather, the parasite seems to depend upon less precise mechanisms for generating diversity in combination with the la ... | 1990 | 2252391 |
| cerebral malaria--a diagnostic and therapeutic approach. | | 1990 | 2254011 |