| time-kill studies with micafungin and voriconazole against candida glabrata intracellularly in human monocyte-derived macrophages and extracellularly in broth. | the purpose of this study was to determine by time-kill methodology the anticandidal effectiveness and durability of micafungin (mcf) and voriconazole (vrc), singly and in combination, against candida glabrata (cgl), intracellularly in human monocyte-derived macrophages and extracellularly in rpmi-mops broth with and without fetal calf serum (fcs) or pooled human serum (phs). the anticandidal activity of mcf was concentration-dependent and durable. combinations of mcf + vrc both intra- and extra ... | 2011 | 21767703 |
| novel hybrids of fluconazole and furanones: design, synthesis and antifungal activity. | during our efforts to develop new antifungal agents, a number of hybrid molecules containing furanones and fluconazole pharmacophores were designed and synthesized. the new chemical entities thus synthesized were tested for their potential as antifungal agents against various fungal strains and it was observed that the compounds with general structure 7 were potent inhibitors of candida albicans atcc 24433, candida glabrata atcc 90030, candida tropicalis atcc 750 and candida neoformans atcc 3466 ... | 2011 | 21757344 |
| silver colloidal nanoparticles: antifungal effect against adhered cells and biofilms of candida albicans and candida glabrata. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silver nanoparticles (sn) against candida albicans and candida glabrata adhered cells and biofilms. sn (average diameter 5 nm) were synthesized by silver nitrate reduction with sodium citrate and stabilized with ammonia. minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) tests were performed for c. albicans (n = 2) and c. glabrata (n = 2) grown in suspension following the clinical laboratory standards institute microbroth dilution method. sn were applied t ... | 2011 | 21756192 |
| rapid discrimination between candida glabrata, candida nivariensis and candida bracarensis using a simple-plex pcr. | we report here a pcr-based assay using a single primer pair targeting the rpl31 gene that allows the discrimination between candida glabrata, c. bracarensis and c. nivariensis according to the size of the generated amplicon. | 2011 | 21752976 |
| diagnostic issues, clinical characteristics, and outcomes for patients with fungemia. | this study investigated microbiological, clinical, and management issues and outcomes for danish fungemia patients. isolates and clinical information were collected at six centers. a total of 334 isolates, 316 episodes, and 305 patients were included, corresponding to 2/3 of the national episodes. blood culture positivity varied by system, species, and procedure. thus, cases with concomitant bacteremia were reported less commonly by bact/alert than by the bactec system (9% [11/124 cases] versus ... | 2011 | 21715585 |
| growth-dependent secretome of candida utilis. | recently, the food yeast candida utilis has emerged as an excellent host for production of heterologous proteins. since secretion of the recombinant product is advantageous for its purification, we characterized the secreted proteome of c. utilis. cells were cultivated to the exponential or stationary growth phase, and the proteins in the medium were identified by ms. in parallel, a draft genome sequence of c. utilis strain dsm 2361 was determined by massively parallel sequencing. comparisons of ... | 2011 | 21680638 |
| epidemiological and clinico-mycological profile of fungal wound infection from largest burn centre in asia. | the current study was conducted to know the incidence, predisposing factors, spectrum, clinical profile and antifungal susceptibility (afs) of fungal wound infection (fwi) in burn patients. of a total of 71 patients, 20 (28.2%) emerged with the diagnosis of fwi. fungal pathogens in this study were candida tropicalis (14%), candida parapsilosis (5.6%), aspergillus niger (2.8%) and one each of candida albicans (1.4%), candida glabrata (1.4%), syncephalestrum (1.4%) and fusarium solani (1.4%). all ... | 2011 | 21740469 |
| the reconstruction of condition-specific transcriptional modules provides new insights in the evolution of yeast ap-1 proteins. | ap-1 proteins are transcription factors (tfs) that belong to the basic leucine zipper family, one of the largest families of tfs in eukaryotic cells. despite high homology between their dna binding domains, these proteins are able to recognize diverse dna motifs. in yeasts, these motifs are referred as yre (yap response element) and are either seven (yre-overlap) or eight (yre-adjacent) base pair long. it has been proposed that the ap-1 dna binding motif preference relies on a single change in t ... | 2011 | 21695268 |
| candida glabrata pwp7p and aed1p are required for adherence to human endothelial cells. | candida glabrata owes its success as a pathogen, in part, to a large repertoire of adhesins present on the cell surface. our current knowledge of c. glabrata adhesins and their role in the interaction between host and pathogen is limited to work with only a single family of epithelial adhesins (epa proteins). here, we report on the identification and characterization of a family of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell wall proteins in c. glabrata. these proteins are absent in both saccharo ... | 2011 | 21726406 |
| differential oxidant tolerance determined by the key transcription factor yap1 is controlled by levels of the yap1-binding protein, ybp1. | the saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor yap1 is a central determinant of oxidative stress tolerance. this protein is found primarily in the cytoplasm in the absence of oxidative stress but, upon exposure to oxidants, rapidly translocates to the nucleus and activates expression of target genes. while both diamide and h2o2 have been used to impose oxidative stress on cells, these different oxidants trigger yap1 nuclear localization in distinctly different ways. diamide appears to oxidize ... | 2011 | 21844193 |
| bloodstream and non-invasive isolates of candida glabrata have similar population structures and fluconazole susceptibilities. | we have compared multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and fluconazole susceptibility profiles of candida glabrata bloodstream isolates obtained during active, population-based surveillance to those obtained from non-sterile sites of individuals with no evidence of fungal disease (i.e., non-invasive isolates) in the same us city during an overlapping time period. in each of the two populations, different proportions of the same six major sequence types (sts) encompassed 82% of the isolates. one st w ... | 2011 | 21838617 |
| the rhogap cgbem2 is required for survival of azole stress in candida glabrata. | invasive fungal infections are common clinical complications of neonates, critically ill and immunocompromised patients world-wide. candida species are the leading cause of disseminated fungal infections with candida albicans being the most prevalent species. c. glabrata, the second/third most common cause of candidemia, shows reduced susceptibility to a widely used antifungal drug fluconazole. here, we present findings from a screen of 9,134 c. glabrata tn7 insertion mutants for altered surviva ... | 2011 | 21832071 |
| crystal structures of candida albicans dihydrofolate reductase bound to propargyl-linked antifolates reveal the flexibility of active site loop residues critical for ligand potency and selectivity. | candida albicans and candida glabrata cause fungal bloodstream infections that are associated with significant mortality. as part of an effort to develop potent and selective antifolates that target dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) from candida species, we report three ternary crystal structures of c.-áalbicans dhfr (cadhfr) bound to novel propargyl-linked analogs. consistent with earlier modeling results, these structures show that hydrophobic pockets in the binding site may be exploited to incre ... | 2011 | 21726415 |
| discovery of a novel class of orally active antifungal {beta}-1,3-d-glucan synthase inhibitors. | the echinocandins are a class of semisynthetic natural products that target +¦-1,3-glucan synthase (gs). their proven clinical efficacy combined with minimal safety issues has made the echinocandins an important asset in the management of fungal infection in a variety of patient populations. however, the echinocandins are only delivered parenterally. a screen for antifungal bioactives combined with mechanism of action studies identified a class of piperazinyl-pyridazinones that target gs. the co ... | 2011 | 21844320 |
| pyrosequencing of a hypervariable region in the internal transcribed spacer 2 to identify clinical yeast isolates. | the incidence of invasive fungal infection has increased significantly. a majority of the infections is caused by yeast. clinically important yeast show species-specific differences in susceptibility to antifungal agents therefore rapid and accurate identification of the pathogen is essential. we aimed to validate pyrosequencing of 40 nucleotides in the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) for species identification of yeast. amplification of its2 and pyrosequencing of targeted region were perfo ... | 2011 | 21736632 |
| Slow protein evolutionary rates are dictated by surface-core association. | Why do certain proteins evolve much slower than others? We compared not only rates per protein, but also rates per position within individual proteins. For Ôê+90% of proteins, the distribution of positional rates exhibits three peaks: a peak of slow evolving residues, with average log(2)[normalized rate], log(2)++, of ca. -2, corresponding primarily to core residues; a peak of fast evolving residues (log(2)++ Ôê+ 0.5) largely corresponding to surface residues; and a very fast peak (log(2)++ Ôê+ ... | 2011 | 21690394 |
| species of candida isolated from anatomically distinct sites in military personnel in cuiabá, mato grosso, brazil. | some fungi are natural inhabitants of the human body but may result in disease when conditions are conducive to their development. yeast infections are common and often occur in the skin and mucous membranes; however emerging species have changed this epidemiological profile. the ability to colonize different anatomical sites has been associated with the pathogenicity of candida when environmental conditions are particularly favorable. in the case of hot, humid climates, the attrition suffered b ... | 2011 | 21987132 |
| seeking clarity within cloudy effluents: differentiating fungal from bacterial peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. | fungal peritonitis is a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis (pd) therapy with the majority of patients ceasing pd permanently. the aims of this study were to identify risk factors and clinical associations that may discriminate between fungal from bacterial peritonitis. | 2011 | 22145033 |
| Timing of susceptibility-based antifungal drug administration in patients with Candida bloodstream infection: correlation with outcomes. | OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the impact of timing of appropriate antifungal therapy, as assessed by susceptibility results, on patient survival. METHODS: Patients =16 years of age with first episodes of candidaemia during 2001-09 were included. Clinical data were collected retrospectively, including time to appropriate antifungal therapy and patient survival. RESULTS: The study population included 446 patients [243 (54%) female, mean age 53 years] with candidaemia, 380 (85%) of whom had an ... | 2011 | 22184469 |
| Evolution of nucleosome occupancy: conservation of global properties and divergence of gene-specific patterns. | To examine the role of nucleosome occupancy in the evolution of gene expression, we measured the genome-wide nucleosome profiles of four yeast species, three belonging to the Saccharomyces sensu stricto lineage and the more distantly related Candida glabrata. Nucleosomes and associated promoter elements at C. glabrata genes are typically shifted upstream by ~20 bp, compared to their orthologs from sensu stricto species. Nonetheless, all species display the same global organization features first ... | 2011 | 21896781 |
| torulopsis glabrata endocarditis in a retro-positive individual. | | 2011 | 21881699 |
| saliva promotes survival and even proliferation of candida species in tap water. | candida yeasts colonize the human oral cavity as commensals or opportunistic pathogens. they may be isolated from water circulating in dental unit waterlines mixed with traces of saliva mainly because of the dysfunction of antiretraction valves. this study deals with the growth ability of candida albicans, candida glabrata and candida parapsilosis in tap water with saliva (0-20% v/v). results show that c. glabrata is the most susceptible species in tap water. furthermore, saliva promotes both su ... | 2011 | 22092759 |
| comparison of the etest and a rapid flow cytometry-based method with the reference clsi broth microdilution protocol m27-a3 for the echinocandin susceptibility testing of candida spp. | reference broth microdilution protocols for the antifungal susceptibility testing (ast) of yeasts are available, but routine ast relies more on simpler alternatives. in this work, the etest and a novel flow cytometry (fc) method were compared to the clinical laboratory standards institute (clsi) protocol m27-a3. caspofungin and anidulafungin were tested against 60 clinical isolates of candida glabrata, c. krusei, and c. parapsilosis. there were two intermediate susceptibility results and 19 out ... | 2011 | 21909651 |
| heterogeneous expression of the virulence-related adhesin epa1 between individual cells and strains of the pathogen candida glabrata. | we investigated the relevance of gene expression heterogeneity to virulence properties of a major fungal pathogen, candida glabrata. the organism's key virulence-associated factors include gpi-anchored adhesins, encoded subtelomerically by the epa gene family. individual-cell analyses of expression revealed very striking heterogeneity for epa1, the adhesin mediating ∼95% of adherence to epithelial cells in vitro. the heterogeneity in epa1 was markedly greater than known for other yeast genes. so ... | 2011 | 22140233 |
| effects of echinocandins on cytokine/chemokine production by human monocytes activated by infection with candida glabrata or by lipopolysaccharide. | serious candida glabrata infections, which can be difficult to treat, are often treated with echinocandins. we compared in vitro the effects of high and low concentrations of 3 echinocandins (micafungin [mcf], caspofungin [cas], and anidulafungin [anf]), voriconazole (vrc), and amphotericin b (amb), singly and vrc in combination with mcf, cas, and anf, on the production of cytokines/chemokines by human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdm). mdm were activated by infection with c. glabrata or lipopo ... | 2011 | 22209510 |
| Stress response in Candida glabrata: pieces of a fragmented picture. | Candida glabrata is closely related to yeast but obviously adapted to human commensalism. Communication with the environment is important to adjust allocation of resources between protection and proliferation in order to adapt to different situations in and outside of the host. Gene transcription regulated by environmental conditions is a major response strategy of simple fungal organisms. Differences to yeast include an extended repertoire of adhesive genes, and high drug, starvation and stress ... | 2011 | 22122443 |
| the candida genome database incorporates multiple candida species: multispecies search and analysis tools with curated gene and protein information for candida albicans and candida glabrata. | the candida genome database (cgd, http://www.candidagenome.org/) is an internet-based resource that provides centralized access to genomic sequence data and manually curated functional information about genes and proteins of the fungal pathogen candida albicans and other candida species. as the scope of candida research, and the number of sequenced strains and related species, has grown in recent years, the need for expanded genomic resources has also grown. to answer this need, cgd has expanded ... | 2012 | 22064862 |
| Molecular assay to detect nosocomial fungal infections in intensive care units. | The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of fungal infections in hospital intensive care units and to evaluate a molecular method to detect these infections. | 2011 | 22075290 |
| A viability assay for Candida albicans based on the electron transfer mediator 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol. | Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen with comparably high respiratory activity. Thus, we established a viability test based on 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP), a membrane-permeable electron transfer agent. NADH dehydrogenases catalyze the reduction of DCIP by NADH, and the enzymatic activity can be determined either electrochemically via oxidation reactions of DCIP or photometrically. Among the specific respiratory chain inhibitors, only the complex I inhibitor rotenone decre ... | 2011 | 21864496 |
| identification of local clinical candida isolates using chromagar candida™ as a primary identification method for various candida species. | the objective of our study was to study the effectiveness of chromagar candida™ as the primary identification method for various clinical candida isolates, other than the three suggested species by the manufacturer. we studied 34 clinical isolates which were isolated from patients in a local teaching hospital and 7 atcc strains. these strains were first cultured in sabouraud dextrose broth (sdb) for 36 hours at 35ºc, then on chromagar plates at 30ºc, 35ºc and 37ºc. the sensitivity of t ... | 2011 | 22041745 |
| Dithiocarbamates are strong inhibitors of the beta-class fungal carbonic anhydrases from Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. | A series of N-mono- and N,N-disubstituted dithiocarbamates have been investigated as inhibitors of three ß-carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) from the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, that is, Can2, CaNce103 and CgNce103, respectively. These enzymes were inhibited with efficacies between the subnanomolar to the micromolar range, depending on the substitution pattern at the nitrogen atom from the dithiocarbamate zinc-binding group. This new class ... | 2011 | 22209456 |
| proanthocyanidin-rich extracts from cranberry fruit ( vaccinium macrocarpon ait.) selectively inhibit the growth of human pathogenic fungi candida spp. and cryptococcus neoformans. | cranberry ( vaccinium macrocarpon ) has been shown in clinical studies to reduce infections caused by escherichia coli and other bacteria, and proanthocyanidins are believed to play a role. the ability of cranberry to inhibit the growth of opportunistic human fungal pathogens that cause oral, skin, respiratory, and systemic infections has not been well-studied. fractions from whole cranberry fruit were screened for inhibition of five candida species and cryptococcus neoformans , a causative ... | 2011 | 22066866 |
| New insights into the structure of (1?3,1?6)-ß-D-glucan side chains in the Candida glabrata cell wall. | ß-Glucan is a (1?3)-ß-linked glucose polymer with (1?6)-ß-linked side chains and a major component of fungal cell walls. ß-Glucans provide structural integrity to the fungal cell wall. The nature of the (1-6)-ß-linked side chain structure of fungal (1?3,1?6)-ß-D-glucans has been very difficult to elucidate. Herein, we report the first detailed structural characterization of the (1?6)-ß-linked side chains of Candida glabrata using high-field NMR. The (1?6)-ß-linked side chains have an average len ... | 2011 | 22096604 |
| candidal infections of ventriculoperitoneal shunts. | although ventriculoperitoneal (vp) shunt infection is a common complication of shunt procedures, fungal infection is considered to be rare. in the present study, we performed retrospective analysis of six cases in which candida infection occurred. in all these six cases, vp shunt was performed in children for hydrocephalus and the onset of symptoms varied between seven days to one month after the surgical procedure was performed. the commonest clinical signs and symptoms were fever (100%), vomit ... | 2009 | 21887187 |
| anti-candida activity of mentha arvensis and turnera ulmifolia. | abstract candidiasis is the most frequent infection by opportunistic fungi, frequently caused by candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida parapsilosis, candida glabrata, and candida krusei. mentha arvensis l. is a herbaceous plant that occurs throughout south america and is used as a tea and in the folk medicine. turnera ulmifolia l. is already known to be of medicinal value. ethanol extracts from m. arvensis and t. ulmifolia were assayed for antifungal activity against strains of c. albi ... | 2011 | 22082100 |
| epidemiology, species distribution, antifungal susceptibility and outcome of nosocomial candidemia in a tertiary care hospital in italy. | candida is an important cause of bloodstream infections (bsi), causing significant mortality and morbidity in health care settings. from january 2008 to december 2010 all consecutive patients who developed candidemia at san martino university hospital, italy were enrolled in the study. a total of 348 episodes of candidaemia were identified during the study period (january 2008-december 2010), with an incidence of 1,73 episodes/1000 admissions. globally, albicans and non-albicans species caused a ... | 2011 | 21935385 |
| vulvovaginal candidiasis in postmenopausal women: the role of hormone replacement therapy. | : this study aimed to explore the role of hormone replacement therapy (hrt) in susceptibility to vulvovaginal candidiasis (vvc) in a private vulval disease referral practice. | 2011 | 21959570 |
| the relationship between candida species charge density and chitosan activity evaluated by ion-exchange chromatography. | chitosan, a natural biopolymer presents antifungal activity that seems to be dependent on the interaction of its cationic amino groups and yeast cell surface. in this work we used ion-exchange chromatography to assess the surface charge density of candida species and subsequently to relate this with their sensitivity profile to chitosan. the ability of several strains from distinct candida species to interact with strong anionic and cationic exchangers was tested and the yeasts charge surface wa ... | 2011 | 22080045 |
| in vitro antifungal activity of dna topoisomerase inhibitors. | in this paper we report the results of the study of the in vitro effect of eight anticancer dna topoisomerase inhibitors on the growth of aspergillus fumigatus, a. niger, candida glabrata and cryptococcus neoformans. only one compound, idarubicin, displayed promising antifungal activity against a. niger, c. glabrata and c. neoformans with mic(50) values varying between 3.6 and 14.2 μm (1.8-7.1 μg/ml). three other compounds, aclarubicin, doxorubicin and mitoxantrone, showed some antifungal activi ... | 2011 | 21939347 |
| improved antibiotic impregnated catheters with extended spectrum activity against resistant bacteria and fungi. | minocycline/rifampin (m/r) central venous catheters (m/r cvc) have been shown to be efficacious in reducing catheter-related bloodstream infections (crbsi) and inhibiting the biofilm adherence of resistant gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens with the exception of pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida. to expand the spectrum of antimicrobial activity, a novel second generation m/r-catheter was developed by adding chlorhexidine (chx-m/r). cvc and peripherally inserted central catheters (picc) w ... | 2011 | 22123686 |
| effect of denture adhesive on the micro-organisms in vivo. | gerodontology 2011; doi: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2010.00381.x effect of denture adhesive on the micro-organisms in vivo background: denture adhesives increase the retention and stability of dentures in edentulous patients, especially in cases where salivary flow is impaired or in the management of traumatised oral mucosa. objectives: the effect of a denture adhesive on the oral flora at different time intervals. method: thirty denture-wearing patients were involved in this study. while half of th ... | 2011 | 22098056 |
| effect of amphotericin b alone or in combination with rifampicin or clarithromycin against candida species biofilms. | effectiveness of amphotericin b alone or in combination with rifampicin or clarithromycin on the killing of candida species biofilms was investigated in vitro. amphotericin b was assayed at 0.005 to 10 mg/ml. rifampin and clarithromycin were assayed at 10 mg/ml. we studied 7 candida albicans, 3 candida parapsilosis, 3 candida glabrata, 3 candida krusei and 2 candida tropicalis strains. biofilms were developed in 96-well, flat-bottomed microtiter plates for 48 hours. a synergistic effect between ... | 2011 | 22094555 |
| an observational study on the epidemiological and mycological profile of candidemia in icu patients. | this study aimed to analyze the epidemiological and mycological profile of candidemia in intensive care unit (icu) patients attending a tertiary care teaching hospital in the himalayan region of northern india. | 2011 | 22037747 |
| evaluation of luminex xtag fungal analyte-specific reagents for rapid identification of clinically relevant fungi. | invasive fungal infections (ifi) remain a serious threat to immunocompromised hosts. current diagnostic methods, including fungal culture and antigen detection, are slow and often lack specificity. rapid diagnostic tools with increased sensitivity and specificity could improve the care of patients with ifi. recently, luminex molecular diagnostics (toronto, canada) developed 23 analyte-specific reagents (asrs) for the detection of the most common clinically relevant fungi. this study's objective ... | 2011 | 21880976 |
| candidaemia in a european paediatric university hospital: a 10-year observational study. | clin microbiol infect abstract: in this retrospective observational study covering 1998 to 2008, 32 patients (mean age: 7.50 years) were identified that had 35 episodes of candidaemia (0.47 cases/1000 hospital discharges). cancer/allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (43%) and congenital malformations/syndromes (21%) were the predominant underlying conditions. central venous catheterization (90%), a history of antibacterial therapy (69%) and previous bacteraemia (54%) were frequent ... | 2011 | 22181050 |
| arv1 lipid transporter function is conserved between pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi. | the lipid transporter arv1 regulates sterol trafficking, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol and sphingolipid biosyntheses in saccharomyces cerevisiae. scarv1 contains an arv1 homology domain (ahd) that is conserved at the amino acid level in the pathogenic fungal species, candida albicans and candida glabrata. here we show s. cerevisiae cells lacking arv1 are highly susceptible to antifungal drugs. in the presence of drug, scarv1 cells are unable to induce erg gene expression, have an altered plei ... | 2011 | 22142782 |
| cascade cell lyses and dna extraction for identification of genes and microorganisms in kefir grains. | kefir is a dairy product popular in many countries in central europe, especially in poland and other countries of eastern and northern europe. this type of fermented milk is produced by a complex population of symbiotic bacteria and yeasts. in this work, conditions for dna extraction, involving disruption of kefir grains and a cascade of cell lysis treatments, were established. extraction procedure of total microbial dna was carried out directly from fresh kefir grains. using different lysis str ... | 2011 | 22008413 |
| intestinal resident yeast candida glabrata requires cyb2p-mediated lactate assimilation to adapt in mouse intestine. | the intestinal resident candida glabrata opportunistically infects humans. however few genetic factors for adaptation in the intestine are identified in this fungus. here we describe the c. glabrata cyb2 gene encoding lactate dehydrogenase as an adaptation factor for survival in the intestine. cyb2 was identified as a virulence factor by a silkworm infection study. to determine the function of cyb2, we analysed in vitro phenotypes of the mutant δcyb2. the δcyb2 mutant grew well in glucose medium ... | 2011 | 21931845 |
| the facultative intracellular pathogen candida glabrata subverts macrophage cytokine production and phagolysosome maturation. | although candida glabrata is an important human pathogenic yeast, its pathogenicity mechanisms are largely unknown. immune evasion strategies seem to play key roles during infection, since very little inflammation is observed in mouse models. furthermore, c. glabrata multiplies intracellularly after engulfment by macrophages. in this study, we sought to identify the strategies that enable c. glabrata to survive phagosome biogenesis and antimicrobial activities within human monocyte-derived macro ... | 2011 | 21849684 |
| chitosan and silver nanoparticles as pudding with raisins with antimicrobial properties. | chitosan nanoparticles (cs-np) containing small silver nanoparticles are reported (ag@cs-np). cs-np was synthesized using tripolyphosphate (tpp) as a polyanionic template. tpp also served to electrostatically attract ag(+) inside cs-np, where it was reduced by the terminal glucosamine units of the biopolymer. this procedure is environmental friendly, inexpensive, and permits the synthesis of very small agnp (0.93-1.7 nm), with only a discrete dependence from the amount of silver nitrate used (5- ... | 2011 | 21903218 |
| Antifungal use influences Candida species distribution and susceptibility in the intensive care unit. | Antifungal prescription practices have changed over the last decade, and the impact of these changes is unclear. Our objective here was to evaluate the effect of antifungal drug use on the distribution and drug susceptibility of Candida spp. in a French intensive care unit (ICU). | 2011 | 21980066 |
| Influence of hyaluronic acid on bacterial and fungal species, including clinically relevant opportunistic pathogens. | Hyaluronic acid (HA) has several clinical applications (aesthetic surgery, dermatology, orthopaedics and ophtalmology). Following recent evidence, suggesting antimicrobial and antiviral properties for HA, we investigated its effects on 15 ATCC strains, representative of clinically relevant bacterial and fungal species. The in vitro system employed allowed to assess optical density of broth cultures as a measure of microbial load in a time-dependent manner. The results showed that different micro ... | 2011 | 21892787 |
| Could liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) lock solutions be useful to inhibit Candida spp. biofilms on silicone biomaterials? | OBJECTIVES: Candida infections associated with catheters remain difficult to manage. Antifungal lock strategies could be a therapeutic option when the device is difficult to remove or in combination with systemic treatment to increase efficacy. This study deals with the antibiofilm potential of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) used as a lock solution to inhibit Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis biofilms in vitro. METHODS: Biofilms aged 12 h and 5 days were formed on sil ... | 2011 | 22081268 |
| pre-clinical development of antifungal susceptibility test methods for the testing of the novel antifungal agent e1210 versus candida: comparison of clsi and european committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. | to compare european committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (eucast) and clsi broth microdilution (bmd) methods for testing the novel antifungal e1210 against a recent collection of 102 clinical isolates of candida spp. | 2011 | 21873291 |
| Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of bloodstream fungal isolates in pediatric patients: a spanish multicenter prospective survey. | Data on fungemia epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of isolates from children are scarce, leading frequently to pediatric empirical treatment based on available adult data. The present study was designed to update the epidemiological, mycological, and in vitro susceptibility data on fungal isolates from children with fungemia in Spain. All fungemia episodes were identified prospectively by blood culture over 13 months at 30 hospitals. Tests of susceptibility to amphotericin B, flucytosin ... | 2011 | 22012014 |
| Comparative analysis of micafungin, caspofungin and anidulafungin against a difficult-to treat fungal opportunistic pathogen: Candida glabrata. | The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro and in vivo activities of micafungin, caspofungin and anidulafungin against Candida glabrata. Minimum inhibitory concentrations against 28 clinical isolates showed that the overall susceptibilities to caspofungin and to micafungin were not statistically different in absence of human serum, whereas the isolates were less susceptible to micafungin than caspofungin in its presence. Minimum fungicidal concentrations as well time-kill experiments show ... | 2011 | 22203604 |
| functional characterization of the regulators of calcineurin in candida glabrata. | the serine-threonine-specific protein phosphatase calcineurin is a key mediator of various stress responses in fungi. herein, we characterized functions of the endogenous regulators of calcineurin (rcns), rcn1 and rcn2, in the pathogenic fungus candida glabrata. rcn1 exerted both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on calcineurin signaling, but rcn2 displayed only inhibitory activity. phenotypic analyses of c. glabrata strains lacking either rcns, calcineurin, or both revealed that calcineurin re ... | 2011 | 22093746 |
| breakthrough fungemia due to candida glabrata during posaconazole prophylaxis in hematology patients treated with anidulafungin - report of 5 cases. | | 2011 | 22005067 |
| phylogenetic and preliminary phenotypic analysis of yeast paqr receptors: potential antifungal targets. | proteins belonging to the progestin and adipoq receptor (paqr) superfamily of membrane bound receptors are ubiquitously found in fungi. nearly, all fungi possess two evolutionarily distinct paralogs of paqr protein, which we have called the pqra and pqrb subtypes. in the model fungus saccharomyces cerevisiae, these subtypes are represented by the izh2p and izh3p proteins, respectively. s. cerevisiae also possesses two additional pqra-type receptors called izh1p and izh4p that are restricted to o ... | 2011 | 22009226 |
| Post-antifungal effects and time-kill studies of anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin against Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis. | Candida glabrata (Cgl) and Candida parapsilosis (Cpa) can cause serious infections and can be resistant to some antifungal drugs. In treating infections caused by these organisms, killing rates and post-antifungal effects (PAFE) are important factors in both dose interval choice and outcome. Two strains each of Cgl and Cpa were studied. For PAFE studies, each organism was exposed to micafungin (MCF), anidulafungin (ANF), or caspofungin (CAS) for 1 h at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 16×MIC. ... | 2011 | 21865002 |
| Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of naphthylamine derivatives having a thiazolidinone moiety. | The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pharmacophores having naphthylamine and nitro groups on the antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) activity of thiazolidinone derivatives. | 2011 | 21968886 |
| Proteogenomic Analysis of Candida glabrata using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. | Candida glabrata is a common opportunistic human pathogen leading to significant mortality in immunosuppressed and immunodeficient individuals. We carried out proteomic analysis of C. glabrata using high resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry with MS resolution of 60000 and MS/MS resolution of 7500. On the basis of 32453 unique peptides identified from 118815 peptide-spectrum matches, we validated 4421 of the 5283 predicted protein-coding genes (83%) in the C. glabrata genome. Further, s ... | 2011 | 22129275 |
| Fungicidal activity of the human peptide hepcidin 20 alone or in combination with other antifungals against Candida glabrata isolates. | Candida glabrata infections are often difficult to eradicate due to the intrinsically low susceptibility to azoles of this species. In addition, C. glabrata has also been shown to be insensitive to several cationic peptides, which have been shown to be promising novel therapeutic candidates for the treatment of fungal infection. In this study, the in vitro fungicidal activity of the human cationic peptide hepcidin 20 (Hep-20) was evaluated against clinical isolates of C. glabrata with different ... | 2011 | 22015266 |
| the monoamine oxidase a inhibitor clorgyline is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of fungal abc and mfs transporter efflux pump activities which reverses the azole resistance of candida albicans and candida glabrata clinical isolates. | resistance to the commonly used azole antifungal fluconazole (flc) can develop due to over-expression of atp-binding cassette (abc) and major facilitator superfamily (mfs) plasma membrane transporters. an approach to overcoming this resistance is to identify inhibitors of these efflux pumps. we have developed a pump assay suitable for high-throughput screening (hts) that uses recombinant saccharomyces cerevisiae strains hyper-expressing individual transporters from the opportunistic fungal patho ... | 2011 | 22203607 |
| failure of echinocandin therapy in the treatment of candida glabrata chorioretinitis. | abstract:: echinocandins are commonly used as initial empiric therapy in cases of moderate to severe invasive candidiasis. the authors demonstrate that caution should be exercised in applying this approach in certain clinical situations. a case of candida glabrata fungemia and associated chorioretinitis that was clinically resistant to therapy with micafungin but appeared to resolve with amphotericin b is presented. the authors then briefly review current issues regarding the diagnosis and treat ... | 2012 | 22052412 |
| phenol esters and other constituents from the stem barks of stereospermum acuminatissimum. | a new ester, 2-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl dotriacontanoate (1), and a new inseparable mixture of octacosan-1,28-dioldiferulate and triacontan-1,30-dioldiferulate (2) were isolated from the stem barks of stereospermum acuminatissimum, along with 24 known compounds including 4 triterpenoids, 11 anthraquinones, 2 lignans, 3 phenylpropanoids, 2 4-hydroxyphenethyl esters, 1 methoxyphenol, and 1 iridoid. the structures of the new metabolites were determined with the help of spectroscopic data including e ... | 2011 | 22008010 |
| getting it right first time in a patient with candida peritonitis. | here a patient is presented with a mediastinitis, pleural empyema and peritonitis with candida glabrata and enterococcus faecium after a complicated robot-assisted thoracolaparoscopic oesophagolymphadectomy esophagectomy. this case description highlights some of the therapeutic dilemmas that physicians face when treating critically ill patients with health care-associated invasive candida infections. the current guidelines and treatment with echinocandins are discussed. | 2011 | 22126527 |
| distribution of yeast species associated with oral lesions in hiv-infected patients in southwest uganda. | oropharyngeal candidiasis remains a significant clinical problem in hiv-infected and aids patients in regions of africa where anti-retroviral therapy isn't readily available. in this study we identified the yeast populations associated with oral lesions in hiv-infected patients in southwest uganda who were receiving treatment with nystatin and topical clotrimazole. samples were taken from 605 patients and 316 (52%) of these yielded yeast growth following incubation on sabouraud dextrose agar. sa ... | 2011 | 21905950 |
| factors influencing the virulence of candida spp. | diseases produced for candida species (spp) are called candidiasis and this includes settling, superficial infection, deep tissue invasion and haematogenic dissemination (eyes, the skin, the kidneys and the brain). the species that more usually cause candidiasis are c. albicans, c. tropicalis and c. glabrata. these species usually are found in the normal microbial populations of the mucosae and can be pathogenic due the vulnerability of the host. | 2009 | 21866603 |
| synthesis and antifungal activity of natural product-based 6-alkyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridines. | seven 6-alkyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridines (5a-5g) that mimic the natural piperideines that were recently identified in fire ant venom have been synthesized. compounds 5c-5g with c-6 alkyl chain lengths from c14 to c18 showed varying degrees of antifungal activities, with 5e (6-hexadecyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine) and 5f (6-heptadecyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine) being the most active. compound 5e exhibited minimum fungicidal concentrations of 3.8, 15.0, 7.5, and 7.5 μg/ml against cryptococcus ne ... | 2011 | 21905650 |
| design, synthesis and antifungal activity of some new imidazole and triazole derivatives. | triazole and imidazole are incorporated into the structures of many antifungal compounds. in this study a novel series of 1,2,4-triazole, imidazole, benzoimidazole, and benzotriazole derivatives was designed as inhibitors of cytochrome p450 14α-demethylase (14dm). these structures were docked into the active site of mt-cyp51, using autodock program. sixteen compounds with the best binding energy were synthesized. the chemical structures of the new compounds were confirmed by elemental and spectr ... | 2011 | 21984016 |
| a protosilencer of subtelomeric gene expression in candida glabrata with unique properties. | adherence to host cells is an important step in the pathogenicity of the opportunistic fungal pathogen candida glabrata. this adherence is mediated by some members of the large family of cell wall proteins encoded by the epa (epithelial adhesin) genes present in the c. glabrata genome. the majority of the epa genes are localized close to different telomeres in c. glabrata, resulting in a negative regulation of transcription of these genes through chromatin-based subtelomeric silencing. in vitro, ... | 2011 | 22048024 |
| effect of ph on in vitro susceptibility of candida glabrata and candida albicans to eleven antifungal agents - implications for clinical use. | the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (vvc) due to candida glabrata is challenging with limited therapeutic options. unexplained disappointing clinical efficacy has been reported with systemic and topical azole antifungal agents in spite of in vitro susceptibility. given that vaginal ph of patients with vvc is unchanged at 4 - 4.5, we studied the effect of ph on the in vitro activity of eleven antifungal agents against 40 c. glabrata isolates and compared activity against 15 fluconazole sens ... | 2012 | 22232293 |
| hosting infection: experimental models to assay candida virulence. | although normally commensals in humans, candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida parapsilosis, candida glabrata, and candida krusei are capable of causing opportunistic infections in individuals with altered physiological and/or immunological responses. these fungal species are linked with a variety of infections, including oral, vaginal, gastrointestinal, and systemic infections, with c. albicans the major cause of infection. to assess the ability of different candida species and strains t ... | 2012 | 22235206 |
| species and susceptibility distribution of 1062 clinical yeast isolates to azoles, echinocandins, flucytosine and amphotericin b from a multi-centre study. | descriptive values were determined for eight antifungal agents within the course of a multi-centre study encompassing 1062 german and austrian clinical yeast isolates. candida albicans (54%) was the predominant species isolated followed by candida glabrata (22%), candida parapsilosis (6%), candida tropicalis (5.7%), candida krusei (4.3%), as well as eleven further candidal and four non-candida yeast species. while 519 (48.9%) isolates were tested susceptible to all antifungals tested, no isolate ... | 2012 | 22233267 |
| time to blood culture positivity of different candida species causing fungemia. | this study investigated the time to positivity (ttp) of different species of candida causing bloodstream infection and whether ttp can help differentiate fluconazole-resistant candida glabrata and c. krusei from other candida species. we prospectively conducted this study at the national taiwan university hospital, a 2500-bed tertiary care medical center in northern taiwan. patients with candidemia were identified by central laboratory personnel from july 2010 to march 2011. ttp in each patient ... | 2012 | 22245787 |
| determination of antifungal susceptibility patterns among the clinical isolates of candida species. | candida species are opportunistic yeasts that cause infections ranging from simple dermatosis to potentially life-threatening fungemia. the emergence of resistance to antifungal drugs has been increased in the past two decades. | 2011 | 22223999 |
| the candida glabrata adhesin epa1p causes adhesion, phagocytosis, and cytokine secretion by innate immune cells. | while candida albicans is the most significant fungal pathogen for humans, candida glabrata accounts for an increasing number of infections. little is known about how c. glabrata interacts with the innate immune system, the first line of defense against such organisms. the c. glabrata adhesin epa1p was previously shown to bind mammalian epithelial cells. we hypothesized that epa1p mediates unique, nonopsonic binding to macrophages, leading to induction of immune responses. we found that epa1p me ... | 2012 | 22225518 |
| a novel downstream regulatory element cooperates with the silencing machinery to repress epa1 expression in candida glabrata. | candida glabrata, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, adheres to mammalian epithelial cells; adherence is mediated primarily by the epa1 adhesin. epa1 is a member of a large gene family of about 25 paralogues, which encode putative adhesins. in this study, we address how epa1 transcription is regulated. our data show that epa1 expression is subject to two distinct negative regulatory mechanisms. epa1 transcription is repressed by sub-telomeric silencing: the sir complex (sir2, sir3 and sir4), r ... | 2012 | 22234857 |
| synthesis and comparative study on the antimicrobial activity of hybrid materials based on silver nanoparticles (agnps) stabilized by polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp). | hybrid materials based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp) with silver nanoparticles (agnps) were synthesized applying two different strategies based on thermal or chemical reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles using pvp as a stabilizer. the formation of spherical silver nanoparticles with diameter ranging from 9 to 16 nm was confirmed by tem analysis. uv-vis and ftir spectroscopy were also applied to confirm the successful formation of agnps. the antibacterial activity of the synthesized a ... | 2011 | 22837793 |
| susceptibility of clinical candida species isolates to antifungal agents by e-test, southern iran: a five year study. | the incidence of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, especially by candida species, has increased in recent years. this study was designed to identify candida species and determine antifungal susceptibility patterns of 595 yeast strains isolated from various clinical specimens. | 2011 | 22530086 |
| species distribution and susceptibility profile of yeasts isolated from blood cultures: results of a multicenter active laboratory-based surveillance study in argentina. | the mycology department of the instituto nacional de enfermedades infecciosas "dr. c. malbrán", conducted the second national multicenter survey on fungemia due to yeasts in argentina. the aim was to obtain updated data of the frequency of the causative species encountered and their in vitro susceptibility to seven antifungal agents. yeast species were identified by micromorphological and biochemical studies. antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by the reference microdilution method e ... | 2011 | 22430989 |
| prevalence of oral candida carriage in thai adolescents. | oral candidiasis is among the most common aids-associated opportunistic infections. adolescents remain at the highest risk of hiv infection and could suffer from oral candidiasis. however, information on oral candida carriage in this population is limited. this study aims to evaluate the prevalence of oral candida in thai adolescents. | 2011 | 22298521 |
| clotrimazole-loaded eudragit® rs100 nanocapsules: preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation of antifungal activity against candida species. | clotrimazole is a common choice for the treatment of vulvovaginal infections, but its low solubility and some side effects pose a challenge to its application. this work evaluated the feasibility to formulate clotrimazole-loaded cationic nanocapsules using eudragit® rs100 and medium chain triglycerides as polymer and oily core, respectively, by the method of interfacial deposition of a preformed polymer. the physicochemical characteristics of nanocapsule formulations were evaluated at 0day and 6 ... | 2012 | 23827586 |
| [identification of three candida africana strains in senegal]. | the frequency of candidiasis has increased dramatically in recent years. candida albicans is the most common species. however, other species which are pathogenic and resistant to usual antifungal agents beginning to emerge. these include candida dubliniensis and candida africana, which share morphological similarities with candida albicans. thus, it is of interest to correctly identify the fungal isolates. | 2012 | 23518168 |
| antifungal activity, sar and physicochemical correlation of some thiazole-1,3,5-triazine derivatives. | present research communication was towards the investigation of antifungal minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimum fingicidal concentration (mfc) activity of some substituted clubbed thiazole-1,3,5-triazines derivatives and effect of physicochemical properties on bioactivity. | 2012 | 23518015 |
| [statement of the polish gynecological society expert group on the use of macmiror complex 500]. | the group of experts representing the polish gynecologic society has issued this statement based on the review of available literature on the potential benefits of the use of macmiror complex 500 in obstetrical and gynecologic practice. mixed vaginitis (mv) eg. the vaginal infection caused by at least two out of the triad of pathogens (fungi, bacteria and trichomonas vaginalis [tv]), constitutes the type of vaginitis which is underestimated as for its prevalence. mixed pathogens are responsible ... | 2012 | 23488303 |
| candida glabrata prosthetic hip infection. | we present a case of a 60-year-old caucasian woman carrying a 2-year-old hip prosthesis infected by candida glabrata dose-dependent susceptible to fluconazole and voriconazole. resection arthroplasty was performed. six weeks of caspofungin plus liposomal amphotericin combination therapy achieved joint sterilization and allowed a successfully reimplantation arthroplasty. in addition we review 9 cases of c. glabrata prosthetic joint infection described to date in the literature. | 2012 | 23431513 |
| [physiological function in torulopsis glabrata--a review]. | a multi-vitamin auxotrophic yeast of torulopsis glabrata was the most competitive strain for industrial production of pyruvate. given its genomic characterizations and physiological functions, it was an efficient way to redirect carbon flux to the target metabolites through manipulating nutritional and environmental conditions, intracellular cofactor form and level. in this review, we summarized the progress on the elucidation and manipulation of physiological function of t. glabrata. furthermor ... | 2012 | 23383501 |
| gross karyotypic and phenotypic alterations among different progenies of the candida glabrata cbs138/atcc2001 reference strain. | genomic plasticity is a mechanism for adaptation to environmental cues such as host responses and antifungal drug pressure in many fungi including the human pathogenic yeast candida glabrata. in this study we evaluated the phenotypic and genotypic stability of the world-wide used c. glabrata reference strain cbs138/atcc2001 under laboratory conditions. a set of ten lineages of this wild type strain and genetically modified progenies were obtained from different scientific laboratories, and analy ... | 2012 | 23284942 |
| hydroxyurea therapy in sickle cell anemia patients aids to maintain oral fungal colonization balance. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of candida species and presence of lesions in the oral cavity of patients with sickle cell anemia (ss). | 2012 | 23278631 |
| design, spectral characterization and biological studies of transition metal(ii) complexes with triazole schiff bases. | a new series of three biologically active triazole derived schiff base ligands l(1)-l(3) have been synthesized in equimolar reaction of 3-amino-1h-1,2,4-triazole with pyrrol-2-carboxaldehyde, 4-bromo-thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde, and 5-iodo-2-hydroxy benzaldehyde. the prepared schiff bases were used for further complex formation reaction with different metal elements like co(ii), ni(ii), cu(ii) and zn(ii) as chlorides by using a molar ratio of ligand:metal as 2:1. the structure and bonding nature ... | 2012 | 23277183 |
| susceptibility of multispecies biofilm to photodynamic therapy using photodithazine® | this in vitro study evaluated the effect of photodynamic therapy (pdt) on the multispecies biofilm of candida albicans, candida glabrata, and streptococcus mutans. standardized fungal and bacterial suspensions were cultivated appropriately for each species and inoculated in 96-well microtiter plates for mix-biofilm formation. after 48 h of incubation, the biofilms were submitted to pdt (p + l+) using photodithazine® (pdz) at 100, 150, 175, 200, or 250 mg/ml for 20 min and 37.5 j/cm(2) of light-e ... | 2013 | 23912779 |
| oral bacteria and yeasts in relationship to oral ulcerations in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | oral mucositis is a serious and debilitating side effect of conditioning regimens for hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct). through hsct, the homeostasis in the oral cavity is disrupted. the contribution of the oral microflora to mucositis remains to be clarified. the aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between yeasts, bacteria associated with periodontitis, and oral ulcerations in hsct recipients. | 2012 | 22531876 |
| fungal peritonitis: underestimated disease in critically ill patients with liver cirrhosis and spontaneous peritonitis. | spontaneous peritonitis, especially spontaneous fungal peritonitis (sfp), is an important and potentially fatal complication in patients with endstage liver disaese. we evaluated potential risk factors, microbiological findings, and outcome of patients with sfp compared to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (sbp) in critically ill patients. | 2016 | 27390856 |
| nicotinic acid modulates legionella pneumophila gene expression and induces virulence traits. | in response to environmental fluctuations or stresses, bacteria can activate transcriptional and phenotypic programs to coordinate an adaptive response. the intracellular pathogen legionella pneumophila converts from a noninfectious replicative form to an infectious transmissive form when the bacterium encounters alterations in either amino acid concentrations or fatty acid biosynthesis. here, we report that l. pneumophila differentiation is also triggered by nicotinic acid, a precursor of the c ... | 2013 | 23319553 |
| one small step for a yeast--microevolution within macrophages renders candida glabrata hypervirulent due to a single point mutation. | candida glabrata is one of the most common causes of candidemia, a life-threatening, systemic fungal infection, and is surpassed in frequency only by candida albicans. major factors contributing to the success of this opportunistic pathogen include its ability to readily acquire resistance to antifungals and to colonize and adapt to many different niches in the human body. here we addressed the flexibility and adaptability of c. glabrata during interaction with macrophages with a serial passage ... | 2014 | 25356907 |
| identification of candida glabrata genes involved in ph modulation and modification of the phagosomal environment in macrophages. | candida glabrata currently ranks as the second most frequent cause of invasive candidiasis. our previous work has shown that c. glabrata is adapted to intracellular survival in macrophages and replicates within non-acidified late endosomal-stage phagosomes. in contrast, heat killed yeasts are found in acidified matured phagosomes. in the present study, we aimed at elucidating the processes leading to inhibition of phagosome acidification and maturation. we show that phagosomes containing viable ... | 2014 | 24789333 |
| persistence of nosocomial pathogens on various fabrics. | fabrics can become contaminated with high numbers of microorganisms that may be pathogenic to patients in a hospital setting and can play an important role in the chain of infection. the aim of this study was to investigate the survival of several clinical bacterial and fungal isolates on several fabrics commonly used in hospitals. | 2012 | 25610201 |
| comparison of nucleic acid amplification assays with bd affirm vpiii for diagnosis of vaginitis in symptomatic women. | a commercially available, nonamplified, nucleic acid probe-based test system (bd affirm vpiii) was compared with nucleic acid amplification (naa)-based assays for determining the etiology of vaginitis in a cohort of 323 symptomatic women. first, a semiquantitative, multiplexed pcr assay (bv-pcr) and the affirm vpiii gardnerellavaginalis test were compared with a unified bacterial-vaginosis (bv) reference standard incorporating both nugent gram stain scores and amsel clinical criteria. in the eva ... | 2013 | 23985917 |